Climate variability and change

2222: 2180: 2165: 529: 2150: 2207: 2381:(p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. (pp. 21–22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. 458: 49: 2135: 1587: 2307: 978: 734: 11349: 2239: 2293: 1945: 878: 1853: 11361: 9869: 9857: 1428: 2321: 9893: 9881: 1059: 8082: 2179: 1141: 1905:, subsequent melting, and its later reglaciation. The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today. During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when 2221: 366:(WMO) in 1966 to encompass all forms of climatic variability on time-scales longer than 10 years, but regardless of cause. During the 1970s, the term climate change replaced climatic change to focus on anthropogenic causes, as it became clear that human activities had a potential to drastically alter the climate. Climate change was incorporated in the title of the 662:– The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. It is thought not as a single phenomenon, but instead a combination of different physical processes. 2243: 2241: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2247: 1124:. Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the energy output of the Sun increased. Over the next five billion years, the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a 2164: 705:(AAO) in the southern hemisphere. The annular modes have a strong influence on the temperature and precipitation of mid-to-high latitude land masses, such as Europe and Australia, by altering the average paths of storms. The NAO can be considered a regional index of the AO/NAM. They are defined as the first 2244: 2206: 1653:(CRC), an extinction event 300 million years ago. At this time vast rainforests covered the equatorial region of Europe and America. Climate change devastated these tropical rainforests, abruptly fragmenting the habitat into isolated 'islands' and causing the extinction of many plant and animal species. 1447:

such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings. Stress, too little precipitation or unsuitable temperatures, can alter the growth rate of trees, which allows scientists to infer climate trends by analyzing the growth rate of tree rings. This branch of science studying this called

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haze. On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years. Although volcanoes are technically part of the lithosphere, which itself is part of the climate system,

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in the Pacific Ocean with worldwide effects. It is a self-sustaining oscillation, whose mechanisms are well-studied. ENSO is the most prominent known source of inter-annual variability in weather and climate around the world. The cycle occurs every two to seven years, with El Niño lasting nine months

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for data.) "The emergence of observed temperature changes over both land and ocean is clearest in tropical regions, in contrast to the regions of largest change which are in the northern extra-tropics. As an illustration, northern America has warmed more than tropical America, but the changes in the

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Observed regional climatic variations confirm predictions concerning ongoing changes, for example, by contrasting (smoother) year-to-year global variations with (more volatile) year-to-year variations in localized regions. Conversely, comparing different regions' warming patterns to their respective

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is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of extreme weather, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events." Some of the variability does not appear to be caused by known systems and

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The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to

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The oceans' absorption of about 90% of excess heat has helped to cause land surface temperatures to grow more rapidly than sea surface temperatures. The Northern Hemisphere, having a larger landmass-to-ocean ratio than the Southern Hemisphere, shows greater average temperature increases. Variations

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have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009. Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt. The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid

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between snow input and melt output. As temperatures increase, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt. Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings. Variability in temperature, precipitation and hydrology can strongly

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some 66 million years ago had severely affected the Earth's climate. Large quantities of sulfate aerosols were kicked up into the atmosphere, decreasing global temperatures by up to 26 °C and producing sub-freezing temperatures for a period of 3–16 years. The recovery time for this event took

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Slight variations in Earth's motion lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and

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resilient material, they resist decay. Changes in the type of pollen found in different layers of sediment indicate changes in plant communities. These changes are often a sign of a changing climate. As an example, pollen studies have been used to track changing vegetation patterns throughout the

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Various archives of past climate are present in rocks, trees and fossils. From these archives, indirect measures of climate, so-called proxies, can be derived. Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies

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The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation. The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate. A recent example of

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The ocean and atmosphere can work together to spontaneously generate internal climate variability that can persist for years to decades at a time. These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the

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Brinkhuis, Henk; Schouten, Stefan; Collinson, Margaret E.; Sluijs, Appy; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe; Dickens, Gerald R.; Huber, Matthew; Cronin, Thomas M.; Onodera, Jonaotaro; Takahashi, Kozo; Bujak, Jonathan P.; Stein, Ruediger; Van Der Burgh, Johan; Eldrett, James S.; Harding, Ian C.;

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The size of continents is also important. Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland. A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will

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to the Earth's surface. Carbon dioxide in the rock is then released into the atmosphere. Small eruptions, with injections of less than 0.1 Mt of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, affect the atmosphere only subtly, as temperature changes are comparable with natural variability. However,

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are common in freshwater and land sediments. Different species of beetles tend to be found under different climatic conditions. Given the extensive lineage of beetles whose genetic makeup has not altered significantly over the millennia, knowledge of the present climatic range of the different

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The remnants of plants, and specifically pollen, are also used to study climatic change. Plant distributions vary under different climate conditions. Different groups of plants have pollen with distinctive shapes and surface textures, and since the outer surface of pollen is composed of a very

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Climate changes that occurred after the widespread deployment of measuring devices can be observed directly. Reasonably complete global records of surface temperature are available beginning from the mid-late 19th century. Further observations are derived indirectly from historical documents.

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methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data preserved within things such as rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils. It then uses the records to determine the past states of the Earth's various climate regions and its atmospheric system. Direct

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Speelman, E.N.; Van Kempen, M.M.L.; Barke, J.; Brinkhuis, H.; Reichart, G.J.; Smolders, A.J.P.; Roelofs, J.G.M.; Sangiorgi, F.; De Leeuw, J.W.; Lotter, A.F.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2009). "The Eocene Arctic Azolla bloom: Environmental conditions, productivity and carbon drawdown".

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estimates are that volcanic emissions are at a much lower level than the effects of current human activities, which generate 100–300 times the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes. The annual amount put out by human activities may be greater than the amount released by

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has also been investigated for its impact on the climate. The hypothesis is that soot released by large-scale fires blocks a significant fraction of sunlight for as much as a year, leading to a sharp drop in temperatures for a few years. This possible event is described as

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was released, a potent greenhouse gas. The PETM represents a "case study" for modern climate change as in the greenhouse gases were released in a geologically relatively short amount of time. During the PETM, a mass extinction of organisms in the deep ocean took place.

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plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth. In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called

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Lotter, André F.; Sangiorgi, Francesca; Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, Han van Konijnenburg-van; De Leeuw, Jan W.; Matthiessen, Jens; Backman, Jan; Moran, Kathryn; Expedition 302, Scientists (2006). "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".

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A change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation may occur given a change in the climate. Some changes in climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, resulting in improved plant growth and the subsequent sequestration of airborne

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from the land-ocean-atmosphere system often attenuate or reverse smaller effects, whether from orbital forcings, solar variations or changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases. Certain feedbacks involving processes such as clouds are also uncertain; for

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One of the most important ways animals can deal with climatic change is migration to warmer or colder regions. On a longer timescale, evolution makes ecosystems including animals better adapted to a new climate. Rapid or large climate change can cause

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Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond more slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly. An example of fast change is the atmospheric cooling after a volcanic eruption, when

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decomposition rates. A gradual increase in warmth in a region will lead to earlier flowering and fruiting times, driving a change in the timing of life cycles of dependent organisms. Conversely, cold will cause plant bio-cycles to lag.

697:(AAO) – The annular modes are naturally occurring, hemispheric-wide patterns of climate variability. On timescales of weeks to months they explain 20–30% of the variability in their respective hemispheres. The Northern Annular Mode or 6917:

Belt, Simon T.; Cabedo-Sanz, Patricia; Smik, Lukas; et al. (2015). "Identification of paleo Arctic winter sea ice limits and the marginal ice zone: Optimised biomarker-based reconstructions of late Quaternary Arctic sea ice".

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Langdon, P.G.; Barber, K.E.; Lomas-Clarke, S.H.; Lomas-Clarke, S.H. (August 2004). "Reconstructing climate and environmental change in northern England through chironomid and pollen analyses: evidence from Talkin Tarn, Cumbria".

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have started rising. Global warming is an aspect of modern climate change, a term that also includes the observed changes in precipitation, storm tracks and cloudiness. As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be

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Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography. This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.

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Dominic, F.; Burns, S.J.; Neff, U.; Mudulsee, M.; Mangina, A; Matter, A. (April 2004). "Palaeoclimatic interpretation of high-resolution oxygen isotope profiles derived from annually laminated speleothems from Southern Oman".

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means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time

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Ochoa-Hueso, R; Delgado-Baquerizo, N; King, PTA; Benham, M; Arca, V; Power, SA (2019). "Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition".

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concentrations. External forcing can be either anthropogenic (e.g. increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the Earth's orbit, volcano eruptions). There are a variety of

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Solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s. However, solar cycles fail to account for warming observed since the 1980s to the present day. Events such as the opening of the

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is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change. Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

295:. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, Earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and Earth experiences cooling. 6326:

Coope, G.R.; Lemdahl, G.; Lowe, J.J.; Walkling, A. (4 May 1999). "Temperature gradients in northern Europe during the last glacial – Holocene transition (14–9 14 C kyr BP) interpreted from coleopteran assemblages".

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Newman, Matthew; Alexander, Michael A.; Ault, Toby R.; Cobb, Kim M.; Deser, Clara; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele; Mantua, Nathan J.; Miller, Arthur J.; Minobe, Shoshiro (2016). "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited".

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can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system did not change much. These large changes may have come from so called

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could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate. As the sun shields the Earth from these particles, changes in solar activity were hypothesized to influence climate indirectly as well. To test the hypothesis,

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became the dominant popular term in 1988, but within scientific journals global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing

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tropics are more apparent and have more clearly emerged from the range of historical variability. The year-to-year variations in the higher latitudes have made it harder to distinguish the long-term changes."

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between the air and the ocean can also be impacted by further aspects of climatic change. These and other self-reinforcing processes allow small changes in Earth's motion to have a large effect on climate.

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released by the biosphere is often seen as a feedback or internal climate process, greenhouse gases emitted from volcanoes are typically classified as external by climatologists. Greenhouse gases, such as

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where internal instability of ice sheets caused huge ice bergs to be released into the ocean. When the ice sheet melts, the resulting water is very low in salt and cold, driving changes in circulation.

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denote warm) shows how the greenhouse effect traps heat in the lower atmosphere so that the upper atmosphere, receiving less reflected energy, cools. Volcanos cause upper-atmosphere temperature spikes.

477:, this signal can be 'stored' in the ocean and be expressed as variability on longer time scales than the original weather disturbances. If the weather disturbances are completely random, occurring as 445:

Climate variability can also occur due to internal processes. Internal unforced processes often involve changes in the distribution of energy in the ocean and atmosphere, for instance, changes in the

473:. From a climate perspective, the weather can be considered random. If there are little clouds in a particular year, there is an energy imbalance and extra heat can be absorbed by the oceans. Due to 1344:

impact how much sunlight the surface reflects and the concentration of dust. Cloud formation is not only influenced by how much water is in the air and the temperature, but also by the amount of

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Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation. At lower temperatures, air can hold less water vapour, which can lead to decreased precipitation. During the

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energy from the Earth's core, tidal energy from the Moon and heat from the decay of radioactive compounds. Both long term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.

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Climatic changes due to internal variability sometimes occur in cycles or oscillations. For other types of natural climatic change, we cannot predict when it happens; the change is called

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over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions. The O/O ratio in calcite and ice core samples

7724:(Higher-altitude cooling differences attributed to ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increases; spikes occurred with volcanic eruptions of 1982–83 (El Chichón) and 1991–92 (Pinatubo).) 5604:

Bruckschen, Peter; Oesmanna, Susanne; Veizer, Ján (30 September 1999). "Isotope stratigraphy of the European Carboniferous: proxy signals for ocean chemistry, climate and tectonics".

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Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Li, Laifang; Ming, Yi (28 July 2014). "Top-of-atmosphere radiative contribution to unforced decadal global temperature variability in climate models".

3032:; Cai, Wenju; Gupta, Alex Sen; McPhaden, Michael J.; Purich, Ariaan (1 March 2014). "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus". 1503:

One difficulty in detecting climate cycles is that the Earth's climate has been changing in non-cyclic ways over most paleoclimatological timescales. Currently we are in a period of

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variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO

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Bains, Santo; Norris, Richard D.; Corfield, Richard M.; Faul, Kristina L. (2000). "Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback".

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Miyoshi, N; Fujiki, Toshiyuki; Morita, Yoshimune (1999). "Palynology of a 250-m core from Lake Biwa: a 430,000-year record of glacial–interglacial vegetation change in Japan".

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Upper regions of the atmosphere have been cooling contemporaneously with a warming in the lower atmosphere, confirming the action of the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion.

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Though northern America has warmed more than its tropics, the tropics have more clearly departed from normal historical variability (colored bands: 1σ, 2σ standard deviations).

1522:", which means that climate has been constantly changing over the last 15,000 years or so. During warm periods, temperature fluctuations are often of a lesser amplitude. The 906:. Over very long (geological) time periods, they release carbon dioxide from the Earth's crust and mantle, counteracting the uptake by sedimentary rocks and other geological 272:

may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the

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Ocean currents transport a lot of energy from the warm tropical regions to the colder polar regions. Changes occurring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last

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In addition to global climate variability and global climate change over time, numerous climatic variations occur contemporaneously across different physical regions.

