Cognitive behavioral therapy

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therapy method is in the patients' natural routine. Similar to standard group-based CBT, patients meet once a week in a group of 10 to 15 patients and knit together under the instruction of a trained psychologist or mental health professional. Central for the therapy is the patient's imaginative ability to assign each part of the wool to a certain thought. During the therapy, the wool is carefully knitted, creating a knitted piece of any form. This therapeutic process teaches the patient to meaningfully align thought, by (physically) creating a coherent knitted piece. Moreover, since CBT emphasizes the behavior as a result of cognition, the knitting illustrates how thoughts (which are tried to be imaginary tight to the wool) materialize into the reality surrounding us.

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treatments in treating anxiety and depression. However, researchers responding directly to that study conducted a re-analysis and found no evidence of CBT being superior to other bona fide treatments and conducted an analysis of thirteen other CBT clinical trials and determined that they failed to provide evidence of CBT superiority. In cases where CBT has been reported to be statistically better than other psychological interventions in terms of primary outcome measures, effect sizes were small and suggested that those differences were clinically meaningless and insignificant. Moreover, on secondary outcomes (i.e., measures of general functioning) no significant differences have been typically found between CBT and other treatments.

2293:: 1) an overall decline between 1977 and 2014, and 2) a steeper decline between 1995 and 2014. Additional sub-analysis revealed that CBT studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to adhere to the Beck CBT manual had a steeper decline in effect sizes since 1977 than studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to use CBT without a manual. The authors reported that they were unsure why the effects were declining but did list inadequate therapist training, failure to adhere to a manual, lack of therapist experience, and patients' hope and faith in its efficacy waning as potential reasons. The authors did mention that the current study was limited to depressive disorders only. 1989:

use skills that they already have to better adapt to their current stressors. The first phase is an interview phase that includes psychological testing, client self-monitoring, and a variety of reading materials. This allows the therapist to individually tailor the training process to the client. Clients learn how to categorize problems into emotion-focused or problem-focused so that they can better treat their negative situations. This phase ultimately prepares the client to eventually confront and reflect upon their current reactions to stressors, before looking at ways to change their reactions and emotions to their stressors. The focus is conceptualization.

56: 851:. The cognitive triad is made up of the depressed individual's negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future. Beck suggested that these negative evaluations derive from the negative schemata and cognitive biases of the person. According to this theory, depressed people have views such as "I never do a good job", "It is impossible to have a good day", and "things will never get better". A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. Beck further proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: 1776:(AI) text-based conversational application delivered securely and privately over smartphone devices have the ability to scale globally and offer contextual and always-available support. Active research is underway including real-world data studies that measure effectiveness and engagement of text-based smartphone chatbot apps for delivery of CBT using a text-based conversational interface. Recent market research and analysis of over 500 online mental healthcare solutions identified 3 key challenges in this market: quality of the content, guidance of the user and personalisation. 1705:" assignments in which the patient and the therapist work together to craft an assignment to complete before the next session. The completion of these assignments – which can be as simple as a person with depression attending some kind of social event – indicates a dedication to treatment compliance and a desire to change. The therapists can then logically gauge the next step of treatment based on how thoroughly the patient completes the assignment. Effective cognitive behavioral therapy is dependent on a 900:. CBT-exposure therapy refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities, or situations by a patient. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears. Likewise, a person with a social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech. This "two-factor" model is often credited to 1731:

with social anxiety and depression experienced improvement with online CBT-based methods. A study assessing an online version of CBT for people with mild-to-moderate PTSD found that the online approach was as effective as, and cheaper than, the same therapy given face-to-face. A review of current CCBT research in the treatment of OCD in children found this interface to hold great potential for future treatment of OCD in youths and adolescent populations. Additionally, most

890:. Locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual's sense of control is either internal or external. An internal locus of control exists when an individual views an outcome of a particular action as being reliant on themselves and their personal attributes whereas an external locus of control exists when an individual views other's or some outside, intangible force such as luck or fate as being responsible for the outcome of a particular action. 13950: 930:(ACT) is a specialist branch of CBT (sometimes referred to as contextual CBT). ACT uses mindfulness and acceptance interventions and has been found to have a greater longevity in therapeutic outcomes. In a study with anxiety, CBT and ACT improved similarly across all outcomes from pre- to post-treatment. However, during a 12-month follow-up, ACT proved to be more effective, showing that it is a highly viable lasting treatment model for anxiety disorders. 960:

provision, and included a comment on potential for increased depression scores from people who have received CBT due to greater self recognition and acknowledgement of existing symptoms of depression and negative thinking styles. A further study also saw a neutral result. A meta-study of the Coping with Depression course, a cognitive behavioral intervention delivered by a psychoeducational method, saw a 38% reduction in risk of major depression.

14198: 2052: 2011: 1103: 12969: 1950:. SCBT differs from CBT in two distinct ways. First, SCBT is delivered in a highly regimented format. Second, SCBT is a predetermined and finite training process that becomes personalized by the input of the participant. SCBT is designed to bring a participant to a specific result in a specific period of time. SCBT has been used to challenge addictive behavior, particularly with substances such as tobacco, 2106: 1069:. The percentage of people who problem gamble is 1–3% around the world. Cognitive behavioral therapy develops skills for relapse prevention and someone can learn to control their mind and manage high-risk cases. There is evidence of efficacy of CBT for treating pathological and problem gambling at immediate follow up, however the longer term efficacy of CBT for it is currently unknown. 1082:

24-hour phone support, or some combination of the three methods. At 20 weeks, the participants who received CBT had a 45% abstinence rate, versus non-CBT participants, who had a 29% abstinence rate. Overall, the study concluded that emphasizing cognitive and behavioral strategies to support smoking cessation can help individuals build tools for long term smoking abstinence.

1351:, data is limited but CBT and other psychosocial interventions might help with psychological outcomes and pain management. A 2015 Cochrane review also found that CBT for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain is probably effective in the short term. However, the findings were limited by small trials and the evidence was considered of questionable quality. 2265:

received, but neither the patients nor the therapists are blinded to the type of therapy given (two out of three of the persons involved in the trial, i.e., all of the persons involved in the treatment, are unblinded). The patient is an active participant in correcting negative distorted thoughts, thus quite aware of the treatment group they are in.

1974:(ASPD), slightly decreases the risk of further offending. It is generally implemented in a group format because of the risk of offenders with ASPD being given one-on-one therapy reinforces narcissistic behavioral characteristics, and can be used in correctional or outpatient settings. Groups usually meet weekly for two to six months. 1078:

into everyday life during non-stressful events as well. CBT aims to target the function of the behavior, as it can vary between individuals, and works to inject other coping mechanisms in place of smoking. CBT also aims to support individuals with strong cravings, which are a major reported reason for relapse during treatment.

1018:, CBT is used to complement medication and is adapted to meet individual needs. Interventions particularly related to these conditions include exploring reality testing, changing delusions and hallucinations, examining factors which precipitate relapse, and managing relapses. Meta-analyses confirm the effectiveness of 7582: 956:

receiving the CBT intervention developed generalized anxiety disorder by 12 months postintervention compared with 14% in the control group. Individuals with subthreshold levels of panic disorder significantly benefitted from use of CBT. Use of CBT was found to significantly reduce social anxiety prevalence.

