1255:
terrified of the intentions of spirits. who only appear at night, prompting Salish people to travel only during the day and stay close to others for protection. Coastal Salish beliefs describe the journey to the underworld as a two-day adventure. The individual must walk along a trail passing through bushes and a lake to reach a valley that is divided by a river where they will reside. Salish beliefs about the afterlife very closely resemble the past life they lived, and they often assign themselves to jobs to keep busy, hunt for animals and game, and live with their families.
911:. Contact and trade began accelerating significantly with the southern Coast Salish. Significant social change and change in social structures accelerates with increasing contact. Initiative remained with Native traders until catastrophic population decline. Native traders and Native economy were not particularly interested or dependent upon European trade or tools. Trade goods were primarily luxuries such as trade blankets, ornamentation, guns and ammunition. The HBC monopoly did not condone alcohol, but freebooter traders were under no compunction.
40:
1259:
members of the community to show their spirit powers through song, or dance. The powers they acquired were sought after individually after going through trials of isolation where their powers related to spirit animals such as a raven, woodpecker, bear, or seal. Oftentimes members of the community get together to show their powers on the longhouse floor, where the spiritual powers are for the individual alone for each member to share and display various songs.
1025:. As the epidemic spread, police, supported by gunboats, forced thousands of First Nations people living in encampments around Victoria to leave and many returned to their home villages which spread the epidemic. Some consider the decision to force First Nations people to leave their encampments an intentional act of genocide. Mean population decline 1774–1874 was about 66%. Though the Salish peoples together are less numerous than the
639:
1298:
The interior walls of longhouses were typically lined with sleeping platforms. Storage shelves above the platforms held baskets, tools, clothing, and other items. Firewood was stored below the platforms. Mattresses and cushions were constructed from woven reed mats and animals skins. Food was hung
1250:
had their own beliefs about where souls of all living things go. The shamans of these people believed everything had five components to its spirit; the body, an inner and outer soul, its life force, and its ghost. They believed that an individual becomes ill when their soul is removed from their body
1195:
acquire high status. Wealth was required to enhance their status as elite born, or through practical skills, and ritual knowledge. An individual could not buy status or power, but wealth could be used to enhance them. Wealth was not meant to be hidden. It has been publicly displayed through ceremony.
1156:
pattern. Society was divided into upper class, lower class and slaves, all largely hereditary. Nobility was based on genealogy, intertribal kinship, wise use of resources, and possession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the world — making an effective marriage of class,
937:
Through the 1850s and 1860s, traditional resources became less and less available. Sawmill work and employment selling natural resources began; Native men worked as loggers, in the mills, and as commercial fishers. Women sold basketry and shellfish. Through the 1870s, agricultural work in hop yards
1361:
Coast Salish peoples' had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience. Forest gardens on Canada's northwest coast included crabapple, hazelnut, cranberry, wild plum, and wild cherry species. There is also documentation of the cultivation of great camas, Indian carrot,
1068:
Neighboring peoples, whether villages or adjacent tribes, were related by marriage, feasting, ceremonies, and common or shared territory. Ties were especially strong within the same waterway or watershed. There existed no breaks throughout the south Coast Salish culture area and beyond. There were
1497:
The use of the term Coast Salish, and its association with an attribute of nationhood, has increasingly become resisted, as that notion of a 'national' grouping is not a traditional part of the culture of Salish communities in this area, and as the term derives more from anthropology than community
1254:
The shamans believed that once an individual's body was dead it was able to connect with its soul and shade in the underworld. It is believed that the spirits are able to come back amongst the living and cause family members to die of sickness and join them in the afterlife. Living individuals were
1190:
Salish-made bowls in the
Northwest have different artistic designs and features. Numerous bowls have basic designs with animal features on the surface. Similar bowls will have more decorations including a head, body, wings, and limbs. A seated figure bowl is more complex in design, depicting humans
979:
Since the 1970s, many federally recognized tribes have developed some economic autonomy with (initially strongly contested) tax-free tobacco retail, development of casino gambling, fisheries and stewardship of fisheries. Extant tribes not federally recognized continue ongoing legal proceedings and
1340:
Native groups along the
Northwest coast have been using plants for making wood and fiber artifacts for over 10,500 years. Anthropologists are searching for aquifer wet sites that would contain ancient Salish villages. These sites are created by a series of waters running through the archaeological
196:
band government, the
Quwutsun. In the 19th century this term, or the variant "Cowidgin", was applied to all Halkomelem-speaking groups and certain others, such as the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh and Semiahmoo. On Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands, other "Cowichan" groups include the Penelakut, Lyackson and
964:
and touched off public awareness and native activism in BC and Canada. By this point, through the 1960s and 1970s, employment in commercial fisheries had greatly declined; employment in logging and lumber mills also declined significantly with automation, outsourcing, and the decline in available
953:
was banned in Canada; it was banned in the US some years later. This suppression ended in the US in 1934, and in 1951 in Canada. Some potlatching became overt immediately. A resurgence of tribal culture began in the 1960s; national Civil Rights movements engendered civil action for treaty rights.
1422:
Salish groups such as
Muckleshoot were heavily reliant on seasonal foods that included animals and plants. In January, they would gather along the river banks to catch salmon. By May, Salmonberry sprouts would be eaten with salmon eggs. Men would hunt deer and elk, while women gathered camas and
1258:
Coastal Salish people believe that through dances, masks, or ceremonies they express themselve the spiritual powers that they are given. Spirit powers define a community's success through leadership, bravery, healing, or artistry. Spirit dancing ceremonies are common gatherings in the winter for
741:
The history of Coast Salish peoples presented here provides an overview from a primarily United States perspective. Coast Salish peoples in
British Columbia have had similar economic experience, although their political and treaty experience has been different—occasionally dramatically so.