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Millington, Rebecca; Cox, Peter M.; Moore, Jonathan R.; Yvon-Durocher, Gabriel (10 May 2019). "Modelling ecosystem adaptation and dangerous rates of global warming".

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Turner, T. Edward; Swindles, Graeme T.; Charman, Dan J.; Langdon, Peter G.; Morris, Paul J.; Booth, Robert K.; Parry, Lauren E.; Nichols, Jonathan E. (5 April 2016).

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For geographical and statistical reasons, larger year-to-year variations are expected for localized geographic regions (e.g., the Caribbean) than for global averages.

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Graf, H.-F.; Feichter, J.; Langmann, B. (1997). "Volcanic sulphur emissions: Estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulphate distribution".

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state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate. When there is a lot of sea ice present globally, especially in the tropics and subtropics, the climate is

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that contain a wealth of material—including organic matter, quartz, and potassium that may be dated—recording the periods in which a glacier advanced and retreated.

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Three latitude bands that respectively cover 30, 40 and 30 percent of the global surface area show mutually distinct temperature growth patterns in recent decades.

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Brugger, Julia; Feulner, Georg; Petri, Stefan (April 2017), "Severe environmental effects of Chicxulub impact imply key role in end-Cretaceous mass extinction",

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van Nes, Egbert H.; Scheffer, Marten; Brovkin, Victor; Lenton, Timothy M.; Ye, Hao; Deyle, Ethan; Sugihara, George (2015). "Causal feedbacks in climate change".

481:, the inertia of glaciers or oceans can transform this into climate changes where longer-duration oscillations are also larger oscillations, a phenomenon called 4369: 3322: 2539:

Vallis, Geoffrey K.; Farneti, Riccardo (October 2009). "Meridional energy transport in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system: scaling and numerical experiments".

7768: 1762:, some 25,000 years ago, sea levels were roughly 130 m lower than today. The deglaciation afterwards was characterized by rapid sea level change. In the early 4960:

Hagemann, Steffen G.; Gebre-Mariam, Musie; Groves, David I. (1994). "Surface-water influx in shallow-level Archean lode-gold deposits in Western, Australia".

1872:(PETM) was a time period with more than 5–8 °C global average temperature rise across the event. This climate event occurred at the time boundary of the 528: 390:

and climate of Earth. This energy is distributed around the globe by winds, ocean currents, and other mechanisms to affect the climates of different regions.

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Lenton, Timothy M.; Rockström, Johan; Gaffney, Owen; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (27 November 2019).

6183:"The importance of plant macrofossils in the reconstruction of Lateglacial vegetation and climate: examples from Scotland, western Norway, and Minnesota, US" 4416: 749:

The oceanic aspects of climate variability can generate variability on centennial timescales due to the ocean having hundreds of times more mass than in the

604:(MJO) – An eastward moving pattern of increased rainfall over the tropics with a period of 30 to 60 days, observed mainly over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 593:

to two years within the longer term cycle. The cold tongue of the equatorial Pacific Ocean is not warming as fast as the rest of the ocean, due to increased

10066: 5965: 1932:(cold but with low rates of cloud cover and precipitation). In contrast, the world's climate was cloudier and wetter than today near the start of the warm 8123: 5535: 3352: 3295: 2270:

historical variabilities, allows the raw magnitudes of temperature changes to be placed in the perspective of what is normal variability for each region.

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Prentice, I. Colin; Bartlein, Patrick J; Webb, Thompson (1991). "Vegetation and Climate Change in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum".

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Forest, C.E.; Wolfe, J.A.; Molnar, P.; Emanuel, K.A. (1999). "Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate".

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emitted by volcanoes meant that the greenhouse gas could accumulate in the atmosphere. There was also an absence of exposed silicate rocks, which use CO

11420: 9041: 7794: 7502: 933:(particulate matter in the atmosphere), release of trace gases (e.g. nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or methane). Other factors, including land use, 5326:

Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".

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Kaufman, Darrell; McKay, Nicholas; Routson, Cody; Erb, Michael; Dätwyler, Christoph; Sommer, Philipp S.; Heiri, Oliver; Davis, Basil (30 June 2020).

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is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on human history and development. The primary sources include written records such as

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Zachos, J.C.; Dickens, G.R. (2000). "An assessment of the biogeochemical feedback response to the climatic and chemical perturbations of the LPTM".

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The Hemispheres' average temperature changes have diverged because of the North's greater percentage of landmass, and due to global ocean currents.

11194: 5239: 4690: 4559: 676:– A pattern of variability in the North Atlantic of about 55 to 70 years, with effects on rainfall, droughts and hurricane frequency and intensity. 8846: 8086: 7738: 5852: 4265: 7800: 6642:; Neilson, R.; Lenihan, J. M.; Drapek, R.J. (2001). "Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States". 5822: 1419:

can offer insights into past changes in the climate. Changes in climate have been linked to the rise and the collapse of various civilizations.

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Baldwin, M. P.; Gray, L. J.; Dunkerton, T. J.; Hamilton, K.; Haynes, P. H.; Randel, W. J.; Holton, J. R.; Alexander, M. J.; Hirota, I. (2001).

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Surface air temperatures over land masses have been increasing faster than those over the ocean, the ocean absorbing about 90% of excess heat.

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have not taken place for at least several centuries, as early explorers were all unable to make an Arctic crossing, even in summer. Shifts in

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Haerter, Jan O.; Moseley, Christopher; Berg, Peter (2013). "Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures".

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Mora, C.I.; Driese, S.G.; Colarusso, L. A. (1996). "Middle to Late Paleozoic Atmospheric CO2 Levels from Soil Carbonate and Organic Matter".

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who with collaborators introduced the concept of stochastic resonance was awarded the other half but mainly for work on theoretical physics.

6852: 8788: 2663:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951–2023" 757:

For example, alterations to ocean processes such as thermohaline circulation play a key role in redistributing heat in the world's oceans.

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Global warming has varied substantially by latitude, with the northernmost latitude zones experiencing the largest temperature increases.

1538:. Holocene climate has been relatively stable. All of these changes complicate the task of looking for cyclical behavior in the climate. 311:, when events outside of the climate system's components produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and 6350: 3193: 2358: 2259:

across different latitude bands also reflect this divergence in average temperature increase, with the temperature increase of northern

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in the air such as dust. Globally, more dust is available if there are many regions with dry soils, little vegetation and strong winds.

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of ocean water after atmospheric warming is slow, and can take thousands of years. A combination is also possible, e.g., sudden loss of

10248: 8931: 8889: 2669:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. 9810: 8926: 8511: 6560: 1633:

emissions, plants will often not use this increase as other environmental stresses put pressure on them. However, sequestration of CO

457: 374:(UNFCCC). Climate change is now used as both a technical description of the process, as well as a noun used to describe the problem. 371: 367: 3377: 1037:

concentrations lagged temperatures, but it has become clear that this is not always the case. When ocean temperatures increase, the

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the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the

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New, M.; Todd, M.; Hulme, M; Jones, P. (December 2001). "Review: Precipitation measurements and trends in the twentieth century".

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Dutton, Jan F.; Barron, Eric J. (1997). "Miocene to present vegetation changes: A possible piece of the Cenozoic cooling puzzle".

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such as rainforest loss, ice sheet and sea ice melt, and permafrost thawing. Such distinctions underlie research into a possible

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considered to be large enough to affect the Earth's climate on a scale of more than 1 year are the ones that inject over 100,000

492: 5869:; Albani, Samuel; Kok, Jasper F.; Engelstaeder, Sebastian; Scanza, Rachel; Ward, Daniel S.; Flanner, Mark G. (1 December 2014). 5582: 5164:

Miles, M.G.; Grainger, R.G.; Highwood, E.J. (2004). "The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate".

4468: 338:. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns. 9146: 9109: 8963: 8948: 8867: 8516: 8460: 7461: 5215: 4445: 3738: 2662: 1565:

and a land-based equivalent, competing theories exist concerning effects on climatic temperatures, for example contrasting the

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Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

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Ivany, Linda C.; Pietsch, Carlie; Handley, John C.; Lockwood, Rowan; Allmon, Warren D.; Sessa, Jocelyn A. (1 September 2018).

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may benefit plants, some factors can diminish this increase. If there is an environmental change such as drought, increased CO

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will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase possibly ending any life on Earth that survives until that time.

10330: 9805: 8943: 8107: 7997: 7958: 7933: 7925: 7894: 7607: 6121: 4410: 2953:"Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation" 2370: 7528: 6370: 4628: 2360: 10268: 9827: 8783: 8778: 7693: 7642: 7621: 7589: 5578: 2274: 1869: 1277:

period, about 300 to 360 million years ago, plate tectonics may have triggered large-scale storage of carbon and increased

839: 423: 8070: 4504: 10823: 10263: 10162: 9308: 9086: 8904: 8836: 8826: 8809: 8716: 8523: 8244: 1960:, when temperatures were probably only just below current temperatures (second decade of the 21st century), and a strong 1288:, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment of monsoons. 532:

Colored bars show how El Niño years (red, regional warming) and La Niña years (blue, regional cooling) relate to overall

17: 8841: 8239: 3268: 1844:

when they undergo weathering. This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back up.

1766:, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters higher than today. 577: 537: 11223: 9917: 9737: 9598: 9555: 9051: 8147: 8035: 8016: 5691: 2634: 2103: 241: 212: 10243: 9664: 9540: 9357: 8560: 8234: 8219: 8204: 5062:

Sagan, C.; Chyba, C (1997). "The Early Faint Sun Paradox: Organic Shielding of Ultraviolet-Labile Greenhouse Gases".

3686:

Spracklen, D. V.; Bonn, B.; Carslaw, K. S. (2008). "Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate".

3318: 2079:

and habitat ranges are also unprecedented, occurring at rates that do not coincide with known climate oscillations .

1650: 673: 363: 304: 7760: 5304: 5273: 10808: 10504: 9897: 9535: 9515: 9462: 9414: 8476: 4400: 666: 48: 1901:, multiple climate forcings led to warming and cooling of the atmosphere, which led to the early formation of the 10855: 10352: 10325: 9956: 9654: 9605: 9031: 8993: 8938: 8408: 8051: 5269: 2845:"Comparing the model-simulated global warming signal to observations using empirical estimates of unforced noise" 1828:

created extremely low temperatures, while the accumulation of snow and ice likely removed carbon dioxide through

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Westerhold, T..; Röhl, U.; Raffi, I.; Fornaciari, E.; Monechi, S.; Reale, V.; Bowles, J.; Evans, H. F. (2008).

7038:"State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections" 5721:

Pierce, J. R. (2017). "Cosmic rays, aerosols, clouds, and climate: Recent findings from the CLOUD experiment".

5543: 3847:"The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis" 3344: 3291: 3006: 2476: 2359:

America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010).

1824:

period, large glacial ice sheets spanned to Earth's equator, covering nearly its entire surface, and very high

1207: 706: 645: 80: 6116:. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Vol. 11. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 4909:

Watson, E.B.; Harrison, TM (2005). "Zircon Thermometer Reveals Minimum Melting Conditions on Earliest Earth".

1407:. Climate variability in the recent past may be derived from changes in settlement and agricultural patterns. 1234:

because smaller eruptions occur at a much higher frequency, they too significantly affect Earth's atmosphere.

10603: 10509: 9961: 9832: 9367: 8899: 8259: 8140: 7950: 7917: 6617: 6329: 3802:

Schwartzman, David W.; Volk, Tyler (1989). "Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth".

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includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term

234: 68: 7786: 7494: 3503: 1495:

species, and the age of the sediments in which remains are found, past climatic conditions may be inferred.

642:

around the equator. Over a period of 28 months the dominant wind changes from easterly to westerly and back.

631:, Iceland. Positive values of the index indicate stronger-than-average westerlies over the middle latitudes. 461:

There is seasonal variability in how new high temperature records have outpaced new low temperature records.

11256: 10653: 10553: 9815: 9487: 9016: 9011: 8916: 8793: 8350: 8224: 2438: 1987: 1739: 1679: 1678:

may be related to cycles of precipitation, especially drought, that in this example also correlates to the

679: 291:. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy and the passage of the energy through the climate system is 11387: 11136: 10335: 10285: 9026: 8879: 8289: 7711: 1948:

Temperature change over the past 12 000 years, from various sources. The thick black curve is an average.

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are considered among the most sensitive indicators of a changing climate. Their size is determined by a

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Larger, faster or more radical changes, however, may result in vegetation stress, rapid plant loss and

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concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black)

635: 612: 608: 533: 222: 122: 63: 1928:

from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including

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Meehl, Gerald A.; Hu, Aixue; Arblaster, Julie M.; Fasullo, John; Trenberth, Kevin E. (8 April 2013).

2041:

Certain effects have occurred during these cycles. For example, during the Medieval Warm Period, the

1957: 1515: 268:

only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more.

