715:
512:
438:
1660:
91:
534:(GMP) environment that all drugs and biological products are required to follow, and are enforced by the various health regulatory bodies. As such, the distribution process must be validated to ensure that there is no negative impact to the safety, efficacy or quality of the drug substance. The GMP environment requires that all processes that might impact the safety, efficacy or quality of the drug substance must be
523:
1649:
27:
417:), in partnership with Jones, his engineer. Jones designed a portable air-cooling unit for trucks carrying perishable food, for which they obtained a patent on 12 July 1940, subsequent to a challenge to invent a refrigerated truck over a 1937 golf game by associates of Numero's, Werner Transportation Co. president Harry Werner, and United States Air Conditioning Co. president Al Fineberg,
325:
production to consumption. Cold chain management earned its name as a "chain" because it involves linking a set of storage locations and special transport equipment, required for ensuring that temperature conditions for goods are met, while they are in storage or in transit from production to consumption, akin to the interconnected links of a physical chain.
570:
transport as well as those in transit are important for maintaining the integrity of the chain. The reason why source and destination warehouses need equal importance is because preparing the cold chain packaging for transport is a very important dimension and is as important as conditioning the product itself for transport.
1319:
Yurtseven, C., Ekren, B. Y., & Toy, A. O. (2022). An
Overview of Warehouse Operations for Cold Chain. In Industrial Engineering in the Internet-of-Things World: Selected Papers from the Virtual Global Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Its Application Areas, GJCIE 2020, August 14–15,
577:
guidelines for good distribution practices, any comprehensive system of quality assurance must be founded on a reliable system of controlling the quality, safety and efficacy of a finished product delivered to a market. It is imperative that all manufacturing operations are carried out in conformity
328:
An unbroken cold chain is an uninterrupted sequence of refrigerated production, storage and distribution activities, along with associated equipment and logistics, which maintain a desired low-temperature interval to keep the safety and quality of perishable or sensitive products, such as foods and
569:
It is important to understand cold chain management as an integrated system of individual components that come together a seamless system for transportation of goods that can maintain the required temperature range during the period the shipment is in the system. Warehouses at both ends of the
324:
is a set of rules and procedures that ensure the systematic coordination of activities for ensuring temperature-control of goods while in storage and transit. The objective of a cold chain is to preserve the integrity and quality of goods such as pharmaceutical products or perishable good from
487:
vaccines, and some animal vaccines, such as those for chickens. Next the frozen chain requires -20 degrees C. Varicella and zoster vaccinations require this level. Then the refrigerated chain, which requires temperatures between two and eight degrees C. Most flu vaccinations only require
357:
and always en-route towards end use or destination, even when held temporarily in cold stores and hence commonly referred to as "cargo" during its entire logistics cycle. Adequate cold storage, in particular, can be crucial to prevent quantitative and qualitative food losses.
449:
industries and also in some chemical shipments. One common temperature range for a cold chain in pharmaceutical industries is 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), but the specific temperature (and time at temperature) tolerances depend on the actual product being shipped.
2029:
420:
This technology has been frequently in use since the 1950s, when it was most often used for preserving animal-based cells or tissue. As medical breakthroughs, such as in cancer treatment, have taken place, the demand for cold chain systems has grown. The
398:. It could hold 59,000 carcasses, and by 1911 cold storage capacity in London had reached 2.84 million carcasses. By 1930 about a thousand refrigerated meat containers were in use which could be switched from road to railway.
471:
to distant clinics in hot climates served by poorly developed transport networks. Vaccines can lose their efficacy if cold chain management fails. Disruption of a cold chain due to war may produce consequences similar to the
1379:
Protecting
Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck and Rail. Supersedes USDA Handbook 669 of 1995. Document HS1328 of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of
458:
Unique to fresh produce cargoes, the cold chain requires to additionally maintain product specific environment parameters which include air quality levels (carbon dioxide, oxygen, humidity and others).
590:
need to follow quality assurance as well in order that patients are getting quality medicines. WHO has issued international standards assisting Member States and those involved in the supply chain.