1194:
For thousands of years, Northwest coast Salish people demonstrated valuing material possessions. They believe that material wealth included land, food resources, household items, and adornments. Material wealth not only improved one's life but it enhanced other qualities such as those needed to
1174:
Bilateral kinship within the Skagit people is the most important system being defined as a carefully knit, and sacred bond within the society. When both adult siblings die, their children would be brought under the protection of surviving brothers and sisters, out of fear of mistreatment by
1123:
There was little political organization. No formal political office existed. Warfare for the southern Coast Salish was primarily defensive, with occasional raiding into territory where there were no relatives. No institutions existed for mobilizing or maintaining a standing force.
1593:
c̓əsnaʔəm (commonly known as the Eburne Site, Marpole Midden or Great Fraser Midden), located in the heart of
Musqueam's Traditional and unceded Territory, is an ancient village and burial site of the Musqueam people, dating back at least 4,000 years. In the late 1700s and 1800s,
1143:, are also notable. Having gained superiority by earlier access to European guns through the fur trade, these warriors raided the southern Salish tribes for slaves and loot. Their victims organized retaliatory raids several times, attacking the Lekwiltok.
1008:
The first smallpox epidemic to hit the region was in the 1680s, with the disease travelling overland from Mexico by intertribal transmission. Among losses due to diseases, and a series of earlier epidemics that had wiped out many peoples entirely, e.g. the
1020:
broke out among the
Northwest tribes in 1862, killing roughly half the affected native populations, in some cases up to 90% or more. The smallpox epidemic of 1862 started when an infected miner from San Francisco stopped in Victoria on his way to the
1151:
The highest-ranking male assumed the role of ceremonial leader but rank could vary and was determined by different standards. Villages were linked through intermarriage among members; the wife usually went to live at the husband's village, in a
1960:
Gary
Coupland, David Bilton, Terence Clark, Jerome S. Cybulski, Gay Frederick, Alyson Holland, Bryn Letham, and Gretchen Williams, "A Wealth of Beads: Evidence for Material Wealth-Based Inequality in the Salish Sea Region, 4000-3500 CAL BOP,"
1157:
secular, religious, and economic power. Many Coast Salish mothers altered the appearance of their free-born by carefully shaping the heads of their babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce a steep sloping forehead.
1182:
region of the
Northwest coast has produced ancient pieces of art appearing by 4500 BP that feature various Salish styles recognizable in more recent historical works. A seated human feature bowl was used in a female puberty ritual in
929:
were signed on
Vancouver Island between various Coast Salish peoples around Victoria and Nanaimo, and also with two Kwakwaka'wakw groups on northern Vancouver Island. The Muckleshoot Reservation was established after the
1325:. The functions of these features may have included defense, fishing platforms, and creation of house terraces. House pits and stone tools have been found in association with certain sites. Methods used include use of a
1423:
clams from the prairies and beaches. By the summer, steelhead and king salmon appeared in masses along the rivers, and berries were abundant in the forests. This harvesting cycle is referred to as the Seasonal Rounds.
1251:
and this is followed by death when the soul reaches the underworld. It is the job of the shaman to travel to the underworld to save the individual by recovering the soul while it is travelling between the two worlds.
1415:. Many, many varieties of berries were foraged; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere. Acorns were relished but were not widely available. Regional tribes went in autumn to the
1769:(2.1) A smallpox vaccine was discovered in 1801. Russian Orthodox missionaries were an exception to general policy and vaccinated at-risk Native populations in what is now SE Alaska and NW British Columbia.
1160:
Unlike hunter-gatherer societies widespread in North America, but similar to other Pacific Northwest coastal cultures, Coast Salish society was complex, hierarchical and oriented toward property and status.
1946:
Rudy Reimer, Pierre Freile, Kenneth Fath, and John Clague, "Tales From the River Bank: An In Situ Stone Bowl Found Along the shores of the Salish Sea on the Southern Northwest Coast of British Columbia,"
1932:
Rudy Reimer, Pierre Freile, Kenneth Fath, and John Clague, "Tales From the River Bank: An In Situ Stone Bowl Found Along the shores of the Salish Sea on the Southern Northwest Coast of British Columbia,"
1341:
deposits creating an environment with no oxygen that preserves wood and fiber The wet sites would typically contain perishable artifacts that were used as wedges, fishhooks, basketry, cordage, and nets.
1231:
or transformation between human and animal spirits were widely shared in many forms. The relations of soul or souls, and conceptions of the lands of the living and the dead were complex and mutable.
1164:
Slavery was practiced, although its extent is a matter of debate. The Coast Salish held slaves as simple property; they were not members of the tribe. The children of slaves were born into slavery.
3329:
769:
estuary dating back to the 6th century CE, which remained continuously inhabited until sometime in the later 18th century. Boulder walls were constructed for defensive and other purposes along the
1049:
2013: an estimate of at least 56,590, made up of 28,406 Status Indians registered to Coast Salish bands in British Columbia, and 28,284 enrolled members of Coast Salish Tribes in Washington state.
3324:
1369:
were maintained. The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or among other peoples on the outer coast. Salmon and other fish were staples; see
3334:
1877:
1171:, supplemented with a rich variety of other seafoods and forage. This was particularly the case for the southern Coast Salish, where the climate of their territories was even more temperate.
156:
system, with inheritance and descent passed through the male and female line. According to a 2013 estimate, the population of Coast Salish numbers at least 56,590 people, made of 28,406
98:
The Coast Salish are a large, loose grouping of many nations with numerous distinct cultures and languages. Territory claimed by Coast Salish peoples span from the northern limit of the
1498:
self-description. The phenomenon replacing this terminology is increasingly to indicate the specific tribe in question, or otherwise to use terms not given by non-Indigenous entities.
2024:
Schaepe, D. (2006) Rock fortifications : Archaeological insights into precontact warfare and sociopolitical organization among the Stó :lō of the Lower Fraser River Canyon, B.C.
914:
Catholic missionaries arrive in Puget Sound around 1839–1840; interest diminished by 1843, and Methodist missionaries were in the area from 1840 to 1842 but had no success.