217: 9269: 7174: 4996: 1206:

which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the

11372: 11261: 11156: 11082: 10909: 10538: 10238: 9940: 9764: 9759: 9749: 9690: 9530: 9036: 9001: 8894: 8821: 8662: 8491: 8427: 8388: 8199: 6688: 1914: 1511: 1266: 1194:

and sulfate aerosols, which strongly absorb or scatter solar radiation, creating a global layer of

754: 738: 728: 446: 292: 7582:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) / Annual Mean Temperature Change over Land and over Ocean" 7287:"Little lasting impact of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on shallow marine molluscan faunas" 7109:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

3688:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

2405: 2012:

In contrast, several warm periods have also taken place, and they include but are not limited to:

11367: 10936: 10791: 10087: 9873: 9795: 9705: 9447: 9419: 9099: 8758: 8736: 8343: 8294: 4726:

Willson, Richard C.; Hudson, Hugh S. (1991). "The Sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle".

3525:

Kuijpers, Antoon; Bo Holm Jacobsen; Seidenkrantz, Marit-Solveig; Knudsen, Mads Faurschou (2011).

2098: 2063:

also occurred during Medieval temperature fluctuations, and may be related to changing climates.

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phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the

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ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate. Other changes, including

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Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008), "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited",

4534: 1829: 1376: 1218: 817:, which depleted the atmosphere of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and introduced free oxygen 442:

in the Arctic Ocean as sea ice melts, followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the water.

1586: 902:, heat the climate system by trapping infrared light. Volcanoes are also part of the extended 520:

cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the Earth.

10786: 10598: 10060: 10021: 9861: 9507: 9384: 9192: 8652: 8575: 8189: 8184: 4500: 4259: 3648: 3185: 2624: 2334: 2312: 2278: 2046: 1483: 1359:

is the study of changes in climate through the entire history of Earth. It uses a variety of

1211: 914: 702: 694: 683: 273: 169: 75: 6931: 4771:"Solar cycles or random processes? Evaluating solar variability in Holocene climate records" 4688:

Box 6.2: What Caused the Low Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During Glacial Times?

11425: 11151: 10948: 10850: 10715: 10677: 10427: 10231: 10125: 9700: 9578: 9239: 8814: 8741: 7834: 7406: 7359: 7298: 7240: 7186: 7126: 7049: 6984: 6927: 6700: 6653: 6601: 6511: 6449: 6402: 6338: 6292: 6257: 6197: 6147: 6084: 5982: 5927: 5882: 5777: 5730: 5648: 5613: 5499: 5454: 5419: 5382: 5335: 5173: 5126: 5071: 5008: 4969: 4918: 4883: 4845: 4735: 4654: 4594: 4331: 4288: 4213: 4161: 4117: 4066: 4011: 3964: 3913: 3858: 3811: 3753: 3695: 3603: 3538: 3453: 3407: 3149: 3084: 3041: 2964: 2917: 2856: 2817: 2706: 2595: 2548: 2511: 2029: 1969: 1921: 1906: 1759: 1487: 1416: 1281:. Geologic evidence points to a "megamonsoonal" circulation pattern during the time of the 1109: 991: 957: 716: 709:

of sea level pressure or geopotential height from 20°N to 90°N (NAM) or 20°S to 90°S (SAM).

487: 485:. Many climate changes have a random aspect and a cyclical aspect. This behavior is dubbed 6556: 669:(IPO) – Basin wide variability in the Pacific Ocean with a period between 20 and 30 years. 8: 11292: 11072: 10943: 10865: 10463: 10409: 10357: 10320: 10310: 10016: 9717: 9492: 8726: 8721: 8264: 8254: 8163: 7944: 7635:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) / Annual Mean Temperature Change for Hemispheres" 7175:"A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future" 6159: 6045: 3374: 3319:"Mystery Stretch of the Pacific Ocean Is Not Warming Like the Rest of the World's Waters" 2017: 1993: 1910: 1902: 1783: 1731: 1727: 1629:

concentrations will not benefit the plant. So even though climate change does increase CO

1463: 1011: 1003: 907: 750: 649: 58: 40: 7838: 7410: 7363: 7302: 7244: 7198: 7190: 7130: 7053: 6988: 6704: 6657: 6605: 6515: 6453: 6406: 6342: 6296: 6261: 6223: 6201: 6151: 6088: 5986: 5931: 5886: 5781: 5734: 5652: 5617: 5503: 5458: 5423: 5386: 5339: 5177: 5130: 5075: 5012: 4973: 4922: 4887: 4849: 4739: 4658: 4598: 4335: 4292: 4217: 4165: 4121: 4070: 4015: 3968: 3917: 3862: 3815: 3757: 3699: 3607: 3542: 3457: 3411: 3153: 3088: 3045: 2968: 2921: 2860: 2821: 2710: 2599: 2552: 2515: 2263:

exceeding that of the tropics, which in turn exceeds that of the southern extratropics.

1909:

approaches zero, as during the current interglacial. Previous interglacials such as the

1062:

Variations in solar activity during the last several centuries based on observations of

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Retallack, Gregory J. (2001). "Cenozoic Expansion of Grasslands and Climatic Cooling".

4247: 4185: 4133: 4090: 3980: 3937: 3881: 3846: 3827: 3777: 3719: 3624: 3591: 3567: 3526: 3477: 3425: 3162: 3137: 3118: 2998: 2929: 2885: 2844: 2843:

Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Cordero, Eugene C.; Mauget, Steven A. (21 April 2015).

2829: 2771: 2718: 2675:(change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October) 2564: 2298: 1549: 1439: 795: 698: 690: 616: 7686:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) / Temperature Change for Three Latitude Bands" 6895: 6269: 6209: 5625: 5431: 1321:, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably. 1070:

isotopes. The period of extraordinarily few sunspots in the late 17th century was the

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Milankovitch cycles from 800,000 years ago in the past to 800,000 years in the future.

854:

global cooling over the past 40 million years driven by the expansion of grass-grazer

11228: 11129: 10924: 10732: 10697: 10658: 10608: 10499: 10483: 10226: 10189: 10167: 10152: 10135: 10053: 9779: 9442: 9187: 8953: 8746: 8709: 8496: 8450: 8324: 8031: 8012: 7993: 7974: 7954: 7921: 7890: 7862: 7462:

United Nations Environment Programme – Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures

7442: 7424: 7375: 7332: 7314: 7152: 7085: 7067: 7018: 7000: 6953: 6793: 6781: 6773: 6716: 6483: 6465: 6438:"The influence of rising tropospheric carbon dioxide and ozone on plant productivity" 6436:

Ainsworth, E. A.; Lemonnier, P.; Wedow, J. M. (January 2020). Tausz-Posch, S. (ed.).

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19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference, 23–28 April 2017

5758: 5746: 5676: 5566: 5475: 5355: 5207: 5139: 5087: 5024: 4934: 4808: 4790: 4670: 4406: 4239: 4177: 4173: 4137: 4082: 4039: 4034: 3999: 3984: 3929: 3886: 3769: 3723: 3711: 3629: 3572: 3554: 3469: 3238: 3167: 3110: 3057: 2990: 2982: 2933: 2890: 2872: 2763: 2722: 2630: 2568: 2366: 2068: 2023: 1981: 1686:

eruption created an especially cold period during the ice age, leading to a possible

1675: 1545: 1541: 1448: 1254: 1091: 1019: 435: 410: 7468: 6673: 6587:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" 6541: 6096: 6010: 5947: 5193: 5148: 5036: 4946: 4439: 4308: 4189: 3941: 3781: 3429: 3122: 3002: 2805: 2775: 2260: 1746:, however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the 1217:

At a larger scale—a few times every 50 million to 100 million years—the eruption of

11377: 11312: 11141: 11119: 10963: 10931: 10919: 10895: 10521: 10468: 10458: 10417: 10347: 10342: 10071: 9979: 9822: 9389: 9372: 9313: 9204: 8968: 8692: 8565: 8501: 7852: 7842: 7432: 7414: 7367: 7322: 7306: 7248: 7194: 7142: 7134: 7102: 7075: 7057: 7008: 6992: 6943: 6935: 6763: 6755: 6708: 6661: 6609: 6527: 6519: 6473: 6457: 6410: 6346: 6300: 6265: 6213: 6205: 6155: 6092: 6054: 6041:"Networks and nodal points: the emergence of towns in early Viking Age Scandinavia" 5990: 5935: 5890: 5866: 5738: 5656: 5621: 5515: 5507: 5470: 5462: 5427: 5390: 5343: 5181: 5134: 5079: 5016: 4977: 4926: 4891: 4853: 4830:. IAU Symposium 264 'Solar and Stellar Variability – Impact on Earth and Planets'. 4798: 4782: 4755: 4743: 4662: 4602: 4339: 4296: 4251: 4229: 4221: 4169: 4125: 4094: 4074: 4029: 4019: 3972: 3921: 3904:

Kasting, J.F.; Siefert, JL (2002). "Life and the Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere".

3876: 3866: 3831: 3819: 3761: 3703: 3619: 3611: 3562: 3546: 3481: 3461: 3415: 3228: 3157: 3100: 3092: 3049: 2972: 2925: 2880: 2864: 2825: 2753: 2714: 2603: 2556: 2519: 2072: 2042: 1803: 1663: 1562: 1535: 1356: 1325: 1318: 1226: 565: 496: 147: 117: 105: 7395:"Holocene global mean surface temperature, a multi-method reconstruction approach" 6687:

Ridolfi, Luca; D'Odorico, P.; Porporato, A.; Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (27 July 2000).

6523: 5871:"The size distribution of desert dust aerosols and its impact on the Earth system" 5083: 4438:

Steinfeld, H.; P. Gerber; T. Wassenaar; V. Castel; M. Rosales; C. de Haan (2006).

3976: 1944: 977: 733: 624: 540:

has been linked to variability in longer-term global average temperature increase.

11206: 11047: 10618: 10478: 10394: 10382: 10362: 10258: 10048: 10028: 9951: 9774: 9695: 9659: 9588: 9562: 9550: 9467: 9399: 9274: 9131: 8753: 8704: 8682: 8284: 8127: 8114: 7524: 7252: 6580: 6578: 6374: 6111: 5895: 5870: 5243: 4694: 3381: 3138:"Internal variability of Earth's energy budget simulated by CMIP5 climate models" 3029: 2376: 2189: 2059: 1961: 1933: 1881: 1809: 1747: 1687: 1646: 1600: 1570: 1566: 1360: 1243: 1095: 1071: 1023: 934: 770: 474: 398: 394: 27:

Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period

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Warren, Stephen G.; Voigt, Aiko; Tziperman, Eli; et al. (1 November 2017).

5395: 5370: 5020: 2306: 1278: 11184: 11124: 11109: 11062: 10958: 10904: 10764: 10422: 10399: 10372: 10290: 10280: 10182: 10177: 10043: 9994: 9727: 9583: 9525: 9520: 9362: 9251: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8831: 8768: 8506: 8486: 8445: 8366: 7847: 7822: 7804: 6939: 3737:

Christner, B. C.; Morris, C. E.; Foreman, C. M.; Cai, R.; Sands, D. C. (2008).

2094: 2088: 2034: 2005: 1999: 1821: 1779: 1735: 1519: 1507: 1412: 1408: 1335: 1330: 1282: 1180: 1160: 1087: 1007: 890: 872: 814: 765: 761: 508: 500: 414: 352: 284: 159: 110: 31: 30:

For the human-induced rise in Earth's average temperature and its effects, see

8121:

Climate Change and Variability, National Centers for Environmental Information

7920:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

7419: 7223: 6665: 6575: 6414: 6059: 6040: 5347: 4857: 4129: 2977: 2908:

Hasselmann, K. (1 December 1976). "Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory".

1607:

Potential vegetation in climate now if not for human effects like agriculture.

572:. Many oscillations on different time-scales have been found or hypothesized: 11404: 11327: 11211: 11168: 11114: 11102: 11087: 11077: 11000: 10914: 10890: 10885: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10665: 10253: 10194: 10157: 10109: 9800: 9732: 9457: 9279: 9264: 9199: 9094: 8229: 8209: 7953:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.

7428: 7379: 7318: 7071: 7004: 6957: 6777: 6720: 6686: 6469: 6422: 5904: 5750: 4794: 4674: 4024: 3558: 3527:"Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years" 3473: 3465: 3242: 3171: 3114: 3061: 2986: 2937: 2876: 2767: 2726: 2326: 2292: 1813: 1743: 1392: 1274: 1195: 950: 899: 843: 653: 620: 561: 504: 9909: 7062: 6390: 5994: 4930: 3925: 3871: 3765: 2469:"Concept of Climate Change, in: The International Encyclopedia of Geography" 1156: 422:

that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. There are also key

11353: 11287: 11019: 11005: 10860: 10670: 10638: 10628: 10531: 10377: 10275: 10221: 10130: 9989: 9685: 9482: 9126: 9116: 8773: 8657: 8570: 8309: 7866: 7446: 7336: 7310: 7156: 7138: 7089: 7022: 6996: 6785: 6487: 6351:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(1998090)13:5<419::AID-JQS410>3.0.CO;2-D

6002: 5091: 5028: 4938: 4895: 4812: 4243: 4181: 4086: 4043: 3933: 3890: 3773: 3715: 3707: 3633: 3615: 3576: 3524: 2894: 2758: 2741: 2608: 2583: 2339: 1929: 1861: 1856:

Climate changes over the past 65 million years, using proxy data including

1719: 1707: 1683: 1638: 1558: 1373:

Satellite cloud and precipitation data has been available since the 1970s.

