3708:
3694:
3732:
3720:
184:
is likely to occur in cross-sectional or case-control studies where subjects are asked to recall exposure to risk factors. Subjects with the relevant condition (e.g. breast cancer) may be more likely to recall the relevant exposures that they had undergone (e.g. hormone replacement therapy) than
26:
and experiments, as well as observational studies in medical, clinical and other types of research (e.g., epidemiological) involving human beings. The goal of a clinical study is to assess the safety, efficacy, and / or the mechanism of action of an investigational medicinal product (IMP) or
788:
241:
are designed to demonstrate that a treatment is at least not appreciably less effective than a given reference treatment. This type of study design is often employed when comparing a new treatment to an established
31:). It can also be to investigate a drug, device or procedure that has already been approved but is still in need of further investigation, typically with respect to long-term effects or cost-effectiveness.
90:(measures on a sample or a series of samples from the same population are obtained several times before and after a manipulated event or a naturally occurring event) - considered a type of quasi-experiment
192:
may occur when conclusions about individuals are drawn from analyses conducted on grouped data. The nature of this type of analysis tends to overestimate the degree of association between variables.
796:
231:
are designed to demonstrate that one treatment is more effective than a given reference treatment. This type of study design is often used to test the effectiveness of a treatment compared to
225:. This use of the term "retrospective study" is misleading, however, and should be avoided because other research designs besides case-control studies are also retrospective in orientation.
246:, in situations where the new treatment is cheaper, safer or more convenient than the reference treatment and would therefore be preferable if not appreciably less effective.
792:
660:"Clarifying the distinction between case series and cohort studies in systematic reviews of comparative studies: potential impact on body of evidence and workload"
208:, and others) can complicate a trial as patients must be enrolled quickly. Additionally, seasonal variations and weather patterns can affect a seasonal study.
180:
When choosing a study design, many factors must be taken into account. Different types of studies are subject to different types of bias. For example,
913:
2829:
3334:
3484:
3108:
1749:
349:
2882:
1205:
1201:
3321:
1251:
1209:
1197:
580:
885:
906:
819:
761:
1744:
1444:
1372:
1288:
2348:
1496:
1153:
1123:
27:
procedure, or new drug or device that is in development, but potentially not yet approved by a health authority (e.g.
3131:
3023:
899:
735:
357:
608:"Regression based quasi-experimental approach when randomisation is not an option: interrupted time series analysis"
3736:
3309:
3183:
1410:
3367:
3028:
2773:
2144:
1734:
1217:
709:
3768:
3418:
2630:
2437:
2326:
2284:
1255:
977:
87:
2358:
3661:
2620:
1523:
1403:
1088:
243:
3212:
3161:
3146:
3136:
3005:
2877:
2844:
2670:
2625:
2455:
1382:
370:
28:
270:
assesses research subjects at only one point in time (so case-control, cohort, and randomized studies are
3763:
3724:
3556:
3357:
3281:
2582:
2336:
2005:
1469:
1346:
1318:
1247:
1001:
201:
52:
477:
3773:
3758:
3441:
3413:
3408:
3156:
2915:
2821:
2801:
2709:
2420:
2238:
1721:
1593:
1396:
1072:
135:
3173:
2941:
2662:
2587:
2516:
2445:
2365:
2353:
2223:
2211:
2204:
1912:
1633:
1191:
152:
3656:
3423:
3286:
2971:
2936:
2900:
2685:
2127:
2036:
1995:
1907:
1598:
1437:
1129:
1077:
957:
504:
478:"Are these data real? Statistical methods for the detection of data fabrication in clinical trials"
452:
315:
130:
3565:
3178:
3118:
3055:
2693:
2677:
2415:
2277:
2267:
2117:
2031:
1175:
1045:
1023:
992:
967:
950:
290:
69:
3603:
3533:
3326:
3263:
3018:
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1902:
1799:
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1585:
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1326:
1163:
1084:
400:
3628:
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3339:
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2610:
2602:
2492:
2484:
2299:
2195:
2173:
2132:
2097:
2064:
2010:
1985:
1940:
1879:
1839:
1641:
1464:
1167:
1054:
926:
320:
267:
159:
35:
891:
3551:
3126:
3075:
3051:
3013:
2931:
2910:
2862:
2741:
2719:
2688:
2597:
2474:
2425:
2343:
2316:
2272:
2228:
1990:
1766:
1646:
1133:
300:
285:
851:
8:
3698:
3623:
3546:
3227:
2991:
2984:
2946:
2854:
2834:
2806:
2539:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2382:
2200:
2161:
2051:
2041:
1950:
1729:
1685:
1603:
1528:
1430:
1040:
972:
3712:
3523:
3377:
3273:
3222:
3098:
2995:
2979:
2956:
2733:
2467:
2450:
2410:
2321:
2216:
2178:
2149:
2109:
2069:
2015:
1932:
1618:
1613:
1293:
1243:
1058:
987:
945:
686:
659:
632:
607:
606:
Kontopantelis, E.; Doran, T.; Springate, D. A.; Buchan, I.; Reeves, D. (June 9, 2015).