1394:
Brian Lassen, "Is livestock production prepared for an electrically paralysed world?" J. Sci. Food Agric. 2013;93(1):2–4, Explains the vulnerability of the cold chain from electricity dependence.
1852:
553:
tags help monitor the temperature history of the truck, reefer container, warehouse, etc. and the temperature history of the product being shipped. They also can help determine the remaining
499:
and transportation temperatures as cold as −70 °C (−94 °F), requiring what has been referred to as a "colder chain" infrastructure. This creates some issues of distribution for the
1232:
Riva, Marco; Piergiovanni, Schiraldi, Luciano; Schiraldi, Alberto (January 2001). "Performances of time-temperature indicators in the study of temperature exposure of packaged fresh foods".
870:
2059:
1173:
483:
For vaccines, there are different types of cold chains. There is an ultralow, or deep freeze, cold chain for vaccines that require -70 degrees C, such as the Ebola and
353:. Such products, during transport and end-use when in transient storage, are sometimes called cool cargo. Unlike other goods or merchandise, cold chain goods are
37:
1332:
Bishara, R. H. (2006). Cold chain management–an essential component of the global pharmaceutical supply chain. American
Pharmaceutical Review, 9(1), 105-109.
1147:
723:
122:
2697:
2023:
1829:
1298:
1431:
EN 12830:1999 Temperature recorders for the transport, storage and distribution of chilled, frozen and deep-frozen/quick-frozen food and ice cream
2419:
2409:
2389:
2213:
2039:
48:
2203:
558:
1344:
Who, W. H. O. (2010). Good
Distribution Practices for Pharmaceutical Products. Technical Report Series. World Health Organization, Annex, 5.
2208:
2034:
903:
762:
867:
2429:
2394:
1777:
1486:
1414:
Pawanexh Kohli, "Fruits and
Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics", Explains why the cold chain is required for fruits and vegetables.
116:
1268:
2580:
2546:
1893:
1862:
1697:
1976:
1934:
1181:
573:
Regulatory guideless emphasise of strong managerial oversight for the quality systems that ensure integrity of the chain. As per
2606:
2240:
2054:
993:
931:
308:
2512:
1822:
503:. It is estimated that only 25 to 30 countries in the world have the infrastructure for the required ultracold cold chain.
500:
2687:
2424:
2404:
2230:
2002:
409:
with entrepreneur Joseph A. "Joe" Numero. In 1938 Numero sold his Cinema
Supplies Inc. movie sound equipment business to
1735:
1725:
1032:
1447:
1426:
1409:
1333:
1207:
66:
2763:
2728:
2682:
2473:
1787:
676:
1025:"Air Conditioning and Refrigeration History - part 4 - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century"
2667:
2399:
1944:
1838:
1815:
1536:
1479:
1139:
2758:
2662:
2522:
2488:
2439:
2138:
1924:
1055:
2100:
2030:
Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008
1782:
1084:"Vaccine cold chain management and cold storage technology to address the challenges of vaccination programs"
691:
535:
2738:
2414:
1690:
631:
835:
Gyesley, S. W. (1991). "Total
Systems Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Foods". ASTM STP 1113-EB.
2743:
2449:
2220:
1914:
1883:
958:
729:
The State of Food and
Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief
696:
605:
579:
531:
110:
1290:
763:
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/india/publications/immunization-handbook-107-198-part2.pdf
2748:
2677:
2611:
2570:
2517:
1664:
1526:
1472:
1345:
681:
656:
2444:
1401:
574:
542:
301:
1376:
Brecht, Jeffrey K.; Sargent, Steven A.; Brecht, Patrick E.; Saenz, Jorge; Rodowick, Leonard (2019).
853:
480:, during which the distributed vaccines were inert due to lack of temperature control in transport.