1222: 1187: 962: 903: 849: 820:

another glaciation 300 million years ago ushered in by long-term burial of

783: 639: 431: 5296: 5261: 628: 11332: 10875: 10870: 10707: 10692: 10568: 10543: 10172: 10092: 9999: 9984: 9712: 9229: 9221: 8481: 8319: 7907:(2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). 7558:. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 6759: 6712: 6282: 5742: 4666: 3420: 3395: 3233: 3216: 3096: 3053: 2629:. Computational Science and Engineering. Vol. 12. SIAM. p. 23. 2054: 1925: 1833: 1817: 1523: 1270: 1230: 1129: 1099: 1058: 922: 828: 787: 553: 478: 288: 133: 91: 11014: 6948: 6532: 5668: 5520: 4234: 4225: 2742:"Dynamics of Interdecadal Climate Variability: A Historical Perspective" 1852: 877: 11282: 11097: 11067: 11052: 10840: 10828: 10588: 10450: 10076: 9744: 9121: 8214: 8132: 7943:(2008). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K.; Reisinger, A.R. (eds.). 7857: 6768: 6644: 6312: 4437: 3550: 3028:

England, Matthew H.; McGregor, Shayne; Spence, Paul; Meehl, Gerald A.;

2107: 1527: 1309: 1103: 1038: 999: 995: 987: 810: 803: 397:

or "forcing mechanisms". These include processes such as variations in

6500: 6461: 5466: 4828:

The Sun and stars as the primary energy input in planetary atmospheres

4786: 3105: 2994: 2868: 585: 581: 287:

receives nearly all of its energy from the sun and radiates energy to

11024: 10813: 10742: 10687: 10682: 10548: 10389: 10295: 10038: 8699: 7551: 7371: 6613: 6136: 6110:

Hughes, Malcolm K.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Diaz, Henry F., eds. (2010).

5692:"Explainer: Why the sun is not responsible for recent climate change" 5185: 4747: 4078: 3823: 3592:"Monsoon-driven Saharan dust variability over the past 240,000 years" 3495: 2111: 2050: 1873: 1857: 1459: 1384: 1125: 1067: 855: 832: 594: 482: 382:

On the broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the

312: 6916: 6304: 6218: 5939: 4585:

Gale, Andrew S. (1989). "A Milankovitch scale for Cenomanian time".

2952: 2626:

Uncertainty Quantification: Theory, Implementation, and Applications

2468: 1427: 1257:

about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the

1199:

the IPCC explicitly defines volcanism as an external forcing agent.

11317: 11302: 10833: 10818: 10720: 10558: 10006: 7739:"The climate visualisations that leave no room for doubt or denial" 6973:"Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology" 5660: 5639:

Parrish, Judith T. (1993). "Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea".

5410:

Wignall, P (2001). "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions".

4997:"Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures" 4621:"Same forces as today caused climate changes 1.4 billion years ago" 4300: 2697:

Hasselmann, K. (1976). "Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory".

2560: 1953: 1898: 1763: 1723: 1715: 1554: 1404: 1396: 1364:

measurements give a more complete overview of climate variability.

1345: 1258: 1152: 1045:

decreases so that it is released from the ocean. The exchange of CO

938: 930: 926: 824: 189: 180: 7121: 7103:

Hansen James; Sato Makiko; Russell Gary; Kharecha Pushker (2013).

6586: 5121: 4840: 4399:

Antoaneta Yotova, ed. (2009). "Anthropogenic Climate Influences".

1029:

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO

701:(AO) in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Southern Annular Mode or 11297: 11146: 10983: 10973: 10781: 10593: 10305: 10300: 8677: 8335: 8269: 8249: 7460:

Zemp, M.; I.Roer; A.Kääb; M.Hoelzle; F.Paul; W. Haeberli (2008).

4527:"Human Activities Emit Way More Carbon Dioxide Than Do Volcanoes" 2320: 1973: 1885: 1774: 1703: 1649:

in certain circumstances. An example of this occurred during the

1531: 1452: 1400: 1285: 1262: 1172: 1117: 1063: 946: 557: 406: 142: 100: 6855:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2008. Archived from 4202: 4150: 3845:

Kopp, R.E.; Kirschvink, J.L.; Hilburn, I.A.; Nash, C.Z. (2005).

2475:. Wiley-Blackwell/Association of American Geographers (AAG): 1. 1714:

The most significant climate processes since the middle to late

1140: 1106:. Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best. 1033:

concentrations and temperatures. Early studies indicated that CO

929:

through deforestation, and has further altered the climate with

11307: 11233: 9680: 8314: 8081: 7820: 7105:"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide" 6745: 5966:"Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene" 2273:

Regional variability observations permit study of regionalized

1965: 1877: 1825: 1491: 1293: 1113: 1083: 1015: 942: 821: 806:. Examples of how life may have affected past climate include: 791: 439: 402: 6689:"Impact of climate variability on the vegetation water stress" 5823:"Mineral dust plays key role in cloud formation and chemistry" 5297:"The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines" 5262:"The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines" 1351: 1273:

and may have led to Northern Hemisphere ice cover. During the

1253:

tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the

1006:

which affect climate and are notable for their correlation to

426:

which when exceeded can produce rapid or irreversible change.

10978: 10737: 9594:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

8687: 7705: 7703: 7680: 7678: 6821:

The activities of the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)

5865: 3261:"ENSO FAQ: How often do El Niño and La Niña typically occur?" 2076: 1711:

determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season.

1380: 917:, humanity has been adding to greenhouse gases by emitting CO 813:

2.3 billion years ago triggered by the evolution of oxygenic

799: 330:

occurs at seemingly random times. Such variability is called

8092: 7887:

Paleoclimates: understanding climate change past and present

7266: 6638: 4768: 4644: 3393: 1144:

In atmospheric temperature from 1979 to 2010, determined by

11322: 8096: 7940: 7904: 7574: 7284: 5539: 5512:

10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0497:PIAPAB>2.3.CO;2

5371:"Deep Carbon and the Life Cycle of Large Igneous Provinces" 4982:

10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1067:SWIISL>2.3.CO;2

4709: 4707: 4344:

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0039:MTPVCA>2.3.CO;2

3667: 3292:"Part of the Pacific Ocean Is Not Warming as Expected. Why" 2525:

10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1405:EOGOMH>2.0.CO;2

2406:"The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 2082: 1956:

is characterized by a long-term cooling starting after the

1637:

is expected to affect the rate of many natural cycles like

1593: 1314: 1148: 405:

or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans,

7700: 7675: 7627: 6970: 6373:. Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from 4959: 3027: 2787: 2785: 2678: 1666:

when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.

9770:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

7459: 7172: 6871: 6800: 6727: 3844: 3736: 3255: 2803: 1432: 1388: 1305: 1176: 1079: 383: 7661:"In Warming, Northern Hemisphere is Outpacing the South" 7654: 7652: 6325: 6073: 5802: 5603: 5489: 4704: 3294:. Columbia University Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. 1718:(approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and 1395:

literature as well as pictorial representations such as

1014:, their correlation with the advance and retreat of the 638:– a well-understood oscillation in wind patterns in the 386:

and the rate at which it is lost to space determine the

6584: 6435: 4056: 3442: 2950: 2782: 2500:"Estimates of Global Oceanic Meridional Heat Transport" 2386: 1816:, and some processes of the Earth's temperature may be 7949:. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the 7392: 6371:"Global land environments since the last interglacial" 10141:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

9611:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7649: 6364: 6362: 6360: 5166:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

5163: 4869: 4867: 2581: 2541:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

2439:"What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change" 401:, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the 10067:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

7780: 7778: 7732: 7730: 6585:

Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010).

5565:

Haug, Gerald H.; Keigwin, Lloyd D. (22 March 2004).

5444: 5104: 4503:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 10 January 2006. 3685: 2842: 2288: 1476:

used to deduce ocean temperature in the distant past

1202:

Notable eruptions in the historical records are the

715:– occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the 7823:"Climate tipping points – too risky to bet against" 7601: 7599: 6247: 5771: 4832:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

4554: 4552: 4466: 3954: 3739:"Ubiquity of Biological Ice Nucleators in Snowfall" 848:reversal of global warming 49 million years ago by 597:

of cold waters off the west coast of South America.