557:
530:
426:
310:
263:
222:
189:
147:
38:
but there can be others, in particular related to patient confidentiality and ethics.
3707:
3618:
3588:
3580:
3400:
3391:
3316:
3247:
3103:
3088:
3063:
2951:
2892:
2758:
2746:
2372:
2289:
2233:
2156:
2000:
1922:
1701:
1575:
1367:
1331:
1298:
1223:
1145:
922:
691:
637:
562:
353:
826:
3643:
3598:
3362:
3349:
3242:
3217:
3151:
3083:
2961:
2569:
2462:
2395:
2308:
2255:
2074:
1945:
1739:
1623:
1538:
1505:
1141:
1062:
1016:
1011:
681:
671:
627:
619:
552:
542:
169:
115:
81:
62:
57:
3560:
3304:
3166:
3093:
2768:
2642:
2615:
2592:
2561:
2188:
2183:
2137:
1867:
1518:
1336:
1159:
1114:
325:
256:
3050:
3509:
3504:
1967:
1897:
1543:
1362:
1283:
1235:
1028:
940:
74:
23:
676:
3752:
3666:
3633:
3496:
3457:
3268:
3237:
2701:
2655:
2260:
1962:
1789:
1553:
1548:
1341:
1308:
1303:
305:
879:
547:
3608:
3541:
3518:
3433:
2763:
2059:
1957:
1892:
1834:
1819:
1756:
1711:
1183:
1067:
695:
641:
566:
345:
295:
266:
assesses research subjects over two or more points in time; by contrast, a
125:
34:
Some of the considerations here are shared under the more general topic of
3651:
3613:
3296:
3197:
3059:
2872:
2839:
2331:
2248:
2243:
1887:
1844:
1824:
1804:
1794:
1563:
1377:
1231:
1104:
1094:
255:
When using "parallel groups", each patient receives one treatment; in a "
140:
110:
105:
2497:
1977:
1677:
1608:
1558:
1533:
1453:
1179:
1171:
1137:
1099:
1006:
531:"Adaptive design clinical trials: Methodology, challenges and prospect"
623:
252:
are designed to demonstrate that two treatments are equally effective.
2650:
2502:
2122:
1917:
1829:
1814:
1809:
1774:
1239:
1227:
205:
2166:
1784:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1273:
259:", each patient receives several treatments but in different order.
41:
3671:
3372:
1278:
605:
232:
820:"Seasonality: The Clinical Trial Manager's Logistical Challenge"
378:
3593:
2574:
2548:
2528:
1779:
1570:
888:
Description of study designs from the
National Cancer Institute
200:
Conducting studies in seasonal indications (such as allergies,
825:. published by: Pharm-Olam International (POI). Archived from
1422:
921:
1513:
371:"Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) | Noclor"
427:"How do clinical trials work and who can participate?"