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potential to improve access to evidence-based therapies, and to overcome the prohibitive costs and lack of availability sometimes associated with retaining a human therapist. In this context, it is important not to confuse CBT with 'computer-based training', which nowadays is more commonly referred to as

328: 1302:. Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating insomnia. Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls. CCBT was found to be equally effective as face-to-face CBT in 232:, to address mental health issues. Cognitive behavioral therapy has undergone scrutiny as studies investigating the impact of religious belief and practices have gained prominence. Numerous randomized controlled trials have explored the correlation of CBT within diverse religious frameworks, including 2401:

issued a press release in 2012 saying that the IAPT's policies were undermining traditional psychotherapy and criticized proposals that would limit some approved therapies to CBT, claiming that they restricted patients to "a watered-down version of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), often delivered

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A major criticism has been that clinical studies of CBT efficacy (or any psychotherapy) are not double-blind (i.e., either the subjects or the therapists in psychotherapy studies are not blind to the type of treatment). They may be single-blinded, i.e. the rater may not know the treatment the patient

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across England and Wales for patients presenting with mild-to-moderate depression, rather than immediately opting for antidepressant medication, and CCBT is made available by some health systems. The 2009 NICE guideline recognized that there are likely to be a number of computerized CBT products that

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A typical CBT program would consist of face-to-face sessions between patient and therapist, made up of 6–18 sessions of around an hour each with a gap of 1–3 weeks between sessions. This initial program might be followed by some booster sessions, for instance after one month and three months. CBT has

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These steps are based on a system created by Kanfer and Saslow. After identifying the behaviors that need changing, whether they be in excess or deficit, and treatment has occurred, the psychologist must identify whether or not the intervention succeeded. For example, "If the goal was to decrease the

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CBT looks at the habit of smoking cigarettes as a learned behavior, which later evolves into a coping strategy to handle daily stressors. Since smoking is often easily accessible and quickly allows the user to feel good, it can take precedence over other coping strategies, and eventually work its way

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For anxiety disorders, use of CBT with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also given significant improvements in explanatory style, hopelessness, and dysfunctional attitudes. In another study, 3% of the group

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may lead to a more successful extinction learning during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. For instance, glucocorticoids can prevent aversive learning episodes from being retrieved and heighten reinforcement of memory traces creating a non-fearful reaction in feared situations. A combination of

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Furthermore, other researchers write that CBT studies have high drop-out rates compared to other treatments. One meta-analysis found that CBT drop-out rates were 17% higher than those of other therapies. This high drop-out rate is also evident in the treatment of several disorders, particularly the

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that used controls for non-specific effects of intervention were analyzed. This study concluded that CBT is no better than non-specific control interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and does not reduce relapse rates; treatment effects are small in treatment studies of MDD, and it is not an

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The research conducted for CBT has been a topic of sustained controversy. While some researchers write that CBT is more effective than other treatments, many other researchers and practitioners have questioned the validity of such claims. For example, one study determined CBT to be superior to other

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Studies have shown CBT to be an effective treatment for substance use disorders. For individuals with substance use disorders, CBT aims to reframe maladaptive thoughts, such as denial, minimizing and catastrophizing thought patterns, with healthier narratives. Specific techniques include identifying

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Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating depression and anxiety disorders, including children. Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls. CCBT was found to

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The third and final phase is the application and following through of the skills learned in the training process. This gives the client opportunities to apply their learned skills to a wide range of stressors. Activities include role-playing, imagery, modeling, etc. In the end, the client will have

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The second phase emphasizes the aspect of skills acquisition and rehearsal that continues from the earlier phase of conceptualization. The client is taught skills that help them cope with their stressors. These skills are then practiced in the space of therapy. These skills involve self-regulation,

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This type of therapy uses a blend of cognitive, behavioral, and certain humanistic training techniques to target the stressors of the client. This is usually used to help clients better cope with their stress or anxiety after stressful events. This is a three-phase process that trains the client to

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A study compared CBT alone with a mindfulness-based therapy combined with CBT, both delivered via an app. It found that mindfulness-based self-help reduced the severity of depression more than CBT self-help in the short-term. Overall, NHS costs for the mindfulness approach were £500 less per person

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CBT is used to help people of all ages, but the therapy should be adjusted based on the age of the patient with whom the therapist is dealing. Older individuals in particular have certain characteristics that need to be acknowledged and the therapy altered to account for these differences thanks to

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as a new clinical disorder that causes relational, occupational, and social problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as the treatment of choice for Internet addiction, and addiction recovery in general has used CBT as part of treatment planning. There is also evidence for the

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Structured cognitive-behavioral training (SCBT) is a cognitive-based process with core philosophies that draw heavily from CBT. Like CBT, SCBT asserts that behavior is inextricably related to beliefs, thoughts, and emotions. SCBT also builds on core CBT philosophy by incorporating other well-known

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between the healthcare practitioner and the person seeking assistance. Unlike many other forms of psychotherapy, the patient is very involved in CBT. For example, an anxious patient may be asked to talk to a stranger as a homework assignment, but if that is too difficult, he or she can work out an

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with "more realistic and effective thoughts, thus decreasing emotional distress and self-defeating behavior". Cognitive distortions can be either a pseudo-discrimination belief or an overgeneralization of something. CBT techniques may also be used to help individuals take a more open, mindful, and

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who experience symptoms of depression may benefit from CBT, whereas other counselling or supportive interventions might not improve symptoms significantly. Across 5 different psychometric scales, where higher scores indicate severity of depression, adults receiving CBT reported somewhat lower mood

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In initial studies, cognitive therapy was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments

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A 2017 meta-analysis revealed that adverse events are not common in children receiving CBT and, furthermore, that CBT is associated with fewer dropouts than either placebo or medications. Nevertheless, CBT therapists do sometimes report 'unwanted events' and side effects in their outpatients with

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A recently developed group therapy model, based on CBT, integrates knitting into the therapeutic process and has been proven to yield reliable and promising results. The foundation for this novel approach to CBT is the frequently emphasized notion that therapy success depends on how embedded the

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Although improvements in both research quality and treatment adherence is required before advocating for the global dissemination of CCBT, it has been found in meta-studies to be cost-effective and often cheaper than usual care, including for anxiety and PTSD. Studies have shown that individuals

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The likelihood of remission from depression also appeared to be 84% higher following CBT, though the evidence for this was less certain. Anxiety, cognition and other neuropsychiatric symptoms were not significantly improved following CBT, however this review did find moderate evidence of improved

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For depressive disorders, a stepped-care intervention (watchful waiting, CBT and medication if appropriate) achieved a 50% lower incidence rate in a patient group aged 75 or older. Another depression study found a neutral effect compared to personal, social, and health education, and usual school

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Mainstream CBT helps individuals replace "maladaptive... coping skills, cognitions, emotions and behaviors with more adaptive ones", by challenging an individual's way of thinking and the way that they react to certain habits or behaviors, but there is still controversy about the degree to which

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Results from a 2018 systematic review found a high strength of evidence that CBT-exposure therapy can reduce PTSD symptoms and lead to the loss of a PTSD diagnosis. CBT has also been shown to be effective for post-traumatic stress disorder in very young children (3 to 6 years of age). A Cochrane

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Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (BCBT) is a form of CBT which has been developed for situations in which there are time constraints on the therapy sessions and specifically for those struggling with suicidal ideation and/or making suicide attempts. BCBT was based on Rudd's proposed "suicidal

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These steps largely involve learning about the CBT model; making links between thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions; noticing when dysfunctional emotions occur; learning to question the thoughts associated with these emotions; replacing irrational thoughts with others more

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A 2008 controlled study out of Stanford University School of Medicine suggested CBT may be an effective tool to help maintain abstinence. The results of 304 random adult participants were tracked over the course of one year. During this program, some participants were provided medication, CBT,

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investigated the effects of CBT compared with other psychosocial therapies for people with schizophrenia and determined that there is no clear advantage over other, often less expensive, interventions but acknowledged that better quality evidence is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.

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adults without intellectual disability has been identified through a systematic review. While the research was focused on adults, cognitive behavioral interventions have also been beneficial to autistic children. A 2021 Cochrane review found limited evidence regarding the efficacy of CBT for

11218:"Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Supported Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Self-help Compared With Supported Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Self-help for Adults Experiencing Depression: The Low-Intensity Guided Help Through Mindfulness (LIGHTMind) Randomized Clinical Trial" 1722:

as a "generic term for delivering CBT via an interactive computer interface delivered by a personal computer, internet, or interactive voice response system", instead of face-to-face with a human therapist. It is also known as internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy or ICBT. CCBT has

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can support individuals with eating disorders, CBT is proven to be a more effective treatment than medications and interpersonal psychotherapy alone. CBT aims to combat major causes of distress such as negative cognitions surrounding body weight, shape and size. CBT therapists also work with

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Enabling patients to read self-help CBT guides has been shown to be effective by some studies. However one study found a negative effect in patients who tended to ruminate, and another meta-analysis found that the benefit was only significant when the self-help was guided (e.g. by a medical

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states that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has sometimes been assumed to be a cure for ME/CFS, however, it should only be offered to support people who live with ME/CFS to manage their symptoms, improve their functioning and reduce the distress associated with having a chronic illness."

