1450:
4837:
974:
4047:
945:
4895:
617:
113:
1270:-based cladistic analysis. Near et al. (2012) explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage, analysing the DNA sequences of 9 unlinked genes in 232 species. They obtained well-resolved phylogenies with strong support for the nodes (so, the pattern of branching shown is likely to be correct). They calibrated (set actual values for) branching times in this tree from 36 reliable measurements of absolute time from the fossil record. The teleosts are divided into the major clades shown on the cladogram, with dates, following Near et al. More recent research divide the teleosts into two major groups: Eloposteoglossocephala (Elopomorpha + Osteoglossomorpha) and Clupeocephala (the rest of the teleosts).
1773:
2135:
9496:
4808:
4785:
4416:
1354:
3431:
1589:
915:
4151:
2615:
1794:
9526:
4630:
1143:
2528:
4864:
3536:, and in general their body temperature is the same as that of their surroundings. They gain and lose heat through their skin, and regulate their circulation in response to changes in water temperature by increasing or reducing the blood flow to the gills. Metabolic heat generated in the muscles or gut is quickly dissipated through the gills, with blood being diverted away from the gills during exposure to cold. Because of their relative inability to control their blood temperature, most teleosts can only survive in a small range of water temperatures.
881:
9537:
4937:
4883:
1703:
1201:
1171:
640:. The first three arches include a single basibranchial surrounded by two hypobranchials, ceratobranchials, epibranchials and pharyngobranchials. The median basibranchial is covered by a toothplate. The fourth arch is composed of pairs of ceratobranchials and epibranchials, and sometimes additionally, some pharyngobranchials and a basibranchial. The base of the lower pharyngeal jaws is formed by the fifth ceratobranchials while the second, third and fourth pharyngobranchials create the base of the upper. In the more
1622:
4553:
4918:
1659:
4396:, offering improved vigilance against predators. It is often more efficient to gather food by working as a group, and individual fish optimise their strategies by choosing to join or leave a shoal. When a predator has been noticed, prey fish respond defensively, resulting in collective shoal behaviours such as synchronised movements. Responses do not consist only of attempting to hide or flee; antipredator tactics include for example scattering and reassembling. Fish also aggregate in shoals to spawn.
2848:
2826:
9521:
4214:
3260:
207:
2558:
9503:
3872:
9531:
1095:
1053:
10260:
9515:
2637:
2922:, which consists of 17,419 species classified in 2,935 genera and 346 families. Shared traits of the euteleosts include similarities in the embryonic development of the bony or cartilaginous structures located between the head and dorsal fin (supraneural bones), an outgrowth on the stegural bone (a bone located near the neural arches of the tail), and caudal median cartilages located between hypurals of the caudal base. The majority of euteleosts are in the clade
2330:
1478:
3651:
11252:
11234:
4958:
1740:
1504:
652:. Their function is limited to merely transporting food, and they rely mostly on lower pharyngeal jaw activity. In more derived teleosts the jaws are more powerful, with left and right ceratobranchials fusing to become one lower jaw; the pharyngobranchials fuse to create a large upper jaw that articulates with the neurocranium. They have also developed a muscle that allows the pharyngeal jaws to have a role in grinding food in addition to transporting it.
4243:
4336:
demersal larvae are able to swim and feed as soon as they hatch. Larval teleosts often look very different from adults, particularly in marine species. Some larvae were even considered different species from the adults. Larvae have high mortality rates, most die from starvation or predation within their first week. As they grow, survival rates increase and there is greater physiological tolerance and sensitivity, ecological and behavioural competence.
2244:
2209:
2178:
4368:
1325:
2109:
2034:
1937:
8670:
3130:
2474:
1970:
850:
3196:
1413:
4319:
4147:, sea horses and several other species. Courtship in teleosts plays a role in species recognition, strengthening pair bonds, spawning site position and gamete release synchronisation. This includes colour changes, sound production and visual displays (fin erection, rapid swimming, breaching), which is often done by the male. Courtship may be done by a female to overcome a territorial male that would otherwise drive her away.
9509:
4201:, larger, older males known as parental males, which have successfully courted a female, construct nests for the eggs they fertilise. Smaller satellite males mimic female behaviour and coloration to access a nest and fertilise the eggs. Other males, known as sneaker males, lurk nearby and then quickly dash to the nest, fertilising on the run. These males are smaller than satellite males. Sneaker males also exist in
11264:
3038:
2890:, specialised for a marine environment. Among the elopomorphs, eels have elongated bodies with lost pelvic girdles and ribs and fused elements in the upper jaw. The 200 species of osteoglossomorphs are defined by a bony element in the tongue. This element has a basibranchial behind it, and both structures have large teeth which are paired with the teeth on the parasphenoid in the roof of the mouth. The clade
2972:
8658:
3608:
2004:
2408:
2298:
571:
2359:
3357:
3485:
3761:
3379:, which contains a small amount of air, the body does not have oxygen reserves, and respiration needs to be continuous over the fish's life. Some teleosts exploit habitats where the oxygen availability is low, such as stagnant water or wet mud; they have developed accessory tissues and organs to support gas exchange in these habitats.
3118:
4282:, young are brooded after they hatch and this may be done by both parents. The timing of the release of young varies between species; some mouthbrooders release new-hatched young while other may keep then until they are juveniles. In addition to mouthbrooding, some teleost have also developed structures to carry young. Male
731:, "bone". Müller based this classification on certain soft tissue characteristics, which would prove to be problematic, as it did not take into account the distinguishing features of fossil teleosts. In 1966, Greenwood et al. provided a more solid classification. The oldest fossils of teleosteomorphs (the
4335:
and unable to swim. They have a yolk sac attached to them which provides nutrients. Most freshwater species produce demersal eggs which are thick, pigmented, relatively heavy and able to stick to substrates. Parental care is much more common among freshwater fish. Unlike their pelagic counterparts,
4234:
Teleosts may spawn in the water column or, more commonly, on the substrate. Water column spawners are mostly limited to coral reefs; the fish will rush towards the surface and release their gametes. This appears to protect the eggs from some predators and allow them to disperse widely via currents.
3894:
as in birds and mammals, or environmentally as in reptiles. In some teleosts, both genetics and the environment play a role in determining sex. For species whose sex is determined by genetics, it can come in three forms. In monofactorial sex determination, a single-locus determines sex inheritance.
3675:
A typical teleost fish has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, and locomotion is generally provided by a lateral undulation of the hindmost part of the trunk and the tail, propelling the fish through the water. There are many exceptions to this method of locomotion, especially where speed is not
3626:. Originally present in the last common ancestor of the teleosts, it has since been lost independently at least 30–32 times in at least 79 of 425 families of teleosts where the swim bladder is absent in one or more species. This absence is often the case in fast-swimming fishes such as the tuna and
4616:
The effects of climate change on teleosts could be powerful but are complex. For example, increased winter precipitation (rain and snow) could harm populations of freshwater fish in Norway, whereas warmer summers could increase growth of adult fish. In the oceans, teleosts may be able to cope with
485:
teleosts, the enlarged premaxilla is the main tooth-bearing bone, and the maxilla, which is attached to the lower jaw, acts as a lever, pushing and pulling the premaxilla as the mouth is opened and closed. Other bones further back in the mouth serve to grind and swallow food. Another difference is
4347:, gobies and flatfishes, the transition is more complex and takes several weeks to complete. At the adult stage, a teleost is able to produce viable gametes for reproduction. Like many fish, teleosts continue to grow throughout their lives. Longevity depends on the species with some gamefish like
4090:
consists of one adult female breeding with multiple males, which only breed with that female. This is rare among teleosts, and fish in general, but is found in the clownfish. In addition, it may also exist to an extent among anglerfish, where some females have more than one male attached to them.
3862:
are well known for this feature; they hatch in fresh water and then migrate to the sea for up to four years before travelling back to their place of birth where they spawn and die. Semelparity is also known to occur in some eels and smelts. The majority of teleost species have iteroparity, where
3523:
content, with 75 percent of this entering through the gills and the remainder through drinking. By contrast, in rivers there is an exchange of just two percent of the body Na content per hour. As well as being able to selectively limit salt and water exchanged by diffusion, there is an active
3057:
to minimize turbulence as they move through the water. Reef fish live in a complex, relatively confined underwater landscape and for them, manoeuvrability is more important than speed, and many of them have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. Many have
3109:
during the course of their development, with one eye migrating to the other side of the head, and they simultaneously start swimming on their side. This has the advantage that, when they lie on the seabed, both eyes are on top, giving them a broad field of view. The upper side is usually
609:. By contrast, mere closure of the jaws would risk pushing food out of the mouth. In more advanced teleosts, the premaxilla is enlarged and has teeth, while the maxilla is toothless. The maxilla functions to push both the premaxilla and the lower jaw forward. To open the mouth, an
4695:. The zebrafish is the most commonly used laboratory vertebrate, offering the advantages of genetic similarity to mammals, small size, simple environmental needs, transparent larvae permitting non-invasive imaging, plentiful offspring, rapid growth, and the ability to absorb
4193:
and wrasses the colours are permanent while in species like minnows, sticklebacks, darters and sunfishes, the colour changes with seasons. Such coloration can be very conspicuous to predators, showing that the drive to reproduce can be stronger than that to avoid predation.
3468:, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Fish sense sounds in a variety of ways, using the lateral line, the swim bladder, and in some species the Weberian apparatus. Fish orient themselves using landmarks, and may use
4286:
have a bony hook on their foreheads to carry fertilised eggs; they remain on the hook until they hatch. For seahorses, the male has a brooding pouch where the female deposits the fertilised eggs and they remain there until they become free-swimming juveniles. Female
3278:, the latter mainly in the tropics; the Atherinomorpha (guppies, etc.) have a worldwide distribution, both fresh and salt, but are surface-dwellers. In contrast, the Esociformes (pikes) are limited to freshwater in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Salmoniformes (
4613:). Since endocrine disruption also affects humans, teleosts are used to indicate the presence of such chemicals in water. Water pollution caused local extinction of teleost populations in many northern European lakes in the second half of the twentieth century.
3762:
2906:
and a different arrangement of the hypurals. In most species, the swim bladder extends to the braincase and plays a role in hearing. Ostariophysi, which includes most freshwater fishes, includes species that have developed some unique adaptations. One is the
659:, meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, the base of the caudal fin, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin, such as most fish from the
3763:
2945:, which is present in over 6,000 teleost species, is often thought to have evolved once in the lineage and to have been lost multiple times due to its limited function. A 2014 study challenges this idea and suggests that the adipose fin is an example of
3543:
in the environments in which they live. When cold acclimated, teleost fish show physiological changes in skeletal muscle that include increased mitochondrial and capillary density. This reduces diffusion distances and aids in the production of aerobic
2837:
to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate
Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page
4330:
environment (near the seabed). Most marine teleosts have pelagic eggs, which are light, transparent and buoyant with thin envelopes. Pelagic eggs rely on the ocean currents to disperse and receive no parental care. When they hatch, the larvae are
4777:
that by making accurate depictions of unfamiliar natural forms, such as from the deep oceans, he could not only discover "the laws of their origin and evolution but also to press into the secret parts of their beauty by sketching and painting".
3630:. The swim bladder helps fish adjusting their buoyancy through manipulation of gases, which allows them to stay at the current water depth, or ascend or descend without having to waste energy in swimming. In the more primitive groups like some
8602:
4836:
4239:. Water column spawners are more likely than substrate spawners to spawn in groups. Substrate spawning commonly occurs in nests, rock crevices or even burrows. Some eggs can stick to various surfaces like rocks, plants, wood or shells.
2911:, an arrangement of bones (Weberian ossicles) connecting the swim bladder to the inner ear. This enhances their hearing, as sound waves make the bladder vibrate, and the bones transport the vibrations to the inner ear. They also have a
4023:, where males have harems of up to ten females, if the male is removed the largest and most dominant female develops male-like behaviour and eventually testes. If she is removed, the next ranking female takes her place. In the species
3765:
3002:. Approximately 12,000 of the total 26,000 species are found in freshwater habitats. Teleosts are found in almost every aquatic environment and have developed specializations to feed in a variety of ways as carnivores, herbivores,
4343:, internal organs, scales, pigmentation and fins are fully developed. The transition from larvae to juvenile can be short and fairly simple, lasting minutes or hours as in some damselfish, while in other species, like salmon,
3700:"hop" along the substrate, propping themselves up and propelling themselves with their pectoral fins. Mudskippers move in much the same way on terrestrial ground. In some species, a pelvic sucker allows them to climb, and the
3574:
produced by the muscles and present in the venous blood, pre-warms the arterial blood before it reaches the muscles. Other adaptations of tuna for speed include a streamlined, spindle-shaped body, fins designed to reduce
458:, just 6.2 mm (0.24 in) long. Including not only torpedo-shaped fish built for speed, teleosts can be flattened vertically or horizontally, be elongated cylinders or take specialised shapes as in anglerfish and
4584:
in 1992, leading to Canada's indefinite closure of the fishery. Pollution, especially in rivers and along coasts, has harmed teleosts as sewage, pesticides and herbicides have entered the water. Many pollutants, such as
4038:(sub-order Ceratioidei), the much smaller male becomes permanently attached to the female and degenerates into a sperm-producing attachment. The female and their attached male become a "semi-hermaphroditic unit".
3799:. Fewer than one in a million of externally fertilised eggs survives to develop into a mature fish, but there is a much better chance of survival among the offspring of members of about a dozen families which are
3374:
The major means of respiration in teleosts, as in most other fish, is the transfer of gases over the surface of the gills as water is drawn in through the mouth and pumped out through the gills. Apart from the
5532:
3565:
fish maintain their muscles at higher temperatures than their environment for efficient locomotion. Tuna achieve muscle temperatures 11 °C (19 °F) or even higher above the surroundings by having a
8458:
3317:
towards Europe. By the time they arrive, they are small fish and enter estuaries and ascend rivers, overcoming obstacles in their path to reach the streams and ponds where they spend their adult lives.
4031:, individuals live in groups and only the two largest in a group breed: the largest female and the largest male. If the female dies, the male switches sexes and the next largest male takes his place.
4019:
Protandry is when an individual starts out male and becomes female while the reverse condition is known as protogyny, the latter being more common. Changing sex can occur in various contexts. In the
3856:. In the former, an individual breeds once after reaching maturity and then dies. This is because the physiological changes that come with reproduction eventually lead to death. Salmon of the genus
3539:
Teleost species that inhabit colder waters have a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in brain cell membranes compared to fish from warmer waters, which allows them to maintain appropriate
3507:
The skin of a teleost is largely impermeable to water, and the main interface between the fish's body and its surroundings is the gills. In freshwater, teleost fish gain water across their gills by
4027:, where individuals gather into large groups and females greatly outnumber males, if a certain number of males are removed from a group, the same number of females change sex and replace them. In
3958:, have a polyfactorial system, where there are several genes which play a role in determining sex. Environment-dependent sex determination has been documented in at least 70 species of teleost.
4298:. These helpers take part in cleaning and fanning eggs and larvae, cleaning the breeding hole and protecting the territory. They have reduced growth rate but gain protection from predators.
2930:
have a spiny dorsal fin which is in front of the soft-rayed dorsal fin. This fin helps provide thrust in locomotion and may also play a role in defense. Acanthomorphs have developed spiny
4807:
3256:, ice cover and water temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) for a large part of the year limit the number of species; 75 percent of the species found there are endemic to the Arctic.