3335:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
2797:
164:Community survey (a type of cross-sectional study)
817:
786:
3750:
42:Outline of types of designs for clinical studies
2883:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
352:", 6th edn, New York: Oxford University Press.
1438:
907:
235:or to the currently best available treatment.
658:Mathes, Tim; Pieper, Dawid (July 17, 2017).
657:
529:Mahajan, Rajiv; Gupta, Kapil (August 2012).
528:
503:Shiel, William C. Jr. (December 21, 2018).
451:Shiel, William C. Jr. (December 21, 2018).
175:
1483:
1445:
1431:
914:
900:
2096:
685:
675:
631:
556:
546:
1206:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
1202:Attributable fraction for the population
221:is sometimes used as another term for a
96:
1210:Preventable fraction for the population
1198:Attributable fraction among the exposed
852:"Prospective vs. Retrospective Studies"
653:
651:
424:
185:subjects who don't have the condition.
3751:
3409:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
3482:
3049:
2796:
2095:
1865:
1482:
1426:
895:
789:"Flu, Season, Diseases Affect Trials"
502:
450:
3719:
3419:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1373:Correlation does not imply causation
1289:Animal testing on non-human primates
648:
46:
3731:
3014:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1866:
398:
195:
13:
3109:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1735:Pearson product-moment correlation
14:
3785:
873:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3483:
762:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
736:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
710:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
581:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
425:Nichols, Hannah (May 18, 2018).
3368:Least-squares spectral analysis
844:
811:
780:
754:
728:
702:
599:
2349:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1452:
1256:Pre- and post-test probability
978:Patient and public involvement
573:
535:Indian Journal of Pharmacology
522:
496:
470:
444:
418:
392:
363:
339:
211:
88:Interrupted time series design
1:
3662:Geographic information system
2878:Simultaneous equations models
332:
2845:Coefficient of determination
2456:Uniformly most powerful test
1383:Sex as a biological variable
880:Some aspects of study design
350:A dictionary of epidemiology
29:Food and Drug Administration
7:
3414:Proportional hazards models
3358:Spectral density estimation
3340:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2774:Maximum posterior estimator
2006:Randomized controlled trial
1347:Intention-to-treat analysis
1319:Analysis of clinical trials
1248:Specificity and sensitivity
1002:Randomized controlled trial
401:"Clinical Study Management"
278:
202:Seasonal Affective Disorder
53:Randomized controlled trial
10:
3790:
3174:Multivariate distributions
1594:Average absolute deviation
453:"Randomized control trial"
3688:
3642:
3579:
3532:
3495:
3491:
3478:
3450:
3432:
3399:
3390:
3348:
3295:
3256:
3205:
3196:
3162:Structural equation model
3117:
3074:
3070:
3045:
3004:
2970:
2924:
2891:
2853:
2820:
2816:
2792:
2732:
2641:
2560:
2524:
2515:
2498:Score/Lagrange multiplier
2483:
2436:
2381:
2307:
2298:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2050:
2024:
1976:
1931:
1913:Sample size determination
1878:
1874:
1861:
1765:
1720:
1694:
1676:
1632:
1584:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1460:
1391:
1356:Interpretation of results
1355:
1317:
1266:
1216:
1190:
1152:
1122:
1113:
1089:Nested caseâcontrol study
1039:
986:
933:
882:Tufts University web site
818:Yamin Khan; Sarah Tilly.
787:Yamin Khan; Sarah Tilly.