2652:
477:
402:
41:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2434:
2184:
2124:
2095:
1740:
1683:
1321:
889:
The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief
777:
671:
651:
546:
414:
714:
2225:
2044:
1730:
350:
128:
983:
2672:
2626:
2575:
2337:
2235:
2179:
1276:
840:
661:
615:
267:
175:
950:
810:
2723:
2080:
2064:
1357:
1095:
583:
511:
294:
8:
2483:
1745:
1576:
1082:
Pambudi, Nugroho Agung; Sarifudin, Alfan; Gandidi, Indra Mamad; Romadhon, Rahmat (2022).
646:
1099:
2753:
2733:
2621:
2357:
2327:
2311:
2296:
2049:
1249:
1121:
1060:
666:
395:
1750:
1712:
1618:
1551:
1495:
1443:
1422:
1405:
1253:
1125:
1113:
1008:
989:
927:
492:
422:
346:
105:
44:
2647:
2642:
2478:
2347:
2131:
1556:
1442:. Studies in Industry and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 11–30.
1241:
1103:
600:
426:
394:
was first used in 1908. The first effective cold store in the UK opened in 1882 at
383:
182:
1358:"TRS 1025 - Annex 7: Good storage and distribution practices for medical products"
1334:
https://intelsius.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pharma-Cold-Chain-Bishara_APR.pdf
887:
749:
727:
437:
2332:
2271:
2117:
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1506:
874:
686:
260:
203:
2657:
2384:
2352:
2342:
1633:
1628:
1613:
1456:
Nordic Cold Chain Solutions, Manufacturer of temperature-controlled packaging,
1377:
1108:
1083:
446:
154:
2717:
2692:
2281:
2266:
2090:
1581:
1541:
1440:
Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America
1117:
367:
354:
1024:
2702:
2598:
2594:
2286:
2276:
2144:
1601:
1398:
Manual on the Management, Maintenance and Use of Blood Cold Chain Equipment
719:
587:
330:
564:
441:
Cold chain being maintained using ice box while transporting polio vaccine
2306:
2261:
1720:
1653:
1591:
1546:
1531:
868:"CN's Claude Mongeau preaches 'eco-system of collaboration' at Port Days"
701:
496:
484:
406:
379:
342:
329:
medicines. In other words, the term denotes a low temperature-controlled
281:
233:
228:
210:
82:
2616:
2301:
2291:
2256:
641:
620:
554:
515:
334:
196:
1434:
Ray Cowland, Developing ISTA Cold Chain Environmental Standards, 2007.
2174:
2150:
1958:
1608:
1056:"Critical to Vaccines, Cold Storage Is Wall Street's Shiny New Thing"
636:
375:
243:
238:
1464:
1346:
https://www.cls.co.at/media/files/who_gdp_tr957_annex5_cls_co_at.pdf
1245:
1231:
985:
Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events
1623:
1586:
473:
468:
189:
561:(NIST) traceable depending on the body monitoring the cold chain.
1675:
1571:
1516:
1457:
610:
338:
274:
144:
2060:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
877:, Canadian Transportation Logistics, Retrieved 20 September 2013
90:
2157:
1596:
1511:
1081:
750:"Cold Chain - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization"
522:
413:
to form the new entity, U.S. Thermo Control Company (later the
387:
1438:
Rees, Jonathan (2013). "Chapter 1: Inventing the cold chain".
1322:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-76724-2_13
1291:"Cold Chain Temperature Monitoring – Absolute Automation Blog"
1566:
626:
1648:
538:, including storage and distribution of the drug substance.
550:
530:
The cold chain distribution process is an extension of the
38:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
917:
915:
913:
945:
943:
410:
371:
1375:
1320:
2020 (pp. 161-175). Springer International Publishing.
910:
565:
Role of warehousing in integrated cold chain management
149:
940:
1174:"The COVID Cold Chain: How a Vaccine Will Get to You"
811:"Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics"
981:
1269:"RFID Shelf-life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes"
2040:Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP)
123:Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls
2698:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
2024:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2715:
926:. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 45.