8102: 7990:Climate Change : A multidisciplinary approach 7971:Climate Change : A multidisciplinary approach 7486: 7349: 7168: 7166: 6357: 4864: 2365:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 7775: 7727: 7233:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6109: 5917: 5567:"How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic" 5108:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4402:Climate Change, Human Systems and Policy Volume I 4370:"3. Are human activities causing climate change?" 1530:, developed out of more stable conditions in the 11402: 11195:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 9811:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 8103:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 7753: 7608:"The Oceans Are Heating Up Faster Than Expected" 7596: 7226:"Astronomical calibration of the Paleocene time" 5776:, vol. 19, Vienna, Austria, p. 17167, 4549: 4398: 3316: 3136:Palmer, M. D.; McNeall, D. J. (1 January 2014). 2804:Benzi R, Parisi G, Sutera A, Vulpiani A (1982). 2004:the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to 276:, the climate has increasingly been affected by 8030:(4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7910:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 7816: 7814: 7217: 7163: 7042:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4584: 4004:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3851:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3801: 2588:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2071:and recent record low ice minima of the modern 1847: 745:, which keeps warm waters away from Antarctica. 514: 11093:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 7035: 5959: 5957: 5647:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 215–33. 4994: 4908: 4874:Marty, B. (2006). "Water in the Early Earth". 3903: 2118: 1098:on shorter time scales, including the 11-year 686:, with a period of tens of thousands of years. 10098:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 9939: 9925: 8556:History of climate change policy and politics 8351: 8300:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern 8148: 7179:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5369:Black, Benjamin A.; Gibson, Sally A. (2019). 4725: 4431: 4107: 3265:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 3135: 3074: 2575: 2538: 1800:List of periods and events in climate history 1722:cycles. The present interglacial period (the 1498: 1478:is an example of a temperature proxy method. 1190:. This is due to the optical properties of SO 782:Life affects climate through its role in the 568:of the data does not have sharp peaks in the 242: 8026:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 7939: 7903: 7811: 6818: 6693:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 6557:"UK trees' fruit ripening '18 days earlier'" 5765: 5723:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 5447:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 5247: 5208:"Volcanic Gases and Climate Change Overview" 5159: 5157: 4698: 4460: 4321: 2655: 1693: 1674:Collapses of past civilizations such as the 1167:is a separate event, from ocean variability. 10146:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 8673:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5954: 5851:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5564: 5368: 5325: 4519: 4264:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4101: 2473:The International Encyclopedia of Geography 1726:) has lasted about 11,700 years. Shaped by 1352:Evidence and measurement of climate changes 1329:more than 30 years. The large-scale use of 861: 842:55 million years ago by flourishing marine 307:. Climate variability can also result from 10249:Climate change and civilizational collapse 9932: 9918: 9892: 9880: 9337: 8358: 8344: 8155: 8141: 7761:"Climate at a Glance / Global Time Series" 6391:"Plants and Drought in a Changing Climate" 6368: 6319: 5911: 5820: 5794:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5689: 5061: 4819: 4000:"Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time" 3589: 3373:National Center for Atmospheric Research. 2907: 2696: 2532: 2491: 1698: 1514:from the latest ice age, cooling from the 996:the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation 986:seasonal distribution. The three types of 615:are based on the difference of normalized 580:(ENSO) – A large scale pattern of warmer ( 523: 393:Factors that can shape climate are called 249: 235: 11421:History of climate variability and change 9632: 9438:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 8581:United Nations Climate Change conferences 8025: 7992:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7987: 7973:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 7968: 7916:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 7856: 7846: 7453: 7436: 7418: 7326: 7272: 7146: 7120: 7079: 7061: 7012: 6947: 6892:"Science Briefs: Earth's Climate History" 6877: 6812: 6806: 6767: 6733: 6531: 6477: 6217: 6058: 5963: 5894: 5808: 5519: 5474: 5394: 5154: 5138: 5120: 5098: 4988: 4873: 4839: 4802: 4713: 4278: 4233: 4033: 4023: 3880: 3870: 3673: 3623: 3566: 3419: 3289: 3232: 3161: 3104: 2976: 2884: 2806:"Stochastic resonance in climatic change" 2757: 2616: 2607: 2582:Trenberth, Kevin E.; et al. (2009). 2523: 2392: 1730:, responses such as the rise and fall of 1458:Analysis of ice in cores drilled from an 1002:of Earth's axis. Combined, these produce 372:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 368:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 11252:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 11190:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 9142:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 8162: 8006: 7658: 6845: 6113:Dendroclimatology: progress and prospect 6038: 6032: 5536:"Panama: Isthmus that Changed the World" 5438: 5266:U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97 4469:"What the Paris Climate Meeting Must Do" 4467:The Editorial Board (28 November 2015). 3367: 2791: 2684: 2237: 2125:Examples of regional climate variability 2083:Modern climate change and global warming 1943: 1851: 1585: 1426: 1139: 1057: 976: 876: 732: 722: 527: 456: 9498:National Adaptation Programme of Action 9287:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 8011:. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 7889:. New York: Columbia University Press. 7784: 7722:from the original on 12 September 2019. 7709: 7525:"Land ice – NASA Global Climate Change" 7492: 5638: 5409: 5259: 4627:. University of Denmark. Archived from 4562:. University of Montana. Archived from 2362:Advancing the Science of Climate Change 452: 14: 11403: 9147:Economics of climate change mitigation 9110:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 8633: 8461:Scientific consensus on climate change 8009:Earth's climate : Past and Future 7884: 7771:from the original on 23 February 2020. 7737:Meduna, Veronika (17 September 2018). 7736: 7605: 7505:from the original on 29 September 2019 7205:from the original on 14 September 2016 6554: 5720: 5492:Geological Society of America Bulletin 4876:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 4356: 3997: 3345:"What is the MJO, and why do we care?" 2673:from the original on 16 November 2023. 2649: 2497: 2479:from the original on 29 September 2022 2412:from the original on 20 September 2022 1510:. In a larger timeframe, the Earth is 1367: 1155:released by major volcanic eruptions ( 1120:eons, leading to what is known as the 9913: 9806:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 9631: 9336: 9072: 8632: 8544: 8425: 8377: 8339: 8136: 7946:Climate Change 2008: Synthesis Report 7671:from the original on 31 October 2019. 7562:from the original on 18 December 2019 7531:from the original on 23 February 2017 7495:"Climate Change Indicators: Glaciers" 6388: 6369:Adams, J.M.; Faure, H., eds. (1997). 6250:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 6180: 5260:Diggles, Michael (28 February 2005). 4825: 4640: 4638: 4481:from the original on 29 November 2015 3325:from the original on 25 February 2023 2622: 2466: 2016:a warm period during the apex of the 1442:ice core over the last 450,000 years. 1422: 972: 850:800,000 years of arctic azolla blooms 10269:Tipping points in the climate system 9828:Representative Concentration Pathway 8779:Tipping points in the climate system 8455:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 7791:Climate Lab Book (professional blog) 7173:McInherney, F.A..; Wing, S. (2011). 6389:Swann, Abigail L. S. (1 June 2018). 5920:International Journal of Climatology 5833:from the original on 24 October 2022 5579:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 4560:"Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation" 3646: 3214: 3190:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2462: 2460: 2093:As a consequence of humans emitting 1964:created grassland conditions in the 1924:of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven 1884:. During the event large amounts of 827:of vascular land-plants (creating a 10264:Extinction risk from climate change 10163:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 9599:Nationally determined contributions 9309:Individual action on climate change 8524:World energy supply and consumption 8245:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 7797:from the original on 23 April 2020. 7696:from the original on 16 April 2020. 7645:from the original on 16 April 2020. 7606:Harvey, Chelsea (1 November 2018). 7592:from the original on 16 April 2020. 7549: 7262:from the original on 9 August 2017. 7199:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 6920:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6853:"International Stratigraphic Chart" 5690:Hausfather, Zeke (18 August 2017). 5585:from the original on 5 October 2018 5307:from the original on 25 August 2013 5294: 5276:from the original on 25 August 2013 2739: 1753: 1299: 1265:Oceans. This strongly affected the 965:, the most recent of which was the 866: 764:) show that the circulation is the 24: 11224:List of fictional doomsday devices 9738:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 8365: 7787:"From the familiar to the unknown" 7618:from the original on 3 March 2020. 6889: 6620:from the original on 17 March 2023 6563:from the original on 17 March 2023 6160:10.1023/B:JOPL.0000029433.85764.a5 5702:from the original on 17 March 2023 5043:from the original on 9 August 2010 4635: 4607:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1989.tb00403.x 4507:from the original on 1 August 2013 4501:"Volcanic Gases and Their Effects" 3791:from the original on 5 March 2020. 3655:from the original on 18 March 2023 3506:from the original on 17 March 2023 3496:"Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation" 3355:from the original on 15 March 2023 3186:"El Niño & Other Oscillations" 3009:from the original on 11 March 2023 2930:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00696.x 2830:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01787.x 2719:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00696.x 2445:from the original on 9 August 2010 1793: 1237: 682:– climate variation driven by the 213:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms 25: 11437: 10244:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 9665:Satellite temperature measurement 9270:forestry for carbon sequestration 8561:History of climate change science 8235:Diurnal air temperature variation 8220:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 8205:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 8045: 7988:Burroughs, William James (2007). 7969:Burroughs, William James (2001). 7749:from the original on 17 May 2019. 7710:Hawkins, Ed (12 September 2019). 7659:Freedman, Andrew (9 April 2013). 7552:"Climate Change: How do we know?" 7036:Caballero, R.; Huber, M. (2013). 6555:Kinver, Mark (15 November 2011). 5542:Earth Observatory. Archived from 5218:from the original on 29 July 2014 4448:from the original on 26 July 2008 4419:from the original on 4 April 2023 4376:. Australian Academy of Science. 3590:Skonieczny, C. (2 January 2019). 3317:Aristos Georgiou (26 June 2019). 3298:from the original on 5 March 2023 3196:from the original on 6 April 2019 2457: 2431: 2398: 1812:are typically in flux throughout 1651:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse 990:change are variations in Earth's 674:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 364:World Meteorological Organization 305:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 11360: 11359: 11347: 10505:Decline in amphibian populations 9891: 9879: 9868: 9867: 9855: 9516:Climate Change Performance Index 8080: 7712:"Atmospheric temperature trends" 7543: 7517: 7386: 7343: 7278: 7096: 7029: 6964: 6910: 6883: 6748:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 6739: 6680: 6632: 6548: 6494: 6429: 6382: 6276: 5821:Hadlington, Simon 9 (May 2013). 5140:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x 4834:. Vol. 264. pp. 3–18. 4174:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00195.x 3396:"The quasi-biennial oscillation" 2740:Liu, Zhengyu (14 October 2011). 2504:Journal of Physical Oceanography 2319: 2305: 2291: 2279:global cascade of tipping points 2220: 2205: 2178: 2163: 2148: 2133: 1870:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1438:, temperature and dust from the 1151:satellites, effects appear from 840:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 667:Interdecadal Pacific oscillation 47: 10856:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 10353:Land surface effects on climate 10326:Human impact on the environment 9957:Future of an expanding universe 9655:Instrumental temperature record 9606:Sustainable Development Goal 13 6241: 6174: 6130: 6103: 6097:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.019 6067: 5859: 5814: 5714: 5683: 5632: 5597: 5558: 5528: 5483: 5403: 5362: 5319: 5288: 5270:United States Geological Survey 5253: 5230: 5200: 5055: 4953: 4902: 4826:Ribas, Ignasi (February 2010). 4762: 4719: 4681: 4613: 4578: 4493: 4392: 4380:from the original on 8 May 2019 4362: 4350: 4315: 4272: 4196: 4144: 4050: 3991: 3948: 3897: 3838: 3795: 3730: 3679: 3640: 3583: 3518: 3488: 3436: 3387: 3337: 3310: 3283: 3249: 3208: 3178: 3129: 3068: 3021: 2944: 2901: 2836: 2797: 2733: 2690: 2643: 1939: 1892: 1204:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 1110:Three to four billion years ago 1053: 969:in Indonesia 74,000 years ago. 790:and through such mechanisms as 564:(not perfectly periodic), so a 11416:Climate and weather statistics 11411:Climate variability and change 9723:Climate variability and change 9073: 8764:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 8087:Climate variability and change 8057:Climate variability and change 6395:Current Climate Change Reports 5328:Progress in Physical Geography 4533:. 14 June 2011. Archived from 3649:"Annular Modes – Introduction" 3142:Environmental Research Letters 2584:"Earth's Global Energy Budget" 2498:Hsiung, Jane (November 1985). 2352: 2045:was in drought, including the 1682:. Around 70 000 years ago the 1526:period, dominated by repeated 1292:several smaller continents or 1208:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora 646:Pacific Centennial Oscillation 321: 155:Climate variability and change 13: 1: 10802:Interpretations of Revelation 10604:Cosmological phase transition 10510:Decline in insect populations 9962:Ultimate fate of the universe 9833:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 9368:Climate emergency declaration 8007:Ruddiman, William F. (2008). 7878: 7871:Correction dated 9 April 2020 7785:Hawkins, Ed (10 March 2020). 