766:National Cancer Institute
740:National Cancer Institute
714:National Cancer Institute
677:10.1186/s12874-017-0391-8
585:National Cancer Institute
153:Nested case-control study
3657:Environmental statistics
3179:Elliptical distributions
2972:Generalized linear model
2901:Simple linear regression
2671:HodgesâLehmann estimator
2128:Probability distribution
2037:Stochastic approximation
1599:Coefficient of variation
958:Academic clinical trials
316:Academic clinical trials
244:medical standard of care
176:Important considerations
3317:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2925:Non-standard predictors
2359:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
2032:Adaptive clinical trial
1176:Relative risk reduction
1024:Adaptive clinical trial
968:Evidence-based medicine
951:Adaptive clinical trial
793:Applied Clinical Trials
548:10.4103/0253-7613.68417
405:ProMedica International
291:Epidemiological methods
70:Adaptive clinical trial
3713:Mathematics portal
3534:Engineering statistics
3442:NelsonâAalen estimator
3019:Analysis of covariance
2906:Ordinary least squares
2830:Pearson product-moment
2234:Statistical functional
2145:Empirical distribution
1978:Controlled experiments
1707:Frequency distribution
1485:Descriptive statistics
1164:Number needed to treat
886:Comparison of strength
795:Online. Archived from
399:Ann (April 14, 2006).
239:Non-inferiority trials
22:is the formulation of
3769:Design of experiments
3629:Population statistics
3571:System identification
3305:Autocorrelation (ACF)
3233:Exponential smoothing
3147:Discriminant analysis
3142:Canonical correlation
3006:Partition of variance
2868:Regression validation
2712:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2611:Likelihood-ratio test
2300:Frequentist inference
2212:Locationâscale family
2133:Sampling distribution
2098:Statistical inference
2065:Cross-sectional study
2052:Observational studies
2011:Randomized experiment
1840:Stem-and-leaf display
1642:Central limit theorem
1168:Number needed to harm
1055:Cross-sectional study
1007:Scientific experiment
963:Clinical study design
321:Design of experiments
268:cross-sectional study
160:Cross-sectional study
97:Observational studies
36:design of experiments
20:Clinical study design
3552:Probabilistic design
3137:Principal components
2980:Exponential families
2932:Nonlinear regression
2911:General linear model
2873:Mixed effects models
2863:Errors and residuals
2840:Confounding variable
2742:Bayesian probability
2720:Van der Waerden test
2710:Ordered alternative
2475:Multiple comparisons
2354:RaoâBlackwellization
2317:Estimating equations
2273:Statistical distance
1991:Factorial experiment
1524:Arithmetic-Geometric
1134:Cumulative incidence
664:BMC Med Res Methodol
301:Experimental control
286:Conceptual framework
136:Retrospective cohort
3624:Official statistics
3547:Methods engineering
3228:Seasonal adjustment
2996:Poisson regressions
2916:Bayesian regression
2855:Regression analysis
2835:Partial correlation
2807:Regression analysis
2406:Prediction interval
2401:Likelihood interval
2391:Confidence interval
2383:Interval estimation
2344:Unbiased estimators
2162:Model specification
2042:Up-and-down designs
1730:Partial correlation
1686:Index of dispersion
1604:Interquartile range
1041:Observational study
973:Real world evidence
927:experimental design
219:retrospective study
84:(quasi-experiment)
82:Nonrandomized trial
3764:Medical statistics
3644:Spatial statistics
3524:Medical statistics
3424:First hitting time
3378:Whittle likelihood
3029:Degrees of freedom
3024:Multivariate ANOVA
2957:Heteroscedasticity
2769:Bayesian estimator
2734:Bayesian inference
2583:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2468:Randomization test
2438:Testing hypotheses
2411:Tolerance interval
2322:Maximum likelihood
2217:Exponential family
2150:Density estimation
2110:Statistical theory
2070:Natural experiment
2016:Scientific control
1933:Survey methodology
1619:Standard deviation
1327:Riskâbenefit ratio
1294:First-in-man study
1244:Case fatality rate
1085:Caseâcontrol study
1059:Longitudinal study
505:"Nonblinded study"
431:Medical News Today
311:Operationalization
264:longitudinal study
250:Equivalence trials
229:Superiority trials
223:case-control study
190:ecological fallacy
148:Case-control study
131:Prospective cohort
3774:Scientific method
3759:Clinical research
3746:
3745:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3619:National accounts
3589:Actuarial science
3581:Social statistics
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3401:Survival function
3386:
3385:
3248:Granger causality
3089:Contingency table
3064:Survival analysis
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
2893:Linear regression
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2759:Credible interval
2728:
2727:
2511:
2510:
2327:Method of moments
2196:Parametric family
2157:Statistical model
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2001:Random assignment
1923:Statistical power
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1702:Contingency table
1672:
1671:
1539:Generalized/power
1420:
1419:
1368:Survivorship bias
1332:Systematic review
1299:Multicenter trial
1262:
1261:
1252:Likelihood-ratios
1224:Clinical endpoint
1192:Population impact
1146:Period prevalence
923:Clinical research
768:. 2 February 2011
742:. 2 February 2011
716:. 2 February 2011
624:10.1136/bmj.h2750
587:. 2 February 2011
375:www.noclor.nhs.uk
274:cross-sectional).
