178:
Instead, the priority is not so much the speeding up of trains between cities but the reduction of connection times throughout the nodal system. Swiss
Federal Railways have adapted their infrastructure in such a way that journey times on main lines between hubs are multiples of 30 minutes so that on the hour or half-hour, all trains stand in the main stations at the same time, thus minimising connection times. Indeed, the MattstettenâRothrist line reduces journey times from Bern to Zurich from 72 minutes to 56 minutes in keeping with the clock-face scheduling. The Swiss approach is sometimes called "as fast as necessary" with a schedule being written mandating specific travel times and infrastructure later upgraded in line with the proposed schedule. This was the main idea behind the
157:
20:
131:
minutes would be bad because passengers and vehicles have to wait uselessly for their connections (unless the timetables at the different hubs are offset from each other to compensate, which is only practical for networks with very few hubs), and it generates nearly the same cost as a route that takes 54 minutes because vehicles and personnel cannot be used during the remaining 20 minutes. Therefore, when an integrated timetable is introduced running times might be cut or extended to meet the ideal duration.
1905:
96:
226:(58½), which is used also in Switzerland and in other European countries, while local public transport in (mostly rural) areas in between still adheres to an irregular, demand-driven timetable. Major problems exist in regions where transport associations of different states interact (like in Osnabrßck). In order to introduce a Germany-wide integrated regular timetable, the alliance "Deutschland-Takt" was founded in 2008. In 2015, the
234:") Similar to the Swiss example, where infrastructure demands are derived from the desired timetable and not vice versa, the Deutschlandtakt calls for several new and upgraded lines. Introduction of the Deutschlandtakt has become a declared political goal of successive governments on the federal Level around 2020, and detailed desired timetables have been drafted.
123:), or the need to assist passengers with disabilities. Efficient operation is even more essential than normal with integrated clock-face timetabling. If the policy is to hold connecting services to ensure a connection with a late-running service, waiting times at interchange stops can become unattractive, and other services will run late as a consequence.
177:
are integrated with one another and with other forms of public transport. Unlike its larger
European neighbors, compact Switzerland has not developed a comprehensive high-speed rail network, with the running speed on its few stretches of relatively high-speed line being 200 km/h (124 mph).
126:
Examples of such networks are often night and city bus networks. The connections might be optimized only within the network but not for transfers to rail or intercity bus lines. Such concepts need purpose-built stations, which can handle high passenger volumes. The space constraints within cities can
79:
Individual lines can have a regular schedule, even without connections to other lines. Nevertheless, it could be necessary to co-ordinate the schedules of different modes of transport if links are made between them, such as at the terminal stop of a tram network if a journey can be continued by bus,
86:
Line-bound regular timetables are especially useful for lines with high service frequencies. If vehicles with the same destination follow each other in short intervals, transfer times are short even if there are delays. However, if the service intervals are 20 minutes or longer, it is important for
130:
An integrated regular timetable with half-hourly or hourly headways requires routes on which a service ideally takes a little less than 30, 60 or 90 minutes to make it from one hub to another (accounting for a few minutes of changing, recovery, and waiting time at the hub). A service that takes 40
144:
introduced a regular timetable with multiple hubs. In
Germany, the first large-scale use of regular timetables was the InterCity network of 1979, which provided hourly long-distance services between cities. In 1982, a nationwide integrated regular timetable was introduced in Switzerland, which
47:
The goal is to enhance the attractiveness and versatility of public transport. Clock-face schedules are easy for passengers to memorise because departure and arrival times occur at consistent intervals, repeating during the day. A regular repeating schedule over the whole day can also improve
210:
have introduced regular timetables with base frequencies of 20 or 30 minutes, which are partially changed to 10 or 5 or even 15 or 7.5 minutes when locations are served by overlapping multiple lines. In some areas, local buses are also integrated, such as RegioTakt in
115:
Having several services meet at hubs where all of them arrive and leave at the same time is the most effective way of connecting multiple routes and modes. The goal is to reduce transfer times to a few minutes, with a default time of no more than five minutes.
