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44:
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647:, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producing unsteadiness and weakness, depression,
695:
and other plants, serving two functions, delaying seed germination and inhibiting the growth of other plants. Most of the chemical is concentrated in the spines. When the bur is prepared as an herbal remedy, the spines are usually removed, reducing the CAT content of the finished product.
381:
Over 200 names have been proposed for species, subspecies, and varieties within the genus. Most of these are regarded as synonyms of highly variable species. Some recognize as few as two or three species in the genus. The Global
Compositae Checklist recognizes the following.
352:
or oval double-chambered, single-seeded bur 8–20 mm (0.32–0.79 in) long. It is covered with stiff, hooked spines, which stick to fur and clothing and can be quite difficult to detach. These burs are carried long distances from the parent plant during
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Cockleburs are short-day plants, meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall, typically from July to
October in the
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420:
406:
1257:
1296:
687:(CAT), formerly referred to as xanthostrumarin, which is the chemical that is responsible for most of the adverse effects from the use of
658:
means 'yellow'). The many species of this plant, which can be found in many areas, may actually be varieties of two or three species. The
1450:
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growing to 50–120 cm (20–47 in) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, with deeply toothed margins. Some species, notably
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and vomiting, twisting of the neck muscles, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, and eventually death.
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570:– clotbur, rough cocklebur, large cocklebur, common cocklebur – very widespread, nearly
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The plant also has been used for making yellow dye, hence the name of the genus (Greek
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The flower heads are of two types; One, in short terminal branches, produces only
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lectotype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)
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Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). "Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from
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to persuade the normally barefooted inhabitants of a town in the fictitious
344:, whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature
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373:. They can also flower in the tropics where the daylength is constant.
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554:– spiny cocklebur, burreed, Bathurst burr – very widespread, nearly
337:. The other, in clusters in the axils of the leaves, produces seed.
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The cocklebur is legally listed as a noxious weed in the states of
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The spines and seeds of this fruit are rich in a chemical called
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worldwide. It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to
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Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.
618:
302:
463:
1009:
1010:Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007).
680:is also used to treat nasal and sinus congestion.
881:Flann, C (ed) 2009+ "Global Compositae Checklist"
691:. CAT has been shown to be a growth inhibitor in
348:, cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard, spiny,
1427:
950:
992:with plant growth inhibiting properties".
326:, are also very thorny with long, slender
42:
1012:Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico
340:Unlike many other members of the family
1014:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
714:cockleburrs (spelt thus) are used as a
14:
1428:
1030:
1029:
1387:0b1e2ee1-696c-4ba6-95f3-653e792194a4
1312:870aff16-38c1-438e-999b-941290471800
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876:
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854:
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828:List of plants poisonous to equines
24:
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25:
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1451:Medicinal plants of North America
621:in the United States of America.
940:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
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782:
768:
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1351:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:11557-1
932:Vol. 20–21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875
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978:
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308:
305:and some parts of south Asia.
13:
1:
833:
914:Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde,
674:traditional Chinese medicine
376:
7:
1456:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
994:Journal of Natural Products
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397:(Widd.) Scholz & Sukopp
10:
1472:
892:Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753.
733:
730:of Anchuria to buy shoes.
364:
1038:
592:Xanthium artemisioides –
232:
225:
210:
203:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
1446:Medicinal plants of Asia
953:"Natural Allergy Relief"
823:List of companion plants
818:List of beneficial weeds
459:Xanthium inaequilaterum
313:Cockleburs are coarse,
912:Flora of North America
629:The common cocklebur (
600:Xanthium fruticosum –
443:Xanthium cavanillesii
990:Atractylis gummifera
951:English, J. (2010).
685:carboxyatractyloside
602:Ambrosia arborescens
594:Ambrosia arborescens
539:Xanthium saccharosum
421:Xanthium catharticum
357:by help of animals (
986:Xanthium strumarium
963:(2). Archived from
666:Xanthium strumarium
639:. It has become an
632:Xanthium strumarium
562:Xanthium strumarium
483:Xanthium mongolicum
371:Northern Hemisphere
330:at the leaf bases.
213:Xanthium strumarium
53:Xanthium strumarium
711:Cabbages and Kings
497:Xanthium orientale
407:Xanthium argenteum
293:within the family
1441:Asteraceae genera
1423:
1422:
1320:Open Tree of Life
1032:Taxon identifiers
894:Species Plantarum
635:) is a native of
625:Toxicity and uses
578:formerly included
569:
553:
546:Xanthium spinosum
531:; naturalized in
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504:
488:
466:
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323:Xanthium spinosum
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16:(Redirected from
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1289:NHMSYS0000465172
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718:in the chapters
641:invasive species
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521:Xanthium pungens
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393:Xanthium albinum
386:Accepted species
297:, native to the
287:flowering plants
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1004:Further reading
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260:Acanthoxanthium
248:Acanthoxanthium
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27:Genus of plants
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355:seed dispersal
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1021:0-89672-614-2
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996:46(5) 609-13.