141:Time series study
47:Treatment studies
16:Plan for research
3781:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3696:
3695:
3599:Crime statistics
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3397:
3396:
3363:Fourier analysis
3350:Frequency domain
3330:
3277:
3243:Structural break
3203:
3202:
3152:Cluster analysis
3099:Log-linear model
3072:
3071:
3047:
3046:
2988:
2962:Homoscedasticity
2818:
2817:
2794:
2793:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2696:(KruskalâWallis)
2681:
2666:
2621:Cross validation
2606:
2588:AndersonâDarling
2535:
2522:
2521:
2493:Likelihood-ratio
2485:Parametric tests
2463:Permutation test
2446:1- & 2-tails
2337:Minimum distance
2309:Point estimation
2305:
2304:
2256:Optimal decision
2207:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2075:Quasi-experiment
2025:Adaptive designs
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1740:Rank correlation
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1267:Trial/test types
1142:Point prevalence
1120:
1119:
1063:Ecological study
1046:EBM II-2 to II-3
1017:Open-label trial
1012:Blind experiment
988:Controlled study
916:
909:
902:
893:
892:
867:
866:
864:
862:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
831:
824:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
706:
700:
699:
689:
679:
655:
646:
645:
635:
603:
597:
596:
594:
592:
577:
571:
570:
560:
550:
526:
520:
519:
517:
515:
500:
494:
493:
491:
489:
474:
468:
467:
465:
463:
448:
442:
441:
439:
437:
422:
416:
415:
413:
411:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
377:. Archived from
367:
361:
343:
196:Seasonal studies
170:Ecological study
116:Population study
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3705:
3676:
3638:
3575:
3561:quality control
3528:
3510:Clinical trials
3487:
3462:
3446:
3434:Hazard function
3428:
3382:
3344:
3328:
3291:
3287:BreuschâGodfrey
3275:
3252:
3192:
3167:Factor analysis
3113:
3094:Graphical model
3066:
3033:
3000:
2986:
2966:
2920:
2887:
2849:
2812:
2811:
2780:
2724:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2679:
2664:
2643:Rank statistics
2637:
2616:Model selection
2604:
2562:Goodness of fit
2556:
2533:
2507:
2479:
2432:
2377:
2366:Median unbiased
2294:
2205:
2138:Order statistic
2100:
2079:
2046:
2020:
1972:
1927:
1870:
1868:Data collection
1849:
1761:
1716:
1690:
1668:
1628:
1580:
1497:Continuous data
1487:
1474:
1456:
1451:
1421:
1416:
1387:
1351:
1313:
1258:
1212:
1186:
1160:Risk difference
1148:
1109:
1043:
1035:
990:
982:
946:Trial protocols
929:
920:
876:
871:
870:
860:
858:
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
832:on 15 July 2011
829:
822:
816:
812:
802:
800:
799:on 11 July 2011
785:
781:
771:
769:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
708:
707:
703:
656:
649:
604:
600:
590:
588:
579:
578:
574:
527:
523:
513:
511:
501:
497:
487:
485:
484:. July 28, 2005
476:
475:
471:
461:
459:
449:
445:
435:
433:
423:
419:
409:
407:
397:
393:
384:
382:
369:
368:
364:
344:
340:
335:
330:
326:Research design
281:
257:crossover study
214:
198:
178:
101:1. Descriptive
99:
75:Platform Trials
63:Non-blind trial
49:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3702:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3505:Bioinformatics
3501:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:partial (PACF)
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3257:Specific tests
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3157:Classification
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:McNemar's test
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Semiparametric
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2683:
2680:(MannâWhitney)
2675:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2605:(ShapiroâWilk)
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2525:
2519:
2517:Specific tests
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1968:Standard error
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Optimal design
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1695:Summary tables
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Contraharmonic
1526:
1521:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1411:List of topics
1407:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Selection bias
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Animal testing
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1236:Mortality rate
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:Platform trial
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
998:
996:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