3034:
is the smallest and lightest adult fish and is in fact the smallest vertebrate in the world; the females measures 8.4 mm (0.33 in) and the male just 7 mm (0.28 in).
4894:
4784:
4294:
In some parenting species, young from a previous spawning batch may stay with their parents and help care for the new young. This is known to occur in around 19 species of cichlids in
1449:
613:
pulls back the top of the maxilla, pushing the lower jaw forward. In addition, the maxilla rotates slightly, which pushes forward a bony process that interlocks with the premaxilla.
8459:
Committee on the Review of the
National Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (2013).
3289:
Some teleosts are migratory; certain freshwater species move within river systems on an annual basis; other species are anadromous, spending their lives at sea and moving inland to
670:
In general, teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. While teleost bones are well
8278:
4882:
3982:
typically occurs in species that live in the ocean depths, where potential mates are sparsely dispersed. Self-fertilisation is rare and has only been recorded in two species,
4185:" which plays a role in ritualised headbutting. Dimorphism can also take the form of differences in coloration. Again, it is usually the males that are brightly coloured; in
3764:
601:(braincase); it plays a role in protruding the mouth and creating a circular opening. This lowers the pressure inside the mouth, sucking the prey inside. The lower jaw and
3519:
spends most of its life in the sea but often migrates into estuaries and rivers. In the sea in one hour, it can gain Na ions equivalent to forty percent of its total free
5899:"Body-shape diversity in Triassic–Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety"
3024:, with a specimen landed in 2003 having an estimated weight of 2.3 t (2.3 long tons; 2.5 short tons), while the smallest fully mature adult is the male anglerfish
4262:, which provide nutrients for their developing young in the form of mucus. Some teleost species have their eggs or young attached to or carried in their bodies. For
4936:
4135:
2902:(carps, catfishes and allies). Clupeiformes consists of 350 living species of herring and herring-like fishes. This group is characterised by an unusual abdominal
4707:
Teleost fishes have been frequent subjects in art, reflecting their economic importance, for at least 14,000 years. They were commonly worked into patterns in
3992:. With sequential hermaphroditism, individuals may function as one sex early in their adult life and switch later in life. Species with this condition include
3599:
and tuna, have a heating mechanism which raises the temperature of the brain and eye, allowing them significantly better vision than their cold-blooded prey.
3228:
to detect their prey; they swim with straight backs to avoid distorting their electric fields. These currents are produced by modified muscle or nerve cells.
6966:
5766:
Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017).
4111:
and cichlids where multiple females may visit a territorial male that guards and takes care of eggs and young. Polygyny may also involve a male guarding a
3270:
Of the major groups of teleosts, the
Elopomorpha, Clupeomorpha and Percomorpha (perches, tunas and many others) all have a worldwide distribution and are
9240:
6409:
5180:
Patterson, C.; Rosen, D. E. (1977). "Review of ichthyodectiform and other
Mesozoic teleost fishes, and the theory and practice of classifying fossils".
2926:. A derived trait of neoteleosts is a muscle that controls the pharyngeal jaws, giving them a role in grinding food. Within neoteleosts, members of the
9265:
9220:
6875:
6211:
5182:
6239:
5354:
Greenwood, P.; Rosen, D.; Weitzman, S.; Myers, G. (1966). "Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms".
4459:
provide people with millions of tons of food per year, while many other species are fished in smaller amounts. They provide a large proportion of the
7923:
4205:
salmon, where small males that were unable to establish a position near a female dash in while the large dominant male is spawning with the female.
11482:
9290:
8490:
4143:
species, males and females may form pair bonds and breed exclusively with their partners. This occurs in North
American freshwater catfishes, many
513:, starting life as females and transitioning to males at some stage, with a few species reversing this process. A small percentage of teleosts are
4863:
9250:
9235:
6605:
4917:
5470:
Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016).
9255:
7608:
4279:
4197:
Males that have been unable to court a female successfully may try to achieve reproductive success in other ways. In sunfish species, like the
663:(541 to 252 million years ago). The neural arches are elongated to form uroneurals which provide support for this upper lobe. In addition, the
4254:
Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79 percent) do not provide parental care. Male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality
3914:
species and involves both XY and ZW systems. Multifactorial systems involve rearrangements of sex chromosomes and autosomes. For example, the
3827:, are fully viviparous, with the developing embryo nurtured from the maternal blood supply via a placenta-like structure that develops in the
11408:
10078:
667:, bones that form a flattened plate at the posterior end of the vertebral column, are enlarged providing further support for the caudal fin.
7268:"Twenty ways to lose your bladder: Common natural mutants in zebrafish and widespread convergence of swim bladder loss among teleost fishes"
6513:
Dudek and ICF International (2012). Desert
Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP) Baseline Biology Report. California Energy Commission.
4605:, river pollution has caused the intersex condition, in which an individual's gonads contain both cells that can make male gametes (such as
121:
4326:
Teleosts have four major life stages: the egg, the larva, the juvenile and the adult. Species may begin life in a pelagic environment or a
3337:
has been seen at a depth of 7,700 m (25,300 ft), and a related (unnamed) species has been seen at 8,145 m (26,720 ft).
4517:. Fish meal is used as a food supplement for farmed fish and for livestock. Fish oils are made either from fish liver, especially rich in
3058:
laterally compressed bodies (flattened from side to side) allowing them to fit into fissures and swim through narrow gaps; some use their
10964:
10161:
9350:
5712:
7577:
3740:, the muscles that attach to the swim bladder cause it to oscillate rapidly, creating drumming sounds. Marine catfishes, sea horses and
8282:
4306:
is known for laying eggs on the substrate as mouthbrooding cichclids collect theirs and the young catfish will eat the cichlid larvae.
5069:
3020:, one individual of which has been estimated to have a length of 27.6 m (91 ft). The heaviest teleost is believed to be the
10706:
7219:"Changes in Nkx2.1, Sox2, Bmp4, and Bmp16 expression underlying the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition in ray-finned fishes"
5717:
5684:
3680:, slow swimming with great manoeuvrability may be a desirable attribute. Eels locomote by wiggling their entire bodies. Living among
2815:
4173:, males have larger and blunter heads than females. In several minnow species, males develop swollen heads and small bumps known as
8702:
7748:
4220:
males (red belly) build nests and compete to attract females to lay eggs in them. Males then defend and fan the eggs. Painting by
4046:
944:
11382:
3959:
3618:
The body of a teleost is denser than water, so fish must compensate for the difference, or they will sink. A defining feature of
2867:, after which teleosts accumulated novel body shapes predominantly gradually for the first 150 million years of their evolution (
4957:
3978:, which can come in two forms: simultaneous and sequential. In the former, both spermatozoa and eggs are present in the gonads.
3890:, having individuals that remain either male or female throughout their adult lives. The sex of an individual can be determined
4525:, or from the bodies of oily fish such as sardine and herring, and used as food supplements and to treat vitamin deficiencies.
973:
517:
and some provide parental care with typically the male fish guarding a nest and fanning the eggs to keep them well-oxygenated.
8035:
Baylis, Jeffrey (1981). "The
Evolution of Parental Care in Fishes, with reference to Darwin's rule of male sexual selection".
7160:
Tatsumi, Norifumi; Kobayashi, Ritsuko; Yano, Tohru; Noda, Masatsugu; Fujimura, Koji; Okada, Norihiro; Okabe, Masataka (2016).
3803:. In these, the eggs are fertilised internally and retained in the female during development. Some of these species, like the
3286:
to and from the sea. The
Paracanthopterygii (cods, etc.) are Northern Hemisphere fish, with both salt and freshwater species.
8640:
8619:
8474:
8443:
8417:
8304:
8262:
8214:
8151:
7658:
7389:
7359:
7332:
7306:
6949:
6922:
6858:
6783:
6758:
6445:
6351:
6314:
6189:
6150:
6078:"Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity"
5605:
5435:
Arratia, G. (2015). "Complexities of early teleostei and the evolution of particular morphological structures through time".
5335:
5164:
5053:
4759:
used representations of teleosts to express radically different themes, from attractive to violent. The zoologist and artist
4062:, where both males and females breed with multiple partners and there are no obvious mate choices. This has been recorded in
11387:
7138:
3882:; when the female of a breeding pair dies, the male changes sex and a subordinate male takes his place as the breeding male.
10083:
9495:
8504:
6597:
10533:
6273:
5971:
3225:
3209:
574:
Teleost skull and jaw anatomy enables them both to suck in prey, and to close the mouth without expelling the prey again.
6526:
616:
3819:
which nourishes the developing embryo, and when this is exhausted, the egg hatches and the larva is expelled into the
10563:
6643:
6076:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (23 May 2019).
4479:
540:
commercially, and this method of production is likely to be increasingly important in the future. Others are kept in
11444:
11374:
6800:
6012:
4162:
3030:
which can measure just 6.2 mm (0.24 in), though the female at 50 mm (2 in) is much larger. The
11413:
3101:(bottom-feeding fish) that show a greater degree of asymmetry than any other vertebrates. The larvae are at first
112:
10217:
10154:
9343:
8037:
7456:
6998:"Lipid compositional correlates of temperature-adaptive interspecific differences in membrane physical structure"
6471:
3879:
3062:
for locomotion and others undulate their dorsal and anal fins. Some fish have grown dermal (skin) appendages for
6974:
6269:
3402:
have similar well-vascularised mouth-linings, and can remain out of water for days and go into a resting state (
2810:. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the
7993:
6413:
4482:
expects production to increase sharply so that by 2030, perhaps sixty-two percent of food fish will be farmed.
3642:, a network of blood vessels serving as a countercurrent gas exchanger between the swim bladder and the blood.
3333:
at altitudes as high as 3,819 m (12,530 ft). Teleosts are found at extreme depths in the oceans; the
3236:
Teleosts are found worldwide and in most aquatic environments, including warm and cold seas, flowing and still
9525:
8231:"New Economic Report Finds Commercial and Recreational Saltwater Fishing Generated More Than Two Million Jobs"
7493:
Dasilao, J.C.; Sasaki, K. (1998). "Phylogeny of the flyingfish family
Exocoetidae (Teleostei, Beloniformes)".
2886:(elephantfishes and allies). There are 800 species of elopomorphs. They have thin leaf-shaped larvae known as
11395:
10088:
5743:
4302:
also exists among teleosts; minnows may spawn in sunfish nests as well as nests of other minnow species. The
3962:
is the main factor, but pH levels, growth rate, density and social environment may also play a role. For the
3744:
stridulate by rubbing together skeletal parts, teeth or spines. In these fish, the swim bladder may act as a
2134:
1772:
17:
6882:
3102:
498:, distinguishing this group from other fish in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the tail fin.
465:
The difference between teleosts and other bony fish lies mainly in their jaw bones; teleosts have a movable
11268:
10302:
10095:
8695:
7650:
7162:"Molecular developmental mechanism in polypterid fish provides insight into the origin of vertebrate lungs"
6631:
6247:
4485:
Fish are consumed fresh, or may be preserved by traditional methods, which include combinations of drying,
3979:
3334:
2852:
5641:
4083:
10202:
5967:"Locomotor function of the dorsal fin in teleost fishes: experimental analysis of wake forces in sunfish"
5597:
3900:
3896:
3853:
3382:
Several genera of teleosts have independently developed air-breathing capabilities, and some have become
3067:
6008:"The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages"
3841:; the mother lays unfertilised eggs on which the developing larvae feed in the uterus, and intrauterine
10954:
10681:
10651:
10538:
10147:
9375:
9336:
8662:
8354:
8230:
7973:
7267:
6530:
6306:
4770:
3804:
606:
8332:"Various Fish and Fish Products Being Produced in Fish Processing Industries and Their Value Addition"
8281:. Food and Agriculture Organization; World Bank Group. 1 December 2013. pp. 1–102. Archived from
3638:. In fish where the swim bladder is closed (physoclistous), the gas content is controlled through the
206:
11449:
11423:
11227:
11220:
11187:
10929:
10601:
10282:
10063:
4842:
4740:
4678:
4178:
4020:
505:. Most use external fertilisation: the female lays a batch of eggs, the male fertilises them and the
9530:
7612:
6181:
4673:, have a powerful bite and have sometimes attacked human bathers. Reports indicate that some of the
4415:
4115:
of several females. This occurs in coral reef species, such as damselfishes, wrasses, parrotfishes,
11237:
10996:
10073:
9536:
8466:
3891:
3701:
3524:
mechanism across the gills for the elimination of salt in sea water and its uptake in fresh water.
3031:
792:
664:
644:
teleosts the pharyngeal jaws consist of well-separated thin parts that attach to the neurocranium,
162:
4888:
Saito
Oniwakamaru fights a giant carp at the Bishimon waterfall by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 19th century
3464:
responsible for acute senses of taste and smell. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the
2953:, the adipose fin develops from an outgrowth after the reduction of the larval fin fold, while in
717:
273:
11215:
11197:
10759:
10508:
10259:
10121:
8688:
7110:
4728:
4393:
4221:
3984:
3567:
3443:
3430:
1262:
The phylogeny of the teleosts has been subject to long debate, without consensus on either their
11436:
7377:
7086:
7045:"Temperature acclimation and metabolism in ectotherms with particular reference to teleost fish"
11286:
11177:
11001:
10986:
10809:
10528:
10417:
9514:
7324:
Numerical Studies of Hydrodynamics of Fish Locomotion and Schooling by a Vortex Particle Method
6343:
6177:
4774:
4731:; artists in China and Japan similarly use fish images symbolically. Teleosts became common in
4389:
4383:
4217:
3837:
3788:
3784:
3545:
3071:
3026:
509:
develop without any further parental involvement. A fair proportion of teleosts are sequential
454:
9520:
9502:
7644:
7379:
7349:
6939:
6801:"Modifications of the digestive tract for holding air in loricariid and scoloplacid catfishes"
6744:
5722:
5148:
4150:
3302:
2614:
1353:
11431:
11207:
11192:
10701:
10518:
8577:
8433:
8407:
8204:
7585:
6908:
6435:
6300:
6062:
5591:
4765:
4692:
4581:
3692:
adopts an upright posture and moves by fluttering its pectoral fins, and the closely related
3583:
content, which gives these a reddish colour and makes for a more efficient use of oxygen. In
3282:, trout) are found in both Northern and Southern temperate zones in freshwater, some species
3111:
3079:
2811:
641:
549:
8460:
8331:
7322:
6170:
4629:
3591:, where the temperature is a few degrees above freezing point, some large fish, such as the
769:
eras they diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all living fish species are teleosts.
11477:
11356:
11333:
11202:
10498:
10116:
10068:
9755:
8680:
8535:
8377:
8046:
7850:
7502:
7173:
6480:
5910:
5848:
5779:
5541:
5156:
5073:
4791:
4708:
4617:
warming, as it is simply an extension of natural variation in climate. It is uncertain how
4463:. Commercial and recreational fishing together provide millions of people with employment.
4460:
4166:
3729:
3415:
3411:
3201:
3172:
rather than parasitic arrangement because both remora and host benefit from the removal of
2938:
of other groups), tooth-bearing premaxilla and greater adaptations to high speed swimming.
1588:
914:
533:
172:
136:
126:
8570:
8435:
Fisheries Management and Climate Change in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea
4258:
a species to evolve male parental care. One unusual example of female parental care is in
4133:, where males congregate to display to females, has been recorded in at least one species
3907:, have both systems and a male can be determined by XY or ZZ depending on the population.