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987:
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967:on 2012-02-02
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803:Unidentified
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748:X. strumarium
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700:In literature
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637:North America
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318:annual plants
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91:Tracheophytes
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969:. Retrieved
965:the original
960:
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946:
937:
936:cang er shu
929:
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747:
723:
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692:
688:
682:
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669:
668:is known as
665:
664:
655:
653:
630:
628:
612:
609:Legal status
599:
591:
584:
572:cosmopolitan
560:
556:cosmopolitan
544:
537:
519:
511:North Africa
495:
481:
457:
441:
419:
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391:
380:
368:
339:
332:
321:
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301:and eastern
278:
273:
272:
271:
259:
255:
251:(DC.) Fourr.
247:
239:
235:
211:
205:Type species
190:
189:
123:
110:
97:
84:
51:
35:
29:
1232:iNaturalist
1064:Wikispecies
776:X. spinosum
762:X. italicum
716:plot device
662:is edible.
515:Middle East
309:Description
291:Heliantheae
180:Ambrosiinae
170:Heliantheae
160:Asteroideae
156:Subfamily:
104:Angiosperms
1430:Categories
971:2012-01-03
859:Tropicos,
834:References
790:X. albinum
689:cang er zi
670:cang er zi
359:zoochorous
346:parachutes
342:Asteraceae
315:herbaceous
295:Asteraceae
240:Euxanthium
176:Subtribe:
150:Asteraceae
1154:FloraBase
672:(苍耳子) in
645:livestock
529:Australia
453:Argentina
437:Argentina
377:Diversity
279:cocklebur
140:Asterales
74:Kingdom:
18:Cocklebur
1436:Xanthium
1382:VicFlora
1371:VASCAN:
1364:40026941
1359:Tropicos
1250:125007-1
1185:Xanthium
1120:Xanthium
1115:eFloraSA
1070:Xanthium
1049:Wikidata
1040:Xanthium
938:Xanthium
916:Xanthium
898:in Latin
861:Xanthium
812:See also
805:Xanthium
706:O. Henry
693:Xanthium
678:Xanthium
660:seed oil
615:Arkansas
586:Ambrosia
491:Mongolia
401:Mongolia
299:Americas
274:Xanthium
256:Xanthium
236:Xanthium
227:Synonyms
191:Xanthium
146:Family:
130:Asterids
117:Eudicots
36:Xanthium
1413:1076874
1263:1356340
1211:3089139
1055:Q598601
734:Gallery
704:In the
656:xanthos
533:Eurasia
433:Bolivia
365:Biology
350:globose
281:) is a
186:Genus:
166:Tribe:
136:Order:
78:Plantae
1338:XANTH2
1333:PLANTS
1325:217669
1309:NZOR:
1198:135017
1172:135017
1081:195975
1078:APDB:
1019:
896:2: 987
708:novel
649:nausea
525:Wallr.
507:Europe
487:Kitag.
411:Widder
335:pollen
328:spines
258:sect.
238:sect.
1408:WoRMS
1302:36590
1276:38690
1258:IRMNG
1237:57921
1224:12931
1180:FoAO2
1159:22312
1146:1XANG
1133:38875
1107:649GW
1094:93910
724:Ships
720:Shoes
473:India
469:China
448:Shouw
429:Chile
425:Kunth
415:Chile
283:genus
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
1374:1832
1346:POWO
1297:NCBI
1271:ITIS
1245:IPNI
1219:GRIN
1206:GBIF
1141:EPPO
1089:APNI
1017:ISBN
988:and
722:and
619:Iowa
617:and
583:see
303:Asia
1395:WFO
1284:NBN
1193:FoC
1167:FNA
1128:EoL
1102:CoL
934:苍耳属
464:DC.
361:).
285:of
263:DC.
243:DC.
1432::
1410::
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1091::
1066::
1051::
959:.
955:.
903:^
869:^
863:L.
851:^
676:.
567:L.
551:L.
527:–
513:,
509:,
505:–
502:L.
489:–
475:,
471:,
467:–
451:–
435:,
431:,
427:–
413:–
399:–
219:L.
197:L.
126::
113::
100::
87::
974:.
961:4
277:(
20:)
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