941:Clinical trial
937:
935:
931:
930:
919:
918:
911:
904:
896:
890:
889:
883:
875:
874:External links
872:
869:
868:
843:
810:
779:
753:
727:
701:
647:
598:
572:
521:
495:
469:
443:
417:
391:
362:
337:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
260:
253:
247:
236:
226:
213:
210:
197:
194:
177:
174:
173:
172:
167:
166:
165:
157:
156:
155:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
121:2. Analytical
119:
118:
113:
108:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
79:
78:
77:
67:
66:
65:
60:
48:
45:
43:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Geostatistics
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3634:Psychometrics
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3497:Biostatistics
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3459:
3458:Log-rank test
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3329:(BoxâJenkins)
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:DurbinâWatson
3280:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:DickeyâFuller
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Cointegration
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Decomposition
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Cohen's kappa
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Nonparametric
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:Nonparametric
2684:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2656:Sample median
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:loss function
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Questionnaire
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Control chart
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
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1309:Vaccine trial
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1073:Retrospective
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993:EBM I to II-1
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381:on 2020-09-26
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358:9780199976737
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306:Meta-analysis
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3697:
3609:Econometrics
3559: /
3542:Chemometrics
3519:Epidemiology
3513:
3512: /
3485:Applications
3327:ARIMA model
3274:Q-statistic
3223:Stationarity
3119:Multivariate
3062: /
3058: /
3056:Multivariate
3054: /
2994: /
2990: /
2764:Bayes factor
2663:Signed rank
2575:
2549:
2541:
2529:
2224:Completeness
2060:Cohort study
1958:Opinion poll
1893:Missing data
1880:Study design
1835:Scatter plot
1757:Scatter plot
1750:Spearman's Ï
1712:Grouped data
1409:
1402:
1395:
1184:Hazard ratio
1068:Cohort study
962:
859:. Retrieved
856:Stats Direct
855:
846:
834:. Retrieved
827:the original
813:
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
782:
770:. Retrieved
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
739:
730:
718:. Retrieved
713:
704:
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663:
615:
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589:. Retrieved
584:
575:
541:(4): 201â7.
538:
534:
524:
512:. Retrieved
509:Medicine Net
508:
498:
486:. Retrieved
481:
472:
460:. Retrieved
457:Medicine Net
456:
446:
434:. Retrieved
430:
420:
408:. Retrieved
404:
394:
383:. Retrieved
379:the original
374:
365:
346:Miquel Porta
341:
296:Epidemiology
271:
249:
238:
228:
218:
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187:
181:
179:
126:Cohort study
120:
100:
33:
19:
18:
3737:WikiProject
3652:Cartography
3614:Jurimetrics
3566:Reliability
3297:Time domain
3276:(LjungâBox)
3198:Time-series
3076:Categorical
3060:Time-series
3052:Categorical
2987:(Bernoulli)
2822:Correlation
2802:Correlation
2598:JarqueâBera
2570:Chi-squared
2332:M-estimator
2285:Asymptotics
2229:Sufficiency
1996:Interaction
1908:Replication
1888:Effect size
1845:Violin plot
1825:Radar chart
1805:Forest plot
1795:Correlogram
1745:Kendall's Ï
1378:Null result
1337:Replication
1232:Infectivity
1154:Association
1105:Case report
1095:Case series
1078:Prospective
803:26 February
212:Other terms
182:recall bias
111:Case series
106:Case report
58:Blind trial
3753:Categories
3604:Demography
3322:ARMA model
3127:Regression
2704:(Friedman)
2665:(Wilcoxon)
2603:Normality
2593:Lilliefors
2540:Student's
2416:Resampling
2290:Robustness
2278:divergence
2268:Efficiency
2206:(monotone)
2201:Likelihood
2118:Population
1951:Stratified
1903:Population
1722:Dependence
1678:Count data
1609:Percentile
1586:Dispersion
1519:Arithmetic
1454:Statistics
1180:Odds ratio
1172:Risk ratio
1138:Prevalence
1124:Occurrence
1100:Case study
670:(1): 107.