3472:
based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Experiments with mazes show that fish possess the
3220:, can produce powerful electric currents, strong enough to stun prey. Other fish, such as
754:). However, it has been suggested that teleosts probably first evolved already during the
594:
469:
and corresponding modifications in the jaw musculature which make it possible for them to
8:
11324:
10991:
10934:
10734:
10621:
10410:
8973:
8674:
8382:
6914:
5472:"Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution"
5398:
Arratia, G. (1998). "Basal teleosts and teleostean phylogeny: response to C. Patterson".
4813:
4712:
4618:
4140:
4092:
4087:
4075:
3966:, spawning in colder waters creates more females, while warmer waters create more males.
3963:
3927:
3465:
3435:
3390:
emerge to feed on land, and freshwater eels are able to absorb oxygen through damp skin.
3253:
3189:
2915:; when a fish is injured, the warning substance gets in the water, alarming nearby fish.
1918:
1882:
1793:
803:
156:
8539:
8050:
7854:
7755:
7506:
7448:"Evidence of force exchanges during the six-legged walking of the bottom-dwelling fish,
7177:
6718:
6484:
5914:
5852:
5783:
5545:
4095:, where one male breeds with multiple females, is much more common. This is recorded in
3271:
2527:
1142:
880:
521:
11472:
10573:
9804:
9652:
9190:
9115:
9069:
8920:
8551:
8484:
8062:
7945:
7918:
7873:
7832:
7559:
7518:
7243:
7218:
7194:
7161:
7123:
7108:
Brown, W. Duane (1962). "The concentration of myoglobin and hemoglobin in tuna flesh".
6823:
6574:
6545:
6496:
6110:
6077:
6034:
6007:
5926:
5871:
5834:
5810:
5767:
5697:
5659:
5622:
5564:
5527:
5499:
5452:
5417:
5304:
5296:
5266:
4307:
4274:
and some others, the egg may be incubated or carried in the mouth, a practice known as
4059:
3904:
3796:
3752:, though sounds modified by the swim bladder have frequencies lower than 1000 Hz.
3745:
2908:
2543:
2310:
1612:
525:
201:
8526:
Moyle, Peter B.; Moyle, Marilyn A. (May 1991). "Introduction to fish imagery in art".
6332:
6224:
6142:
5210:
5097:"Über den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische"
3173:
3148:
have their front dorsal fins modified into large suckers with which they cling onto a
2935:
2931:
10919:
10824:
10729:
10641:
10636:
10583:
10390:
10197:
10187:
9978:
9926:
9883:
9877:
9840:
9828:
9798:
9453:
9359:
9285:
8892:
8884:
8636:
8615:
8470:
8439:
8413:
8258:
8210:
8147:
8010:
8006:
7988:
7950:
7878:
7654:
7563:
7475:
7428:
7385:
7355:
7328:
7302:
7283:
7248:
7199:
7064:
7056:
7025:
7017:
6945:
6918:
6854:
6843:
6779:
6754:
6579:
6441:
6390:
6347:
6310:
6185:
6146:
6115:
6097:
6039:
5988:
5876:
5815:
5797:
5664:
5601:
5569:
5491:
5331:
5285:
5258:
5160:
5049:
4854:
4486:
4247:
4174:
4158:
3911:
3774:
3559:
3540:
3516:
3188:, sometimes bores into the flesh of a fish, and has been found inside the heart of a
2966:
2883:
2800:
1340:
1302:
1263:
703:
502:
8555:
8066:
7522:
6666:
6500:
5930:
5456:
5373:
4339:
At the juvenile stage, a teleost looks more like its adult form. At this stage, its
3394:
can remain out of water for considerable periods, exchanging gases through skin and
3014:, reported at 7.6 m (25 ft) and more, but this is dwarfed by the extinct
1266:
or the timing of the emergence of the major groups before the application of modern
682:
fish. In addition, the lower jaw of the teleost is reduced to just three bones; the
632:
of teleosts, a second set of jaws contained within the throat, are composed of five
10661:
10606:
10568:
10523:
10481:
10405:
10192:
10111:
10022:
10005:
9719:
9634:
9295:
9270:
9155:
9120:
8925:
8869:
8825:
8796:
8543:
8139:
8054:
8002:
7940:
7932:
7868:
7858:
7549:
7510:
7465:
7418:
7279:
7238:
7230:
7189:
7181:
7119:
7009:
6815:
6569:
6559:
6488:
6380:
6220:
6105:
6089:
6029:
6021:
5980:
5918:
5866:
5856:
5805:
5787:
5693:
5654:
5646:
5636:
5559:
5549:
5503:
5483:
5444:
5409:
5277:
5270:
5248:
5191:
5096:
4947:
4908:
4658:
4506:
4372:
4299:
3915:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3387:
3365:
3309:
migrates across the Atlantic Ocean as an adult to breed in floating seaweed in the
3249:
2991:
2872:
2600:
2381:
2171:
1648:
1472:
1133:
1081:
799:
739:
491:
434:
360:
301:
182:
11338:
8600:
8308:
6692:
4748:
4359:
appear to be the longest living teleosts with some species living over 100 years.
4278:. In some African cichlids, the eggs may be fertilised there. In species like the
2767:
group of teleost fish today are the Percomorpha, which include, among others, the
1621:
10878:
10858:
10686:
10673:
10656:
10611:
10493:
10432:
10356:
10351:
10287:
10274:
10244:
9991:
9954:
9834:
9785:
9606:
9408:
9305:
9245:
9205:
9145:
9102:
8981:
8630:
8611:
8252:
8143:
7863:
6997:
6688:
6339:
5377:
5327:
4828:
4732:
4720:
4716:
4576:. Among many recorded instances, overfishing caused the complete collapse of the
4569:
4552:
4405:
4352:
4295:
4139:. Lek-like breeding systems have also been recorded in several other species. In
4112:
4005:
3670:
3395:
3383:
3346:
3290:
3275:
3122:
3075:
2987:
2927:
2857:
2772:
2486:
2468:
1931:
1702:
1200:
1039:
675:
645:
633:
495:
478:
470:
430:
414:
258:
177:
146:
131:
11400:
9508:
6369:"Asymmetric craniofacial remodeling and lateralized behavior in larval flatfish"
5966:
4653:) have venomous spines that can seriously injure or kill humans. Some, like the
4392:, which serve multiple purposes in different species. Schooling is sometimes an
3313:. The adults spawn here and then die, but the developing young are swept by the
3117:
3059:
1658:
1170:
656:
11369:
11154:
11127:
11019:
11011:
10944:
10914:
10853:
10835:
10789:
10779:
10383:
10336:
9966:
9944:
9889:
9871:
9822:
9814:
9791:
9749:
9725:
9470:
9185:
9160:
9130:
9077:
9049:
9039:
9030:
8963:
8955:
8897:
8712:
7916:
7378:
Patzner, Robert; Van Tassell, James L.; Kovacic, Marcelo; Kapoor, B.G. (2011).
6941:
Comparative Physiology of Thermoregulation: Special Aspects of Thermoregulation
6750:
6609:
5123:
4590:
4573:
4537:
4490:
4348:
4340:
4303:
4071:
4067:
4051:
4013:
3975:
3792:
3717:
3658:
3639:
3576:
3549:
3473:
3283:
3264:
3241:
3149:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2830:
2825:
2323:
2274:
2233:
1493:
1440:
1315:
1022:
691:
629:
418:
248:
188:
6492:
6135:
6093:
5792:
4213:
3712:
which have a sensory function but on which they can walk along the substrate.
3259:
3180:
that enter the gill chambers of fish and feed on their blood and tissues. The
2557:
11466:
11309:
11256:
11159:
11073:
10893:
10868:
10863:
10819:
10814:
10769:
10764:
10744:
10616:
10395:
10314:
9915:
9762:
9737:
9686:
9599:
9481:
9461:
9210:
9200:
9170:
9150:
9125:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8743:
7060:
7021:
6461:
Caira, J.N.; Benz, G.W.; Borucinska, J.; Kohler, N.E. (1997). "Pugnose eels,
6101:
5801:
5682:
Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny".
5627:
4927:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4662:
4606:
4498:
4327:
4275:
4259:
4236:
4229:
4144:
4104:
4096:
4079:
3871:
3812:
3588:
3533:
3461:
3221:
3205:
3181:
3106:
3098:
3042:
3021:
3011:
3003:
2979:
2954:
2950:
2887:
2807:
2608:
2547:
2257:
2020:
1959:
1763:
1725:
1685:
1553:
828:
758:
750:
721:
714:
671:
510:
446:
442:
343:
193:
141:
70:
8279:"Fish to 2030 : prospects for fisheries and aquaculture (Report 83177)"
8134:
Pitcher, Tony J. (1986). "12. Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts".
7407:"Mudskipper pectoral fin kinematics in aquatic and terrestrial environments"
7013:
6667:"Coldwater Fish and Fisheries in the Indian Himalayas: Lakes and Reservoirs"
5984:
5861:
5754:
5554:
5118:
5046:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals
4058:
There are several different mating systems among teleosts. Some species are
1094:
1052:
11149:
10973:
10888:
10848:
10749:
10691:
10631:
10558:
10553:
10543:
10459:
10449:
10378:
10361:
10268:
10229:
10222:
10027:
9906:
9846:
9731:
9664:
9559:
9275:
9230:
9215:
9195:
9180:
9110:
9054:
9044:
9019:
9014:
8915:
8749:
7954:
7936:
7919:"Evolutionary Transitions in Parental Care and Live Bearing in Vertebrates"
7917:
Reynolds, John; Nicholas B. Goodwin; Robert P. Freckleton (19 March 2002).
7882:
7479:
7432:
7252:
7203:
7044:
7029:
6583:
6394:
6209:, a giant filter-feeding teleost from the Jurassic of England and France".
6119:
6043:
6025:
5992:
5880:
5819:
5668:
5573:
5495:
5289:
5262:
4873:
4850:
4724:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4602:
4586:
4577:
4494:
4475:
4419:
4344:
4310:
occurs in some teleost families and may have evolved to combat starvation.
4288:
4267:
4182:
3858:
3820:
3795:
and many tetrapods. This involves the male inseminating the female with an
3733:
3709:
3662:
3623:
3612:
3562:
3492:
3419:
3407:
3376:
3310:
3306:
3294:
3217:
3177:
3169:
3133:
3016:
2995:
2923:
2912:
2899:
2895:
2796:
2764:
2604:
2514:
2280:
2203:
2157:
2128:
2124:
2103:
1788:
1767:
1634:
1579:
1573:
1436:
1248:
1155:
910:
817:
744:
687:
674:, they are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, rather than the dense
598:
578:
561:
537:
487:
482:
449:
weighing over 2 t (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons), to the minute male
167:
151:
8571:"The Tragic Sense of Ernst Haeckel: His Scientific and Artistic Struggles"
8330:
Maqsood, Sajid; Singh, Prabjeet; Samoon, Munir Hassan; Wani, Gohar Bilal.
8014:
7068:
5650:
5293:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
4564:
Human activities have affected stocks of many species of teleost, through
3787:
with both eggs and sperm being released into the water for fertilisation.
3248:
in deserts. Teleost diversity becomes low at extremely high latitudes; at
11348:
11318:
11132:
11120:
11046:
10804:
10799:
10774:
10754:
10696:
10591:
10486:
10464:
10454:
10427:
10297:
10249:
10014:
10000:
9936:
9865:
9670:
9625:
9572:
9417:
9300:
9260:
9225:
9140:
9135:
9087:
8996:
8859:
8851:
8807:
8788:
8778:
6996:
Logue, J. A.; Vries, A. L. de; Fodor, E.; Cossins, A. R. (15 July 2000).
5835:"New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction"
5001:
4565:
4510:
4283:
4263:
4190:
4170:
4120:
4116:
3887:
3842:
3808:
3769:
Sockeye salmon spawns, which breed only once and then die soon afterwards
3713:
3705:
3654:
3631:
3619:
3403:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3237:
3087:
2942:
2919:
2879:
2792:
2768:
2631:
2329:
2237:
1993:
1861:
1477:
1398:
1385:
1107:
1075:
1065:
862:
781:
586:
45:
7830:
7217:
Funk, E. C.; Breen, C.; Sanketi, B. D.; Kurpios, N.; McCune, A. (2020).
3650:
3418:
have a similar suprabranchial organ. Certain other catfish, such as the
2636:
1739:
1503:
11182:
10981:
10949:
10883:
10873:
10794:
10784:
10469:
10437:
10422:
10368:
10341:
10324:
10032:
9931:
9776:
9713:
9658:
9640:
9439:
9430:
9280:
9092:
8991:
8986:
8907:
8864:
8830:
8737:
8547:
8058:
7514:
7423:
7406:
6827:
6005:
5922:
5528:"Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification"
5421:
5353:
5208:
5009:
4736:
4642:
4332:
4255:
4242:
4130:
4108:
4035:
4001:
3993:
3800:
3741:
3737:
3677:
3584:
3571:
3515:
outwards across the gills in freshwater and inwards in salt water. The
3500:
3469:
3391:
3157:
3063:
3007:
2891:
2397:
2292:
2243:
2208:
2177:
1563:
1402:
1348:
1344:
1324:
1161:
1127:
1089:
960:
845:
839:
732:
649:
621:
590:
582:
514:
466:
450:
422:
90:
55:
8462:
Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan
7924:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7234:
7185:
6564:
6385:
6368:
5487:
5448:
5281:
5253:
5236:
4367:
4161:
exists in some species. Individuals of one sex, usually males develop
3456:
Teleosts possess highly developed sensory organs. Nearly all daylight
2108:
2033:
1936:
10939:
10924:
10909:
10739:
10400:
10346:
10331:
10309:
10292:
10239:
9986:
9743:
9707:
9698:
9612:
9082:
9059:
8759:
7554:
7537:
6277:
5755:
Genome structures resolve the early diversification of teleost fishes
5195:
5013:
4967:
4744:
4670:
4634:
4598:
4594:
4541:
4522:
4518:
4478:, producing millions of tons of protein-rich food per year. The UN's
4186:
4028:
3955:
3875:
3824:
3780:
3635:
3592:
3580:
3512:
3399:
3369:
3245:
3185:
3129:
2946:
2780:
2551:
2522:
2518:
2473:
2353:
1969:
1963:
1616:
1033:
894:
849:
777:
773:
755:
713:
The teleosts were first recognised as a distinct group by the German
660:
474:
218:
95:
11280:
9328:
8167:
7470:
7447:
6819:
6075:
5413:
5237:"Evolution and development of the homocercal caudal fin in teleosts"
4154:
Male (top) and female humphead parrotfish, showing sexual dimorphism
3414:
on the first gill arch and this is used for respiration in air, and
520:
Teleosts are economically important to humans, as is shown by their
11303:
11142:
11083:
11029:
11024:
10843:
10711:
10373:
10319:
10234:
9949:
9894:
9851:
9646:
9445:
9423:
9385:
9175:
9165:
9006:
8817:
8731:
8669:
7841:
7833:"Extraordinary aggressive behavior from the giant coral reef fish,
7446:
Jamon, M.; Renous, S.; Gasc, J.P.; Bels, V.; Davenport, J. (2007).
6910:
Endocrines and Osmoregulation: A Comparative Account in Vertebrates
6544:
Chernova, N. V.; Friedlander, A. M.; Turchik, A.; Sala, E. (2014).