2129:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73
1131:
aka Southern Kwakiutl, commonly known in historical writings as the Euclataws or Yucultas. Regular raids by northern tribes, particularly warriors of an alliance among the
1349:
The Coast Salish use over 100 species of plants. Salal is the source of multiple tinctures and teas, and its berries are often eaten during feasts. They use the leaves of
917:
The Stevens Treaties were negotiated in 1854–55, but many tribes had reservations and did not participate; others dropped out of treaty negotiations. (See, for example,
1434:
by Canadian author E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) is a collection of Coast Salish "as told-to" narratives, stemming from the author's relationship to Squamish Chief
3512:
3203:
1399:
not only provided game habitat, but vegetable sprouts, roots, bulbs, berries, and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild. The most important were probably
1321:, along the Fraser River. These Salish Defensive Sites are rock wall features constructed by Coast Salish peoples. One was excavated by Kisha Supernant in 2008 at
3360:
1807:
1452:
has written a series of mysteries featuring a Coast Salish character, Silas Seaweed, from the fictitious "Mohawt Bay Band", who works as an investigator with the
1439:
3527:
1299:
to dry from the ceiling. The larger houses included partitions to separate families, as well as interior fires with roof slats that functioned as chimneys.
1392:
Hunting was specialized; professions were probably sea hunters, land hunters, fowlers. Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares.
3355:
2576:
3441:
3258:
2606:
2002:
5. Bill, Angelbeck, "localized Rituals and individual Spirit Powers: Discerning Regional Autonomy Through Religious Practices in the Coast Salish Past,"
850:
From the 1810s through to the 1850s, Coast Salish groups of Georgia Strait and Puget Sound experienced raiding from northern peoples, particularly the
2536:
1481:
56:
2611:
2139:
1136:
885:, near the Fort, for security and to dominate trade with the Fort. European contact and trade began accelerating significantly, primarily with the
3213:
2911:
2531:
765:
and other diseases affected the inhabitants. Other notable early settlements that record has been found of include prominent villages along the
2686:
2566:
2515:
2297:
960:
delivered a pivotal speech in 1967 on what had happened to his people. This riveted audiences at a Canadian Centennial ceremony in Vancouver's
1539:
2451:
Coast Salish Collections: Archaeology and Ethnology of the Gulf of Georgia, Province of British Columbia, 2000, part of Digital Collections
980:
cultural development toward recognition. In British Columbia, 1970 marks the start of organized resistance to the "white paper" tabled by
2906:
2591:
2586:
3517:
3233:
3522:
2636:
2541:
2109:
1572:
2046:
1. Dale R. Cross and Kathleen L. Hawes, "Exploring Ancient Wood and Fiber Technologies along the Northwest coast of North America,"
3238:
2846:
939:
172:
Below is a list of some, but not all, Coast Salish-speaking tribes and nations located in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon.
1974:
Pathways of the Past: A look at the history and organization of the Squamishie people. Community archive of the Sḵwxwú7mesh Pg. 4
1268:
3339:
2487:
3208:
2386:
1472:
In 2022, filmmaker Ryan Abrahamson of the Spokane Tribe created a supernatural thriller featuring the Coast Salish language.
2188:
Heidi C. Bruce, "Muckleshoot Foods and Culture: Pre- 20th Century Stkamish, Skopamish, Smulkamish, and Allied Longhouses,"
1799:
703:
17:
862:
736:
675:
2274:
410:
Snaw-naw-as (originally this term was used for both the Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo and the group that today uses this name, at
1279:. They provided habitation for forty or more people, usually a related extended family. Also used by many groups were
3303:
2418:
2404:
2362:
1660:
722:
682:
3038:
3013:
896:
528:
922:
918:
2323:
2253:
1779:
Suttles, Wayne P.; Lane, Barbara (1990). "South Coast Salish: Northwest coast". In Sturtevant, William C. (ed.).
1307:
1295:. Houses that were part of the same village sometimes stretched for several miles along a river or watercourse.
804:
and met various groups until reaching tidewater on the Fraser's North Arm, where he was attacked and repelled by
3293:
3043:
2140:"Ancient Indigenous forest gardens promote a healthy ecosystem: SFU study - SFU News - Simon Fraser University"
1514:
1370:
660:
1850:
689:
3421:
874:
656:
2973:
2228:
1674:(2) Although Hudson's Bay and Pendleton blankets have retained a widely renowned cachet to the present day.
2993:
2978:
2701:
2691:
2450:
3163:
3068:
2998:
2711:
2666:
2462:
presents a bibliography of Coast Salish related works with links to Open Access versions where available.
1716:
671:
602:
517:
497:
295:
161:
2435:
Coast Salish senses of place: Dwelling, meaning, power, property and territory in the Coast Salish world
3268:
3153:
3093:
3058:
2526:
2480:
1453:
1445:
961:
570:
123:
785:
3228:
2821:
750:
92:
1886:
3253:
1127:
The common enemies of all the Coast Salish for most of the first half of the 19th century were the
942:
killed many, and commercial fisheries employment began to decline significantly through the 1880s.
781:
411:
354:
1720:
1547:
3283:
3143:
3138:
3083:
3018:
2948:
2736:
2661:
2656:
973:
900:
840:
793:
649:
597:
522:
487:
467:
3406:
3375:
3278:
3263:
3188:
3173:
3088:
3053:
3028:
2953:
2761:
2746:
2510:
2275:"'Taboo' Season 1: Ending, Claim To Nootka Sound, & Season 2 Expectations, Explained | DMT"
1460:
1449:
1322:
1291:). The villages were typically located near navigable water for easy transportation by dugout
844:
565:
549:
472:
212:
145:
Coast Salish cultures differ considerably from those of their northern neighbours. They have a
80:
44:
31:
761:) is evident from c. 2000 BCE – 450 CE, and lasted at least until around the late 1800s, when
3507:
3108:
3023:
2963:
2776:
2741:
2473:
1738:
870:
808:
warriors. Throughout the 1810s, coastal fur trade extended further with infrequent shipping.
539:
482:
457:
263:
122:
people). Their traditional territories coincide with modern major metropolitan areas, namely
3469:
3288:
3273:
3218:
3193:
3158:
3133:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3073:
3033:
2983:
2876:
2671:
2631:
2571:
1695:
1640:"Landscapes of Conflict: The Rise of Defensive Sites among the Coast Salish Kisha Supernant
758:
502:
391:
385:
372:
339:
315:
1000:
began to replace older-era names conferred by anthropologists, linguists and governments.