48:
services during off-peak hours. Clock-face timetables can be attractive for transport operators because the repeating pattern can allow the more efficient use of personnel, infrastructure and vehicles, and also make resource-planning easier.
139:
The first integrated regular timetables were developed for railways. After the successful introduction of a line-bound regular timetable on one line in
Switzerland in 1968, the development continued in the Netherlands. In 1970 and 1971, the
107:
An integrated schedule is a clock-face schedule that covers not individual lines but all public transport services in a given area. A characteristic of integrated clock-face timetables is that there is more than one central hub. A
205:
are responsible for
Regional Rail Provision and have introduced integrated timetables, running hourly or every two hours, such as Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt (commencing in 1993), Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (1994) and NRW-Takt (1998). Local
23:
Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer
44:. The name derives from the fact that departures take place at the same time or times during the day. For example, services with a half-hourly frequency might leave at 5:15, 5:45, 6:15, 6:45, 7:15, 7:45 etc.
63:. A clock-face schedule is used currently for railways in many countries such as the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Germany. It is also used for urban transport systems like the
519:
83:
Clock-face timetables can be attractive even if services provide no connections to other public transport because they allow a continuous use of vehicles and personnel.
521:
520:
ARGE IGES Institut GmbH; Institut fĂźr
Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und âbetrieb der Technischen Universität CaroloâWilhelmina zu Braunschweig (IVE) (30 March 2015).
227:
189:
However, on some single tracked lines the timetables may be 30/30 or 60/60 minutes, with the actual timetables being asymmetrical (such as 20/40 minutes), because
87:
schedules on each line to be officially co-ordinated. One simple way of doing that is to shift the departure times of one of the lines to match the other.
439:
40:
system under which public transport services run at consistent intervals, as opposed to a timetable that is purely driven by demand and has irregular
1629:
145:
covered all but a few railway and bus lines. The base frequency was once an hour. The system was improved every two years and resulted in the
1934:
364:
574:
395:
498:
281:
1551:
468:
251:
1939:
1543:
119:
In actual operation, the time span can be longer because of services running early or late, high passenger volume (such as
541:
305:
1929:
1756:
1675:
721:
567:
51:
Repeating timetables were first developed at the end of the 19th century, for local public transport, such as
1360:
728:
174:
1784:
1746:
678:
591:
1830:
922:
820:
349:
1794:
1685:
1608:
1593:
716:
37:
1726:
1716:
1562:
1453:
560:
409:
309:
222:
These developments have led to "integrated timetable islands", which all adhere to the
Germany-wide
1751:
1855:
1815:
1761:
327:
1513:
1493:
1237:
1232:
984:
371:
150:
141:
80:
so that passengers do not have to wait long at transfer point until the next service arrives.
1870:
1850:
1498:
1158:
840:
646:
336:
212:
207:
156:
1845:
1810:
1538:
1508:
1463:
1274:
1153:
867:
830:
651:
313:
64:
8:
1885:
1865:
1680:
1375:
1254:
1047:
1042:
738:
688:
636:
546:
193:
are not positioned ideally, or alternate connections at either ends have to be reached.
1639:
1440:
1067:
872:
855:
778:
68:
1598:
1264:
1199:
1165:
790:
733:
616:
389:
202:
19:
547:
Links to graphical timetables for Swiss long distance railways and the ZĂźrich S-Bahn
1909:
1825:
1789:
1779:
1736:
1731:
1711:
1706:
1588:
1533:
1503:
994:
954:
892:
773:
758:
753:
673:
631:
583:
476:
1624:
1458:
1294:
1115:
999:
969:
912:
800:
785:
259:
231:
223:
1840:
1741:
1721:
1557:
1478:
1269:
1194:
1123:
917:
708:
527:(Report) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.