6460:
5471:
5021:
5005:
4989:
4902:
4688:
4529:
4514:
4456:
4423:
4356:
4198:
4124:
4009:
3918:
has a ZW multifactorial system where the female is determined by ZW
3846:
3816:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3627:
3195:
3165:
3125:
is asymmetrical, with both eyes lying on the same side of the head.
2975:
2834:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2090:
1672:
1652:
1583:
1444:
1117:
1085:
1047:
904:
796:
788:
766:
762:
736:
679:
565:
545:
541:
459:
238:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
6873:
5744:
Study Resolves 50-Year Dispute of Teleost Fishes Ancestral Lineage
4318:
3422:, are able to respire through air held in their digestive tracts.
11361:
11115:
11110:
11088:
11061:
11056:
11051:
10596:
10548:
10442:
10212:
10207:
9577:
9567:
9549:
8945:
8601:
Helfman, G.; Collette, B. B.; Facey, D. E.; Bowen, B. W. (2009).
7445:
6850:
4696:
4674:
4666:
4621:, caused by rising carbon dioxide levels, might affect teleosts.
4610:
4502:
4471:
4467:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4376:
4271:
4100:
3832:
3791:
occurs in 500 to 600 species of teleosts but is more typical for
3508:
3488:
3330:
3083:
3054:
2863:
The first fossils assignable to this diverse group appear in the
2284:
1733:
1319:
964:
927:
683:
602:
529:
438:
100:
75:
8257:. The Scottish Government/Riaghaltas na h-Alba. September 2015.
7986:
4435:
Teleosts are economically important in different ways. They are
3930:
has a XY multifactorial system where females are determined by X
3863:
mature individuals can breed multiple times during their lives.
3037:
11034:
9400:
8767:
8725:
8657:
5400:
5017:
4993:
4684:
4597:
interfere with teleost reproduction, often by disrupting their
3997:
3828:
3728:
The ability to produce sound for communication appears to have
3607:
3596:
3520:
3279:
3145:
3137:
2971:
2776:
2407:
2297:
2024:
2003:
1729:
1689:
1412:
1406:
1165:
1043:
940:
875:
610:
228:
8406:
Kernan, Martin; Battarbee, Richard W.; Moss, Brian R. (2011).
6546:"Franz Josef Land: extreme northern outpost for Arctic fishes"
6543:
6437:
Parasitism: The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions
4086:, where one sex has multiple partners can come in many forms.
2803:. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the
399:
11137:
11066:
10476:
9856:
8628:
6774:
Liem, Karel F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
6550:
6298:
4466:
A small number of productive species including carp, salmon,
4063:
3749:
3685:
3410:
have developed an accessory breathing structure known as the
3161:
3153:
3091:
2903:
2358:
2028:
1697:
784:
570:
506:
8710:
4790:
Wall painting of fishing, Tomb of Menna the scribe, Thebes,
3140:
holds on to its host with a sucker-like organ (detail inset)
11039:
10626:
10179:
10170:
9370:
8505:"Five reasons why zebrafish make excellent research models"
7831:
Muñoz, R.; Zgliczynski, B.; Laughlin, J.; Teer, B. (2012).
5839:
5765:
3732:
in several teleost lineages. Sounds are produced either by
3697:
3555:
3484:
3274:; the Ostariophysi and Osteoglossomorpha are worldwide but
3070:
is almost invisible among the seaweed it resembles and the
2999:
2288:
1997:
1693:
968:
637:
426:
405:
375:
369:
334:
331:
316:
310:
7347:
5623:"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes"
4641:
A few teleosts are dangerous. Some, like eeltail catfish (
3460:
at least as good as a normal human's. Many fish also have
3082:
have eyespots to startle or deceive, while others such as
378:
322:
11078:
10646:
8874:
7538:"Evolutionary Patterns in Sound Production across Fishes"
6270:"Scientists Describe the World's Smallest, Lightest Fish"
5072:. The Paleobiology Database. 14 June 2013. Archived from
4997:
4687:
and zebrafish are used as research models for studies in
4557:
4533:
4444:
4291:
have structures on their belly to which the eggs attach.
3852:
There are two major reproductive strategies of teleosts;
3496:
3298:
2819:
2401:
1497:
1267:
1137:
807:
8604:
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
7159:
6973:. Hamilton and District Aquarium Society. Archived from
6876:"Appropriate maze methodology to study learning in fish"
3720:
on their enlarged pectoral fins for hundreds of metres.
3356:
10139:
7611:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
7492:
7216:
6465:(Synaphobranchidae) from the heart of a shortfin mako,
5898:
3748:. Stridulation sounds are predominantly from 1000–4000
2986:
There are over 26,000 species of teleosts, in about 40
6995:
6646:: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 1 January 2004
5713:"Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4"
5469:
5234:
605:
are then pulled back to close the mouth, and the fish
8355:"How the world's oceans could be running out of fish"
7404:
7299:
Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution
5642:
10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288
387:
381:
325:
304:
10019:
9974:
9941:
9923:
9773:
9695:
9622:
9589:
9477:
9466:
9457:
9450:
9435:
9413:
9396:
8399:
6006:
Steward, T. A.; Smith, W. L.; Coates, M. I. (2014).
5675:
5209:
Vandewalle, P.; Parmentier, E.; Chardon, M. (2000).
4439:
around the world. A small number of species such as
3910:
Multifactorial sex determination occurs in numerous
3903:
exist in teleost species. Some species, such as the
2918:
The majority of teleost species belong to the clade
735:
from which teleosts later evolved) date back to the
402:
396:
384:
372:
366:
328:
313:
307:
8405:
8307:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from
7987:Werren, John; Mart R. Gross; Richard Shine (1980).
6133:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991).
4497:. Modern methods of preservation include freezing,
4208:
3511:, while in seawater they lose it. Similarly, salts
393:
363:
319:
8329:
6842:
6331:
6169:
6134:
5356:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
5183:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4609:) and cells that can make female gametes (such as
3823:. Other species, like the splitfins in the family
787:of bony fish, and to the four-limbed vertebrates (
8438:. Nordic Council of Ministers. 2008. p. 48.
8390:
8233:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
8168:"Capture production by principal species in 2012"
6598:"What is an anadromous fish? A catadromous fish?"
6132:
5463:
5321:
4743:. In the 20th century, different artists such as
4528:Some smaller and more colourful species serve as
3866:
3634:, the swim bladder is open (physostomous) to the
597:toothplates. The premaxilla is unattached to the
544:or used in research, especially in the fields of
421:, the ray-finned fishes, and contains 96% of all
11464:
7139:"Warm eyes give deep-sea predators super vision"
7049:Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology
6716:
8409:Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems
8177:. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 12
7989:"Paternity and the evolution of male parentage"
7107:
6964:
6521:
6519:
6302:The Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming
5897:Clarke, John T.; Friedman, Matt (August 2018).
4763:painted teleosts and other animals in his 1904
4739:paintings reaching a peak of popularity in the
3657:combine swimming movements with the ability to
3176:and loose flakes of skin. More harmful are the
2978:teleost: the flesh-cutting teeth of a piranha (
2957:, the fin appears to be a remnant of the fold.
473:. This is of great advantage, enabling them to
445:measuring 7.6 m (25 ft) or more, and
8452:
7642:
6773:
6640:Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme
6329:
6299:Maddock, L.; Bone, Q.; Rayner, J.M.V. (1994).
5955:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 274–276
5946:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 268–274
5896:
5892:
5890:
5179:
3049:), 7-metre (23 ft) long, captured in 1996
2878:The most basal of the living teleosts are the
10155:
9344:
8696:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8124:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 153–56
8106:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 146–47
8097:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 472–73
7967:
7961:
7817:
7815:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7265:
6906:
6212:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
6204:
6069:
5964:
5833:Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (29 June 2015).
5589:
3755:
3114:for camouflage, while the underside is pale.
3053:Open water fish are usually streamlined like
795:from a related group of bony fish during the
8489:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7904:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 465–68
7042:
6516:
6056:
5832:
5768:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
5428:
5349:
5347:
5149:"The Evolution of Fishes After the Devonian"
4181:has a more well-developed forehead with an "
3696:moves by rippling its elongated dorsal fin.
3622:(Chondrostei, Holostei and teleosts) is the
3548:, which helps to compensate for the drop in
8352:
8271:
8100:
7912:
7910:
7778:
7776:
6440:. University of Chicago Press. p. 23.
6237:
5887:
5681:
5620:
5434:
4945:by Ernst Haeckel, 1904. Ten teleosts, with
4505:). Frozen fish products include breaded or
4399:
4322:Newly hatched Atlantic salmon with yolk sac
3297:being examples. Others, exemplified by the
471:protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth
10162:
10148:
9351:
9337:
8703:
8689:
8525:
8346:
8189:
8115:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen pp. 149
7812:
7676:
7373:
7371:
6834:
6798:
6736:
6164:
6162:
5942:
5940:
5826:
5710:
5621:Betancur-R., Ricardo; et al. (2013).
5307:|...|intentional=yes}}
4930:, 1904. Four species, surrounded by scales
697:
111:
10707:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
8254:Scottish Fish Farm Production Survey 2014
8245:
7944:
7895:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 473
7872:
7862:
7821:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 463
7809:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 465
7791:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 458
7742:
7740:
7738:
7687:Helfman, Collette, Facey and Bowen p. 457
7643:Springer, Joseph; Holley, Dennis (2012).
7553:
7469:
7422:
7266:McCune, Amy R.; Carlson, Rose L. (2004).
7242:
7193:
7136:
7080:
7078:
6573:
6563:
6410:"How does the Remora develop its sucker?"
6384:
6366:
6109:
6057:Miller, Stephen; Harley, John P. (2007).
6033:
5870:
5860:
5809:
5791:
5685:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5658:
5640:
5563:
5553:
5344:
5252:
5241:Development, Growth & Differentiation
5211:"The branchial basket in Teleost feeding"
4362:
4313:
3736:or by vibrating the swim bladder. In the
1257:
708:
441:have been described. Teleosts range from
120:Teleosts of different orders, painted by
8629:Wootton, Robert J.; Smith, Carl (2014).
7907:
7773:
7636:
7606:
6874:Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences.
6240:"World's Heaviest Bony Fish Discovered?"
6141:. Saunders College Publishing. pp.
5759:
5585:
5583:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
4628:
4551:
4544:is made from thread fish and drum fish.
4414:
4366:
4317:
4241:
4212:
4149:
4045:
3870:
3759:
3649:
3606:
3483:
3429:
3355:
3258:
3194:
3128:
3116:
3036:
2970:
2846:
2824:
615:
569:
11483:Extant Early Triassic first appearances
8175:Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2012
8133:
7368:
7296:
6937:
6931:
6900:
6742:
6687:
6407:
6292:
6159:
5937:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5397:
3835:is practised by a few species, such as
3716:launch themselves into the air and can
3708:have three pairs of free rays on their
3676:the main objective; among rocks and on
3226:generate and sense weak electric fields
3074:invisibly lurks on the seabed ready to
353:"bone"), members of which are known as
124:, 1856 (left to right, top to bottom):
14:
11465:
8632:Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes
8519:
8375:
8034:
8028:
7980:
7746:
7735:
7341:
7137:Fritsches, Kerstin (11 January 2005).
7084:
7075:
6433:
6427:
5965:Drucker, E. G.; Lauder, G. V. (2001).
5146:
5094:
5043:
4410:
3499:but spend most of their adult life in
2842:
486:that the upper and lower lobes of the
429:. Teleosts are arranged into about 40
11285:
11284:
10143:
9358:
9332:
8684:
8412:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 93.
8206:Vertebrates: Structures and Functions
8202:
7348:Kapoor, B.G.; Khanna, Bhavna (2004).
7301:(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7089:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
6717:Morelle, Rebecca (19 December 2014).
6664:
6126:
5580:
5526:Near, Thomas J.; et al. (2012).
5131:
5037:
4970:, oil and watercolour varnished, 1925
4624:
4177:during the breeding season. The male
3552:associated with colder temperatures.
3305:, doing the reverse. The fresh water
620:Caudal skeleton showing symmetrical (
11424:d78e22e8-1d2c-4d55-b9c9-c023eb09d413
8568:
7535:
6778:. Academic Press. pp. 173–174.
6527:"Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes"
6323:
5525:
5510:
5202:
3090:to warn that they are toxic or have
581:features of the teleosts are mobile
11263:
10534:Electroreception and electrogenesis
8396:Wootton and Smith 2014, pp. 123–125
7411:The Journal of Experimental Biology
6840:
6693:"'Deepest ever' living fish filmed"
6669:. Food and Agriculture Organization
6373:The Journal of Experimental Biology
6274:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
5972:The Journal of Experimental Biology
5614:
4556:Capture of Atlantic Cod 1950–2005 (
4547:
3723:
3704:climbs waterfalls while migrating.
3527:
24:
8334:. Aquafind (Aquatic Fish Database)
7609:"Fish Courtship and Mating Sounds"
7124:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1962.tb00052.x
7043:Johnston, I. A.; Dunn, J. (1987).
6965:McFarlane, Paul (1 January 1999).
6408:Jackson, John (30 November 2012).
6013:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5698:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x
5048:. Marshall Editions Developments.
4769:. Haeckel had become convinced by
4637:being bred in a research institute
4540:are used in the leather industry.
3969:
3886:88 percent of teleost species are
3476:needed to make such a mental map.
3434:A stickleback stained to show the
3425:
636:, loops of bone which support the
25:
11494:
8650:
8353:Vince, Gaia (20 September 2012).
7536:Rice, A. N.; et al. (2022).
6644:Food and Agriculture Organization
5235:Moriyama, Y.; Takeda, H. (2013).
4480:Food and Agriculture Organization
4041:
3479:
3244:, isolated and sometimes hot and
501:Teleosts have adopted a range of
11262:
11251:
11250:
11233:
11232:
10258:
9535:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9494:
8668:
8656:
8562:
8497:
8426:
8369:
8323:
8297:
8223:
8160:
8127:
8118:
8109:
8091:
8082:
7405:Pace, C. M.; Gibb A. C. (2009).
7384:. CRC Press. pp. 261, 507.
7284:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04030.x
7087:"Fire in the Belly of the Beast"
6799:Armbruster, Jonathan W. (1998).
6367:Schreiber, Alexander M. (2006).
5711:Betancur-R; et al. (2016).
4956:
4935:
4916:
4893:
4881:
4862:
4847:Fish Still Life with Stormy Seas
4835:
4806:
4783:
4209:Spawning sites and parental care
4163:secondary sexual characteristics
2829:Evolution of ray-finned fishes,
2635:
2613:
2556:
2526:
2472:
2406:
2357:
2328:
2296:
2242:
2207:
2176:
2133:
2107:
2032:
2002:
1968:
1935:
1792:
1771:
1738:
1701:
1657:
1620:
1587:
1502:
1476:
1448:
1411:
1352:
1323:
1199:
1169:
1141:
1093:
1051:
972:
943:
913:
879:
848:
359:
300:
205:
43:
10218:Environmental impact of fishing
8594:
8528:Environmental Biology of Fishes
8136:The Behaviour of Teleost Fishes
8073:
8038:Environmental Biology of Fishes
7898:
7889:
7824:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7726:
7717:
7708:
7699:
7690:
7667:
7651:Jones & Bartlett Publishers
7627:
7600:
7570:
7529:
7486:
7457:Journal of Experimental Zoology
7439:
7398:
7315:
7290:
7259:
7210:
7153:
7130:
7101:
7085:Martin, R. Aidan (April 1992).
7036:
7002:Journal of Experimental Biology
6989:
6958:
6944:. Academic Press. p. 223.