696:
8:
3451:
3123:
3098:
3078:
3063:
2988:
2968:
2731:
2706:
2696:
2561:
2520:
904:
886:
507:
1610:
1560:
The closely associated habitation site is one of the oldest discovered (ca. 5000 years).
3396:
3183:
3128:
3048:
3008:
3003:
2958:
2771:
2721:
2716:
2651:
2091:
1619:
The culture evidenced here was present in the Fraser Delta from about 400 BC to AD 450.
1598:
and other diseases arrived on the Northwest Coast and affected our people at c̓əsnaʔəm.
1235:
journeys involving other states of consciousness were varied and widely practised. The
908:
797:
607:
560:
544:
533:
477:
428:
192:
The Cowichan designation is derived from the name of one of several groups forming the
72:
3486:
3416:
3411:
3148:
2856:
2414:
2400:
2382:
2358:
2083:
1656:
1386:
1272:
1081:
1022:
824:
777:
417:
398:
160:
registered to Coast Salish bands in British Columbia, and 28,284 enrolled members of
139:
115:
60:
2095:
1752:
1092:
in what is now Eastern Washington. Similarly in Canada there were ties between the
3481:
3458:
3446:
3365:
2916:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2836:
2826:
2726:
2681:
2556:
2073:
2037:'Quantifying Defensiveness at Defended Sites on the Northwest Coast'. (unpublished)
1858:
1469:'s character James Delaney visits the grave of his mother, whose name is "Salish".
1412:
1085:
957:
926:
828:
820:
816:
360:
290:
269:
135:
103:
64:
1043:
1885: less than 2,000, probably not including all the off-reservation populations.
981:
976:
of 1855 and restored fisheries rights to federally recognized Puget Sound tribes.
938:
of the east Sound river valley increased, including cultivation of mushrooms. The
776:
Early European contact with Coast Salish peoples dates back to exploration of the
3431:
3298:
3223:
3198:
3168:
2896:
2871:
2811:
2756:
2676:
2616:
2551:
2376:
1486:
1416:
1330:
1302:
The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses. The Suquamish Oleman House (
1236:
1128:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
989:
931:
878:
851:
789:
462:
446:
274:
207:
193:
187:
177:
88:
2110:"Salal: Food, Medicine and Culture of the Coast Salish Peoples – GoodFood World"
3476:
3436:
3383:
3308:
2801:
2646:
2626:
2546:
1212:
1113:
985:
969:
892:
832:
812:
766:
512:
377:
308:
202:
157:
107:
1317:
The Salish later took to constructing rock walls at strategic points near the
3501:
3426:
3178:
2841:
2766:
2641:
2298:"Supernatural thriller featuring Salish language filmed in Pacific Northwest"
2087:
1862:
1851:"Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America by Leland Donald"
1326:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1276:
1247:
1228:
1077:
801:
770:
746:
346:
84:
847:, travelled the length of the central and south Georgia Strait-Puget Sound.
39:
3248:
3243:
2816:
2806:
2203:
2164:
1990:
Jay, Miller, Shamanic Odyssey (Menlo Park California: Ballena Press, 1988).
1435:
1334:
1232:
1216:
1132:
882:
855:
815:
in 1824 was important as it established a regular site of interaction with
554:
249:
1377:, a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds.
1184:
3463:
2831:
1073:
745:
Evidence has been found from c. 3000 BCE of an established settlement at
258:
150:
146:
111:
68:
2438:
988:, which called for assimilation. In the wake of that, new terms such as
3401:
2901:
2621:
2455:
2430:
2078:
1408:
1382:
1179:
1153:
1105:
997:
972:, passed in 1974 upheld by the Supreme Court in 1979 was, based on the
946:
434:
321:
232:
99:
2423:
Suttles, Wayne, and Barbara Lane (1990). 'Southern Coast Salish.' In
2411:
The Adventures of Yoo-Lah-Teen: A Legend of the Salish Coastal Indians
2324:"The University of British Columbia Indigenous Peoples Language Guide"
1580:
1207:, as well as athletic contests. Games that are similar to modern day
1037:
Pre-epidemics about 12,600; Lushootseed about 11,800, Twana about 800.
2927:
2886:
2881:
2791:
2786:
2437:. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University (Canada), Canada. Retrieved:
2061:
1466:
1396:
1378:
1366:
1280:
1140:
1046:
1984: sum total about 18,000; Lushootseed census 15,963; Twana 1,029.
1010:
866:
592:
586:
423:
285:
280:
127:
1753:"Spirit of Pestilence: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 in Victoria BC"
1739:"The Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 (Victoria BC)--Overview and Timeline"
638:
2796:
2596:
1783:. Vol. 7. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 486–7.
1595:
1404:
1310:
was 152 x 12–18 m (500 x 40–60 ft), c. 1850. The
1243:
1208:
1033:, the numbers shown below represent a small fraction of the group.
1026:
1017:
1014:
993:
950:
836:
805:
762:
440:
404:
366:
333:
303:
243:
238:
182:
119:
2355:
Coast Salish Spirit Dancing: The Survival of an Ancestral Religion
2891:
2751:
2601:
2062:"The ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island"
1400:
1311:
1203:
Games often involved gambling on a sleight-of-hand game known as
612:
452:
327:
227:
222:
153:
131:
87:(Bella Coola) nation are usually included in the group, although
788:, as well as brief contact with the Vancouver expedition by the
2932:
2922:
2781:
2581:
2465:
1655:. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 50–60.
1204:
1168:
1089:
1030:
492:
217:
76:
2060:
Turner, Nancy Chapman; Bell, Marcus A. M. (January 1, 1971).
1350:
1292:
1117:
618:
2254:"Seaweed on the Rocks by Stanley Evans, a Mysterious Review"
1885:. University of Washington Press. p. 57. Archived from
577:
2459:
3204:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1603:
1919:
Jay, Miller, "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound,"
1682:
1680:
1187:
territory; it was believed to aid women in giving birth.