6524:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009 6504:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 6330:Journal of Quaternary Science 6270:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00058-X 6210:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00248-2 5626:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00084-4 5432:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4 5084:10.1126/science.276.5316.1217 4995:Sagan, C.; G. Mullen (1972). 3977:10.1126/science.271.5252.1105 1611: 1082:is the predominant source of 495:was awarded for this work to 11257:Future of Humanity Institute 10654:Potentially hazardous object 10554:Interplanetary contamination 9816:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 9042:Middle East and North Africa 8378: 8240:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 8071:Resources in other libraries 7253:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.016 5896:10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.09.002 3163:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034016 3077:Geophysical Research Letters 2119:Variability between regions 1988:Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch 1848:Paleo-eocene thermal maximum 1680:Western Hemisphere Warm Pool 1304:It has been postulated that 1135: 680:North African climate cycles 578:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 538:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 515:Ocean-atmosphere variability 7: 11137:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 10286:Global terrestrial stilling 8545: 8290:Pacific decadal oscillation 6894:. NASA GISS. Archived from 6819:Seiz, G.; N. Foppa (2007). 5396:10.2138/gselements.15.5.319 5021:10.1126/science.177.4043.52 3217:"A review of ENSO theories" 2284: 2099:global surface temperatures 1972:. Since that time, several 1669: 1656: 1221:brings large quantities of 660:Pacific decadal oscillation 493:2021 Nobel prize on physics 301:Pacific decadal oscillation 10: 11442: 10649:Asteroid impact prediction 10624:Heat death of the universe 10034:Mutual assured destruction 9650:Global surface temperature 9541:Popular culture depictions 9453:Ecosystem-based adaptation 9183:Carbon capture and storage 9105:Carbon offsets and credits 8426: 8305:Quasi-biennial oscillation 8275:North Atlantic oscillation 8180:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave 7885:Cronin, Thomas N. (2010). 7848:10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0 7556:NASA Global Climate Change 6940:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.020 6190:Quaternary Science Reviews 6181:Birks, H.H. (March 2003). 6077:Quaternary Science Reviews 4531:American Geophysical Union 2106:. Land ice sheets in both 2086: 1976:have occurred, including: 1832:. However, the absence of 1820:. For example, during the 1797: 1784:more sensitive to forcings 1769: 1621:. Though an increase in CO 1576: 1499:Analysis and uncertainties 1241: 870: 726: 636:Quasi-biennial oscillation 609:North Atlantic oscillation 556:within global or regional 552:is any recurring cyclical 223:Glossary of climate change 29: 11341: 11275: 11267:Nuclear Threat Initiative 11244: 11200:List of apocalyptic films 11177: 11043:2011 end times prediction 11035: 10775:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 10770:Abomination of desolation 10706: 10644:Asteroid impact avoidance 10581: 10492: 10474:List of extinction events 10449: 10442: 10408: 10316:Environmental degradation 10212: 10203: 10118: 10103:Technological singularity 9972: 9947: 9941:Global catastrophic risks 9862:Climate change portal 9849: 9788: 9755:Extreme event attribution 9673: 9642: 9638: 9627: 9571: 9506: 9428: 9378:School Strike for Climate 9350: 9346: 9332: 9301: 9257:Climate-smart agriculture 9218: 9175: 9085: 9081: 9068: 8992: 8855: 8802: 8645: 8641: 8628: 8551: 8540: 8469: 8438: 8434: 8421: 8404:Climate change adaptation 8399:Climate change mitigation 8394:Effects of climate change 8384: 8373: 8280:North Pacific Oscillation 8260:Madden–Julian oscillation 8170: 8126:21 September 2021 at the 8066:Resources in your library 7493:EPA, OA, US (July 2016). 7420:10.1038/s41597-020-0530-7 6666:10.1007/s10021-001-0002-7 6415:10.1007/s40641-018-0097-y 6140:Journal of Paleolimnology 6060:10.1017/s0003598x00094886 5476:21.11116/0000-0003-2CBB-A 5348:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra 4858:10.1017/S1743921309992298 4130:10.1080/11035890001221188 3384:Retrieved on 7 June 2007. 3375:Climate Analysis Section. 3257:Climate Prediction Center 2978:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00548.1 2441:. NASA. 5 December 2008. 1740:Dansgaard–Oeschger events 1694:Changes in the cryosphere 1581: 1516:Holocene climatic optimum 1486:and especially since the 1326:Chicxulub asteroid impact 1324:Evidence exists that the 713:Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles 602:Madden–Julian oscillation 377: 218:Glossary of tornado terms 11262:Future of Life Institute 11164:Resurrection of the dead 11157:Post-tribulation rapture 10539:Colony collapse disorder 9765:Global warming potential 9572:International agreements 9219:Preserving and enhancing 8663:Arctic methane emissions 8585:Years in climate change 8492:Greenhouse gas emissions 8389:Causes of climate change 8225:Dansgaard–Oeschger event 8200:Atlantic Equatorial mode 7951:Fourth Assessment Report 7918:Fourth Assessment Report 7467:(Report). Archived from 6826:(Report). Archived from 5964:Demenocal, P.B. (2001). 4025:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955 3466:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1 2623:Smith, Ralph C. (2013). 2345: 1915:West Antarctic ice sheet 1836:to absorb atmospheric CO 1451:. Glaciers leave behind 1090:. Other sources include 862:External climate forcing 739:thermohaline circulation 729:Thermohaline circulation 590:sea surface temperatures 524:Oscillations and cycles 447:thermohaline circulation 420:climate change feedbacks 10088:Artificial intelligence 9796:Climate change scenario 9448:Disaster risk reduction 9100:Carbon emission trading 8910:U.S. insurance industry 8890:Civilizational collapse 8737:sea surface temperature 8295:Pacific Meridional Mode 7063:10.1073/pnas.1303365110 6932:2015E&PSL.431..127B 6039:Sindbaek, S.M. (2007). 5995:10.1126/science.1059827 4931:10.1126/science.1110873 4441:Livestock's long shadow 3926:10.1126/science.1071184 3872:10.1073/pnas.0504878102 3766:10.1126/science.1149757 3221:National Science Review 2213:Global versus regional. 2104:shrinking significantly 2037:during the 20th century 1699:Glaciers and ice sheets 1219:large igneous provinces 1122:faint young Sun paradox 822:decomposition-resistant 777: 611:(NAO) – Indices of the 388:equilibrium temperature 208:Glossary of meteorology 11217:List of disaster films 11058:Apocalyptic literature 10158:Malthusian catastrophe 10084:Synthetic intelligence 9789:Research and modelling 9473:Nature-based solutions 9293:Nature-based solutions 9235:Carbon dioxide removal 9152:Fossil fuel divestment 9137:Climate risk insurance 9047:Small island countries 8668:Arctic sea ice decline 7550:Shaftel, Holly (ed.). 7311:10.1126/sciadv.aat5528 7139:10.1098/rsta.2012.0294 6997:10.1126/sciadv.1600983 5641:The Journal of Geology 4896:10.2138/rmg.2006.62.18 4693:8 January 2023 at the 4281:The Journal of Geology 3708:10.1098/rsta.2008.0201 3616:10.1126/sciadv.aav1887 3215:Wang, Chunzai (2018). 2759:10.1175/2011JCLI3980.1 2609:10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1 2275:climate tipping points 2252: 2047:Sand Hills of Nebraska 1949: 1865: 1830:atmospheric deposition 1690:in human populations. 1608: 1518:and warming from the " 1484:Quaternary glaciations 1443: 1377:Historical climatology 1168: 1075: 982: 886: 746: 737:A schematic of modern 541: 462: 362:, was proposed by the 10599:Coronal mass ejection 10061:Electromagnetic pulse 10022:Kinetic energy weapon 9750:Earth's energy budget 9633:Background and theory 9521:Climate crisis (term) 9193:Fossil fuel phase-out 9087:Economics and finance 9052:by individual country 8994:By country and region 8969:Security and conflict 8964:Psychological impacts 8653:Abrupt climate change 8576:Charles David Keeling 8409:By country and region 8190:Arctic dipole anomaly 8185:Antarctic oscillation 8093:Global Climate Change 5412:Earth-Science Reviews 4714:Rohli & Vega 2018 4647:Nature Climate Change 3998:Berner, R.A. (1999). 3531:Nature Communications 3400:Reviews of Geophysics 3034:Nature Climate Change 2393:Rohli & Vega 2018 2335:Climatological normal 2313:Global warming portal 2250: 1947: 1855: 1589: 1430: 1212:Year Without a Summer 1143: 1086:input to the Earth's 1061: 980: 925:combustion, changing 915:Industrial Revolution 880: 753:, and thus very high 736: 723:Ocean current changes 703:Antarctic oscillation 695:Antarctic oscillation 684:North African Monsoon 621:Ponta Delgada, Azores 531: 460: 293:Earth's energy budget 274:Industrial Revolution 76:Atmospheric chemistry 11001:War of Gog and Magog 10678:Near-Earth supernova 10428:Human overpopulation 10232:Mass mortality event 10126:Anthropogenic hazard 9579:Glasgow Climate Pact 9240:Carbon sequestration 8815:Mass mortality event 8164:Climate oscillations 8089:at Wikimedia Commons 7801:Direct link to image 6760:10.1042/ETLS20180113 6713:10.1029/2000JD900206 6699:(D14): 18013–18025. 5743:10.1002/2017JD027475 4667:10.1038/nclimate2568 4405:. Eolss Publishers. 3421:10.1029/1999RG000073 3380:22 June 2006 at the 3259:(19 December 2005). 3097:10.1002/2014GL060625 3083:(14): 2014GL060625. 3054:10.1038/nclimate2106 2467:Hulme, Mike (2016). 2030:Medieval Warm Period 1970:Neolithic Subpluvial 1922:Last Glacial Maximum 1907:orbital eccentricity 1760:Last Glacial Maximum 1488:last glacial maximum 1417:historical documents 1024:stratigraphic record 1012:interglacial periods 958:US Geological Survey 953:, also play a role. 937:, animal husbandry ( 908:carbon dioxide sinks 717:Last Glacial Maximum 503:for related work on 488:stochastic resonance 453:Internal variability 64:Atmospheric dynamics 41:Atmospheric sciences 11073:Blood moon prophecy 10866:Number of the Beast 10464:Holocene extinction 10410:Earth Overshoot Day 10358:Ocean acidification 10321:Habitat destruction 10311:Ecological collapse 10017:Kinetic bombardment 9952:Future of the Earth 9718:Climate sensitivity 9493:The Adaptation Fund 8949:Infectious diseases 8856:Social and economic 8265:Milankovitch cycles 8255:Indian Ocean Dipole 8113:30 May 2023 at the 8108:Climate Variability 7839:2019Natur.575..592L 7612:Scientific American 7411:2020NatSD...7..201K 7364:2013NatGe...6..181B 7303:2018SciA....4.5528I 7245:2008PPP...257..377W 7191:2011AREPS..39..489M 7131:2013RSPTA.37120294H 7054:2013PNAS..11014162C 6989:2017SciA....3E0983H 6705:2000JGR...10518013R 6658:2001Ecosy...4..164B 6606:2010Geo....38.1079S 6516:2019SBiBi.129..144O 6454:2020PlBio..22S...5A 6407:2018CCCR....4..192S 6377:on 16 January 2008. 6343:1998JQS....13..419C 6297:1991Ecol...72.2038P 6262:1999RPaPa.104..267M 6202:2003QSRv...22..453B 6152:2004JPall..32..197L 6089:2004QSRv...23..935F 6020:on 17 December 2008 5987:2001Sci...292..667D 5932:2001IJCli..21.1889N 5887:2014AeoRe..15...53M 5782:2017EGUGA..1917167B 5735:2017JGRD..122.8051P 5653:1993JG....101..215P 5618:1999ChGeo.161..127B 5504:1999GSAB..111..497F 5459:1997JGR...10210727G 5424:2001ESRv...53....1W 5387:2019Eleme..15..319B 5340:2003PrPG...27..230O 5242:6 July 2019 at the 5178:2004QJRMS.130.2361M 5131:2008MNRAS.386..155S 5076:1997Sci...276.1217S 5013:1972Sci...177...52S 4974:1994Geo....22.1067H 4923:2005Sci...308..841W 4888:2006RvMG...62..421M 4850:2010IAUS..264....3R 4740:1991Natur.351...42W 4659:2015NatCC...5..445V 4599:1989TeNov...1..420G 4336:1997Geo....25...39D 4293:2001JG....109..407R 4226:10.1038/nature04692 4218:2006Natur.441..606B 4166:2009Gbio....7..155S 4122:2000GFF...122..188Z 4071:2000Natur.407..171B 4016:1999PNAS...9610955B 3969:1996Sci...271.1105M 3918:2002Sci...296.1066K 3863:2005PNAS..10211131K 3816:1989Natur.340..457S 3758:2008Sci...319.1214C 3700:2008RSPTA.366.4613S 3608:2019SciA....5.1887S 3543:2011NatCo...2..178K 3502:. 19 January 2016. 3458:2016JCli...29.4399N 3412:2001RvGeo..39..179B 3154:2014ERL.....9c4016P 3089:2014GeoRL..41.5175B 3046:2014NatCC...4..222E 2969:2013JCli...26.7298M 2922:1976Tell...28..473H 2861:2015NatSR...5E9957B 2822:1982Tell...34...10B 2711:1976Tell...28..473H 2600:2009BAMS...90..311T 2553:2009QJRMS.135.1643V 2516:1985JPO....15.1405H 2228:Relative deviation. 2018:Minoan civilization 1994:Iron Age Cold Epoch 1936:of 8000 years ago. 1903:Antarctic ice sheet 1788:ice–albedo feedback 1464:Antarctic ice sheet 1368:Direct measurements 1342:Humans' use of land 1308:particles known as 1269:of what is now the 1096:Solar output varies 1004:Milankovitch cycles 838:termination of the 650:climate oscillation 546:climate oscillation 434:reflects sunlight. 327:Climate variability 262:Climate variability 59:Atmospheric physics 43: 18:Climate oscillation 11388:Doomsday scenarios 10954:Beast of the Earth 10846:Book of Revelation 10634:Virtual black hole 10614:False vacuum decay 10564:Pollinator decline 10527:Biological warfare 10517:Biotechnology risk 10368:Resource depletion 9289:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 9261:Forest management 9245:Direct air capture 9210:Sustainable energy 9167:Net zero emissions 9162:Low-carbon economy 9157:Green Climate Fund 8944:Indigenous peoples 8847:Plant biodiversity 8635:Effects and issues 8210:Earth's axial tilt 8195:Arctic oscillation 7803:; Hawkins credits 7275:, pp. 190–91. 7115:(2001): 20120294. 6859:on 15 October 2011 5295:Diggles, Michael. 4775:Scientific Reports 4474:The New York Times 3676:, pp. 207–08. 3551:10.1038/ncomms1186 3446:Journal of Climate 3234:10.1093/nsr/nwy104 2957:Journal of Climate 2849:Scientific Reports 2746:Journal of Climate 2687:, pp. 261–62. 2299:Environment portal 2253: 2049:which were active 1950: 1866: 1728:orbital variations 1688:genetic bottleneck 1609: 1550:ecological inertia 1444: 1423:Proxy measurements 1173:volcanic eruptions 1169: 1076: 983: 973:Orbital variations 887: 796:evapotranspiration 747: 699:Arctic oscillation 691:Arctic oscillation 652:predicted by some 617:sea-level pressure 542: 463: 332:random variability 39: 11398: 11397: 11229:Zombie apocalypse 11130:Postmillennialism 10925:Great Tribulation 10698:Stellar collision 10659:Near-Earth object 10609:Geomagnetic storm 10577: 10576: 10500:Biodiversity loss 10484:Genetic pollution 10438: 10437: 10227:Biodiversity loss 10190:Societal collapse 10168:Nuclear holocaust 10153:Economic collapse 10136:Doomsday argument 10054:Antimatter weapon 9907: 9906: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9780:Radiative forcing 9623: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9443:Adaptive capacity 9328: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9188:Energy transition 9064: 9063: 9060: 9059: 8784:Tropical cyclones 8710:Urban heat island 8624: 8623: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8497:Carbon accounting 8451:Greenhouse effect 8417: 8416: 8333: 8332: 8325:True polar wander 8320:Solar variability 8085:Media related to 8052:Library resources 7999:978-0-511-37027-4 7960:978-92-9169-122-7 7934:978-0-521-70596-7 7927:978-0-521-88009-1 7896:978-0-231-14494-0 7833:(7784): 592–595. 7352:Nature Geoscience 6462:10.1111/plb.12973 6123:978-1-4020-4010-8 5867:Mahowald, Natalie 5467:10.1029/96JD03265 5248:IPCC AR4 SYR 2008 5070:(5316): 1217–21. 4787:10.1038/srep23961 4699:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 4631:on 12 March 2015. 4412:978-1-905839-02-5 3963:(5252): 1105–07. 3912:(5570): 1066–68. 3694:(1885): 4613–26. 3647:Thompson, David. 3452:(12): 4399–4427. 3271:on 27 August 2009 2869:10.1038/srep09957 2408:. 21 March 1994. 