1923:
1890:
1835:
1430:
1415:
1395:
1390:
1133:
1019:
902:
862:
850:
743:
609:
109:
60:
56:
230:
had a feasibility study conducted for a
Germany-wide integrated timetable ("
1904:
1875:
1860:
1660:
1644:
1634:
1603:
1583:
1567:
1528:
1488:
1483:
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663:
626:
216:
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95:
1880:
1518:
1380:
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1340:
1128:
1095:
1075:
932:
693:
522:
Machbarkeitsstudie zur PrĂźfung eines
DeutschlandâTakts im Schienenverkehr
1820:
1690:
1410:
1405:
1325:
1227:
1105:
1085:
1037:
1004:
974:
939:
882:
810:
805:
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683:
658:
641:
604:
1523:
1473:
1420:
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979:
964:
907:
763:
621:
501:(in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
179:
146:
120:
944:
182:
project and has also been used for the passenger travel through the
1355:
1345:
1330:
1320:
1299:
1279:
1244:
1222:
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1175:
1138:
1052:
825:
795:
552:
1670:
1547:
1385:
1315:
1217:
1057:
1029:
959:
949:
845:
100:
41:
1370:
1365:
1284:
989:
815:
668:
160:
A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at
1080:
499:"Infrastruktur fĂźr einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr"
52:
1445:
1400:
1014:
877:
183:
161:
449:. UPC. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech
599:
112:
approach is then applied to the whole transport network.
549:- The numbers are minutes, timetable repeats every hour
134:
419:. Federal Office of Transport SBB, The Swiss Railway
59:, and trains in the vicinity of large cities like
1921:
568:
402:
575:
561:
258:(in German). 6 March 2008. Archived from
282:"Railway upgrades include no fast track"
155:
94:
18:
1922:
440:"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY"
410:"Timetable Olten - ZĂźrich (field 650)"
394:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
556:
431:
1935:Public transport information systems
582:
252:"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz"
127:be a reason to use other concepts.
13:
1747:Transit-oriented development (TOD)
135:Emergence of integrated timetables
16:Type of public transport timetable
14:
1951:
535:
1903:
1757:Transportation demand management
90:
513:
491:
461:
356:
319:
299:
274:
244:
168:
1:
729:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
237:
228:Federal Ministry of Transport
74:
1785:Passenger information system
437:
7:
1940:Scheduling (transportation)
923:Demand-responsive transport
821:Medium-capacity rail system
164:(Switzerland) train station
10:
1956:
1686:Public transport timetable
717:Passenger rail terminology
196:
1899:
1803:
1770:
1717:Green transport hierarchy
1699:
1653:
1617:
1576:
1454:Automated fare collection
1439:
1308:
1208:
1174:
1114:
1066:
1028:
891:
707:
590:
542:Integrated timed transfer
201:Since the mid-1990s, the
1752:Transportation authority
438:Alonso MartĂnez, Lydia.