1072:
External relations were extensive throughout most of the
106:
and covers most of southern Vancouver Island, all of the
27:
Related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1906:
1904:
1826:
1824:
1540:"Xá:ytem / Hatzic Rock National Historic Site of Canada"
1329:
for mapping the sites as well as the creation of simple
1808:"Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight"
1459:
In the third episode of the first season of the 2017's
1438:. It first appeared in 1911, now available online from
1677:
1901:
1821:
55:
are a group of ethnically and linguistically related
1778:
1267:
Villages of the Coast Salish typically consisted of
1794:
1792:
1790:
663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
142:are the southernmost of the Coast Salish peoples.
3513:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2357:. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.
1611:"Marpole Midden National Historic Site of Canada"
1482:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
57:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3499:
2374:
2009:
1787:
1630:Dailey, map icon 33, Dailey reference 2, 9, 10.
1565:
984:, then a cabinet minister in the government of
2427:, Vol. 7. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
1532:
2481:
1314:roof was unique to Puget Sound Coast Salish.
895:and its farm were established in 1833 by the
3528:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
2399:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
2378:Be of Good Mind: Essays on the Coast Salish
2488:
2474:
2059:
1830:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 495–7
1419:Flats (Nisqually plains) to harvest them.
1239:had a soul recovery and journey ceremony.
949:was passed the previous year, in 1885 the
2367:Blanchard, Rebecca, and Nancy Davenport.
2077:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1875:
877:across the river from what was to become
869:. Whattlekainum, principal chief of the
800:entered Coast Salish territories via the
723:Learn how and when to remove this message
2295:
1998:
1996:
1806:. Seattle Art Museum. July 4, 2003. per
940:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
919:Treaty of Point Elliott#Native Americans
38:
3340:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
3330:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
2201:
1426:
1167:The staple of their diet was typically
30:For details of the language group, see
14:
3500:
1977:
1848:
1686:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 499–500
1579:. Musqueam Indian Band. Archived from
1058:
3325:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
2469:
2425:The Handbook of Northamerican Indians
1993:
164:of Coast Salish in Washington State.
3335:Washington Indian Gaming Association
2371:. Seattle: Stonington Gallery, 2005.
2296:Paterson, Lauren (August 25, 2022).
2165:"KWIÁHT - Ancient Gardens and Camas"
1910:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 488–9
1672:(1) Suttles & Lane (1990) p. 489
1653:José Narváez: The Forgotten Explorer
661:adding citations to reliable sources
632:
3214:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
2321:
1696:Confiscation An Incident in History
737:History of the Coast Salish peoples
24:
2331:The University of British Columbia
2202:Hendren, Mahalia (June 29, 2021).
1804:Puget Sound Native Art and Culture
1781:Handbook of North American Indians
1069:no formal political institutions.
25:
3539:
3518:First Nations in British Columbia
3304:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
2444:
2409:Pugh, Ellen, and Laszlo Kubinyi.
2048:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
2015:Suttles & Lane (1990), p. 491
2004:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
1949:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
1935:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
1642:, unpublished dissertation", 2008
1283:, known in the Chinook Jargon as
3523:Native American tribes in Oregon
2495:
2375:Granville Miller, Bruce (2011).
1721:Duwamish (tribe) #Recent history
1717:Treaty of Point Elliott #Context
1191:being intertwined with animals.
897:Puget Sound Agricultural Company
873:, moved most of his people from
637:
2347:
2315:
2289:
2267:
2246:
2221:
2195:
2182:
2157:
2132:
2123:
2102:
2053:
2040:
2031:
2018:
1968:
1954:
1940:
1926:
1913:
1869:
1842:
1833:
1772:
1759:
1745:
1731:
1725:
1709:
1700:
1689:
1262:
1227:Belief in guardian spirits and
945:After legislation amending the
648:needs additional citations for
118:(except for territories of the
3318:Organizations and institutions
3294:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
2439:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/32
2413:. New York: Dial Press, 1975.
1666:
1645:
1633:
1624:
1546:. Parks Canada. Archived from
1507:
1492:
1381:were abundant. Butter clams,
1371:Coast Salish people and salmon
1344:
13:
1:
3209:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
2369:Contemporary Coast Salish Art
2302:Northwest Public Broadcasting
1198:
1003:
965:resources through the 1980s.
3039:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2974:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1849:Archer, Christon I. (1998).
1501:
7:
3239:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
3164:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
3069:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
2322:Kessler, Linc; et al.
1876:Haeberlin, Hermann (1942).
1800:"The people and their land"
1475:
1353:to make baskets and twine.
1146:
1084:-speaking lands of Chelan,
1063:
296:New Westminster Indian Band
162:federally recognized tribes
91:is more closely related to
10:
3544:
3269:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
3154:Yakweakwioose First Nation
3059:Yakweakwioose First Nation
3014:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1879:The Indians of Puget Sound
1577:Musqueam: A Living Culture
1454:Victoria Police Department
1446:Victoria, British Columbia
1269:northwest coast longhouses
1222:
1053:
925:.) From 1850 to 1854, the
734:
628:
167:
29:
3374:
3348:
3317:
3234:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
3229:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
2941:
2503:
2233:digital.library.upenn.edu
1706:Cole & Chaikin (1990)
1275:split planks and with an
861:In 1827, HBC established
751:Mission, British Columbia
93:Interior Salish languages
47:in the early 19th century
3254:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2397:The Coast Salish Peoples
1863:10.14288/bcs.v0i119.1792
1765:(1) Lange, Essay 5171)
1544:Canada's Historic Places
1308:Port Madison Reservation
388:(Whidbey Island Skagits)
351:Sawhewamish (Sʼəhiwʼabš)
79:. They speak one of the
3391:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
3284:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
3144:Tsawwassen First Nation
3139:Snuneymuxw First Nation
3084:Kwikwetlem First Nation
3019:Skawahlook First Nation
2208:Salish Kootenai College
1356:
974:Treaty of Point Elliott
580:(Chemainus + Ladysmith)
578:Stz'uminus First Nation
449:(Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw)
3279:Skokomish Indian Tribe
3264:Quinault Indian Nation
3259:Nisqually Indian Tribe
3189:Esquimalt First Nation
3174:Union Bar First Nation
3094:Chemainus First Nation
3089:Semiahmoo First Nation
3054:Tzeachten First Nation
3029:Soowahlie First Nation
2994:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2979:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2954:Chawathil First Nation
2229:"Legends of Vancouver"
1651:McDowell, Jim (1998).