6867:
6792:
6767:
6710:
6681:
6658:
6624:
6590:
6537:
6507:
6472:Environmental Biology of Fishes
6454:
6401:
6360:
6262:
6231:
6198:
6050:
5999:
5958:
5949:
5748:
5737:
5704:
5391:
5366:
5315:
4988:The other three groups are the
4741:Netherlands in the 17th century
4165:that increase their chances of
3329:are found in mountain lakes in
3240:, and even, in the case of the
3231:
8138:. Springer. pp. 294–337.
7994:Journal of Theoretical Biology
7970:The Evolution of Parental Care
7354:. Springer. pp. 149–151.
6276:. 20 July 2004. Archived from
5228:
5173:
5111:
5088:
5062:
4982:
4677:family can be large enough to
3867:Sex identity and determination
3351:
3206:generates weak electric fields
810:) are from Near et al., 2012.
13:
1:
7968:Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991).
7837:, in a remote marine reserve"
7705:Wootton and Smith pp. 14, 19.
7582:Discovery of Sound in the Sea
7578:"How do fish produce sounds?"
7542:Ichthyology & Herpetology
6719:"New record for deepest fish"
5031:
4821:
4795:
4501:, and heat processing (as in
3645:
3340:
3144:Some teleosts are parasites.
3010:. The longest teleost is the
2816:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
490:are about equal in size. The
10303:intramembranous ossification
10096:List of transitional fossils
8144:10.1007/978-1-4684-8261-4_12
8088:Wootton and Smith pp. 257–61
8007:10.1016/0022-5193(80)90182-4
7864:10.1371/journal.pone.0038120
7723:Wootton and Smith pp. 21–22.
5593:Freshwater Fish Distribution
5322:Bone, Q.; Moore, R. (2008).
4827:–1630, in the Medici Villa,
4663:give a severe electric shock
3980:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
3579:, and muscles with a raised
2960:
2856:, an early teleost from the
2853:Aspidorhynchus acustirostris
528:harvests them for food, and
7:
7732:Wootton and Smith p. 21–22.
7272:Evolution & Development
7223:Evolution & Development
6938:Whittow, G. Causey (2013).
6238:Roach, John (13 May 2003).
6225:10.1127/njgpm/1988/1988/670
6172:Guinness World Records 2015
5628:PLOS Currents: Tree of Life
5598:University of Chicago Press
5070:"The Paleobiology Database"
3990:Kryptolebias hermaphroditus
3901:ZW sex-determination system
3897:XY sex-determination system
3854:semelparity and iteroparity
3602:
413:), is, by far, the largest
10:
11499:
10682:Fin and flipper locomotion
10652:Sequential hermaphroditism
10539:Jamming avoidance response
10256:
9376:Timeline of fish evolution
7974:Princeton University Press
7646:An Introduction to Zoology
7141:. University of Queensland
6531:University College, London
6307:Cambridge University Press
6207:Leedsichthys problematicus
5101:Archiv für Naturgeschichte
4428:
4403:
4381:
4227:
3954:Y. Some teleosts, such as
3880:protandrous hermaphrodites
3845:has been reported in some
3805:live-bearing aquarium fish
3772:
3756:Reproduction and lifecycle
3668:
3503:, returning only to spawn.
3441:
3398:in the mouth and pharynx.
3363:
3344:
3263:Fish in a hot desert: the
2964:
2882:(eels and allies) and the
778:evolutionary relationships
720:in 1845. The name is from
701:
559:
555:
11293:
11246:
11170:
11103:
11010:
10972:
10963:
10902:
10833:
10720:
10672:
10582:
10507:
10267:
10177:
10130:
10104:
10064:Lists of prehistoric fish
10056:
9965:
9914:
9905:
9813:
9772:
9694:
9685:
9621:
9588:
9558:
9548:
9492:
9384:
9366:
9101:
9068:
9028:
9005:
8972:
8954:
8906:
8883:
8850:
8839:
8816:
8805:
8787:
8776:
8758:
8720:
8376:Kunzig, R. (April 1995).
8209:. CRC Press. p. 22.
7972:. Princeton, New Jersey:
7782:Wootton and Smith p. 2–4.
6094:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0
5793:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
5124:Dictionary.com Unabridged
5095:Müller, Johannes (1845).
4843:Dutch Golden Age painting
4713:mythological significance
4702:
4179:green humphead parrotfish
4021:bluestreak cleaner wrasse
3974:Some teleost species are
3779:Most teleost species are
3168:, but this is probably a
2629:
2598:
2590:
2541:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2466:
2458:
2395:
2379:
2372:
2351:
2344:
2321:
2314:
2278:
2268:
2261:
2231:
2223:
2201:
2193:
2169:
2161:
2122:
2101:
2094:
2084:
2018:
1991:
1984:
1957:
1950:
1929:
1922:
1912:
1905:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1786:
1761:
1754:
1723:
1716:
1683:
1676:
1646:
1638:
1610:
1602:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1491:
1470:
1463:
1434:
1427:
1396:
1389:
1338:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1194:
1159:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1079:
1069:
1037:
1027:
958:
938:
931:
908:
898:
873:
866:
843:
833:
822:
780:of the teleosts to other
607:is able to grasp the prey
286:
281:
202:Scientific classification
200:
119:
110:
34:
10169:
8467:National Academies Press
8305:"Fish and fish products"
8079:Wootton and Smith p. 280
7800:Wootton and Smith p. 320
7714:Wootton and Smith p. 20.
6743:Meurant, Gerard (1984).
6244:National Geographic News
5772:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5153:Vertebrate Palaeontology
5147:Benton, Michael (2005).
5044:Palmer, Douglas (1999).
4975:
4400:Relationship with humans
4218:Three-spined stickleback
3926:and the male by ZZ. The
3702:Hawaiian freshwater goby
3661:in air using their long
2384:(tube-eyes/thread-fins)
532:attempt to capture them
524:over the centuries. The
163:Pseudacanthicus spinosus
11198:Glossary of ichthyology
10760:Diel vertical migration
10122:Vertebrate paleontology
7696:Wootton and Smith p. 2.
7673:Wootton and Smith p. 4.
7633:Wootton and Smith p. 5.
7495:Ichthyological Research
7450:Chelidonichthys lucerna
7111:Journal of Food Science
7014:10.1242/jeb.203.14.2105
6665:Raina, H. S.; Petr, T.
6493:10.1023/a:1007398609346
6463:Simenchelys parasiticus
6434:Combes, Claude (2001).
6414:National History Museum
6330:Ross, David A. (2000).
6205:Martill, D.M. (1988). "
5985:10.1242/jeb.204.17.2943
5862:10.1073/pnas.1504985112
5555:10.1073/pnas.1206625109
4394:antipredator adaptation
4355:living up to 25 years.
4222:Alexander Francis Lydon
3985:Kryptolebias marmoratus
3458:fish have colour vision
3444:Sensory systems in fish
3321:Teleosts including the
3103:bilaterally symmetrical
2994:, making up 96% of all
1287:Eloposteoglossocephala
806:(in millions of years,
698:Evolution and phylogeny
503:reproductive strategies
10564:Surface wave detection
10529:Hydrodynamic reception
10203:Diseases and parasites
8507:. NC3RS. 10 April 2014
7937:10.1098/rstb.2001.0930
7835:Bolbometopon muricatum
7327:. 2008. pp. 1–4.
6907:Bentley, P.J. (2013).
6776:Encyclopedia of Fishes
6178:Guinness World Records
6082:Communications Biology
6026:10.1098/rspb.2013.3120
5590:Berra, Tim M. (2008).
4775:Alexander von Humboldt
4723:, and from there into
4699:added to their water.
4665:. Others, such as the
4638:
4561:
4426:
4384:Shoaling and schooling
4379:
4363:Shoaling and schooling
4323:
4314:Growth and development
4251:
4225:
4155:
4136:Cyrtocara eucinostomus
4055:
3883:
3838:Nomorhamphus ebrardtii
3789:Internal fertilisation
3785:external fertilisation
3770:
3666:
3615:
3504:
3439:
3361:
3267:
3246:saline bodies of water
3216:Some species, such as
3213:
3210:detect and locate prey
3141:
3126:
3072:tasselled scorpionfish
3068:prickly leather-jacket
3050:
3027:Photocorynus spiniceps
2983:
2860:
2839:
1475:(deep sea spiny eels)
1258:Internal relationships
709:External relationships
625:
575:
479:draw it into the mouth
455:Photocorynus spiniceps
11432:Paleobiology Database
10702:Undulatory locomotion
10519:Ampullae of Lorenzini
8578:University of Chicago
8378:"Twilight of the Cod"
8203:Kisia, S. M. (2010).
7381:The Biology of Gobies
6334:The Fisherman's Ocean
5299:|...}}
5276:(Retracted, see
5157:John Wiley & Sons
4766:Kunstformen der Natur
4693:developmental biology
4679:prey on human bathers
4632:
4555:
4461:fish caught for sport
4418:
4370:
4321:
4245:
4228:Further information:
4216:
4153:
4049:
3874:
3773:Further information:
3768:
3730:evolved independently
3653:
3610:
3487:
3442:Further information:
3438:elements (neuromasts)
3433:
3364:Further information:
3359:
3345:Further information:
3262:
3198:
3132:
3120:
3088:aposematic coloration
3080:foureye butterflyfish
3040:
2974:
2965:Further information:
2913:chemical alarm system
2850:
2828:
2812:mass extinction event
2596:Holocentrimorphaceae
718:Johannes Peter Müller
619:
573:
550:developmental biology
41:Early Triassic–Recent
10930:Genetically modified
10117:Transitional fossils
9756:Pseudopetalichthyida
8665:at Wikimedia Commons
8569:Richards, Robert J.
7417:(Pt 14): 2279–2286.
7351:Ichthyology Handbook
7297:Kardong, K. (2008).
6851:Microsoft Encarta 99
6746:Fish Physiology V10A
5979:(Pt 17): 2943–2958.
5159:. pp. 175–184.
4633:Service to science:
4375:sizing up schooling
4371:Schooling predatory
4167:reproductive success
4025:Anthias squamipinnis
3416:airbreathing catfish
3202:Gymnarchus niloticus
3112:speckled and mottled
2947:convergent evolution
173:Acanthurus coeruleus
137:Mylossoma duriventre
127:Fistularia tabacaria
27:Infraclass of fishes
10735:Aquatic respiration
10622:Life history theory
8974:Protacanthopterygii
8964:Lepidogalaxiiformes
8540:1991EnvBF..31....5M
8051:1981EnvBF...6..223B
7855:2012PLoSO...738120M
7761:on 14 November 2014
7749:"Fish Reproduction"
7588:on 15 February 2017
7507:1998IchtR..45..347D
7178:2016NatSR...630580T
6967:"Warm-blooded fish"
6841:Orr, James (1999).
6485:1997EnvBF..49..139C
5915:2018Pbio...44..402C
5853:2015PNAS..112.8537S
5784:2017BMCEE..17..162B
5546:2012PNAS..10913698N
5540:(34): 13698–13703.
4905:, Lemons and Tomato
4814:Italian Renaissance
4619:ocean acidification
4476:farmed commercially
4411:Economic importance
4388:Many teleosts form
3964:Atlantic silverside
3466:lateral line system
3190:shortfin mako shark
3184:, though usually a
2934:(as opposed to the
2843:Evolutionary trends
1919:Protacanthopterygii
1883:Lepidogalaxiiformes
536:. Some species are
157:Corydoras splendens
10574:Weberian apparatus
9805:Ischnacanthiformes
9653:Cephalaspidomorphi
9191:Cyprinodontiformes
9116:Trachichthyiformes
9070:Paracanthopterygii
8921:Alepocephaliformes
8715:orders by subclass
8548:10.1007/bf00002153
8311:on 8 February 2019
8285:on 2 February 2016
8059:10.1007/BF00002788
7615:on 10 January 2018
7515:10.1007/BF02725187
7424:10.1242/jeb.029041
7166:Scientific Reports
6691:(7 October 2008).
6612:on 20 January 2016
6309:. pp. 54–56.
6020:(1781): 20133120.
5923:10.1017/pab.2018.8
5476:Biological Reviews
4820:, Antonio Tanari,
4639:
4625:Other interactions
4562:
4427:
4380:
4324:
4308:Filial cannibalism
4252:
4226:
4175:breeding tubercles
4156:
4056:
3905:southern platyfish
3884:
3797:intromittent organ
3771:
3667:
3616:
3568:counterflow system
3505:
3440:
3388:combtooth blennies
3362:
3268:
3214:
3142:
3127:
3051:
2984:
2909:Weberian apparatus
2861:
2840:
2544:Trachichthyiformes
2464:Polymixiipterygii
2311:Paracanthopterygii
1613:Alepocephaliformes
831: (lobe-fins)
655:The caudal fin is
626:
589:at the end of the
576:
11460:
11459:
11287:Taxon identifiers
11278:
11277:
11188:Fish common names
11099:
11098:
10730:Aquatic predation
10554:Capacity for pain
10283:Age determination
10137:
10136:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10047:
9979:Palaeonisciformes
9927:Onychodontiformes
9884:Petalodontiformes
9878:Iniopterygiformes
9841:Phoebodontiformes
9829:Ctenacanthiformes
9799:Diplacanthiformes
9681:
9680:
9454:Myllokunmingiidae
9360:Evolution of fish
9326:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9286:Tetraodontiformes
9241:Chaetodontiformes
9176:Pleuronectiformes
9131:Batrachoidiformes
8893:Osteoglossiformes
8885:Osteoglossomorpha
8661:Media related to
8642:978-1-118-89139-1
8621:978-1-4051-2494-2
8476:978-0-309-30152-7
8445:978-92-893-1777-1
8419:978-1-4443-9127-5
8264:978-1-78544-608-5
8216:978-1-4398-4052-8
8153:978-1-4684-8263-8
7931:(1419): 269–281.
7660:978-0-7637-5286-6
7391:978-1-4398-6233-9
7361:978-3-540-42854-1
7334:978-1-109-14490-1
7308:978-0-07-304058-5
7235:10.1111/ede.12354
7186:10.1038/srep30580
7008:(14): 2105–2115.
6951:978-1-4832-5743-3
6924:978-3-662-05014-9
6860:978-0-8114-2346-5
6785:978-0-12-547665-2
6760:978-0-08-058531-4
6753:. pp. 263–.
6636:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
6634:Anguilla anguilla
6565:10.7717/peerj.692
6467:Isurus oxyrinchus
6447:978-0-226-11446-0
6386:10.1242/jeb.02056
6379:(Pt 4): 610–621.
6353:978-0-8117-2771-6
6316:978-0-521-46078-1
6191:978-1-908843-70-8
6152:978-0-03-030504-7
5847:(28): 8537–8542.