1930:Transportation planning
1816:Bus rapid transit creep
1762:Transportation planning
328:European Railway Review
1514:Manual fare collection
1494:Farebox recovery ratio
985:Personal rapid transit
310:LĂśtschberg Base Tunnel
306:Mattstetten - Rothrist
208:transport associations
165:
151:Swiss Federal Railways
104:
25:
1871:Sustainable transport
1851:Passenger load factor
1666:Clock-face scheduling
1499:Free public transport
1351:Bus turnout (bus bay)
1048:Real-time ridesharing
841:Platform screen doors
469:"deutschland-takt.de"
417:www.fahrplanfelder.ch
213:Northrhine-Westphalia
175:Swiss railway network
159:
98:
22:
1910:Transport portal
1846:Outline of transport
1539:Reduced fare program
1509:Integrated ticketing
1464:Contract of carriage
1275:Personal transporter
831:Narrow-gauge railway
679:Rail replacement bus
314:Gotthard Base Tunnel
65:New York City Subway
1886:Transport economics
1681:On-time performance
1676:Night (owl) service
1376:Interchange station
1255:Horse-drawn vehicle
1043:Flexible carpooling
851:Metro/Rapid Transit
473:deutschland-takt.de
30:clock-face schedule
1640:Standing passenger
903:Auto rickshaw taxi
873:Suspension railway
856:Rubber-tyred metro
779:Heritage streetcar
684:Share taxi/Taxibus
479:on 11 October 2016
166:
105:
69:London Underground
26:
1917:
1916:
1609:Transport network
1599:Non-revenue track
1265:Inclined elevator
1200:Inclined elevator
1166:Inclined elevator
791:Higher-speed rail
734:Airport rail link
617:Bus rapid transit
344:Missing or empty
316:(to open in 2016)
203:states of Germany
1947:
1908:
1907:
1826:Destination sign
1790:Platform display
1780:Destination sign
1737:Transit district
1732:Street hierarchy
1712:Complete streets
1707:Airport security
1589:Cross-city route
1534:Proof-of-payment
1504:Free travel pass
995:Public light bus
955:Hackney carriage
774:Heritage railway
759:Elevated railway
754:Cross-city route
674:Public light bus
632:Cross-city route
584:Public transport
577:
570:
563:
554:
553:
529:
528:
526:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
475:. Archived from
465:
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456:
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444:
435:
429:
428:
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406:
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399:
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370:. Archived from
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256:ned.gschieder.ch
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215:and in parts of
173:Services on the
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1954:
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1944:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1895:
1799:
1772:
1766:
1695:
1649:
1625:Checked baggage
1613:
1572:
1459:Bus advertising
1443:
1435:
1304:
1295:Trackless train
1238:Scooter-sharing
1233:Bicycle-sharing
1210:
1204:
1170:
1110:
1062:
1024:
1000:Pulled rickshaw
970:Motorcycle taxi
913:Combination bus
894:
887:
801:Inter-city rail
786:High-speed rail
703:
586:
581:
538:
533:
532:
524:
518:
514:
504:
502:
497:
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492:
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436:
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403:
387:
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380:
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365:"Archived copy"
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357:
345:
343:
334:
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290:
288:
280:
279:
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262:on 6 March 2008
250:
249:
245:
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232:Deutschlandtakt
224:symmetry minute
199:
171:
137:
93:
77:
34:cyclic schedule
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1943:
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1932:
1915:
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1893:
1888:
1883:
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1873:
1868:
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1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Land transport
1838:
1833:
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1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
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1754:
1749:
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1742:Transit police
1739:
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1724:
1722:Rail subsidies
1719:
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1596:
1594:Network length
1591:
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1573:
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1565:
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1558:Ticket machine
1555:
1541:
1536:
1531:
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1496:
1491:
1486:
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1479:Fare avoidance
1476:
1471:
1466:
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1361:Ferry terminal
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1323:
1318:
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1310:
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1297:
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1287:
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1277:
1272:
1270:Moving walkway
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
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1240:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1214:
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1202:
1197:
1195:Moving walkway
1192:
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1124:Aerial tramway
1120:
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1017:
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982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
930:
920:
918:Cycle rickshaw
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Street running
865:
860:
859:
858:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
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766:
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536:External links
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331:(3): 98. 2007.