1389:were dried for trade.
1323:Yale, British Columbia
923:# Non-signatory tribes
903:, between present-day
827:, as well as interior
81:Coast Salish languages
48:
45:Coast Salish languages
32:Coast Salish languages
3109:Klahoose First Nation
3044:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
3024:Skowkale First Nation
2964:Kwantlen First Nation
2460:Coast Salish Homepage
2204:"Our Seasonal Rounds"
1550:on September 12, 2015
1440:UPenn Digital Library
1306:) at what became the
1104:neighbours, i.e. the
811:The establishment of
773:in the 15th century.
753:. Early occupancy of
355:Scia'new First Nation
42:
3289:Squaxin Island Tribe
3274:Samish Indian Nation
3219:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
3194:Tsawout First Nation
3159:Tseycum First Nation
3119:Nanoose First Nation
3114:Malahat First Nation
3104:Homalco First Nation
3074:Musqueam Indian Band
3034:Squiala First Nation
2984:Matsqui First Nation
2190:Fourth World journal
1519:Wsanecschoolboard.ca
1515:"Board of Directors"
1432:Legends of Vancouver
1427:In literature and TV
899:a subsidiary of the
875:Qiqayt (Brownsville)
865:east of present-day
841:Hudson's Bay Company
657:improve this article
373:Shoalwater Bay Tribe
340:Tseycum First Nation
316:Malahat First Nation
18:Coast Salish peoples
3349:Culture and society
3124:Peters First Nation
3099:Halalt First Nation
3079:Katzie First Nation
2999:Seabird Island Band
2969:Katzie First Nation
1923:44 (1997): 375-376.
1889:on October 29, 2013
1583:on December 7, 2013
1411:especially for the
1362:and Columbia lily.
1319:Fraser River Canyon
1246:Salish people near
1139:, and one group of
1059:Social organization
887:Fraser River Salish
839:. Parties from the
749:(Hatzic Rock) near
134:. The Tillamook or
3049:Sumas First Nation
3009:Skway First Nation
3004:Skwah First Nation
2959:Cheam First Nation
2079:10.1007/BF02894564
2026:American Antiquity
1963:American Antiquity
1719:and, for example,
1040:1850: about 5,000.
934:of 1855–56.
909:Tacoma, Washington
798:North West Company
792:in 1792. In 1808,
786:José María Narváez
49:
3495:
3494:
3149:Yale First Nation
2431:Thom, Brian David
2395:Porter, Frank W.
2388:978-0-7748-4089-7
1767:(2) Boyd (1999)
1273:western red cedar
1023:Cariboo Gold Rush
958:Chief Dan Georges
778:Strait of Georgia
733:
732:
725:
707:
140:Tillamook, Oregon
116:Olympic Peninsula
102:on the inside of
61:Canadian province
16:(Redirected from
3535:
3064:Sts'ailes Nation
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2392:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:. March 12, 2022
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2081:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1857:(119): 104–108.
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1511:
1080:and east to the
927:Douglas Treaties
728:
721:
717:
714:
708:
706:
665:
641:
633:
104:Vancouver Island
65:British Columbia
59:, living in the
43:Distribution of
21:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3370:
3344:
3313:
3299:Suquamish Tribe
3224:Suquamish Tribe
3199:Cowichan Tribes
3184:T'Sou-ke Nation
3169:Squamish Nation
3134:shíshálh Nation
3129:Tla'amin Nation
2949:Aitchelitz Band
2937:
2499:
2494:
2447:
2389:
2353:Amoss, Pamela.
2350:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2066:Economic Botany
2058:
2054:
2050:47 (2013): 117.
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:71(4): 671-706.
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1487:Interior Salish
1478:
1429:
1359:
1347:
1337:and artifacts.
1265:
1225:
1201:
1149:
1102:Interior Salish
1094:Squamish people
1066:
1061:
1056:
1006:
932:Puget Sound War
879:New Westminster
871:Kwantlen people
823:, and Cascades
790:Squamish people
739:
729:
718:
712:
709:
666:
664:
654:
642:
631:
626:
608:T'Sou-ke Nation
194:Cowichan Tribes
178:Chehalis people
170:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:Island Comox †
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3309:Tulalip Tribes
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Seabird Island
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Tsleil-Waututh
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2446:
2445:External links
2443:
2442:
2441:
2428:
2421:
2407:
2393:
2387:
2372:
2365:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2314:
2288:
2266:
2245:
2220:
2194:
2192:16 (2017): 32.
2181:
2169:www.kwiaht.org
2156:
2131:
2122:
2101:
2052:
2039:
2030:
2017:
2008:
1992:
1976:
1967:
1965:81 (2016):294.
1953:
1939:
1925:
1912:
1900:
1868:
1841:
1832:
1820:
1786:
1771:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1699:
1688:
1676:
1665:
1644:
1632:
1623:
1602:
1564:
1531:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1428:
1425:
1365:Anthropogenic
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1264:
1261:
1224:
1221:
1219:also existed.