5607:978-0-226-04443-9
5488:10.1111/brv.12161
5449:10.1643/CG-14-184
5337:978-0-415-37562-7
5324:Biology of Fishes
5282:10.1111/dgd.12343
5254:10.1111/dgd.12088
5166:978-1-4051-4449-0
5055:978-1-84028-152-1
4872:by Bian Shoumin,
4855:Abraham Willaerts
4645:), scorpionfish (
4437:captured for food
4159:Sexual dimorphism
4076:humbug damselfish
4054:courting a female
3946:and the male by X
3815:; each egg has a
3775:Fish reproduction
3766:
3541:membrane fluidity
3517:European flounder
3276:mainly freshwater
3105:but they undergo
2967:Diversity of fish
2884:Osteoglossomorpha
2760:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2503:Berycimorphaceae
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2147:
2146:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
1894:
1893:
1885:(salamanderfish)
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1341:Osteoglossiformes
1303:Osteoglossomorpha
1254:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1182:
1181:
1025: (ray-fins)
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
704:Evolution of fish
488:tail (caudal) fin
293:
292:
277:
16:(Redirected from
11490:
11453:
11452:
11440:
11439:
11427:
11426:
11417:
11416:
11404:
11403:
11401:NHMSYS0000842093
11391:
11390:
11378:
11377:
11365:
11364:
11352:
11351:
11342:
11341:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11314:
11313:
11312:
11282:
11281:
11266:
11265:
11254:
11253:
11236:
11235:
10970:
10969:
10262:
10193:Ethnoichthyology
10164:
10157:
10150:
10141:
10140:
10112:Prehistoric life
10023:Pycnodontiformes
10021:
10006:Acipenseriformes
9976:
9943:
9925:
9912:
9911:
9775:
9720:Brindabellaspida
9697:
9692:
9691:
9635:Pteraspidomorphi
9624:
9591:
9556:
9555:
9540:
9539:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9517:
9511:
9506:
9505:
9498:
9479:
9468:
9459:
9452:
9437:
9415:
9398:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9330:
9329:
9296:Centrarchiformes
9271:Priacanthiformes
9266:Scatophagiformes
9221:Uranoscopiformes
9166:Istiophoriformes
9156:Synbranchiformes
9121:Holocentriformes
9088:Stylephoriformes
9040:Ateleopodiformes
8926:Gonorynchiformes
8870:Notacanthiformes
8848:
8847:
8844:
8826:Lepisosteiformes
8814:
8813:
8810:
8797:Acipenseriformes
8785:
8784:
8781:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8673:Data related to
8672:
8660:
8646:
8625:
8610:(2nd ed.).
8609:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8575:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8488:
8480:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8403:
8397:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8275:
8269:
8268:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8200:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8172:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8116:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8098:
8095:
8089:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7948:
7914:
7905:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7866:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7810:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7760:
7754:. Archived from
7753:
7744:
7733:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7688:
7685:
7674:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7584:. Archived from
7574:
7568:
7567:
7557:
7555:10.1643/i2020172
7533:
7527:
7526:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7473:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7426:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7197:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7082:
7073:
7072:
7040:
7034:
7033:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6971:Monthly Bulletin
6962:
6956:
6955:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6881:. Archived from
6880:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6848:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6805:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6689:Morelle, Rebecca
6685:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6608:. Archived from
6594:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6523:
6514:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6337:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6246:. Archived from
6235:
6229:
6228:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6180:. 2014. p.
6175:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6140:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6061:(7th ed.).
6054:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5795:
5763:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5721:. Archived from
5708:
5702:
5701:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5644:
5635:(1st ed.).
5618:
5612:
5611:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5523:
5508:
5507:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5408:(4): 1109–1113.
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5274:
5256:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5155:(3rd ed.).
5144:
5129:
5128:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5076:on 27 March 2020
5066:
5060:
5059:
5041:
5025:
4986:
4960:
4948:Lactoria cornuta
4939:
4920:
4909:Vincent van Gogh
4901:Still Life with
4897:
4885:
4866:
4839:
4826:
4823:
4810:
4800:
4797:
4787:
4729:religious symbol
4659:electric catfish
4649:) or stonefish (
4601:systems. In the
4548:Impact on stocks
4373:bluefin trevally
4300:Brood parasitism
4235:They receive no
3916:darter characine
3767:
3724:Sound production
3528:Thermoregulation
3452:Magnetoreception
3448:Electroreception
3396:mucous membranes
3366:Fish respiration
3250:Franz Josef Land
3212:in turbid water.
3078:. Some like the
3047:Regalecus glesne
3032:stout infantfish
2873:early Cretaceous
2640:
2639:
2618:
2617:
2601:Holocentriformes
2593:
2592:
2561:
2560:
2530:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2476:
2461:
2460:
2411:
2410:
2382:Stylephoriformes
2375:
2374:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2300:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2172:Ateleopodiformes
2164:
2163:
2138:
2137:
2111:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2036:
2007:
2006:
1987:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1939:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1796:
1775:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1661:
1649:Gonorynchiformes
1641:
1640:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1507:
1506:
1480:
1473:Notacanthiformes
1466:
1465:
1452:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1392:
1391:
1356:
1327:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1203:
1173:
1145:
1134:Lepisosteiformes
1124:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1082:Acipenseriformes
1072:
1071:
1055:
1030:
1029:
976:
947:
934:
933:
917:
901:
900:
884:
883:
869:
868:
852:
836:
835:
825:
824:
814:
813:
804:divergence dates
776:below shows the
676:cancellous bones
634:branchial arches
526:fishing industry
522:depiction in art
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
272:
210:
209:
183:Stegastes pictus
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
11498:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11456:
11448:
11443:
11435:
11430:
11422:
11420:
11412:
11407:
11399:
11394:
11386:
11381:
11373:
11368:
11360:
11355:
11347:
11345:
11337:
11332:
11323:
11322:
11317:
11308:
11307:
11302:
11289:
11279:
11274:
11242:
11166:
11095:
11006:
10959:
10898:
10829:
10722:
10716:
10668:
10612:Ichthyoplankton
10578:
10510:
10503:
10499:Digital Library
10494:Teleost leptins
10433:Shark cartilage
10357:pharyngeal slit
10352:pharyngeal arch
10288:Anguilliformity
10273:
10271:
10263:
10254:
10173:
10168:
10138:
10133:
10126:
10100:
10044:
9992:Polypteriformes
9961:
9955:Tetrapodomorpha
9901:
9835:Hybodontiformes
9809:
9786:Acanthodiformes
9768:
9677:
9617:
9607:Paraconodontida
9584:
9552:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9534:
9512:
9500:
9490:
9409:Cephalochordate
9380:
9362:
9357:
9327:
9310:
9306:Scorpaeniformes
9246:Acanthuriformes
9206:Gobiesociformes
9146:Syngnathiformes
9103:Acanthopterygii
9097:
9064:
9060:Polymixiiformes
9024:
9001:
8982:Argentiniformes
8968:
8950:
8902:
8879:
8840:
8835:
8806:
8801:
8777:
8772:
8768:Polypteriformes
8754:
8716:
8709:
8653:
8643:
8622:
8612:Wiley-Blackwell
8607:
8597:
8592:
8582:
8580:
8573:
8567:
8563:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8498:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8351:
8347:
8337:
8335:
8328:
8324:
8314:
8312:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8286:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8265:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8201:
8190:
8180:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8096:
8092:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8033:
8029:
8019:
8017:
7985:
7981:
7966:
7962:
7915:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7774:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7745:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7653:. p. 370.
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7534:
7530:
7491:
7487:
7471:10.1002/jez.401
7444:
7440:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7309:
7295:
7291:
7264:
7260:
7215:
7211:
7158:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7135:
7131:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7041:
7037:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6839:
6835:
6820:10.2307/1447796
6803:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6772:
6768:
6761:
6741:
6737:
6727:
6725:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6686:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6542:
6538:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6406:
6402:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6340:Stackpole Books
6328:
6324:
6317:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6280:on 5 March 2016
6268:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6236:
6232:
6219:(11): 670–680.
6203:
6199:
6192:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6131:
6127:
6074:
6070:
6055:
6051:
6004:
6000:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5938:
5895:
5888:
5831:
5827:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5725:on 11 July 2017
5709:
5705:
5680:
5676:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5588:
5581:
5524:
5511:
5468:
5464:
5443:(4): 999–1025.
5433:
5429:
5414:10.2307/1447369
5396:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5378:Merriam-Webster
5372:
5371:
5367:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5328:Garland Science
5320:
5316:
5302:
5294:
5292:
5275:
5233:
5229:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5145:
5132:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5028:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4971:
4961:
4952:
4940:
4931:
4921:
4912:
4898:
4889:
4886:
4877:
4867:
4858:
4840:
4831:
4829:Poggio a Caiano
4824:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4733:Renaissance art
4705:
4627:
4591:organochlorines
4580:population off
4550:
4433:
4422:in the sea off
4413:
4408:
4406:Fish in culture
4402:
4386:
4365:
4353:largemouth bass
4316:
4296:Lake Tanganyika
4289:banjo catfishes
4250:" male seahorse
4232:
4211:
4145:butterflyfishes
4078:, cichlids and
4072:Nassau groupers
4044:
3972:
3970:Hermaphroditism
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3869:
3777:
3760:
3758:
3726:
3673:
3671:Fish locomotion
3648:
3605:
3530:
3482:
3454:
3428:
3426:Sensory systems
3412:labyrinth organ
3372:
3354:
3349:
3347:Fish physiology
3343:
3335:hadal snailfish
3234:
3208:enabling it to
3123:winter flounder
2969:
2963:
2928:Acanthopterygii
2898:(herrings) and
2858:Middle Jurassic
2845:
2761:
2751:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2634:
2612:
2580:
2571:
2555:
2548:pinecone fishes
2487:Acanthopterygii
2469:Polymixiiformes
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2405:
2327:
2241:
2175:
2148:
2132:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2001:
1967:
1934:(marine smelts)
1932:Argentiniformes
1895:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1766:(knifefish and
1737:
1656:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1501:
1441:Japanese gissus
1410:
1376:
1367:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1183:
1040:Polypteriformes
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
878:
727:, "complete" +
711:
706:
700:
646:pectoral girdle
630:pharyngeal jaws
611:adductor muscle
568:
560:Main articles:
558:
496:caudal peduncle
392:
362:
358:
303:
299:
271:
259:Teleosteomorpha
204:
178:Acanthuriformes
147:Mesonauta acora
132:Syngnathiformes
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11496:
11486:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11441:
11428:
11418:
11405:
11392:
11379:
11370:Fauna Europaea
11366:
11353:
11343:
11330:
11315:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11260:
11247:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11230:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11218:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11147:
11146:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11118:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11016:
11014:
11012:Wild fisheries
11008:
11007:
11005:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10978:
10976:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10935:Hallucinogenic
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10906:
10904:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10838:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10810:Schooling fish
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10770:Filter feeders
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10745:Bottom feeders
10742:
10737:
10732:
10726:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10678:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10588:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10474:
10473:
10472:
10467:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10446:
10445:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10391:Leydig's organ
10388:
10387:
10386:
10384:pharyngeal jaw
10381:
10371:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10337:branchial arch
10329:
10328:
10327:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10300:
10290:
10285:
10279:
10277:
10265:
10264:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10175:
10174:
10167:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10144:
10135:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10008:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9983:
9982:
9971:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9945:Porolepiformes
9934:
9929:
9920:
9918:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9892:
9890:Symmoriiformes
9886:
9880:
9874:
9872:Eugeneodontida
9862:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9843:
9837:
9831:
9823:Elasmobranchii
9819:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9792:Climatiiformes
9788:
9781:
9779:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9759:
9752:
9750:Acanthothoraci
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9726:Petalichthyida
9722:
9716:
9710:
9703:
9701:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9630:
9628:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9609:
9603:
9600:Protoconodonta
9595:
9593:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9570:
9564:
9562:
9553:
9546:
9545:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9475:
9471:Myllokunmingia
9448:
9443:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9390:
9388:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9333:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9291:Pempheriformes
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9186:Atheriniformes
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9161:Anabantiformes
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9078:Percopsiformes
9074:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9050:Myctophiformes
9047:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9031:incertae sedis
9026:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9011:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8960:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8898:Hiodontiformes
8895:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8875:Anguilliformes
8872:
8867:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8845:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8822:
8820:
8811:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8793:
8791:
8782:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8764:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8713:Actinopterygii
8708:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8677:at Wikispecies
8666:
8652:
8651:External links
8649:
8648:
8647:
8641:
8626:
8620:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8561:
8518:
8496:
8475:
8451:
8444:
8425:
8418:
8398:
8389:
8368:
8345:
8322:
8296:
8270:
8263:
8244:
8222:
8215:
8188:
8159:
8152:
8126:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8081:
8072:
8045:(2): 223–251.
8027:
8001:(4): 619–631.
7979:
7960:
7906:
7897:
7888:
7823:
7811:
7802:
7793:
7784:
7772:
7734:
7725:
7716:
7707:
7698:
7689:
7675:
7666:
7659:
7635:
7626:
7599:
7569:
7528:
7501:(4): 347–353.
7485:
7464:(9): 542–547.
7438:
7397:
7390:
7367:
7360:
7340:
7333:
7314:
7307:
7289:
7278:(4): 246–259.
7258:
7229:(5): 384–402.
7209:
7152:
7129:
7100:
7074:
7035:
6988:
6977:on 15 May 2013
6957:
6950:
6930:
6923:
6917:. p. 26.
6899:
6888:on 6 July 2011
6866:
6859:
6833:
6814:(3): 663–675.
6791:
6784:
6766:
6759:
6751:Academic Press
6735:
6709:
6680:
6657:
6623:
6589:
6536:
6515:
6506:
6479:(1): 139–144.
6453:
6446:
6426:
6400:
6359:
6352:
6322:
6315:
6291:
6261:
6250:on 17 May 2003
6230:
6197:
6190:
6158:
6151:
6125:
6068:
6065:. p. 297.
6049:
5998:
5957:
5948:
5936:
5909:(3): 402–433.
5886:
5825:
5758:
5747:
5736:
5703:
5692:(2): 165–223.
5674:
5651:2027.42/150563
5613:
5606:
5600:. p. 55.
5579:
5509:
5482:(1): 106–147.
5462:
5427:
5390:
5365:
5343:
5336:
5330:. p. 29.
5314:
5227:
5201:
5172:
5165:
5130:
5127:(Online). n.d.
5110:
5087:
5061:
5054:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4880:
4878:
4876:, 18th century
4868:
4861:
4859:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4812:
4805:
4803:
4789:
4782:
4717:Ancient Greece
4704:
4701:
4626:
4623:
4574:global warming
4549:
4546:
4532:specimens and
4429:Main article:
4412:
4409:
4404:Main article:
4401:
4398:
4382:Main article:
4364:
4361:
4349:European perch
4341:axial skeleton
4315:
4312:
4304:cuckoo catfish
4268:cardinalfishes
4210:
4207:
4183:ossified ridge
4080:creole wrasses
4068:Baltic herring
4043:
4042:Mating tactics
4040:
3976:hermaphroditic
3971:
3968:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3868:
3865:
3807:in the family
3793:Chondrichthyes
3757:
3754:
3725:
3722:
3669:Main article:
3647:
3644:
3640:rete mirabilis
3604:
3601:
3572:metabolic heat
3550:metabolic rate
3529:
3526:
3481:
3480:Osmoregulation
3478:
3474:spatial memory
3462:chemoreceptors
3427:
3424:
3406:) in mud. The
3353:
3350:
3342:
3339:
3265:desert pupfish
3242:desert pupfish
3233:
3230:
3199:The knifefish
3004:filter feeders
2962:
2959:
2936:cycloid scales
2932:ctenoid scales
2869:Early Triassic
2865:Early Triassic
2844:
2841:
2831:Actinopterygii
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2609:soldier fishes
2597:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2326:(troutperches)
2324:Percopsiformes
2320:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2277:
2275:Lampripterygii
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2234:Myctophiformes
2230:
2229:Scopelomorpha
2224:
2222:
2221:Ctenosquamata
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:Lepidogalaxii
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1494:Anguilliformes
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1349:elephantfishes
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1316:Hiodontiformes
1312:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1023:Actinopterygii
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
937:
932:
930:
924:
923:
920:
919:
907:
899:
897:
891:
890:
887:
886:
872:
867:
865:
859:
858:
855:
854:
842:
834:
832:
823:
821:
812:
802:. Approximate
710:
707:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
692:articular bone
579:Distinguishing
557:
554:
511:hermaphrodites
437:. Over 26,000
419:Actinopterygii
291:
290:
284:
283:
279:
278:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
249:Actinopterygii
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
198:
197:
189:Incertae sedis
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11495:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11451:
11446:
11442:
11438:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11419:
11415:
11410:
11406:
11402:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11340:
11335:
11331:
11326:
11320:
11316:
11311:
11305:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11283:
11271:
11270:
11261:
11259:
11258:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11239:
11238:more lists...