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CBT is generally regarded as having very few if any side effects. Calls have been made by some for more appraisal of possible side effects of CBT. Many randomized trials of psychological interventions like CBT do not monitor potential harms to the patient. In contrast, randomized trials of

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Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy (MCBH) is a form of CBT that focuses on awareness in a reflective approach, addressing subconscious tendencies. It is more the process that contains three phases for achieving wanted goals and integrates the principles of mindfulness and

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Forman-Hoffman V, Middleton JC, Feltner C, Gaynes BN, Weber RP, Bann C, et al. (17 May 2018). Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update (Report). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

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when viewing oneself and hope for the future. A person with a positive cognitive triad has a positive schema used for viewing themself in addition to a positive schema for the world and for the future. Cognitive behavioral research suggests a positive cognitive triad bolsters

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There are different protocols for delivering cognitive behavioral therapy, with important similarities among them. Use of the term CBT may refer to different interventions, including "self-instructions (e.g. distraction, imagery, motivational self-talk), relaxation and/or

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of CBT in depression and anxiety disorders concluded that "CBT delivered in primary care, especially including computer- or Internet-based self-help programs, is potentially more effective than usual care and could be delivered effectively by primary care therapists."

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said that CBT would become the mainstay of treatment for non-severe depression, with medication used only in cases where CBT had failed. Therapists complained that the data does not fully support the attention and funding CBT receives. Psychotherapist and professor

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CBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of adults with anxiety disorders. In a 2020 Cochrane review it was determined that CBT for children and adolescents was probably more effective (short term) than wait list or no treatment and more effective than

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approach, where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis. Instead, CBT is a "problem-focused" and "action-oriented" form of therapy, meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed

1607:". Treatment is sometimes manualized, with brief, direct, and time-limited treatments for individual psychological disorders that are specific technique-driven. CBT is used in both individual and group settings, and the techniques are often adapted for 923:

CBT-SP, an adaptation of CBT for suicide prevention (SP), was specifically designed for treating youths who are severely depressed and who have recently attempted suicide within the past 90 days, and was found to be effective, feasible, and acceptable.

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Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet have attempted to identify the main assumptions of cognitive therapy used in CBT based on the research literature (Beck; Walen and Wessler; Beck, Emery and Greenberg, and Auger). They describe fourteen assumptions:

284:, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructive emotions, which has influenced the way modern cognitive-behavioral therapists identify cognitive distortions that contribute to depression and anxiety. 680:, and other repetitive behavior disorders. CBT has also been applied to a variety of childhood disorders, including depressive disorders and various anxiety disorders. CBT has shown to be the most effective intervention for people exposed to 832:'s cognitive theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. Beck's theory rests on the aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy known as 4303:

Hunot V, Moore TH, Caldwell DM, Furukawa TA, Davies P, Jones H, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (October 2013). "'Third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression".

11837:"Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Léger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langolis, F., Provencher, M. D., & Boisvert, J. M. (2003). "Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: treatment outcome and long-term follow-up". 9150:"The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Outcome Study (IBSOS): rationale and design of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 12 month follow up of self- versus clinician-administered CBT for moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome" 1812:

mode", an elaboration of Beck's modal theory. BCBT takes place over a couple of sessions that can last up to 12 accumulated hours by design. This technique was first implemented and developed with soldiers on active duty by Dr.

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The prevailing body of research consistently indicates that maintaining a faith or belief system generally contributes positively to mental well-being. Religious institutions have proactively established charities, such as the

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A Cochrane review of interventions aimed at preventing psychological stress in healthcare workers found that CBT was more effective than no intervention but no more effective than alternative stress-reduction interventions.

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use CCBT. CCBT is also predisposed to treating mood disorders amongst non-heterosexual populations, who may avoid face-to-face therapy from fear of stigma. However presently CCBT programs seldom cater to these populations.

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A Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of any difference between CBT and hypnosis for smoking cessation. While this may be evidence of no effect, further research may uncover an effect of CBT for smoking cessation.

2368:", and he questions the scientific basis of CBT, suggesting that "the 'science' of psychological treatment is often less a scientific than a political contest". In his book, Dalal also questions the ethical basis of CBT. 2316:

groups. In this study, the researchers analyzed several clinical trials that measured the efficacy of CBT administered to youths who self-injure. The researchers concluded that none of them were found to be efficacious.

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Schmidt NB, Eggleston AM, Woolaway-Bickel K, Fitzpatrick KK, Vasey MW, Richey JA (2007). "Anxiety Sensitivity Amelioration Training (ASAT): a longitudinal primary prevention program targeting cognitive vulnerability".

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Propst LR, Ostrom R, Watkins P, Dean T, Mashburn D (February 1992). "Comparative efficacy of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of clinical depression in religious individuals".

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stated that this constitutes "a coup, a power play by a community that has suddenly found itself on the brink of corralling an enormous amount of money ... Everyone has been seduced by CBT's apparent cheapness."

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and aims to improve understanding and tolerance of emotions in order to facilitate the therapeutic process. It is frequently used as a "pretreatment" to prepare and better equip individuals for longer-term therapy.

488:, and called these thoughts "automatic thoughts". He first published his new methodology in 1967, and his first treatment manual in 1979. Beck has been referred to as "the father of cognitive behavioral therapy". 601:. Despite the increasing popularity of third-wave treatment approaches, reviews of studies reveal there may be no difference in the effectiveness compared with non-third wave CBT for the treatment of depression. 10750:

Musiat P, Tarrier N (November 2014). "Collateral outcomes in e-mental health: a systematic review of the evidence for added benefits of computerized cognitive behavior therapy interventions for mental health".

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been trained on a preventive basis to inoculate personal, chronic, and future stressors by breaking down their stressors into problems they will address in long-term, short-term, and intermediate coping goals.

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Patient participation in group courses has been shown to be effective. In a meta-analysis reviewing evidence-based treatment of OCD in children, individual CBT was found to be more efficacious than group CBT.

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Pathways to Prevention Workshop stated that in respect of improving treatment options for ME/CFS that the modest benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy should be studied as an adjunct to other methods. The

1276:, and bipolar disorder, but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution. Moderate evidence from a 2024 systematic review supports the effectiveness of CBT and neurofeedback as part of 288:'s original treatment manual for depression states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers". Another example of Stoic influence on cognitive theorists is 11458:

Gellatly J, Bower P, Hennessy S, Richards D, Gilbody S, Lovell K (September 2007). "What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression".

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Green CR, Cowan P, Elk R, O'Neil KM, Rasmussen AL (June 2015). "National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome".

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Cowlishaw S, Merkouris S, Dowling N, Anderson C, Jackson A, Thomas S, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (November 2012). "Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling".

2336:. They argue that CBT holds that external stimuli from the environment enter the mind, causing different thoughts that cause emotional states: nowhere in CBT theory is agency, or free will, accounted for. 6911:

Bentz D, Michael T, de Quervain DJ, Wilhelm FH (March 2010). "Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids: from basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications".

1359:, although there appears to be an effect on management of associated depression and quality of life in this condition. CBT combined with hypnosis and distraction reduces self-reported pain in children. 2360:

The writer and group analyst Farhad Dalal questions the socio-political assumptions behind the introduction of CBT. According to one reviewer, Dalal connects the rise of CBT with "the parallel rise of

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potential triggers and developing coping mechanisms to manage high-risk situations. Research has shown CBT to be particularly effective when combined with other therapy-based treatments or medication.

173:. The therapist's role is to assist the client in finding and practicing effective strategies to address the identified goals and to alleviate symptoms of the disorder. CBT is based on the belief that 1498:

grounded in reality; modifying behaviors based on new interpretations of events; and, in some cases, learning to recognize and change the major beliefs and attitudes underlying cognitive distortions.