904:"FRIDGE SPACE - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada"
401:Mobile mechanical refrigeration was invented by
2410:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
2214:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
1837:
977:
975:
2204:National Immunization Technical Advisory Group
559:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1823:
1691:
1480:
1201:
1199:
955:Minnesota Science and Technology Hall of Fame
390:on wheels) in the mid-19th century. The term
302:
2420:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
2390:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
2374:
2209:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
2035:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
1208:"Cold Chain (And Colder Chain) Distribution"
1167:
1165:
972:
718: This article incorporates text from a
2430:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
2395:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
1132:
557:. Also, temperature sensors may need to be
117:Hazard analysis and critical control points
2581:Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ
2547:National League for Liberty in Vaccination
1830:
1816:
1698:
1684:
1487:
1473:
1205:
1196:
309:
295:
1171:
1162:
1107:
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
804:
802:
521:
510:
476:outbreaks in the Philippines during the
467:The cold chain is used in the supply of
436:
1977:Measles resurgence in the United States
1778:1990–1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak
1075:
834:
445:Cold chains are common in the food and
2716:
2607:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
2241:Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters
1266:
333:network used to ensure and extend the
2055:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
1811:
1679:
1494:
1468:
1180:. Scientific American. Archived from
1150:from the original on 16 February 2017
1053:
1047:
921:
799:
772:
770:
429:, have caused vastly increased need.
337:of products, e.g. fresh agricultural
2513:Australian Vaccination-risks Network
1437:
1283:
1172:Fischetti, Mark (19 November 2020).
1035:from the original on 3 December 2016
957:. Minnesota High Tech Association /
722:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
518:used to ship sensitive food products
495:, vaccines being developed may need
20:
2688:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
2425:National Vaccine Information Center
2405:Anti-Vaccination Society of America
2231:Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
2003:Mumps outbreaks in the 21st century
1419:Cold and Chilled Storage Technology
13:
2463:
1736:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
1726:Blood-injection-injury type phobia
1705:
1368:
1301:from the original on 24 April 2018
988:. Visible Ink Press. p. 613.
767:
14:
2775:
1014:Addison-Wesley, 1972; pp. 46- 50.
866:Lou Smyrlis (19 September 2013).
808:
541:A cold chain can be managed by a
2683:Alternative vaccination schedule
2474:National Anti-Vaccination League
1853:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1788:2018 Madagascar measles outbreak
1659:
1658:
1647:
1234:Packaging Technology and Science
1054:Kelly, Kate (15 December 2020).
713:
677:Transportation management system
89:
25:
2668:2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
2400:Informed Consent Action Network
1877:1,000 to 10,000 confirmed cases
1767:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1313:
1260:
1225:
1017:
1002:
2663:Vaccine-induced seropositivity
2523:Informed Medical Options Party
2440:The Autism Community in Action
1212:Science Translational Medicine
1010:Eight Black American Inventors
896:
892:. Rome: FAO. 2019. p. 12.
880:
860:
828:
756:
742:
1:
2502:
2101:Vaccine Information Statement
1783:2013 Swansea measles epidemic
1206:Derek Lowe (31 August 2020).
982:Smith, Jessie Carney (2012).
735:
692:Validation (drug manufacture)
506:
724:license statement/permission
632:Insulated shipping container
16:Low-temperature supply chain
7:
2489:Pioneer Club (women's club)
2450:World Chiropractic Alliance
2221:Patient safety organization
2139:Melanie's Marvelous Measles
1839:2019–2020 measles outbreaks
1665:Category: Food preservation
1140:"Office of Medical History"
959:Science Museum of Minnesota
697:Verification and validation
606:Pharmaceutical distribution
593:
578:with the accepted norms of
532:good manufacturing practice
462:
111:Good manufacturing practice
10:
2780:
2678:Vaccine-associated sarcoma
2612:Number needed to vaccinate
2571:Stop Mandatory Vaccination
2560:
2536:
2518:Church of Conscious Living
1992:
1846:>10,000 confirmed cases
1178:www.scientificamerican.com
1109:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.039
951:"Frederick McKinley Jones"
708:
682:United States Pharmacopeia
657:Time temperature indicator
453:
361:
2635:
2593:
2566:
2559:
2542:
2535:
2508:
2501:
2469:
2462:
2445:Texans for Vaccine Choice
2415:Children's Health Defense
2380:
2373:
2367:Anti-vaxxer organizations
2366:
2321:Anti-vaxxer personalities
2320:
2249:
2196:
2167:
2109:
2074:Vaccine safety procedures
2073:
2015:
1998:
1991:
1973:
1908:<1,000 confirmed cases
1907:
1876:
1845:
1807:
1800:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1711:
1642:
1502:
1402:World Health Organization
1029:www.greatachievements.org
873:21 September 2013 at the
816:. CrossTree techno-visors
543:quality management system
526:Truck with cooling system
2653:Vaccination and religion
2375:United States of America
1801:
778:"The Vaccine Cold Chain"
547:Temperature data loggers
485:Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19
403:Frederick McKinley Jones
2764:Pharmaceutical industry
2729:Supply chain management
2435:Palmetto Family Council
2096:Vaccine Safety Datalink
1741:Thiomersal and vaccines
1267:Meyers, T (June 2007).