1200:
1197:
1148:
1145:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1005:
1002:
986:Pierre Trudeau
970:Boldt Decision
962:Empire Stadium
893:Fort Nisqually
867:Vancouver, B.C
843:(HBC), led by
813:Fort Vancouver
767:Duwamish River
759:Marpole Midden
735:Main article:
731:
730:
672:"Coast Salish"
645:
643:
636:
630:
627:
625:
624:
621:
616:
610:
605:
603:Tsleil-Waututh
600:
595:
590:
584:
581:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
557:(Chehalis, BC)
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
526:
520:
518:Seabird Island
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
460:
455:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
421:
415:
408:
402:
396:
395:
394:
389:
380:
375:
370:
364:
358:
352:
349:
344:
343:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
306:
301:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
267:
261:
256:
253:
247:
241:
236:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
199:
198:
185:
180:
174:
169:
166:
158:Status Indians
108:Lower Mainland
89:their language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3540:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:Northern and
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:North Straits
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Nuxalk Nation
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Stillaquamish
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Sauk-Suiattle
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Yakweakwioose
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Shxw'ow'hamel
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Kway-quit-lam
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Clemclemaluts
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:0-8037-6318-2
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:1-55546-701-6
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:. UBC Press.
2380:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:0-295-95586-4
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1839:Miller (1996)
1836:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1775:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1669:
1662:
1661:0-87062-265-X
1658:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:Stanley Evans
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:. There was
1372:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:to probe for
1332:
1328:
1327:total station
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Old Man House
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:quiggly holes
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:earthen floor
1274:
1270:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:Port Townsend
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:shapeshifting
1220:
1218:
1215:and forms of
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:stepparents.
1172:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Georgia Basin
1075:
1070:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:Jean Chrétien
977:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
935:
933:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
802:Fraser Canyon
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Juan Carrasco
779:
774:
772:
771:Fraser Canyon
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
738:
727:
724:
716:
705:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674: –
673:
669:
668:Find sources:
662:
658:
652:
651:
646:This article
644:
640:
635:
634:
622:
620:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:Yakweakwioose
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
529:Shxw'ow'hamel
527:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
459:
458:Stillaguamish
456:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:(Sduqwalbixw)
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
383:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
357:(Beecher Bay)
356:
353:
350:
348:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
329:
325:
323:
319:
317:
313:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
252:(Lhaq'temish)
251:
248:
245:
242:
240:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:Cowlitz Tribe
201:
195:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
165:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3508:Coast Salish
3244:Lummi Nation
2822:Upper Skagit
2817:Lower Skagit
2497:Coast Salish
2496:
2434:
2424:
2410:
2396:
2377:
2368:
2354:
2348:Bibliography
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2317:
2307:November 16,
2305:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:
2281:November 16,
2279:. Retrieved
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:November 16,
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2213:November 16,
2211:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2174:November 16,
2172:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2125:
2115:November 16,
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2072:(1): 63–99.
2069:
2065:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2003:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1951:49 (2016): 3
1948:
1942:
1937:49 (2016): 2
1934:
1928:
1921:Ethnohistory
1920:
1915:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1878:
1871:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1811:. Retrieved
1803:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1711:
1702:
1691:
1668:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1615:Parks Canada
1614:
1605:
1592:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1567:
1559:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1543:
1534:
1524:November 12,
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1496:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1444:
1436:Joe Capilano
1431:
1430:
1421:
1395:The managed
1394:
1391:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1339:
1335:stratigraphy
1316:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1266:
1263:Architecture
1257:
1253:
1241:
1233:Vision quest
1226:
1217:martial arts
1202:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1126:
1122:
1071:
1067:
1007:
978:
967:
956:
944:
936:
916:
913:
891:
883:Kanaka Creek
863:Fort Langley
860:
849:
810:
794:Simon Fraser
775:
754:
744:
740:
719:
710:
700:
693:
686:
679:
667:
655:Please help
650:verification
647:
392:Upper Skagit
386:Lower Skagit
326:SȾÁ, UTW̱ –
277:(Noxwsʼáʔaq)
266:(xməθkəy̓əm)
171:
144:
110:and most of
97:
53:Coast Salish
52:
50:
36:
3464:Lushootseed
3249:Makah Tribe
2989:Popkum Band
2942:Governments
2919:(Tillamook)
2832:Muckleshoot
1893:October 24,
1573:"C̓ƏSNAʔƏM"
1493:Terminology
1383:horse clams
1345:Ethnobotany
1114:Nlaka'pamux
1074:Puget Sound
1013:in 1850, a
780:in 1791 by
498:Leq' a: mel
443:(Lekwungen)
412:Nanoose Bay
332:W̱JOȽEȽP –
259:Muckleshoot
151:matrilineal
147:patrilineal
112:Puget Sound
69:U.S. states
3502:Categories
3402:Halkomelem
2902:Sahewamish
2857:Snoqualmie
2737:Skawahlook
2662:Tsawwassen
2657:Snuneymuxw
2577:Humptulips
2527:Stz'uminus
2456:Brian Thom
2144:www.sfu.ca
2006:50 (2016).
1855:BC Studies
1397:grasslands
1367:grasslands
1281:pit-houses
1271:made with
1199:Recreation
1180:Salish Sea
1154:patrilocal
1004:Population
998:Snuneymuxw
947:Indian Act
889:(Sto:lo).
713:March 2019
683:newspapers
615:(dxwlilap)
598:Tsawwassen
583:Suiʼaẋbixw
536:(Shxwhá:y)
523:Skawahlook
488:Kwikwetlem
468:Aitchelitz
435:Snuneymuxw
429:Snoqualmie
407:(Tla'amin)
338:W̱SÍḴEM –
322:Pauquachin
320:BOḰEĆEN –
314:MÁLEXEŁ -
311:(W̱SÁNEĆ)
246:(Hwlitsum)
100:Salish Sea
73:Washington
3442:Semiahmoo
3397:Pentlatch
3376:Languages
3361:Mythology
2928:Quamichan
2907:Wynoochee
2887:Swinomish
2882:Suquamish
2867:Nisqually
2862:Skykomish
2852:Snohomish
2837:Sammamish
2827:Skokomish
2792:Penelakut
2787:Quamichan
2762:Tzeachten
2747:Soowahlie
2727:Shilshole
2702:Leq'á:mel
2697:Sts'ailes
2692:Sq'éwlets
2682:Semiahmoo
2592:Kilpahlas
2587:Khenipsen
2557:Esquimalt
2521:Sts'ailes
2511:Chawathil
2433:(2005).