11231:
11229:
11226:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11193:Fish families
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11178:Aquarium life
11176:
11175:
11173:
11169:
11161:
11160:fleshy-finned
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11151:
11148:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11128:Cartilaginous
11126:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11075:
11072:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11048:
11045:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10962:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10832:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10765:Electric fish
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10719:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10671:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10581:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10506:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10478:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10396:Mauthner cell
10394:
10392:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10330:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10315:Chromatophore
10313:
10311:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10160:
10158:
10153:
10151:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10129:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10097:
10094:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10079:cartilaginous
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9980:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9887:
9885:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9815:Cartilaginous
9812:
9806:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9771:
9764:
9763:Stensioellida
9760:
9757:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9739:
9738:Ptyctodontida
9735:
9733:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9709:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9684:
9672:
9668:
9666:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9620:
9614:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9587:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9541:
9538:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9497:
9484:
9483:
9482:Zhongxiniscus
9476:
9473:
9472:
9464:
9463:
9462:Haikouichthys
9455:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9394:
9393:Basal member
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9365:
9361:
9354:
9349:
9347:
9342:
9340:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Lutjaniformes
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9236:Ephippiformes
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9211:Blenniiformes
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9171:Carangiformes
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9151:Scombriformes
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9126:Ophidiiformes
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8992:Salmoniformes
8990:
8988:
8987:Galaxiiformes
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8956:Lepidogalaxii
8953:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8941:Gymnotiformes
8939:
8937:
8936:Characiformes
8934:
8932:
8931:Cypriniformes
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8838:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8747:
8745:
8744:Gnathostomata
8741:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8714:
8706:
8701:
8699:
8694:
8692:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8676:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8606:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8506:
8500:
8492:
8486:
8478:
8472:
8469:. p. 3.
8468:
8464:
8463:
8455:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8415:
8411:
8410:
8402:
8393:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8372:
8356:
8349:
8333:
8326:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8266:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8248:
8232:
8226:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8176:
8169:
8163:
8155:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8121:
8112:
8103:
8094:
8085:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8031:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7911:
7901:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7849:(6): e38120.
7848:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7818:
7816:
7806:
7797:
7788:
7779:
7777:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7729:
7720:
7711:
7702:
7693:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7670:
7662:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7639:
7630:
7614:
7610:
7607:Lobel, P. S.
7603:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7393:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7374:
7372:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7344:
7336:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7318:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7104:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6934:
6926:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6739:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6668:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6469:(Lamnidae)".
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6430:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6326:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6295:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5740:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5306:
5298:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5247:(8): 687–98.
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5224:(4): 319–342.
5223:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5190:(2): 81–172.
5189:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4928:Ernst Haeckel
4925:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4870:Mandarin Fish
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4793:
4792:Ancient Egypt
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4761:Ernst Haeckel
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4709:Ancient Egypt
4700:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:spermatogonia
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:freeze-drying
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:mouthbrooding
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:sea catfishes
4261:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:parental care
4231:
4230:Parental care
4223:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4191:rainbowfishes
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:triggerfishes
4118:
4117:surgeonfishes
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3929:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3888:gonochoristic
3881:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:ovoviviparous
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:pectoral fins
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3663:pectoral fins
3660:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:polar regions
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:in which the
3569:
3564:
3561:
3560:fast-swimming
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3495:spawn in the
3494:
3493:American eels
3490:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:, salmon and
3292:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:mainly marine
3266:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:electric eels
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:snubnosed eel
3179:
3175:
3174:ectoparasites
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:metamorphosis
3104:
3100:
3099:demersal fish
3097:Flatfish are
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:pectoral fins
3056:
3048:
3044:
3043:giant oarfish
3039:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:ocean sunfish
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:giant oarfish
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2980:Serrasalmidae
2977:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2955:Salmoniformes
2952:
2951:Characiformes
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:includes the
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2756:310 mya
2755:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2737:240 mya
2736:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2709:175 mya
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2258:Acanthomorpha
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:(lizardfish)
2205:
2198:
2197:
2191:Eurypterygia
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:(dragonfish)
2105:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2069:225 mya
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Salmoniformes
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:Galaxiiformes
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:230 mya
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:electric eels
1765:
1764:Gymnotiformes
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Characiformes
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:Cypriniformes
1681:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1608:Alepocephali
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:Clupeocephala
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:250 mya
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1238:400 mya
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:360 mya
1218:
1217:
1209:310 mya
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:275 mya
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
981:
980:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
942:
936:
935:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
916:
912:
906:
903:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
877:
871:
870:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
853:
851:
847:
841:
838:
837:
830:
829:Sarcopterygii
827:
826:
819:
816:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
761:. During the
760:
757:
753:
752:
751:Pholidophorus
747:
746:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
715:ichthyologist
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:basibranchial
593:and unpaired
592:
588:
587:neural arches
584:
580:
572:
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
456:
452:
448:
447:ocean sunfish
444:
443:giant oarfish
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:in the class
416:
410:
356:
352:
349:"complete" +
348:
345:
339:
297:
289:
285:
282:Subdivisions
280:
275:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
199:
195:
194:Pomacentridae
191:
190:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
142:Characiformes
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
18:Clupeocephala
11294:
11267:
11255:
11155:spiny-finned
11104:Major groups
10825:Intelligence
10805:Scale eaters
10750:Cleaner fish
10632:Mouthbrooder
10584:Reproduction
10559:Schreckstoff
10544:Lateral line
10460:Swim bladder
10450:Spiral valve
10379:hyomandibula
10362:pseudobranch
10245:Hypoxia in -
10069:spiny sharks
10037:
10028:Halecomorphi
9847:Xenacanthida
9732:Phyllolepida
9665:Pituriaspida
9626:Ostracoderms
9560:Cyclostomata
9550:Jawless fish
9499:
9480:
9469:
9460:
9438:
9416:
9399:
9281:Lophiiformes
9276:Caproiformes
9256:Lobotiformes
9231:Moroniformes
9216:Gerreiformes
9201:Mugiliformes
9196:Beloniformes
9181:Cichliformes
9111:Beryciformes
9055:Lampriformes
9045:Aulopiformes
9029:
9020:Stomiiformes
9015:Osmeriformes
8946:Siluriformes
8916:Clupeiformes
8865:Albuliformes
8841:
8750:Osteichthyes
8742:Infraphylum
8631:
8603:
8595:Bibliography
8581:. Retrieved
8564:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8509:. Retrieved
8499:
8461:
8454:
8434:
8428:
8408:
8401:
8392:
8381:
8371:
8359:. Retrieved
8348:
8336:. Retrieved
8325:
8313:. Retrieved
8309:the original
8299:
8287:. Retrieved
8283:the original
8273:
8253:
8247:
8235:. Retrieved
8225:
8205:
8179:. Retrieved
8174:
8162:
8135:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8102:
8093:
8084:
8075:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8020:15 September
8018:. Retrieved
7998:
7992:
7982:
7969:
7963:
7928:
7922:
7900:
7891:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7826:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7763:. Retrieved
7756:the original
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7669:
7645:
7638:
7629:
7617:. Retrieved
7613:the original
7602:
7590:. Retrieved
7586:the original
7581:
7572:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7441:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7380:
7350:
7343:
7323:
7317:
7298:
7292:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7143:. Retrieved
7132:
7118:(1): 26–28.
7115:
7109:
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7052:
7048:
7038:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6979:. Retrieved
6975:the original
6970:
6960:
6940:
6933:
6909:
6902:
6890:. Retrieved
6883:the original
6869:
6844:
6836:
6811:
6807:
6794:
6775:
6769:
6745:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6722:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6696:
6683:
6671:. Retrieved
6660:
6648:. Retrieved
6639:
6633:
6626:
6614:. Retrieved
6610:the original
6601:
6592:
6555:
6549:
6539:
6509:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6436:
6429:
6417:. Retrieved
6403:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6333:
6325:
6301:
6294:
6282:. Retrieved
6278:the original
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6248:the original
6243:
6233:
6216:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6171:
6136:
6128:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6058:
6052:
6017:
6011:
6001:
5976:
5970:
5960:
5951:
5906:
5903:Paleobiology
5902:
5844:
5838:
5828:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5750:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5723:the original
5716:
5706:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5632:
5626:
5616:
5592:
5537:
5531:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5381:. Retrieved
5368:
5359:
5355:
5323:
5317:
5303:{{
5295:{{
5244:
5240:
5230:
5221:
5217:
5204:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5152:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5074:the original
5064:
5045:
5039:
4984:
4963:
4946:
4943:Ostraciontes
4942:
4923:
4900:
4874:Qing dynasty
4869:
4851:Willem Ormea
4846:
4817:
4764:
4725:Christianity
4711:, acquiring
4706:
4683:
4655:electric eel
4651:Synanceiidae
4647:Scorpaenidae
4640:
4615:
4587:heavy metals
4582:Newfoundland
4578:Atlantic cod
4563:
4527:
4511:fish fingers
4495:fermentation
4484:
4465:
4434:
4420:Fish farming
4387:
4345:squirrelfish
4338:
4325:
4293:
4280:banded acara
4253:
4233:
4203:Oncorhynchus
4202:
4196:
4157:
4134:
4131:Lek breeding
4129:
4057:
4034:In deep-sea
4033:
4024:
4018:
3989:
3983:
3973:
3909:
3885:
3859:Oncorhynchus
3857:
3851:
3836:
3821:water column
3778:
3734:stridulation
3727:
3674:
3624:swim bladder
3617:
3613:swim bladder
3554:
3538:
3534:cold-blooded
3531:
3506:
3455:
3436:lateral line
3420:Loricariidae
3381:
3377:swim bladder
3373:
3320:
3311:Sargasso Sea
3307:European eel
3295:striped bass
3288:
3269:
3235:
3232:Distribution
3215:
3200:
3143:
3096:
3052:
3046:
3025:
3017:Leedsichthys
3015:
2985:
2940:
2924:Neoteleostei
2917:
2900:Ostariophysi
2896:Clupeiformes
2888:leptocephali
2877:
2862:
2851:
2762:
2630:
2605:squirrelfish
2599:
2542:
2515:Beryciformes
2513:
2471:(beardfish)
2467:
2396:
2380:
2352:
2322:
2281:Lampriformes
2279:
2232:
2204:Aulopiformes
2202:
2174:(jellynoses)
2170:
2167:Ateleopodia
2158:Neoteleostei
2125:Osmeriformes
2123:
2104:Stomiiformes
2102:
2019:
1992:
1966:, mudfishes)
1958:
1930:
1881:
1789:Siluriformes
1787:
1762:
1724:
1684:
1647:
1635:Ostariophysi
1611:
1580:Clupeiformes
1578:
1492:
1471:
1437:Albuliformes
1435:
1397:
1339:
1314:
1277:
1261:
1249:Osteichthyes
1196:
1195:
1160:
1156:Halecomorphi
1132:
1090:paddlefishes
1080:
1038:
959:
939:
911:Lissamphibia
909:
874:
844:
818:Euteleostomi
771:
749:
745:Prohalecites
743:
728:
724:
712:
688:angular bone
669:
654:
627:
599:neurocranium
585:, elongated
577:
562:Fish anatomy
519:
500:
494:ends at the
464:
453:
354:
350:
346:
295:
294:
287:
274:J. P. Müller
268:
255:Infraclass:
187:
181:
171:
168:Siluriformes
161:
155:
152:Cichliformes
145:
135:
125:
29:
11478:Neopterygii
11319:Wikispecies
11269:WikiProject
11228:Prehistoric
11212:Threatened
10903:Other types
10800:Sardine run
10775:Forage fish
10755:Corallivory
10607:Development
10592:Bubble nest
10465:physoclisti
10455:Suckermouth
10428:Root effect
10250:Ichthyology
10089:lobe-finned
10015:Neopterygii
10001:Chondrostei
9937:Rhipidistia
9916:Lobe-finned
9866:Holocephali
9671:Osteostraci
9573:Hyperoartia
9418:Cathaymyrus
9386:Forerunners
9301:Perciformes
9261:Spariformes
9226:Labriformes
9141:Gobiiformes
9136:Kurtiformes
8997:Esociformes
8860:Elopiformes
8852:Elopomorpha
8808:Neopterygii
8789:Chondrostei
8779:Actinopteri
8748:Superclass
8534:(1): 5–23.
8511:15 February
8237:10 February
8181:10 February
7747:Laying, E.
7619:17 February
7592:17 February
7548:(1): 1–12.
6342:. pp.
6063:McGraw-Hill
5729:30 December
5012:), and the
5002:Chondrostei
4825: 1610
4799: 1422
4566:overfishing
4455:, tuna and
4284:nurseryfish
4256:"preadapts"
4187:killifishes
4171:dolphinfish
4060:promiscuous
4052:desert goby
4014:lightfishes
3960:Temperature
3912:Neotropical
3892:genetically
3843:cannibalism
3809:Poeciliidae
3714:Flying fish
3678:coral reefs
3655:Flying fish
3620:Actinopteri
3587:and in the
3563:ocean-going
3491:challenge:
3470:mental maps
3408:anabantoids
3404:aestivation
3392:Mudskippers
3352:Respiration
3327:scaly osman
3323:brown trout
3315:Gulf Stream
3303:catadromous
3150:host animal
3076:ambush prey
2998:species of
2943:adipose fin
2920:Euteleostei
2880:Elopomorpha
2833:, from the
2632:Percomorpha
2523:whalefishes
2238:lanternfish
1994:Esociformes
1862:Euteleostei
1644:Anotophysa
1403:tenpounders
1399:Elopiformes
1386:Elopomorpha
1345:bonytongues
1108:Neopterygii
1076:Chondrostei
1066:Actinopteri
863:Rhipidistia
846:Coelacanths
425:species of
11467:Categories
10884:Groundfish
10879:Freshwater
10874:Euryhaline
10859:Coral reef
10795:Salmon run
10785:Paedophagy
10687:Amphibious
10674:Locomotion
10482:pharyngeal
10470:physostome
10423:Photophore
10369:Glossohyal
10342:gill raker
10325:dorsal fin
10275:physiology
10074:placoderms
10033:Ginglymodi
9967:Ray-finned
9932:Coelacanth
9777:Acanthodii
9714:Arthrodira
9699:Placoderms
9687:Jawed fish
9659:Galeaspida
9641:Thelodonti
9440:Haikouella
9431:Olfactores
9093:Gadiformes
8908:Otocephala
8831:Amiiformes
8738:Vertebrata
8736:Subphylum
6728:5 February
6702:5 February
6616:12 January
6088:(1): 197.
5778:(1): 162.
5362:: 339–456.