924:Diet for a large planet
672:Tolerance (engineering)
652:Temperature data logger
432:
415:Thermo King Corporation
351:pharmaceutical products
2226:Brighton Collaboration
2045:Vaccine Damage Payment
1731:MMR vaccine and autism
1295:absoluteautomation.com
1144:history.amedd.army.mil
848:Cite journal requires
623:, cold storage pioneer
527:
519:
442:
129:Critical control point
47:by rewriting it in an
2759:Ice in transportation
2673:Vaccine adverse event
2627:Immunization registry
2576:Vaccine Choice Canada
2338:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
2236:Immunization Alliance
2180:Dengvaxia controversy
922:Otter, Chris (2020).
662:Thermal decomposition
616:Phase-change material
525:
514:
440:
268:Entamoeba histolytica
176:Clostridium botulinum
2081:Vaccine vial monitor
2065:Operation Warp Speed
584:distribution channel
491:In 2020, during the
478:Spanish–American War
2739:Temperature control
2484:Humanitarian League
1746:Vaccines and autism
1577:Modified atmosphere
1458:nordiccoldchain.com
1184:on 19 December 2020
1100:2022EnRep...8..955P
1012:by Robert C. Hayden
726:). Text taken from
647:Temperature control
425:and its associated
252:Parasitic pathogens
167:Bacterial pathogens
2744:Cooling technology
2622:Yellow Card Scheme
2358:Ethan Lindenberger
2328:Taylor Winterstein
2312:Michael Pichichero
2297:H. Vasken Aposhian
2050:Vaccination policy
1760:Disease resurgence
1061:The New York Times
732:, 24, FAO, FAO.
667:Thermal insulation
528:
520:
443:
396:St Katharine Docks
49:encyclopedic style
36:is written like a
2749:Drug distribution
2711:
2710:
2589:
2588:
2555:
2554:
2531:
2530:
2497:
2496:
2458:
2457:
2110:Anti-vaxxer media
2011:
2010:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1935:Pacific Northwest
1796:
1795:
1751:Vaccines and SIDS
1713:Vaccine hesitancy
1673:
1672:
1552:Hurdle technology
1512:Burying in ground
1496:Food preservation
995:978-1-57859-424-5
933:978-0-226-69710-9
809:Kohli, Pawanexh.
497:ultracold storage
493:COVID-19 pandemic
423:COVID-19 pandemic
405:, who co-founded
384:refrigerator cars
349:, chemicals, and
347:photographic film
319:
318:
155:Water activity (a
106:Foodborne illness
77:
76:
69:
2771:
2648:Vaccine shedding
2643:Vaccine efficacy
2557:
2556:
2533:
2532:
2499:
2498:
2479:Homeopathy Plus!
2460:
2459:
2371:
2370:
2348:Andrew Wakefield
2188:MMR autism fraud
2132:Hear the Silence
2125:The Greater Good
1989:
1988:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1764:
1763:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:on 30 June 2009.