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The importance of double-blinding was shown in a meta-analysis that examined the effectiveness of CBT when placebo control and blindness were factored in. Pooled data from published trials of CBT in

1518:) is essential at the start of treatment. It includes identifying behaviors; precipitating, moderating, and perpetuating factors; the consequences of the behaviors; avoidance, and personal resources. 1501:

Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet have also described the assumptions of behavioral therapy as used in CBT. They refer to the work of Agras, Prochaska and Norcross, and Kirk. The assumptions are:

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would be a person hearing the word "dog" and picturing different versions of the animal that they have grouped together in their mind. According to this theory, depressed people acquire a negative

1202:, and non-specific eating disorders. While there is evidence to support the efficacy of CBT for bulimia nervosa and binging, the evidence is somewhat variable and limited by small study sizes. 542:

Over time, cognitive behavior therapy came to be known not only as a therapy, but as an umbrella term for all cognitive-based psychotherapies. These therapies include, but are not limited to,

10585:"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individually tailored Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders in a primary care population: a randomized controlled trial" 2609:"Comparison of psychological placebo and waiting list control conditions in the assessment of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis" 11056:"Assessing the applicability of e-therapies for depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders among lesbians and gay men: analysis of 24 web- and mobile phone-based self-help interventions" 10421:

Kessler D, Lewis G, Kaur S, Wiles N, King M, Weich S, et al. (August 2009). "Therapist-delivered Internet psychotherapy for depression in primary care: a randomised controlled trial".

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Mental health history can affect the outcomes of treatment. Individuals with a history of depressive disorders had a lower rate of success when using CBT alone to combat smoking addiction.

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Wampold BE, Flückiger C, Del Re AC, Yulish NE, Frost ND, Pace BT, et al. (January 2017). "In pursuit of truth: A critical examination of meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy".

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On the other hand, a positive cognitive triad relates to a person's positive evaluations of themself, the world, and the future. More specifically, a positive cognitive triad requires

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Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Gamble A, Anderson RE, Prosser S, Kenardy J (October 2011). "A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety".

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Kowalik J, Weller J, Venter J, Drachman D (September 2011). "Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: a review and meta-analysis".

3121:"Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial" 113:

that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression, PTSD and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing

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Linardon J, Wade TD, de la Piedad Garcia X, Brennan L (November 2017). "The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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of the world in childhood and adolescence as an effect of stressful life events, and the negative schema is activated later in life when the person encounters similar situations.

691:) which may result initially in low quality therapy being offered by poorly trained practitioners. However, evidence supports the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety and depression. 10803:

Adelman CB, Panza KE, Bartley CA, Bontempo A, Bloch MH (July 2014). "A meta-analysis of computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of DSM-5 anxiety disorders".

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Robertson J (July 2007). "Review: distraction, hypnosis, and combined cognitive-behavioural interventions reduce needle related pain and distress in children and adolescents".

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Additionally, a 2015 meta-analysis revealed that the positive effects of CBT on depression have been declining since 1977. The overall results showed two different declines in

9056:

Smedslund G, Dalsbø TK, Steiro AK, Winsvold A, Clench-Aas J (July 2007). Smedslund G (ed.). "Cognitive behavioural therapy for men who physically abuse their female partner".

7305:

Cuijpers P, Muñoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM (July 2009). "Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the "Coping with Depression" course thirty years later".

4639: 805:

review found low quality evidence that CBT may be more effective than other psychotherapies in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.

3505:

Johnson WB, Devries R, Ridley CR, Pettorini D, Peterson DR (June 1994). "The Comparative Efficacy of Christian and Secular Rational-Emotive Therapy with Christian Clients".

399:, applied behavioral research to the treatment of neurotic disorders. Wolpe's therapeutic efforts were precursors to today's fear reduction techniques. British psychologist 12768: 11265: 372:

During the 1950s and 1960s, behavioral therapy became widely used by researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. Their inspiration was by the

11951:"The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders Compared With Diagnosis-Specific Protocols for Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial" 1898:

Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy (CEBT) is a form of CBT developed initially for individuals with eating disorders but now used with a range of problems including

2733: 2309:, which is commonly treated with CBT. Those treated with CBT have a high chance of dropping out of therapy before completion and reverting to their anorexia behaviors. 1260:

Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions may have some benefits for people who have post-traumatic stress related to surviving rape, sexual abuse, or sexual assault.

10888:"Guided, internet based, cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial (RAPID)" 5771:

Leichsenring F (April 2001). "Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression: a meta-analytic approach".

9728:

Hayes SC, Villatte M, Levin M, Hildebrandt M (2011). "Open, aware, and active: contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies".

7470:"The Efficacy of Metacognitive Training for Delusions in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Informs Evidence-Based Practice" 1456:

Dysfunctional emotions are typically caused by unrealistic thoughts. Reducing dysfunctional emotions requires becoming aware of irrational thoughts and changing them.

523:

concepts like thoughts and cognitions. Both of these systems included behavioral elements and interventions, with the primary focus being on problems in the present.

9694:

Wilson KC, Mottram PG, Vassilas CA, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (January 2008). "Psychotherapeutic treatments for older depressed people".

15790: 12126:

Marcus DK, O'Connell D, Norris AL, Sawaqdeh A (November 2014). "Is the Dodo bird endangered in the 21st century? A meta-analysis of treatment comparison studies".

8903:"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application" 9540:"Interventions for the treatment, management and rehabilitation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an updated systematic review" 1570:

behavior, then there should be a decrease relative to the baseline. If the critical behavior remains at or above the baseline, then the intervention has failed."

15851: 12583:"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 4970:"Nonpharmacologic treatment for fibromyalgia: patient education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and complementary and alternative medicine" 8427:

Elliott SJ, Marshall D, Morley K, Uphoff E, Kumar M, Meader N, et al. (Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group) (September 2021).

3167:

Baardseth TP, Goldberg SB, Pace BT, Wislocki AP, Frost ND, Siddiqui JR, et al. (April 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus other therapies: redux".

1437:

these traditional cognitive elements account for the effects seen with CBT over and above the earlier behavioral elements such as exposure and skills training.

13031: 8804:

Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S (September 2009). "Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists".

8581:

O'Doherty L, Whelan M, Carter GJ, Brown K, Tarzia L, Hegarty K, et al. (Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group) (October 2023).

6121:

Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P (December 2008). "Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies".

12479: 6733: 6630: 2339:

Another criticism of CBT theory, especially as applied to major depressive disorder (MDD), is that it confounds the symptoms of the disorder with its causes.

1468:

Rational thinking usually causes a decrease in the frequency, intensity, and duration of dysfunctional emotions, rather than an absence of affect or feelings.

13076: 8680: 2385: 1719: 915:

CBT for children with phobias is normally delivered over multiple sessions, but one-session treatment has been shown to be equally effective and is cheaper.

12691: 11423:

Haeffel GJ (February 2010). "When self-help is no help: traditional cognitive skills training does not prevent depressive symptoms in people who ruminate".

7270:

Clarke GN, Hawkins W, Murphy M, Sheeber L (1993). "School-Based Primary Prevention of Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescents: Findings from Two Studies".

13688: 13086: 10517: 7223:"Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial" 3072:"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: rationale for trial, method, and description of sample" 1668:. Some practitioners promote a form of mindful cognitive therapy which includes a greater emphasis on self-awareness as part of the therapeutic process. 11112: 491:

It was these two therapies, rational emotive therapy, and cognitive therapy, that started the "second wave" of CBT, which emphasized cognitive factors.

484:

had previously theorized, and that certain types of thinking may be the culprits of emotional distress. It was from this hypothesis that Beck developed

145:. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies. 15795: 7759: 1374: 1188: 12673: 11145:"An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study" 200:. CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for the majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents, including aggression and 13708: 12495:"Reporting of harms in randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions for mental and behavioral disorders: a review of current practice" 10392: 9650:"Recommendations | Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE" 3119:

March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al. (Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) Team) (August 2004).

1387: 1030: 702: 15785: 5936:"Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: a randomized clinical trial" 15800: 6375: 1732: 1222:

Emerging evidence for cognitive behavioral interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in

836:. Schemata are the mental maps used to integrate new information into memories and to organize existing information in the mind. An example of a 12999: 6358: 2281:

effective treatment strategy for prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder. For MDD, the authors note that the pooled effect size was very low.