318:
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142:Dutch Railways
136:
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99:Buses meet in
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89:
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73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:Micromobility
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1839:
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1836:Hail and ride
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1431:Transport hub
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377:on 2013-10-12
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110:hub-and-spoke
103:, Alter Markt
102:
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91:Network-based
88:
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72:
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66:
62:
61:New York City
58:
57:rapid transit
54:
49:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
21:
1901:
1876:Timing point
1861:Request stop
1804:Other topics
1665:
1661:Bus bunching
1645:Travel class
1604:Radial route
1584:Circle route
1568:Transit pass
1529:Penalty fare
1489:Fare evasion
1484:Fare capping
1469:Dead mileage
1426:Transit mall
1149:Gondola lift
928:Microtransit
836:People mover
749:Circle route
664:Open top bus
627:Circle route
515:
503:. Retrieved
493:
481:. Retrieved
477:the original
472:
463:
451:. Retrieved
446:
433:
421:. Retrieved
416:
404:
379:. Retrieved
372:the original
358:
346:|title=
337:cite journal
326:
321:
301:
289:. Retrieved
286:swissinfo.ch
285:
276:
264:. Retrieved
260:the original
255:
246:
221:
217:Lower Saxony
200:
188:
172:
138:
129:
125:
118:
114:
106:
85:
82:
78:
50:
46:
33:
29:
27:
1881:Transit map
1856:Public good
1773:and signage
1630:First class
1544:Smart cards
1519:Money train
1381:Kassel kerb
1341:Bus station
1129:Cable ferry
1096:Ocean liner
1076:Cable ferry
933:Paratransit
694:Transit bus
689:Shuttle bus
637:Express bus
592:Bus service
447:www.upc.edu
169:Switzerland
149:project of
67:system and
1924:Categories
1831:Dwell time
1821:Crush load
1771:Technology
1691:Short turn
1654:Scheduling
1618:Facilities
1406:Queue jump
1326:Bus garage
1228:Carsharing
1106:Water taxi
1086:Hovercraft
1038:Car jockey
1030:Carpooling
1005:Share taxi
975:Marshrutka
940:Dollar van
883:Tram-train
811:Light rail
806:Interurban
769:Heavy rail
699:Trolleybus
659:Marshrutka
642:Guided bus
381:2015-04-17
238:References
75:Line-based
1795:Timetable
1524:Paid area
1474:Exit fare
1441:Ticketing
1421:Tram stop
1336:Bus stand
1309:Locations
1290:Slope car
1260:Hyperloop
1250:Escalator
1211:transport
1190:Escalator
1178:transport
1144:Funicular
1101:Vaporetto
1091:Hydrofoil
1010:Songthaew
980:Nanny van
965:Limousine
908:Boda boda
764:Funicular
739:Cable car
622:Charabanc
505:10 August
453:5 October
423:5 October
266:1 January
186:tunnels.
180:Bahn 2000
147:Rail 2000
121:rush hour
38:timetable
1811:Boarding
1727:Security
1700:Politics
1563:Transfer
1356:Dry dock
1346:Bus stop
1331:Bus lane
1321:Bus bulb
1300:Vactrain
1280:Robotaxi
1245:Elevator
1223:Airliner
1185:Elevator
1176:Building
1159:tricable
1139:Elevator
1053:Slugging
895:for hire
893:Vehicles
826:Monorail
796:Horsecar
722:glossary
483:21 April
390:cite web
291:21 April
42:headways
1866:Service
1671:Headway
1635:Sleeper
1577:Routing
1552:Calypso
1548:CIPURSE
1386:Layover
1316:Airport
1218:Airline
1154:bicable
1058:Vanpool
1020:Tuk tuk
960:Jeepney
950:Gondola
846:Railbus
197:Germany
101:Herford
36:, is a
32:, also
1371:Harbor
1366:Hangar
1285:Shweeb
990:Pesero
945:DolmuĹ
816:Maglev
669:Pesero
652:driver
605:driver
308:line,
24:times.
1446:fares
1209:Other
1116:Cable
1081:Ferry
525:(PDF)
443:(PDF)
413:(PDF)
375:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
53:trams
1444:and
1401:Port
1068:Ship
1015:Taxi
878:Tram
709:Rail
610:list
507:2018
485:2018
455:2014
425:2014
396:link
362:p3.
350:help
312:and
293:2018
268:2019
184:NRLA
162:Leuk
600:Bus
1926::
1550:,
471:.
445:.
415:.
392:}}
388:{{
341::
339:}}
335:{{
284:.
254:.
219:.
153:.
71:.
55:,
28:A
1554:)
1546:(
576:e
569:t
562:v
509:.
487:.
457:.
427:.
398:)
384:.
352:)
348:(
295:.
270:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