1275:. Archived from
1264:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1015:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
947:
938:
937:
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908:
907:
900:
894:
893:
884:
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864:
858:
857:
851:
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836:
832:
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825:
823:
821:
815:
806:
797:
796:
794:
792:
782:
774:
765:
760:
754:
753:
746:
717:
601:Bacterial growth
311:
304:
297:
183:Escherichia coli
137:Critical factors
93:
79:
78:
72:
65:
61:
58:
52:
29:
28:
21:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2631:
2585:
2562:
2551:
2538:
2527:
2504:
2493:
2465:
2454:
2376:
2362:
2333:Jeanette Wilson
2316:
2272:Frank DeStefano
2245:
2192:
2163:
2118:Deadly Immunity
2105:
2069:
2007:
1994:
1979:
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1859:, 7,018 deaths)
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57:February 2024
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
2703:Turbo cancer
2599:surveillance
2595:Epidemiology
2287:Richard Deth
2277:David Baskin
2185:
2156:
2149:
2145:Natural News
2137:
2130:
2123:
2085:
2022:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1897:
1890:, 83 deaths)
1887:
1866:
1856:
1602:Potjevleesch
1537:Fermentation
1521:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1277:the original
1273:RFID Journal
1272:
1262:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1177:
1152:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1009:
1004:
984:
962:. Retrieved
954:
923:
898:
888:
882:
862:
841:cite journal
830:
818:. Retrieved
789:. Retrieved
784:
758:
744:
728:
720:free content
712:
588:supply chain
572:
568:
540:
529:
490:
482:
466:
457:
444:
427:vaccinations
419:
400:
391:
380:reefer ships
365:
331:supply chain
327:
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280:
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266:
259:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
174:
63:
54:
35:
18:
2724:Food safety
2307:Mady Hornig
2262:Neal Halsey
1900:, 2 deaths)
1894:New Zealand
1863:Philippines
1768:Before 2019
1721:Chemophobia
1557:Irradiation
1417:Clive, D.,
1240:(1): 1–39.
1217:5 September
1188:20 December
1094:: 955–972.
1067:20 December
964:11 February
791:19 December
785:www.who.int
702:ULT freezer
407:Thermo King
378:began with
343:frozen food
341:, seafood,
282:Trichinella
234:Hepatitis A
229:Enterovirus
211:Cronobacter
83:Food safety
2718:Categories
2617:STEP Study
2302:Boyd Haley
2292:Mark Geier
2257:Paul Offit
2250:Scientists
2086:Cold chain
1522:Cold chain
736:References
642:Shelf life
621:Frank Vale
555:shelf life
516:Slurry ice
507:Validation
392:cold chain
355:perishable
335:shelf life
322:Cold chain
197:Salmonella
2754:Packaging
2734:Logistics
2503:Australia
2175:Pandemrix
2151:Plandemic
1975:Related:
1959:Freewinds
1945:Kuala Koh
1609:Rillettes
1254:108566613
1126:245490703
1118:2352-4847
637:Packaging
536:validated
376:ice trade
374:from the
244:Rotavirus
239:Norovirus
1925:New York
1624:Sugaring
1587:Pickling
1567:Jellying
1547:Freezing
1421:, 1997,
1404:, 2005,
1305:24 April
1299:Archived
1154:24 April
1148:Archived
1039:24 April
1033:Archived
871:Archived
594:See also
474:smallpox
469:vaccines
463:Vaccines
388:iceboxes
190:Listeria
1857:380,766
1619:Smoking
1614:Salting
1592:Potting
1572:Jugging
1562:Jamming
1517:Canning
1380:Florida
1096:Bibcode
820:6 April
709:Sources
611:Dry ice
454:Produce
366:Mobile
362:History
339:produce
275:Giardia
145:FAT TOM
125:(HARPC)
119:(HACCP)
43:Please
2636:Others
2561:Others
2537:France
2186:Lancet
2158:Vaxxed
1993:Others
1867:31,056
1663:
1597:Confit
1532:Drying
1527:Curing
1460:-->
1446:
1425:
1408:
1252:
1124:
1116:
992:
930:
582:. The
2016:Legal
1915:Tonga
1898:2,194
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