1603:, development of adaptive coping strategies (e.g. minimizing negative or self-defeating thoughts), changing maladaptive beliefs about pain, and 11921: 11512:

Houghton S, Saxon D (September 2007). "An evaluation of large group CBT psycho-education for anxiety disorders delivered in routine practice".

12353:

Johnsen TJ, Friborg O (July 2015). "The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis".

9295:

Martinez-Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, Waddell A (September 2010). Martinez-Devesa P (ed.). "Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus".

8169: 1324:

CBT has been applied in both clinical and non-clinical environments to treat disorders such as personality disorders and behavioral problems.

12973: 9095:

Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT (January 2006). "The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses".

8769:

Iverach L, Menzies RG, O'Brian S, Packman A, Onslow M (August 2011). "Anxiety and stuttering: continuing to explore a complex relationship".

5505: 2024: 1287:. Initial studies have shown CBT to be effective in reducing social anxiety in adults who stutter, but not in reducing stuttering frequency. 978:'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. This included schizophrenia, 579: 7137:

Aune T, Stiles TC (October 2009). "Universal-based prevention of syndromal and subsyndromal social anxiety: A randomized controlled study".

6797: 6620:"Randomized Clinical Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Versus Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Mixed Anxiety Disorders" 1710:

easier assignment first. The therapist needs to be flexible and willing to listen to the patient rather than acting as an authority figure.

10383: 7343:

da Costa RT, Rangé BP, Malagris LE, Sardinha A, de Carvalho MR, Nardi AE (July 2010). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder".

5700: 3806:"Cognitive–behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies" 2325:

The methods employed in CBT research have not been the only criticisms; some individuals have called its theory and therapy into question.

1198:

individuals to regulate strong emotions and thoughts that lead to dangerous compensatory behaviors. CBT is the first line of treatment for

60:

The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs can be summed up in three categories: self, others, future.

17: 8429:"Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)" 2199:, that can be applied to a range of anxiety disorders. The rationale is that anxiety and depression disorders often occur together due to 1400:

age. Of the small number of studies examining CBT for the management of depression in older people, there is currently no strong support.

1179:

efficacy of CBT in multicenter randomized controlled trials such as STICA (Short-Term Treatment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction).

2381: 863:. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema. 688: 8679:

Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, Miles J, Pakdaman S, Brown M, Yagyu S, Motala A, Hempel S (1 April 2024).

7663:"Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia" 6476:"One-session treatment compared with multisession CBT in children aged 7-16 years with specific phobias: the ASPECT non-inferiority RCT" 1756:

or smartphone applications to deliver self-help or guided CBT. Technology companies are developing mobile-based artificial intelligence

758:

suggested the approaches were equally effective in the short term for depression. In contrast, a 2013 meta-analysis suggested that CBT,

656:

In children or adolescents, CBT is an effective part of treatment plans for anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, depression and

13044: 13024: 12181:"Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials" 11299: 6440: 816:

Some meta-analyses find CBT more effective than psychodynamic therapy and equal to other therapies in treating anxiety and depression.

11768: 10190:

Pagano J, Kyle BN, Johnson TL (February 2017). "A Manual by Any Other Name: Identifying Psychotherapy Manuals for Resident Training".

5983:

Gillies D, Maiocchi L, Bhandari AP, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (October 2016).

5733: 3387:

Paradis CM, Friedman S, Hatch ML, Ackerman R (December 1996). "Cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in Orthodox Jews".

2489: 2062: 12165: 5579:

Kirsch I, Montgomery G, Sapirstein G (April 1995). "Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: a meta-analysis".

14291: 1928: 1269: 645:, and bipolar disorder. It is also effective as part of treatment plans in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with 138: 6647: 4456:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 4397:"Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance" 14986: 12454: 10849: 9418: 1047:

A Cochrane review reported CBT had "no effect on long‐term risk of relapse" and no additional effect above standard care. A 2015

11890: 276:

Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly

15805: 14895: 14386: 12772: 10945:"Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a meta-analysis" 5019:"An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury" 1893: 12797: 12436: 6675:"The effectiveness of Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression in primary care: a quality assurance study" 5478: 4022: 1420:, but recent variants emphasize changes in one's relationship to maladaptive thinking rather than changes in thinking itself. 1120: 185:

and that symptoms and associated distress can be reduced by teaching new information-processing skills and coping mechanisms.

15836: 13017: 12921: 12902: 12883: 12855: 12836: 12405: 11862: 11682: 10367: 10271: 10093: 10056: 10031: 9927: 9902: 9817: 7388:"Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 6424: 6226: 5748: 5403: 4223: 4170: 3923: 3703: 3678: 3651: 2715: 2380:

announced in 2008 that more therapists would be trained to provide CBT at government expense as part of an initiative called

31: 11194: 10466:"Cost-effectiveness of therapist-delivered online cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: randomised controlled trial" 9248:"Psychological interventions for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain in patients with normal coronary anatomy" 7519:"Efficacy of psychological interventions targeting cognitive biases in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6389: 2237:

The study of psychotherapy across races, religions, and cultures, or "ethno-psycho-therapy", is a relatively new discipline

13986: 7984:"Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 7446: 1428:

Therapists use CBT techniques to help people challenge their patterns and beliefs and replace errors in thinking, known as

7172:

van't Veer-Tazelaar PJ, van Marwijk HW, van Oppen P, van Hout HP, van der Horst HE, Cuijpers P, et al. (March 2009).

4206:

Folsom TD, Merz A, Grant JE, Fatemi N, Fatemi SA, Fatemi SH (2016). "Profiles in History of Neuroscience and Psychiatry".

2124: 2116: 1586:

If excess, attempt to decrease frequency, duration, or intensity of behaviors; if deficits, attempt to increase behaviors.

15090: 14823: 14454: 13901: 13373: 13230: 13167: 7887: 5855:

James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (November 2020).

3597:"Secular versus Christian Inpatient Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Programs: Impact on Depression and Spiritual Well-Being" 261: 196:. Some research suggests that CBT is most effective when combined with medication for treating mental disorders, such as 12957: 875:, or the ability to cope with stressful events. Increased levels of resilience is associated with greater resistance to 15810: 15038: 14449: 13763: 13004: 12630:

Schermuly-Haupt ML, Linden M, Rush AJ (1 June 2018). "Unwanted Events and Side Effects in Cognitive Behavior Therapy".

9981: 6748: 6081:

Tolin DF (August 2010). "Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review".

2760: 726: 1462:

People are largely responsible for their own dysfunctional emotions, as they maintain and reinforce their own beliefs.

1459:

Human beings have an innate tendency to develop irrational thoughts. This tendency is reinforced by their environment.

743:

Practice Guidelines (April 2000) indicated that, among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and

15095: 15068: 15063: 13177: 13142: 13056: 12534:"Frequency of reporting of adverse events in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy vs. psychopharmacotherapy" 10006: 9956: 9877: 8380:"Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial" 8080: 4835: 3284:"Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis" 2377: 2160: 2142: 2087: 2038: 2030: 1947: 1665: 1142: 927: 665: 598: 551: 543: 462: 6619: 947:

glucocorticoids and exposure therapy may be a better-improved treatment for treating people with anxiety disorders.

15191: 14875: 13826: 13693: 13115: 9001:"Cognitive-behavioural training interventions for assisting foster carers in the management of difficult behaviour" 7612:

Jones C, Hacker D, Xia J, Meaden A, Irving CB, Zhao S, et al. (Cochrane Schizophrenia Group) (December 2018).

6768: 5808:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials" 5429:"Interventions to support people exposed to adverse childhood experiences: systematic review of systematic reviews" 1686: 777:

of three methods, cognitive behavioral therapy was either proven or presumed to be an effective therapy on several

740: 457:

believed that someone's thoughts were best changed by changing their actions. Adler and Low influenced the work of

12273:"Over-simplification and exclusion of non-conforming studies can demonstrate absence of effect: a lynching party?" 5741:

APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches

2223:

The UP has been shown to produce equivalent results to single-diagnosis protocols for specific disorders, such as

972:

severity and psychosocial functioning with mild to moderate effects, and that it is better than medication alone.