2372:978-0-309-14588-6 2248: 2069:Northwest Passage 2024:Roman Warm Period 1982:Piora Oscillation 1684:Toba supervolcano 1546:negative feedback 1542:Positive feedback 1449:dendroclimatology 1255:Isthmus of Panama 505:climate modelling 436:Thermal expansion 411:continental drift 407:mountain-building 259: 258: 16:(Redirected from 11433: 11363: 11362: 11354:World portal 11352: 11351: 11313:Financial crisis 11142:Nibiru cataclysm 11120:Premillennialism 10964:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 10932:Son of perdition 10920:Olivet Discourse 10896:Whore of Babylon 10522:Biological agent 10469:Human extinction 10459:Extinction event 10447: 10446: 10418:Overexploitation 10348:Land consumption 10343:Land degradation 10210: 10209: 10072:Micro black hole 9980:Chemical warfare 9934: 9927: 9920: 9911: 9910: 9895: 9894: 9883: 9882: 9871: 9870: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9823:Paleoclimatology 9640: 9639: 9629: 9628: 9390:Ecological grief 9373:Climate movement 9348: 9347: 9334: 9333: 9314:Plant-based diet 9205:Renewable energy 9083: 9082: 9070: 9069: 8905:Economic impacts 8837:Invasive species 8693:Coastal flooding 8643: 8642: 8630: 8629: 8566:Svante Arrhenius 8542: 8541: 8512:from agriculture 8502:Carbon footprint 8487:Greenhouse gases 8436: 8435: 8423: 8422: 8375: 8374: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8084: 8041: 8022: 8003: 7984: 7964: 7931: 7915: 7900: 7872: 7870: 7860: 7850: 7818: 7809: 7798: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7734: 7725: 7723: 7716:Climate Lab Book 7707: 7698: 7697: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7656: 7647: 7646: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7474:on 25 March 2009 7473: 7466: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7422: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7372:10.1038/ngeo1731 7347: 7341: 7340: 7330: 7291:Science Advances 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7230: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7124: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7065: 7048:(35): 14162–67. 7033: 7027: 7026: 7016: 6983:(11): e1600983. 6977:Science Advances 6968: 6962: 6961: 6951: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6833:on 25 March 2009 6832: 6825: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6771: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6614:10.1130/G31182.1 6591: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6481: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6366: 6355: 6354: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6222:. 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Archived from 5981:(5517): 667–73. 5970: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5926:(15): 1889–922. 5915: 5909: 5908: 5898: 5875:Aeolian Research 5863: 5857: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5785: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5606:Chemical Geology 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5546:on 2 August 2007 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5453:(D9): 10727–38. 5442: 5436: 5435: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5257: 5251: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5186:10.1256/qj.03.60 5172:(602): 2361–76. 5161: 5152: 5151: 5142: 5124: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4917:(5723): 841–44. 4906: 4900: 4899: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4748:10.1038/351042a0 4723: 4717: 4711: 4702: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4237: 4212:(7093): 606–09. 4200: 4194: 4193: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4079:10.1038/35025035 4065:(6801): 171–74. 4054: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4027: 4010:(20): 10955–57. 3995: 3989: 3988: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3874: 3857:(32): 11131–36. 3842: 3836: 3835: 3824:10.1038/340457a0 3810:(6233): 457–60. 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3596:Science Advances 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3423: 3391: 3385: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3349:NOAA Climate.gov 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267:. 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Archived from 2356: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2249: 2224: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2182: 2167: 2152: 2137: 2115:climate change. 2095:greenhouse gases 2073:Arctic shrinkage 2043:American Midwest 1958:Holocene Optimum 1810:climate forcings 1804:Paleoclimatology 1790:is very strong. 1754:Sea level change 1664:mass extinctions 1563:dimethyl sulfide 1561:clouds, oceanic 1536:Pliocene climate 1357:Paleoclimatology 1319:CLOUD experiment 1300:Other mechanisms 1102:and longer-term 1018:, and for their 941:animals such as 891:greenhouse gases 867:Greenhouse gases 755:thermal inertia. 566:Fourier analysis 497:Klaus Hasselmann 395:climate forcings 358:A related term, 309:external forcing 278:human activities 251: 244: 237: 118:Tropical cyclone 51: 44: 38: 21: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11373:Future problems 11346: 11337: 11271: 11240: 11207:Climate fiction 11173: 11048:2012 phenomenon 11031: 10937:Sheep and Goats 10824:2 Thessalonians 10702: 10619:Gamma-ray burst 10573: 10488: 10479:Genetic erosion 10434: 10404: 10395:Water pollution 10363:Ozone depletion 10259:Desertification 10199: 10114: 10049:Doomsday device 10029:Nuclear warfare 9968: 9943: 9938: 9908: 9903: 9856: 9854: 9837: 9784: 9775:Orbital forcing 9669: 9634: 9615: 9589:Paris Agreement 9567: 9563:Warming stripes 9502: 9468:Managed retreat 9463:Loss and damage 9424: 9358:Business action 9342: 9320: 9297: 9220: 9214: 9171: 9132:Climate finance 9077: 9056: 8988: 8851: 8827:Extinction risk 8803:Flora and fauna 8798: 8759:Permafrost thaw 8754:Ozone depletion 8683:Extreme weather 8637: 8620: 8547: 8528: 8465: 8430: 8413: 8380: 8369: 8364: 8334: 8329: 8285:Orbital forcing 8172: 8166: 8161: 8128:Wayback Machine 8115:Wayback Machine 8077: 8076: 8075: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8038: 8019: 8000: 7981: 7961: 7928: 7913: 7897: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7819: 7812: 7783: 7776: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7745:. New Zealand. 7735: 7728: 7708: 7701: 7684: 7683: 7676: 7665:Climate Central 7657: 7650: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7604: 7597: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7399:Scientific Data 7391: 7387: 7348: 7344: 7297:(9): eaat5528. 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7171: 7164: 7101: 7097: 7034: 7030: 6969: 6965: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6898:on 24 July 2011 6890:Hansen, James. 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6685: 6681: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6600:(12): 1079–82. 6589: 6583: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6553: 6549: 6499: 6495: 6434: 6430: 6387: 6383: 6367: 6358: 6324: 6320: 6305:10.2307/1941558 6281: 6277: 6256:(3–4): 267–83. 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6229:on 11 June 2007 6226: 6196:(5–7): 453–73. 6185: 6179: 6175: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6083:(7–8): 935–45. 6072: 6068: 6053:(311): 119–32. 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6017: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5940:10.1002/joc.680 5916: 5912: 5864: 5860: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5827:Chemistry World 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5787: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5729:(15): 8051–55. 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5637: 5633: 5612:(1–3): 127–63. 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5488: 5484: 5443: 5439: 5408: 5404: 5367: 5363: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5258: 5254: 5244:Wayback Machine 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5162: 5155: 5103: 5099: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 4993: 4989: 4958: 4954: 4907: 4903: 4872: 4865: 4824: 4820: 4767: 4763: 4734:(6321): 42–44. 4724: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4695:Wayback Machine 4686: 4682: 4643: 4636: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4566:on 16 July 2011 4558: 4557: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4320: 4316: 4277: 4273: 4257: 4256: 4201: 4197: 4149: 4145: 4106: 4102: 4055: 4051: 3996: 3992: 3953: 3949: 3902: 3898: 3843: 3839: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3645: 3641: 3602:(1): eaav1887. 3588: 3584: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3441: 3437: 3392: 3388: 3382:Wayback Machine 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3290:Kevin Krajick. 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3254: 3250: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3134: 3130: 3073: 3069: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2949: 2945: 2906: 2902: 2841: 2837: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2738: 2734: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2580: 2576: 2537: 2533: 2510:(11): 1405–13. 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2415: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190:warming stripes 2183: 2174: 2171:Latitude bands. 2168: 2159: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2091: 2085: 2060:Yersinia pestis 1962:African Monsoon 1942: 1934:Atlantic Period 1897:Throughout the 1895: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1818:self-regulating 1806: 1796: 1794:Climate history 1772: 1756: 1748:orbital forcing 1736:Heinrich events 1701: 1696: 1672: 1659: 1647:desertification 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1601:Atlantic Period 1596:ice age climate 1584: 1579: 1571:CLAW hypothesis 1567:Iris hypothesis 1501: 1473: 1469: 1436: 1425: 1370: 1354: 1331:nuclear weapons 1302: 1246: 1244:Plate tectonics 1240: 1238:Plate tectonics 1193: 1184: 1157:El Chichón 1138: 1072:Maunder minimum 1056: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1032: 975: 935:ozone depletion 920: 897: 884: 875: 869: 864: 800:cloud formation 780: 771:Heinrich events 731: 725: 526: 517: 475:climate inertia 455: 413:and changes in 399:solar radiation 380: 370:(IPCC) and the 360:climatic change 355:levels affect. 324: 255: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11439: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11368:Apocalypticism 11357: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11226: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11212:Disaster films 11209: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11187: 11185:Alien invasion 11181: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11154: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11125:Amillennialism 11122: 11112: 11110:Millenarianism 11107: 11106: 11105: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11063:Apocalypticism 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10959:Dhu al-Qarnayn 10956: 10951: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10905:Great Apostasy 10902: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10794: 10784: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10762: 10752: 10750:Last Judgement 10747: 10746: 10745: 10740: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10712: 10710: 10708:Eschatological 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10444: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10423:Overpopulation 10420: 10414: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10400:Water scarcity 10397: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10375: 10373:Sea level rise 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10336:on marine life 10333: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:Global warming 10288: 10283: 10281:Global dimming 10278: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10239:Cascade effect 10236: 10235: 10234: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10214:Climate change 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10044:Doomsday Clock 10041: 10036: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10014: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9995:Cyberterrorism 9992: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9889: 9877: 9865: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9728:Cloud feedback 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9683: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9636: 9635: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9586: 9584:Kyoto Protocol 9581: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9538: 9536:Media coverage 9533: 9528: 9526:Climate spiral 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9415:Public opinion 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9370: 9365: 9363:Climate action 9360: 9354: 9352: 9344: 9343: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9275:REDD and REDD+ 9272: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9252:Carbon farming 9249: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9102: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9079: 9078: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8984:Water security 8981: 8979:Water scarcity 8976: 8974:Urban flooding 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8832:Forest dieback 8829: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8769:Sea level rise 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8742:stratification 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8638: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:Carbon leakage 8504: 8499: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8448: 8446:Climate system 8442: 8440: 8432: 8431: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8371: 8370: 8367:Climate change 8363: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8250:Glacial cycles 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8118: 8117:– NASA Science 8105: 8100: 8090: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046:External links 8044: 8043: 8042: 8037:978-1284126563 8036: 8023: 8018:978-0716784906 8017: 8004: 7998: 7985: 7979: 7966: 7959: 7937: 7926: 7901: 7895: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7810: 7805:Berkeley Earth 7774: 7752: 7726: 7699: 7674: 7648: 7626: 7595: 7573: 7542: 7516: 7485: 7452: 7385: 7342: 7277: 7273:Burroughs 2007 7265: 7239:(4): 377–403. 7216: 7185:(1): 489–516. 7162: 7095: 7028: 6963: 6909: 6882: 6880:, p. 279. 6878:Burroughs 2007 6870: 6844: 6811: 6809:, p. 267. 6807:Burroughs 2007 6799: 6738: 6736:, p. 273. 6734:Burroughs 2007 6726: 6679: 6631: 6574: 6547: 6493: 6428: 6401:(2): 192–201. 6381: 6356: 6318: 6291:(6): 2038–56. 6275: 6240: 6173: 6146:(2): 197–213. 6129: 6122: 6102: 6066: 6031: 5953: 5910: 5858: 5813: 5811:, p. 232. 5809:Burroughs 2001 5801: 5764: 5713: 5682: 5661:10.1086/648217 5631: 5596: 5557: 5527: 5498:(4): 497–511. 5482: 5437: 5402: 5381:(5): 319–324. 5361: 5318: 5287: 5252: 5229: 5199: 5153: 5097: 5054: 5007:(4043): 52–6. 4987: 4952: 4901: 4882:(1): 421–450. 4863: 4818: 4761: 4718: 4716:, p. 296. 4703: 4680: 4634: 4612: 4577: 4548: 4518: 4492: 4459: 4430: 4411: 4391: 4374:science.org.au 4361: 4349: 4314: 4301:10.1086/320791 4271: 4195: 4143: 4100: 4049: 3990: 3947: 3896: 3837: 3794: 3752:(5867): 1214. 3729: 3678: 3674:Burroughs 2001 3666: 3639: 3582: 3517: 3487: 3435: 3406:(2): 179–229. 3386: 3366: 3336: 3309: 3282: 3248: 3227:(6): 813–825. 3207: 3177: 3128: 3067: 3020: 2943: 2900: 2835: 2796: 2794:, p. 262. 2781: 2752:(6): 1963–95. 2732: 2689: 2677: 2654: 2642: 2636:978-1611973228 2635: 2615: 2574: 2561:10.1002/qj.498 2531: 2490: 2456: 2430: 2423:Climate change 2397: 2395:, p. 274. 