2336:March 23,
2088:1874-9364
1813:April 21,
1715:See also
1587:April 25,
1554:April 22,
1502:Footnotes
1467:Tom Hardy
1417:Nisqually
1379:Shellfish
1331:test pits
1185:Secwépemc
1141:Tsimshian
1129:Lekwiltok
1110:St'at'imc
1011:Snokomish
852:Euclataws
845:John Work
829:Klickitat
821:Multnomah
817:Clackamas
755:c̓əsnaʔəm
593:Swinomish
589:(Suqwabš)
587:Suquamish
566:Tzeachten
555:Sts'Ailes
550:Soowahlie
473:Chawathil
437:(Nanaimo)
424:Snokomish
420:(Sduhubš)
418:Snohomish
399:Skokomish
369:(Sechelt)
363:(SEMYOME)
361:Semiahmoo
286:Pentlatch
281:Penelakut
270:Nisqually
213:Esquimalt
197:Lamalcha.
128:Vancouver
3487:Quinault
3470:Southern
3452:T'sou-ke
3447:Songhees
3417:Nooksack
3412:Squamish
3407:shíshálh
2897:Quinault
2872:Puyallup
2812:Nooksack
2797:Lamalcha
2777:Tsartlip
2772:T'souk-e
2742:Skowkale
2677:Squamish
2672:shíshálh
2652:Sliammon
2632:Musqueam
2617:Kwantlen
2607:Koksilah
2597:Klahoose
2552:Duwamish
2537:Comiaken
2259:April 7,
2149:June 14,
2096:20085539
1596:smallpox
1476:See also
1413:Duwamish
1244:Quileute
1237:Duwamish
1209:lacrosse
1147:Internal
1086:Kittitas
1082:Sahaptin
1064:External
1027:Cherokee
1018:epidemic
1015:smallpox
994:Shishalh
951:potlatch
837:Kalapuya
825:Chinooks
806:Musqueam
763:smallpox
747:X̱á:ytem
540:Skowkale
483:Kwantlen
447:Squamish
441:Songhees
405:Sliammon
382:Skagits
367:Shishalh
334:Tsartlip
304:Quileute
300:Qualicum
291:Puyallup
275:Nooksack
264:Musqueam
255:Lyackson
244:Lamalcha
239:Klahoose
208:Duwamish
188:Cowichan
183:Chimakum
124:Victoria
120:Chemakum
114:and the
67:and the
3482:Cowlitz
3459:Klallam
3432:Saanich
2917:Nehalem
2892:Tulalip
2802:Saanich
2752:Squiala
2647:Malahat
2637:Nanoose
2627:Matsqui
2602:Klallam
2572:Homalco
2547:Cowlitz
2542:Copalis
2504:Peoples
1448:author
1401:bracken
1387:cockles
1375:kakanee
1312:gambrel
1223:Beliefs
1137:Tongass
1106:Lil'wat
1054:Culture
905:Olympia
833:Cowlitz
796:of the
697:scholar
629:History
623:Xacuabš
613:Tulalip
503:Matsqui
453:Squaxin
401:(Twana)
328:Tsawout
309:Saanich
235:(Comox)
233:K'omoks
228:Klallam
223:Homalco
168:Peoples
154:kinship
138:around
136:Nehalem
132:Seattle
3437:Samish
2933:Somena
2923:Siletz
2912:Satsop
2842:Samish
2782:Somena
2757:Stó꞉lō
2707:Popkum
2642:Nuxalk
2582:Katzie
2562:Halalt
2417:
2403:
2385:
2361:
2094:
2086:
1659:
1409:wapato
1385:, and
1285:kekuli
1205:slahal
1169:salmon
1098:Sto:lo
1090:Yakama
1031:Navajo
990:Sto:lo
699:
692:
685:
678:
670:
525:(Tait)
513:Salish
508:Popkum
493:Katzie
463:Stó꞉lō
378:Siletz
347:Samish
218:Halalt
130:, and
85:Nuxalk
83:. The
77:Oregon
3477:Twana
3427:Lummi
3384:Comox
3356:Music
2807:Lummi
2722:Skway
2717:Skwah
2687:Sumas
2516:Cheam
2327:(PDF)
2092:S2CID
1883:(PDF)
1462:Taboo
1405:camas
1351:Carex
1293:canoe
1287:(see
1213:rugby
1133:Haida
1118:Syilx
1100:with
856:Haida
704:JSTOR
690:books
619:Twana
561:Sumas
545:Skwah
534:Skway
478:Cheam
250:Lummi
2523:(WA)
2415:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2338:2017
2309:2022
2283:2022
2261:2013
2240:2022
2215:2022
2176:2022
2151:2021
2117:2022
2084:ISSN
1895:2013
1815:2006
1657:ISBN
1589:2019
1556:2015
1526:2017
1403:and
1357:Diet
1242:The
1178:The
1116:and
1096:and
1088:and
996:and
968:The
921:and
907:and
854:and
784:and
676:news
149:and
75:and
51:The
3366:Art
2567:Hoh
2458:'s
2074:doi
1859:doi
1029:or
901:HBC
881:to
659:by
71:of
63:of
3504::
2329:.
2300:.
2231:.
2206:.
2167:.
2142:.
2090:.
2082:.
2070:25
2068:.
2064:.
1995:^
1979:^
1903:^
1853:.
1823:^
1802:.
1789:^
1679:^
1617:.
1613:.
1591:.
1575:.
1558:.
1542:.
1517:.
1465:,
1456:.
1442:.
1407:;
1211:,
1135:,
1120:.
1112:,
992:,
858:.
835:,
831:,
819:,
126:,
95:.
2489:e
2482:t
2475:v
2391:.
2340:.
2311:.
2285:.
2263:.
2242:.
2217:.
2178:.
2153:.
2119:.
2098:.
2076::
1897:.
1865:.
1861::
1817:.
1755:.
1741:.
1663:.
1528:.
1108:/
1076:-
757:(
726:)
720:(
715:)
711:(
701:·
694:·
687:·
680:·
653:.
414:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.