590: 15815: 15759: 13906: 13896: 12938: 8278:

Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (October 2009).

1971: 1244:

scores than those receiving usual care for dementia and MCI overall. In this review, a sub-group analysis found

730: 593:

and cognitive therapies constituted the "third wave" of CBT. The most prominent therapies of this third wave are

193: 14948: 13928: 10521: 9649: 3023:"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews" 2756: 345:'s studies of conditioning in 1920. Behaviorally-centered therapeutic approaches appeared as early as 1924 with 15315: 14870: 14321: 6525:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP): treatment model, feasibility, and acceptability" 3550:"A Comparison of Secular and Religious Versions of Cognitive Therapy with Depressed Christian College Students" 3424:"Chinese Taoist Cognitive Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Contemporary China" 3203: 2313: 1915: 1911: 1317:

providers manage difficult behaviors in the youths under their care, nor was it helpful in treating people who

991: 790: 669: 66: 14928: 11333:"Guided self-help cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in primary care: a randomised controlled trial" 10296:

Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

5348:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood repetitive behavior disorders: tic disorders and trichotillomania" 2191:

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a form of CBT, developed by

1682:

also been found to be effective if patient and therapist type in real time to each other over computer links.

15436: 15305: 15028: 14900: 14783: 14085: 13529: 11105: 3914:

Rachman S (1997). "The evolution of cognitive behaviour therapy". In Clark D, Fairburn CG, Gelder MG (eds.).

2516:

Benjamin CL, Puleo CM, Settipani CA, et al. (2011), "History of cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth",

2231:. Several studies have shown that the UP is easier to disseminate as compared to single-diagnosis protocols. 1907: 1378: 1044:'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including schizophrenia. 681: 473: 450: 12743: 10665: 10261: 7766: 5117:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth with body dysmorphic disorder: current status and future directions" 15764: 15377: 15264: 15085: 14910: 14532: 13758: 13743: 13731: 13137: 13101: 8534:"Mean Difference, Standardized Mean Difference (SMD), and Their Use in Meta-Analysis: As Simple as It Gets" 2398: 1661: 1641: 594: 575: 555: 257: 192:, review studies have found CBT alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression, and 13290: 9049: 6734:"Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial" 2312:

Other researchers analyzing treatments for youths who self-injure found similar drop-out rates in CBT and

349:' work dedicated to the unlearning of fears in children. These were the antecedents of the development of 15846: 15614: 15115: 15010: 14979: 14938: 13356: 13110: 7030:"A randomized trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for prevention of generalized anxiety disorder" 1983: 1524:

Behavior therapy is scientific and the different forms of treatment are evaluated with rigorous evidence.

1383: 1175: 755: 744: 512: 211: 14933: 11331:

Williams C, Wilson P, Morrison J, McMahon A, Walker A, Andrew W, et al. (2013). Andersson G (ed.).

11266:"Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, delivered as supported self-help, can help people with depression" 9833:

Longmore RJ, Worrell M (March 2007). "Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy?".

5614:

Alladin A, Alibhai A (April 2007). "Cognitive hypnotherapy for depression: an empirical investigation".

1227:

obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder stating a need for further study.

15386: 15058: 14733: 14031: 13791: 13326: 13130: 13125: 13091: 13071: 11949:, Farchione TJ, Bullis JR, Gallagher MW, Murray-Latin H, Sauer-Zavala S, et al. (September 2017). 8188:"Efficacy of short-term treatment of internet and computer game addiction: A randomized clinical trial" 2246: 1124: 1113: 571: 396: 265: 210:

therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults. Along with

10233:

Foa EB, Rothbaum BO, Furr JM (January 2003). "Augmenting exposure therapy with other CBT procedures".

9419:"Comparing Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue - Evidence Update for Clinicians | PCORI" 6347: 5734:"Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder, 2nd Edition" 2986:

Brewin CR (1996). "Theoretical foundations of cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety and depression".

2069: 1474:

Cognitive therapy is based on a teacher-student relationship, where the therapist educates the client.

15441: 15424: 15211: 14865: 14857: 14487: 14221: 14097: 13856: 13786: 13738: 13698: 13578: 13432: 11552:

Rudd MD (2012). "Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (BCBT) for suicidality in military populations".

8031:

Perry AE, Martyn-St James M, Burns L, Hewitt C, Glanville JM, Aboaja A, et al. (December 2019).

7614:"Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia" 5215:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight management and eating disorders in children and adolescents" 2273: 1702: 1515: 1240: 968:

Many studies show CBT, combined with pharmacotherapy, is effective in improving depressive symptoms,

860: 848: 748: 504: 197: 126: 13208: 11700:"Effectiveness of Manual-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Routine Outpatient Alcohol Treatment" 9109: 8138: 7837:

Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg AF, Arredondo C, Murphy G, Hayward C, et al. (August 2008).

7819: 6961: 6297:"Editorial: Locus of Control: Antecedents, Consequences and Interventions Using Rotter's Definition" 3223: 1484:

Homework is an essential aspect of cognitive therapy. It consolidates the skills learned in therapy.

15310: 15125: 15048: 14107: 14075: 14011: 13979: 13539: 12952: 9632:"Treatment of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDC" 9288: 2786:"Current status of cognitive behavioral therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder" 1765: 1706: 1544: 1511:

is key in understanding the treatment of mental illness, as behaviors can be learned and unlearned.

1348: 1336: 872: 739:

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown as an effective treatment for clinical depression. The

614: 76: 10701:"Commentary: The Impact of Digital Technology on Psychological Treatments and Their Dissemination" 8950:

Tamminga SJ, Emal LM, Boschman JS, Levasseur A, Thota A, Ruotsalainen JH, et al. (May 2023).

8583:"Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood" 6574:"Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: model, process, and progress" 6169:"Cognitive structures, cognitive processes, and cognitive-behavior modification: I. client issues" 15419: 15201: 15140: 14890: 14497: 14419: 14177: 14142: 14127: 14122: 14112: 14061: 13841: 13831: 13809: 13223: 13152: 13147: 10085: 6947:

Seligman M, Schulman P, DeRubeis R, Hollon S (1999). "The prevention of depression and anxiety".

6804: 5530:"Computer-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy: effective and getting ready for dissemination" 4868:

Rathod S, Phiri P, Kingdon D (September 2010). "Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia".

3670:

The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy

2228: 2200: 1773: 1740: 1612: 905: 904:. Through exposure to the stimulus, this harmful conditioning can be "unlearned" (referred to as 763: 189: 12692:"CBT: The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami: Managerialism, Politics and the Corruptions of Science" 10793:

MoodGYM was superior to informational websites in terms of psychological outcomes or service use

10396: 5707: 4395:

Robinson E, Titov N, Andrews G, McIntyre K, Schwencke G, Solley K (June 2010). García AV (ed.).

4023:"Desperately Seeking Hope and Help for Your Nerves? Try Reading 'Hope and Help for Your Nerves'" 1505:

Behaviors play an essential role in the onset, perpetuation and exacerbation of psychopathology.

434:

in dealing with anxiety disorders in the 1960s is also seen as a prototype of behavior therapy.

15749: 15350: 15229: 15219: 15196: 14972: 14905: 14708: 14547: 14424: 14404: 14351: 14261: 14216: 14187: 14162: 14092: 14080: 14046: 13861: 13681: 13648: 13573: 13568: 13361: 13096: 9104: 8485:"Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment" 7174:"Stepped-care prevention of anxiety and depression in late life: a randomized controlled trial" 6956: 4091:"The truth is indeed sobering A Response to Dr. Lance Dodes (Part Two) > Detroit Legal News" 3218: 2348:

pharmacological interventions are much more likely to take adverse effects into consideration.

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Another major theoretical approach to cognitive behavioral therapy treatment is the concept of

642: 563: 520: 427: 366: 305: 182: 11007:"Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder" 10583:

Nordgren LB, Hedman E, Etienne J, Bodin J, Kadowaki A, Eriksson S, et al. (August 2014).