385:2019-11-19
333:References
2985:Logistic
2752:posterior
2678:Rank sum
2426:Jackknife
2421:Bootstrap
2239:Bootstrap
2174:Parameter
2123:Statistic
1918:Statistic
1830:Run chart
1815:Pie chart
1810:Histogram
1800:Fan chart
1775:Bar chart
1657:L-moments
1544:Geometric
1240:Morbidity
1228:Virulence
1130:Incidence
618:: h2750.
217:The term
206:influenza
3699:Category
3392:Survival
3269:Johansen
2992:Binomial
2947:Isotonic
2534:(normal)
2179:location
1986:Blocking
1941:Sampling
1820:QâQ plot
1785:Box plot
1767:Graphics
1662:Skewness
1652:Kurtosis
1624:Variance
1554:Heronian
1549:Harmonic
1404:Glossary
1397:Category
1274:In vitro
1115:Measures
934:Overview
836:26 April
696:28716005
642:26058820
567:20927243
348:(2014) "
279:See also
3725:Commons
3672:Kriging
3557:Process
3514:studies
3373:Wavelet
3206:General
2373:Plug-in
2167:L space
1946:Cluster
1647:Moments
1465:Outline
1279:In vivo
861:May 30,
772:June 4,
746:June 4,
720:June 4,
687:5513097
633:4460815
612:The BMJ
591:June 4,
558:2941608
514:June 4,
488:June 4,
482:The BMJ
462:June 4,
436:June 4,
410:June 4,
233:placebo
3594:Census
3184:Normal
3132:Manova
2952:Robust
2702:2-way
2694:1-way
2532:-test
2203:
1780:Biplot
1571:Median
1564:Lehmer
1506:Center
694:
684:
640:
630:
565:
555:
356:
24:trials
3218:Trend
2747:prior
2689:anova
2578:-test
2552:-test
2544:-test
2451:Power
2396:Pivot
2189:shape
2184:scale
1634:Shape
1614:Range
1559:Heinz
1534:Cubic
1470:Index
1218:Other
830:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
3451:Test
2651:Sign
2503:Wald
1576:Mode
1514:Mean
1057:vs.
925:and
863:2019
838:2010
805:2010
774:2019
748:2019
722:2019
692:PMID
638:PMID
593:2019
563:PMID
516:2019
490:2019
464:2019
438:2019
412:2019
354:ISBN
188:The
2631:BIC
2626:AIC
682:PMC
672:doi
628:PMC
620:doi
616:350
553:PMC
543:doi
272:not
3755::
1254:,
1250:,
1246:,
1242:,
1238:,
1234:,
1230:,
1226:,
1208:,
1204:,
1200:,
1182:,
1178:,
1174:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1061:,
854:.
791:.
764:.
738:.
712:.
690:.
680:.
668:17
666:.
662:.
650:^
636:.
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610:.
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561:.
551:.
539:42
537:.
533:.
507:.
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455:.
429:.
403:.
373:.
262:A
204:,
2576:G
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622::
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545::
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360:.
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