5032:References
5010:paddlefish
4964:Fish Magic
4951:in centre.
4737:still life
4643:Plotosidae
4595:carbamates
4538:Sea wolves
4519:vitamins A
4333:planktonic
4141:monogamous
4125:tilefishes
4109:damselfish
4036:anglerfish
4010:sea breams
4002:sea basses
3994:parrotfish
3801:viviparous
3738:Sciaenidae
3682:seagrasses
3646:Locomotion
3611:A teleost
3589:deep ocean
3558:and other
3501:freshwater
3400:Swamp eels
3384:amphibious
3341:Physiology
3238:freshwater
3158:sea turtle
3152:such as a
3064:camouflage
2892:Otocephala
2801:pufferfish
2797:anglerfish
2552:slimeheads
2519:alfonsinos
2398:Gadiformes
2293:ribbonfish
1791:(catfish)
1617:slickheads
1564:Otocephala
1445:bonefishes
1162:Amiiformes
1128:Ginglymodi
1048:reedfishes
961:Sauropsida
840:Actinistia
733:stem group
657:homocercal
622:homocercal
591:caudal fin
583:premaxilla
515:viviparous
481:. In more
467:premaxilla
451:anglerfish
415:infraclass
265:Division:
11473:Teleostei
11339:Teleostei
11325:Teleostei
11295:Teleostei
11133:chimaeras
11020:Predatory
10997:Salmonids
10955:Whitefish
10945:Poisonous
10920:Diversity
10854:Coldwater
10790:Predatory
10780:Migratory
10740:Bait ball
10723:behaviour
10642:Pregnancy
10637:Polyandry
10411:papillare
10406:Operculum
10401:Meristics
10347:gill slit
10310:Cleithrum
10240:Fish kill
10230:Fear of -
10223:- as food
10213:Fisheries
10198:Evolution
10188:Diversity
10132:† extinct
9987:Cladistia
9744:Rhenanida
9708:Antiarchi
9613:Conodonta
9592:Conodonts
9083:Zeiformes
8842:Teleostei
8760:Cladistia
8675:Teleostei
8663:Teleostei
8635:. Wiley.
8485:cite book
8289:3 January
7765:7 January
7564:245914602
7172:: 30580.
7145:6 January
7093:6 January
7061:0081-1386
7055:: 67–93.
7022:0022-0949
6981:6 January
6673:6 January
6650:2 January
6419:2 January
6254:9 January
6102:2399-3642
5802:1471-2148
5374:"Teleost"
5305:retracted
5297:retracted
5196:2246/1224
5119:"teleost"
5107:(1): 129.
5014:Cladistia
5006:sturgeons
4968:Paul Klee
4924:Teleostei
4671:barracuda
4635:zebrafish
4599:endocrine
4570:pollution
4542:Isinglass
4515:fishcakes
4509:fillets,
4377:anchovies
4272:jawfishes
4088:Polyandry
4029:clownfish
4006:flatheads
3956:zebrafish
3928:wolf fish
3895:Both the
3876:Clownfish
3847:halfbeaks
3825:Goodeidae
3783:, having
3781:oviparous
3746:resonator
3636:esophagus
3593:swordfish
3581:myoglobin
3532:Fish are
3370:Fish gill
3284:migrating
3222:knifefish
3186:scavenger
3170:commensal
3134:Commensal
3055:torpedoes
3008:parasites
2976:Predatory
2961:Diversity
2773:seahorses
2763:The most
2356:(dories)
2354:Zeiformes
1964:whitebait
1278:Teleostei
1264:phylogeny
1197:Teleostei
1086:sturgeons
1034:Cladistia
895:Tetrapoda
789:tetrapods
774:cladogram
756:Paleozoic
680:holostean
672:calcified
661:Paleozoic
650:hyoid bar
542:aquariums
534:for sport
475:grab prey
460:seahorses
296:Teleostei
288:See text
269:Teleostei
225:Kingdom:
219:Eukaryota
122:Castelnau
11362:46582210
11346:BioLib:
11304:Wikidata
11257:Category
11208:Smallest
11121:lampreys
11084:flatfish
11074:Demersal
11030:mackerel
11025:billfish
10965:Commerce
10894:Tropical
10869:Demersal
10864:Deep-sea
10820:Venomous
10712:RoboTuna
10662:triggers
10657:Spawning
10617:Juvenile
10602:Egg case
10235:FishBase
9950:Lungfish
9895:Chimaera
9647:Anaspida
9446:Tunicate
9424:Lancelet
9007:Stomiati
8818:Holostei
8732:Chordata
8726:Animalia
8724:Kingdom
8583:30 April
8556:33458630
8383:Discover
8067:19242013
7955:11958696
7883:22701606
7842:PLOS ONE
7523:24966029
7480:17620306
7433:19561218
7253:33463017
7204:27466206
7030:10862723
6915:Springer
6723:BBC News
6697:BBC News
6602:Fish FAQ
6584:25538869
6558:: e692.
6501:37865366
6395:16449556
6120:31149641
6044:24598422
5993:11551984
5931:90207334
5881:26124114
5820:28683774
5669:23653398
5574:22869754
5496:25431138
5457:85808890
5383:20 April
5290:28255986
5263:24102138
5022:reedfish
4990:Holostei
4903:Mackerel
4801:–1411 BC
4749:Magritte
4697:mutagens
4689:genetics
4657:and the
4530:aquarium
4507:battered
4457:mackerel
4424:Scotland
4357:Rockfish
4328:demersal
4260:discuses
4248:Pregnant
4199:bluegill
4101:sculpins
4093:Polygyny
4084:Polygamy
3817:yolk sac
3706:Gurnards
3694:pipefish
3690:seahorse
3628:mackerel
3603:Buoyancy
3325:and the
3252:, up to
3136:fish: a
3094:spines.
3092:venomous
3084:lionfish
2992:families
2990:and 448
2871:through
2835:Devonian
2805:Cenozoic
2785:flatfish
2781:cichlids
2091:Stomiati
1734:piranhas
1673:Otophysa
1653:milkfish
1584:herrings
1320:mooneyes
1118:Holostei
965:reptiles
905:Amphibia
876:Lungfish
797:Devonian
767:Cenozoic
763:Mesozoic
737:Triassic
690:and the
665:hypurals
566:Fish jaw
546:genetics
435:families
433:and 448
355:teleosts
239:Chordata
235:Phylum:
229:Animalia
215:Domain:
11310:Q204861
11203:Largest
11116:hagfish
11111:Jawless
11089:pollock
11062:sardine
11057:herring
11052:anchovy
11002:Tilapia
10992:Octopus
10987:Catfish
10974:Farming
10889:Pelagic
10849:Coastal
10836:habitat
10692:Walking
10597:Clasper
10549:Otolith
10511:systems
10509:Sensory
10443:ganoine
10418:Papilla
10269:Anatomy
10208:Fishing
10105:Related
10038:Teleost
9578:Lamprey
9568:Hagfish
8730:Phylum
8711:Extant
8536:Bibcode
8338:8 April
8315:8 April
8047:Bibcode
8015:7382520
7946:1692951
7874:3368943
7851:Bibcode
7503:Bibcode
7244:8013215
7195:4964569
7174:Bibcode
7069:3332497
6828:1447796
6575:4266852
6481:Bibcode
6284:9 April
6137:Zoology
6111:6533251
6059:Zoology
6035:3953844
5911:Bibcode
5872:4507219
5849:Bibcode
5811:5501477
5780:Bibcode
5718:Deepfin
5660:3644299
5565:3427055
5542:Bibcode
5504:5332637
5422:1447369
5271:5073184
5080:14 June
5018:bichirs
5000:), the
4994:bowfins
4757:Picasso
4753:Matisse
4735:, with
4675:catfish
4667:piranha
4611:oogonia
4503:canning
4491:salting
4487:smoking
4472:catfish
4468:tilapia
4453:anchovy
4449:pollock
4441:herring
4431:Fishing
4105:darters
4097:sunfish
4064:Guppies
3998:wrasses
3833:Oophagy
3632:minnows
3513:diffuse
3509:osmosis
3489:Osmotic
3386:. Some
3331:Kashmir
3178:catfish
3146:Remoras
3041:A rare
2818:ca. 66
2814:at the
2793:perches
2765:diverse
2285:oarfish
2199:Aulopa
1698:loaches
1690:minnows
1407:tarpons
1044:bichirs
941:Mammals
928:Amniota
793:evolved
791:) that
725:teleios
684:dentary
603:maxilla
556:Anatomy
530:anglers
483:derived
439:species
347:teleios
245:Class:
35:Teleost
11450:293496
11437:133643
11421:NZOR:
11388:161105
11221:sharks
11138:sharks
11067:sprats
11047:Forage
11035:salmon
10915:Coarse
10697:Flying
10569:Vision
10524:Barbel
10438:Scales
10298:dermal
10178:About
9401:Pikaia
8639:
8618:
8554:
8473:
8442:
8416:
8261:
8213:
8150:
8065:
8013:
7953:
7943:
7881:
7871:
7657:
7562:
7521:
7478:
7431:
7388:
7358:
7331:
7305:
7251:
7241:
7202:
7192:
7067:
7059:
7028:
7020:
6948:
6921:
6892:28 May
6857:
6826:
6808:Copeia
6782:
6757:
6582:
6572:
6499:
6444:
6393:
6350:
6346:–138.
6313:
6188:
6149:
6118:
6108:
6100:
6042:
6032:
5991:
5929:
5879:
5869:
5818:
5808:
5800:
5667:
5657:
5604:
5572:
5562:
5502:
5494:
5455:
5437:Copeia
5420:
5401:Copeia
5334:
5288:
5284:,
5269:
5261:
5218:Cybium
5163:
5052:
4911:, 1886
4857:, 1636
4771:Goethe
4703:In art
4685:Medaka
4661:, can
4593:, and
4489:, and
4390:shoals
4224:, 1879
3829:uterus
3811:, are
3742:grunts
3698:Gobies
3688:, the
3597:marlin
3521:sodium
3450:, and
3301:, are
3280:salmon
3138:remora
3066:; the
2996:extant
2988:orders
2799:, and
2789:wrasse
2777:gobies
2025:salmon
1730:tetras
1574:Clupei
1496:(true
1166:bowfin
800:period
785:clades
782:extant
740:period
729:osteon
686:, the
648:, and
624:) tail
538:farmed
507:larvae
431:orders
423:extant
351:osteon
276:, 1845
11445:WoRMS
11414:32443
11375:16347
11349:15476
11183:Blind
11171:Lists
10950:Rough
10815:Sleep
10721:Other
10487:shark
10477:Teeth
10057:Lists
9857:Shark
8608:(PDF)
8574:(PDF)
8552:S2CID
8386:: 52.
8361:1 May
8357:. BBC
8171:(PDF)
8063:S2CID
7759:(PDF)
7752:(PDF)
7560:S2CID
7519:S2CID
6886:(PDF)
6879:(PDF)
6824:JSTOR
6804:(PDF)
6551:PeerJ
6497:S2CID
6143:67–69
5927:S2CID
5500:S2CID
5453:S2CID
5418:JSTOR
5301:with
5267:S2CID
5214:(PDF)
4976:Notes
4727:as a
4603:roach
4493:, or
4169:. In
4113:harem
4050:Male
3718:glide
3686:algae
3659:glide
3360:Gills
3291:spawn
3162:shark
3154:whale
3086:have
2949:. In
2904:scute
2129:smelt
2029:trout
1694:carps
969:birds
722:Greek
642:basal
638:gills
492:spine
344:Greek
11409:NCBI
11383:ITIS
11216:rays
11150:Bony
11143:rays
11040:tuna
10982:Carp
10940:Oily
10925:Game
10910:Bait
10844:Cave
10627:Milt
10332:Gill
10320:Fins
10293:Bone
10180:fish
10171:Fish
10084:bony
9907:Bony
9371:Fish
8637:ISBN
8616:ISBN
8585:2016
8513:2016
8491:link
8471:ISBN
8440:ISBN
8414:ISBN
8363:2016
8340:2016
8317:2016
8291:2016
8259:ISBN
8239:2016
8211:ISBN
8183:2016
8148:ISBN
8022:2013
8011:PMID
7951:PMID
7879:PMID
7767:2016
7655:ISBN
7621:2017
7594:2017
7476:PMID
7429:PMID
7386:ISBN
7356:ISBN
7329:ISBN
7303:ISBN
7249:PMID
7200:PMID
7147:2016
7095:2016
7065:PMID
7057:ISSN
7026:PMID
7018:ISSN
6983:2016
6946:ISBN
6919:ISBN
6894:2009
6855:ISBN
6845:Fish
6812:1998
6780:ISBN
6755:ISBN
6730:2016
6704:2016
6675:2016
6652:2016
6618:2016
6606:NOAA
6580:PMID
6442:ISBN
6421:2016
6391:PMID
6348:ISBN
6311:ISBN
6286:2016
6256:2016
6217:1988
6186:ISBN
6147:ISBN
6116:PMID
6098:ISSN
6040:PMID
5989:PMID
5877:PMID
5840:PNAS
5816:PMID
5798:ISSN
5731:2016
5665:PMID
5602:ISBN
5570:PMID
5533:PNAS
5492:PMID
5406:1998
5385:2016
5332:ISBN
5286:PMID
5259:PMID
5161:ISBN
5082:2013
5050:ISBN
5020:and
5008:and
4998:gars
4996:and
4853:and
4818:Fish
4773:and
4755:and
4745:Klee
4721:Rome
4719:and
4691:and
4669:and
4572:and
4534:pets
4521:and
4513:and
4474:are
4470:and
4351:and
4123:and
4012:and
3988:and
3899:and
3878:are
3684:and
3577:drag
3556:Tuna
3368:and
3254:82°N
3121:The
3006:and
3000:fish
2941:The
2838:185.
2769:tuna
2402:cods
2289:opah
1998:pike
1498:eels
1443:and
1138:gars
772:The
765:and
628:The
564:and
548:and
477:and
427:fish
160:and
46:PreꞒ
11396:NBN
11357:EoL
11334:ADW
11079:cod
10834:By
10647:Roe
10374:Jaw
10272:and
9852:Ray
9456:? (
8544:doi
8140:doi
8055:doi
8003:doi
7941:PMC
7933:doi
7929:357
7869:PMC
7859:doi
7550:doi
7546:110
7511:doi
7466:doi
7462:307
7419:doi
7415:212
7280:doi
7239:PMC
7231:doi
7190:PMC
7182:doi
7120:doi
7010:doi
7006:203
6816:doi
6570:PMC
6560:doi
6489:doi
6381:doi
6377:209
6344:136
6221:doi
6106:PMC
6090:doi
6030:PMC
6022:doi
6018:281
5981:doi
5977:204
5919:doi
5867:PMC
5857:doi
5845:112
5806:PMC
5788:doi
5694:doi
5690:113
5655:PMC
5647:hdl
5637:doi
5560:PMC
5550:doi
5538:109
5484:doi
5445:doi
5441:103
5410:doi
5360:131
5278:doi
5249:doi
5192:hdl
5188:158
4926:by
4715:in
4558:FAO
4445:cod
3546:ATP
3497:sea
3299:eel
3166:ray
3164:or
2875:).
2820:mya
2808:era
1268:DNA
808:mya
759:era
678:of
180:),
170:),
154:),
144:),
134:),
11469::
11447::
11434::
11411::
11398::
11385::
11372::
11359::
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11321::
11306::
9790:†"
9465:,
8614:.
8576:.
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