10073: 8327:

Benevides TW, Shore SM, Andresen ML, Caplan R, Cook B, Gassner DL, et al. (August 2020).

7221:

Stallard P, Sayal K, Phillips R, Taylor JA, Spears M, Anderson R, et al. (October 2012).

6441:"One-session treatment is as effective as multi-session therapy for young people with phobias" 6218: 6211: 1206:'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including 1162:'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including 55: 15451: 15300: 15254: 15107: 15023: 14885: 14880: 14565: 14507: 14459: 14286: 14251: 14226: 14117: 14006: 13923: 13851: 13836: 13748: 13346: 13157: 13120: 13066: 9148:

Lackner JM, Keefer L, Jaccard J, Firth R, Brenner D, Bratten J, et al. (November 2012).

8849:"Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review" 8726:

O'Brian S, Onslow M (June 2011). "Clinical management of stuttering in children and adults".

8483:

Orgeta V, Leung P, Del-Pino-Casado R, Qazi A, Orrell M, Spector AE, Methley AM (April 2022).

5017:

Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, Aubut JA, Hitzig SL, Legassic M, Teasell RW (February 2011).

3668: 3596: 3549: 3423: 2560:

McKay D, Sookman D, Neziroglu F, Wilhelm S, Stein DJ, Kyrios M, et al. (February 2015).

1649: 1632:

CBT may be delivered in conjunction with a variety of diverse but related techniques such as

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by demonstrating the effects of cognition on learning and behavior modification. The work of

114: 12314:"Letter to the Editor: An agenda for the next decade of psychotherapy research and practice" 11824:

Corkhill, B., Hemmings, J., Maddock, A., & Riley, J. (2014). "Knitting and Well-being".

11306: 11129: 7518: 1450:

Human emotions are primarily caused by people's thoughts and perceptions rather than events.

353:'s behavioral therapy in the 1950s. It was the work of Wolpe and Watson, which was based on 15729: 15564: 15489: 15355: 15290: 14492: 14429: 14331: 14241: 14071: 14056: 13846: 13703: 13514: 13391: 13368: 13310: 13285: 13247: 13197: 12046:"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth" 11772: 11344: 10956: 7399: 6686: 6246: 4672: 4408: 1769: 1478: 1194: 630: 508: 411: 229: 174: 157: 118: 38: 10326: 9741: 9489:

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gained popularity among behavior therapists, despite the earlier behaviorist rejection of

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in which clinical practice and research are informed by a scientific perspective, clear

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Sustained effort is necessary to modify dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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Events, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions influence each other.

798: 15841: 15589: 15404: 15295: 15224: 14803: 14683: 14517: 14464: 14376: 14371: 14306: 14246: 14206: 14132: 13953: 13916: 13891: 13881: 13676: 13613: 13593: 13295: 13216: 13187: 13172: 12716:"The big question: can cognitive behavioral therapy help people with eating disorders?" 12655: 12607: 12582: 12558: 12533: 12378: 12070: 12045: 12023: 11975: 11950: 11803: 11749: 11655: 11643: 11612: 11600: 11569: 11494: 11367: 11332: 11281: 11171: 11144: 11082: 11055: 11031: 11006: 10979: 10944: 10925: 10912: 10887: 10865: 10850:"Online CBT for post-traumatic stress disorder is as effective as face-to-face therapy" 10828: 10776: 10727: 10700: 10681: 10446: 10335: 10310: 10215: 10167: 10142: 9788: 9753: 9613: 9564: 9539: 9515: 9490: 9466: 9445: 9395: 9370: 9351: 9272: 9247: 9174: 9149: 9130: 9077: 9038: 9025: 9000: 8952:"Individual-level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers" 8927: 8902: 8875: 8848: 8829: 8751: 8656: 8631: 8563: 8509: 8484: 8453: 8428: 8404: 8379: 8355: 8328: 8304: 8279: 8260: 8212: 8187: 8161: 8108:"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine)" 8057: 8032: 8008: 7983: 7959: 7934: 7915: 7863: 7838: 7736: 7711: 7687: 7662: 7638: 7613: 7546: 7499: 7422: 7387: 7368: 7287: 7247: 7222: 7190: 7173: 6974: 6893: 6709: 6674: 6651: 6601: 6549: 6524: 6500: 6475: 6456: 6323: 6296: 6146: 6009: 5984: 5960: 5935: 5881: 5856: 5832: 5807: 5682: 5639: 5556: 5529: 5455: 5428: 5372: 5347: 5288: 5279: 5263: 5239: 5214: 5190: 5165: 5141: 5116: 5092: 5067: 5043: 5018: 4994: 4969: 4940: 4915: 4893: 4808: 4783: 4759: 4734: 4701: 4676: 4584: 4557: 4530: 4505: 4483: 4431: 4396: 4369: 4344: 4325: 4280: 4255: 4027: 3840: 3805: 3787: 3762: 3735: 3624: 3577: 3530: 3451: 3369: 3310: 3283: 3244: 3096: 3071: 3070:

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Together, these sets of assumptions cover the cognitive and behavioral aspects of CBT.

1363: 650: 583: 500: 480:

practice. During these sessions, Beck noticed that thoughts were not as unconscious as

15534: 14923: 13009: 11868: 11392:"Use of written cognitive-behavioural therapy self-help materials to treat depression" 10434: 7661:

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Evaluate critical behaviors for frequency, duration, or intensity (obtain a baseline);

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What's behind the research? Discovering hidden assumptions in the behavioral sciences

12075: 12015: 11980: 11966: 11898: 11858: 11753: 11741: 11699: 11678: 11647: 11604: 11529: 11486: 11440: 11372: 11285: 11247: 11233: 11176: 11087: 11036: 10984: 10929: 10917: 10869: 10820: 10768: 10732: 10685: 10647: 10606: 10487: 10438: 10363: 10340: 10267: 10207: 10172: 10089: 10052: 10027: 10002: 9977: 9952: 9923: 9898: 9873: 9850: 9813: 9792: 9745: 9707: 9605: 9569: 9520: 9471: 9400: 9343: 9308: 9277: 9228: 9179: 9122: 9069: 9030: 8981: 8932: 8880: 8821: 8786: 8743: 8708: 8700: 8661: 8612: 8567: 8555: 8514: 8458: 8409: 8395: 8360: 8329:"Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review" 8309: 8252: 8217: 8203: 8165: 8062: 8013: 7964: 7907: 7868: 7854: 7801: 7741: 7692: 7643: 7550: 7538: 7491: 7427: 7360: 7322: 7291: 7252: 7203: 7154: 7092: 7051: 7010: 6929: 6885: 6760: 6714: 6593: 6554: 6505: 6474:

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6460: 6420: 6369: 6328: 6274: 6266: 6222: 6188: 6138: 6098: 6058: 6014: 5965: 5951: 5916: 5886: 5837: 5788: 5744: 5674: 5631: 5596: 5561: 5460: 5409: 5399: 5377: 5328: 5293: 5244: 5195: 5146: 5097: 5048: 4999: 4945: 4885: 4850: 4813: 4764: 4706: 4643: 4589: 4535: 4506:"Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators" 4475: 4454:

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4436: 4374: 4317: 4285: 4219: 4166: 4003: 3919: 3889: 3845: 3827: 3767: 3699: 3674: 3647: 3628: 3616: 3581: 3569: 3534: 3522: 3487: 3443: 3404: 3350: 3315: 3236: 3184: 3142: 3101: 3052: 3003: 2950: 2915: 2868: 2856: 2815: 2699: 2686: 2638: 2624: 2581: 2543: 2196: 1935: 1903: 1645: 1318: 1295: 1048: 979: 876: 809: 782: 657: 618: 547: 485: 316: 117:(such as thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes) and their associated behaviors to improve 14953: 14943: 12659: 12549: 12382: 12027: 11659: 11616: 11498: 10832: 10780: 10450: 10219: 9617: 9355: 9081: 9042: 8833: 8755: 7372: 6897: 6605: 6150: 5686: 4487: 4360: 3455: 15739: 15709: 15579: 15381: 15360: 15340: 15166: 14838: 14833: 14698: 14693: 14593: 14414: 14361: 14316: 14301: 14296: 14172: 14147: 13444: 13341: 13321: 13275: 13162: 13105: 13061: 12801: 12639: 12602: 12594: 12553: 12545: 12506: 12362: 12325: 12284: 12243: 12202: 12192: 12135: 12065: 12057: 12007: 11970: 11962: 11733: 11639: 11596: 11573: 11561: 11521: 11476: 11468: 11432: 11403: 11362: 11352: 11273: 11237: 11229: 11166: 11156: 11077: 11067: 11026: 11018: 10974: 10964: 10907: 10899: 10857: 10812: 10760: 10722: 10712: 10673: 10637: 10596: 10477: 10430: 10330: 10322: 10242: 10199: 10162: 10154: 10081: 9842: 9780: 9757: 9737: 9703: 9699: 9676: 9597: 9559: 9551: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9461: 9453: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9369:

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cognitive-behavioral techniques with the transformative potential of hypnotherapy.

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as an adjunct to CBT improves treatment efficacy for a variety of clinical issues.

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Rudd MD (2000). "The suicidal mode: a cognitive-behavioral model of suicidality".

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The emphasis on behavioral factors has been described as the "first wave" of CBT.

15754: 15684: 15669: 15624: 15474: 15429: 15186: 15130: 14808: 14773: 14713: 14663: 14152: 13935: 13819: 13544: 13182: 12720: 12061: 11946: 11565: 11357: 11022: 10969: 10562:"Depression and anxiety – computerised cognitive behavioural therapy (CCBT)" 10385:

Cognitive behavioural therapy for the management of common mental health problems

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Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents: A casebook for clinical practice

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In February 2006 NICE recommended that CCBT be made available for use within the

1471:

A positive therapeutic relationship is essential to successful cognitive therapy.

1328:'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for personality disorders. 1273: 1252:

quality of life and daily living activity scores in those with dementia and MCI.

1223: 778: 710: 622: 567: 536: 256:

have significantly impacted the evolution of various new forms of CBT, including

170: 142: 125:

that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat

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Freeman J, Garcia A, Frank H, Benito K, Conelea C, Walther M, Edmunds J (2014).

8992: 5324: 3038: 2884:"Why Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Is the Current Gold Standard of Psychotherapy" 2485: 1590:

The re-conceptualization phase makes up much of the "cognitive" portion of CBT.

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Marks IM, Mataix-Cols D, Kenwright M, Cameron R, Hirsch S, Gega L (July 2003).

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Hollinghurst S, Peters TJ, Kaur S, Wiles N, Lewis G, Kessler D (October 2010).

9555: 8157: 7903: 6833:"MoodGym no better than informational websites, according to new workplace RCT" 6798:"Computerised CBT for Common Mental Disorders: RCT of a Workplace Intervention" 6452: 5592: 5445: 4651: 3822: 3612: 3565: 3518: 3439: 3346: 3087: 2946: 2390: 1951: 1559: 1291: 987: 943: 786: 532: 528: 477: 423: 381: 362: 342: 338: 331: 301: 165: 129:, its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many 12800:(Press release). UK Council for Psychotherapy. 1 February 2012. Archived from 12643: 12510: 12330: 12313: 12289: 12272: 12248: 12231: 12197: 12180: 12139: 11698:

de Wildt WA, Oudejans SC, Merkx MJ, Schippers GM, Koeter MW, van den Brink W.

11525: 11472: 10764: 10482: 10465: 10203: 10158: 9846: 9784: 9457: 9165: 9118: 7999: 7534: 7318: 7087: 7070: 6970: 6313: 6094: 6000: 5627: 5481:(Press release). UK Council for Psychotherapy. 1 February 2012. Archived from 5363: 5230: 5181: 5132: 5083: 4985: 4931: 4881: 4799: 4692: 4654: 4635: 4521: 4471: 3483: 3180: 2801: 2728: 2529: 2328:

Slife and Williams write that one of the hidden assumptions in CBT is that of

1697:, including measuring changes in cognition and behavior and the attainment of 15830: 15744: 15629: 15609: 15594: 15584: 15549: 15519: 15365: 15274: 15171: 15161: 14995: 14753: 14738: 14723: 14678: 14643: 14608: 14588: 14578: 14573: 14552: 14512: 14444: 14346: 14341: 13814: 13239: 12651: 11737: 10717: 10626:"Pragmatic evaluation of computer-aided self-help for anxiety and depression" 8704: 8696: 8345: 6270: 6262: 6192: 5934:

Scheeringa MS, Weems CF, Cohen JA, Amaya-Jackson L, Guthrie D (August 2011).

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Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H, Nüesch E, Trelle S, Znoj H, et al. (2013).

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applications. Some clinicians and researchers are cognitively oriented (e.g.

829: 706: 638: 626: 609:

In adults, CBT has been shown to be an effective part of treatment plans for

516: 481: 469: 431: 419: 407: 385: 285: 161: 149: 130: 110: 30:

This article is about therapy to improve mental health. For the journal, see

10903: 8865: 7283: 6053: 6036: 5413: 2754: 2562:"Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder" 1624:). Interventions such as imaginal exposure therapy combine both approaches. 942:

Studies have provided evidence that when examining animals and humans, that

453:

and how they contributed to creation of unhealthy behavioral and life goals.

15769: 15714: 15689: 15649: 15634: 15599: 15559: 15529: 15524: 15514: 15446: 15181: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14758: 14748: 14688: 14658: 14638: 14537: 14434: 14137: 14021: 12616: 12567: 12518: 12374: 12339: 12298: 12257: 12216: 12147: 12079: 12019: 11984: 11745: 11651: 11608: 11533: 11490: 11444: 11376: 11251: 11180: 11091: 11040: 10988: 10921: 10824: 10772: 10736: 10651: 10610: 10491: 10442: 10344: 10211: 10176: 9854: 9771:

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aware posture toward cognitive distortions so as to diminish their impact.

1370:, but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution. 1367: 1332: 1313:

Cochrane Reviews have found no convincing evidence that CBT training helps

1283:

CBT has been studied as an aid in the treatment of anxiety associated with

1277: 695: 673: 646: 499:

Although the early behavioral approaches were successful in many so-called

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Eysenck HJ (October 1952). "The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation".

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are useful to patients, but removed endorsement of any specific product.

1694: 1600: 1508: 1409: 1362:

There is limited evidence to support CBT's use in managing the impact of

1314: 909: 867: 454: 377: 373: 354: 178: 153: 12423:

Cultures of healing: Correcting the image of American mental health care

12113:

Cultures of healing: Correcting the image of American mental health care

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The effectiveness of the treatment is monitored throughout its duration.

1373:

Previously CBT has been considered as moderately effective for treating

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Cultures of Healing: Correcting the image of American mental healthcare

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Barnes J, McRobbie H, Dong CY, Walker N, Hartmann-Boyce J (June 2019).

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and subdue stress and anxiety. SCBT has also been used in the field of

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Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) has been described by

1284: 1280:

interventions for improving ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents.

1163: 1003: 410:

and his associates were beginning to have an impact with their work on

296:. A key philosophical figure who influenced the development of CBT was 11072: 9294: 8739: 8681:"Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review" 8234: 7888:"History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: a meta-analysis" 7486: 7469: 7356: 7238: 7199: 4271: 3752: 2851: 2834: 2177: 1386:

advice on the treatment of ME/CFS makes no reference to CBT while the

687:

Criticism of CBT sometimes focuses on implementations (such as the UK

445:

One of the first therapists to address cognition in psychotherapy was

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International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

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Matusiewicz AK, Hopwood CJ, Banducci AN, Lejuez CW (September 2010).

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Moral reconation therapy, a type of CBT used to help felons overcome

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Vaughan B, Goldstein MH, Alikakos M, Cohen LJ, Serby MJ (May 2014).

11054:

Rozbroj T, Lyons A, Pitts M, Mitchell A, Christensen H (July 2014).

10943:

Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N (October 2010).

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benefits only among those diagnosed with dementia, rather than MCI.

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A basic concept in some CBT treatments used in anxiety disorders is

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problem-solving, interpersonal communication skills, etc.

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