2385: 2371: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2316: 2302: 2286: 2283: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2202: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2089:Climate change 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2039: 2038: 2035:Modern warming 2032: 2026: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2006:global cooling 2002: 2000:Little Ice Age 1996: 1990: 1984: 1974:cooling events 1941: 1938: 1894: 1891: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1822:Snowball Earth 1795: 1792: 1780:Snowball Earth 1771: 1768: 1755: 1752: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1671: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1603:, warm and wet 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1520:Little Ice Age 1508:global warming 1500: 1497: 1471: 1467: 1434: 1431:Variations in 1424: 1421: 1409:Archaeological 1369: 1366: 1353: 1350: 1336:nuclear winter 1301: 1298: 1283:supercontinent 1267:ocean dynamics 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1191: 1182: 1137: 1134: 1088:climate system 1055: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1030: 974: 971: 963:supereruptions 918: 898:, methane and 895: 882: 873:Greenhouse gas 871:Main article: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 852: 846: 836: 818: 815:photosynthesis 779: 776: 766:North Atlantic 762:glacial period 724: 721: 720: 719: 710: 687: 677: 670: 663: 656: 654:climate models 643: 632: 619:(SLP) between 605: 598: 584:) and colder ( 534:global warming 525: 522: 516: 513: 509:Giorgio Parisi 501:Syukuro Manabe 491:. Half of the 454: 451: 415:greenhouse gas 379: 376: 353:greenhouse gas 348:Global warming 343:climate change 323: 320: 285:climate system 270:Climate change 266:climate change 257: 256: 254: 253: 246: 239: 231: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 202: 201: 195: 194: 193: 192: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 167: 160:Climate change 157: 152: 151: 150: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 115: 114: 113: 108: 95: 94: 88: 87: 86: 85: 84: 83: 73: 72: 71: 61: 53: 52: 32:Climate change 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11438: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11383:Risk analysis 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11328:Social crisis 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245:Organizations 11243: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11169:World to come 11167: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11115:Millennialism 11113: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11103:Messianic Age 11101: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11088:Gog and Magog 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11078:Earth Changes 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10915:New Jerusalem 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10891:War in Heaven 10889: 10887: 10886:Two witnesses 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10755:Second Coming 10753: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10254:Deforestation 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10195:World War III 10193: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10110:Transhumanism 10108: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973:Technological 9971: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9935: 9930: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9900: 9899: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9801:Climate model 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9733:Cloud forcing 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9630: 9626: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9508:Communication 9505: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9488:Vulnerability 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9458:Flood control 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9280:reforestation 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9265:afforestation 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9200:Nuclear power 9198: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095:Carbon budget 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8932:Mental health 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8873:United States 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:deoxygenation 8725: 8723: 8722:acidification 8720: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8543: 8539: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8517:from wetlands 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8477:Deforestation 8475: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230:Diurnal cycle 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7815: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7779: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7731: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7653: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358:(3): 181–85. 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754:(2): 221–31. 6753: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6652:(3): 164–85. 6651: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6579: 6562: 6559:. Bbc.co.uk. 6558: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442:Plant Biology 6439: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6337:(5): 419–33. 6336: 6332: 6331: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334:(2): 230–59. 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5250:, p. 58. 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5115:(1): 155–63, 5114: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653:(5): 445–48. 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593:(5): 420–25. 4592: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4537:on 9 May 2013 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287:(4): 407–26. 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4160:(2): 155–70. 4159: 4155: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4116:(1): 188–89. 4115: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3148:(3): 034016. 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040:(3): 222–27. 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916:(6): 473–85. 2915: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2792:Ruddiman 2008 2788: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705:(6): 473–85. 2704: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2685:Ruddiman 2008 2681: 2672: 2668: 2667:NCEI.NOAA.gov 2664: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594:(3): 311–23. 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2461: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327:Energy portal 2322: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2256: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2196:denote cool, 2191: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1930:polar deserts 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:geologic time 1811: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Younger Dryas 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505:anthropogenic 1496: 1493: 1490:. Remains of 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:local history 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1317:designed the 1316: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Carboniferous 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1196:sulfuric acid 1189: 1185: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1040: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 994:, changes in 993: 989: 979: 970: 968: 967:Toba eruption 964: 959: 954: 952: 951:deforestation 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 900:nitrous oxide 892: 879: 874: 857: 853: 851: 847: 845: 844:phytoplankton 841: 837: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 816: 812: 809: 808: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 775: 772: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 744: 740: 735: 730: 718: 714: 711: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 671: 668: 664: 661: 657: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 637: 633: 630: 626: 625:Stykkishólmur 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562:quasiperiodic 559: 555: 551: 550:climate cycle 547: 539: 535: 530: 521: 512: 510: 506: 502: 499:jointly with 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 450: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 427: 425: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 349: 344: 339: 337: 333: 328: 319: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 296: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 252: 247: 245: 240: 238: 233: 232: 230: 229: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 203: 200: 197: 196: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 182: 179: 178: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 156: 153: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 135: 132: 131: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 70: 67: 66: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 37: 33: 19: 11345: 11288:Cyberwarfare 11006:Third Temple 10861:Lake of fire 10671:Rogue planet 10639:Impact event 10629:Proton decay 10582:Astronomical 10532:Bioterrorism 10378:Supervolcano 10276:Flood basalt 10222:Anoxic event 10213: 10131:Collapsology 10119:Sociological 9990:Cyberwarfare 9896: 9884: 9872: 9853: 9722: 9686:Carbon cycle 9643:Measurements 9338:Society and 9222:carbon sinks 9127:Climate debt 9117:Carbon price 8939:Human rights 8774:Season creep 8732:heat content 8658:Anoxic event 8571:James Hansen 8310:Seasonal lag 8173:oscillations 8056: 8027: 8008: 7989: 7970: 7945: 7909: 7886: 7830: 7826: 7790: 7764: 7755: 7742: 7715: 7689: 7664: 7638: 7629: 7611: 7585: 7576: 7564:. 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Retrieved 4373: 4364: 4359:, p. 17 4352: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4260:cite journal 4235:11250/174278 4209: 4205: 4198: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3749: 3745: 3732: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3642: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3369: 3357:. Retrieved 3348: 3339: 3327:. Retrieved 3321:. Newsweek. 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3285: 3273:. Retrieved 3269:the original 3251: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3189: 3180: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3011:. Retrieved 2960: 2956: 2946: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2680: 2666: 2657: 2645: 2625: 2618: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2472: 2447:. Retrieved 2433: 2422: 2421: 2414:. Retrieved 2400: 2388: 2380: 2377:the original 2361: 2354: 2340:Anthropocene 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261:extratropics 2257: 2254: 2227: 2212: 2185: 2170: 2156:Hemispheres. 2155: 2140: 2092: 2065: 2058: 2040: 2011: 1951: 1940:The Holocene 1919: 1896: 1893:The Cenozoic 1867: 1862:foraminifera 1860:ratios from 1807: 1773: 1757: 1720:interglacial 1713: 1708:mass balance 1702: 1673: 1660: 1644: 1639:plant litter 1615: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1540: 1502: 1480: 1462:such as the 1457: 1445: 1413:oral history 1375: 1371: 1355: 1340: 1323: 1303: 1290: 1251: 1247: 1223:igneous rock 1216: 1210:causing the 1201: 1188:stratosphere 1170: 1165:El Niño 1108: 1077: 1054:Solar output 1028: 992:eccentricity 984: 955: 912: 904:carbon cycle 888: 833:forming coal 788:water cycles 781: 759: 748: 640:stratosphere 549: 545: 543: 518: 486: 470: 466: 464: 444: 432:volcanic ash 428: 392: 381: 359: 357: 347: 342: 340: 335: 331: 326: 325: 317: 308: 297: 282: 269: 265: 261: 260: 198: 154: 36: 11426:Climatology 11364:Categories 11333:Survivalism 11020:Zoroastrian 10876:Seven seals 10871:Seven bowls 10797:Historicism 10693:Solar flare 10569:Overfishing 10544:Defaunation 10331:coral reefs 10093:AI takeover 10012:Nanoweapons 10000:Cybergeddon 9985:Cyberattack 9713:Carbon sink 9691:atmospheric 9556:video games 9230:Blue carbon 8863:Agriculture 8842:Marine life 8789:Water cycle 8747:temperature 8482:Fossil fuel 8028:Climatology 7858:10871/40141 7765:NCDC / NOAA 7743:The Spinoff 7566:16 December 7535:10 December 6769:10871/36988 6624:27 November 5837:5 September 5706:5 September 5418:(1): 1–33. 4485:28 November 4357:Cronin 2010 3659:11 February 3537:(1): 178–. 2855:(1): 9957. 2816:(1): 10–6. 2650:Cronin 2010 2141:Land-ocean. 2055:black death 1968:during the 1926:evaporation 1880:geological 1834:plant cover 1758:During the 1732:continental 1528:glaciations 1524:Pleistocene 1310:cosmic rays 1271:Gulf Stream 1231:lithosphere 1130:white dwarf 1128:and then a 1104:modulations 1100:solar cycle 923:fossil fuel 829:carbon sink 588:) tropical 560:. They are 554:oscillation 479:white noise 322:Terminology 289:outer space 134:Climatology 92:Meteorology 11405:Categories 11293:Depression 11283:Ransomware 11098:Messianism 11068:Armageddon 11053:Apocalypse 10841:Antichrist 10829:Man of sin 10726:Three Ages 10589:Big Crunch 10451:Extinction 10443:Biological 10205:Ecological 10077:Strangelet 9745:Cryosphere 9706:permafrost 9478:Resilience 9430:Adaptation 9405:Litigation 9395:Governance 9340:adaptation 9122:Carbon tax 9075:Mitigation 9012:Antarctica 8900:Disability 8215:Bond event 7980:0521567718 7879:References 7620:Data from 7509:26 January 7405:(1): 201. 7209:26 October 6926:: 127–39. 6645:Ecosystems 6567:1 November 6510:: 144–52. 5047:30 January 4587:Terra Nova 4511:21 January 4154:Geobiology 3329:2 November 3302:2 November 3106:10161/9167 2108:Antarctica 2057:plague of 2051:sand dunes 2008:hypothesis 1798:See also: 1612:Vegetation 1557:, natural 1411:evidence, 1385:chronicles 1279:glaciation 1092:geothermal 1039:solubility 1020:appearance 1000:precession 913:Since the 856:ecosystems 811:glaciation 804:weathering 751:atmosphere 727:See also: 471:stochastic 424:thresholds 199:Glossaries 11178:Fictional 11025:Saoshyant 10910:New Earth 10881:The Beast 10814:Preterism 10787:Christian 10743:Kali Yuga 10688:Micronova 10683:Hypernova 10549:Dysgenics 10390:Verneshot 10296:Hypercane 10039:Dead Hand 9760:Feedbacks 9531:Education 9032:Caribbean 9027:Australia 8954:Migration 8917:Fisheries 8868:Livestock 8794:Wildfires 8700:Heat wave 7690:NASA GISS 7639:NASA GISS 7622:NASA GISS 7586:NASA GISS 7429:2052-4463 7380:1752-0908 7319:2375-2548 7122:1211.4846 7072:0027-8424 7005:2375-2548 6958:0012-821X 6863:3 October 6794:150221323 6778:2397-8554 6721:0148-0227 6470:1435-8603 6423:2198-6061 6168:128561705 6046:Antiquity 6024:28 August 5905:1875-9637 5881:: 53–71. 5759:125580175 5751:2169-8996 5677:128757269 5589:1 October 5356:131663534 5280:8 October 5122:0801.4031 4841:0911.4872 4795:2045-2322 4675:1758-6798 4423:16 August 4384:12 August 4330:(1): 39. 4138:129797785 3985:128479221 3724:206156442 3559:2041-1723 3474:0894-8755 3243:2095-5138 3172:1748-9326 3115:1944-8007 3062:1758-678X 2987:0894-8755 2938:2153-3490 2877:2045-2322 2768:0894-8755 2727:2153-3490 2569:122384001 2416:9 October 2192:graphic ( 2186:Altitude. 2112:Greenland 1874:Paleocene 1858:Oxygen-18 1555:contrails 1460:ice sheet 1403:and even 1397:paintings 1225:from the 1186:into the 1136:Volcanism 1126:red giant 1068:beryllium 988:kinematic 693:(AO) and 629:Reykjavík 595:upwelling 483:red noise 341:The term 313:volcanism 11318:Pandemic 11303:Epidemic 11298:Droughts 11152:Prewrath 11083:End time 10949:Al-Qa'im 10834:Katechon 10819:2 Esdras 10809:Idealism 10792:Futurism 10721:Maitreya 10716:Buddhist 10559:Pandemic 10007:Gray goo 9886:Glossary 9874:Category 9696:biologic 9410:Politics 9302:Personal 9007:Americas 8880:Children 8646:Physical 8439:Overview 8379:Overview 8124:Archived 8111:Archived 7867:31776487 7795:Archived 7769:Archived 7747:Archived 7720:Archived 7694:Archived 7669:Archived 7643:Archived 7616:Archived 7590:Archived 7560:Archived 7529:Archived 7503:Archived 7447:32606396 7337:30191179 7257:Archived 7203:Archived 7157:24043864 7090:23918397 7023:29134193 6902:25 April 6786:33523155 6674:15526358 6618:Archived 6561:Archived 6542:92606851 6488:30734441 6233:20 April 6219:1956/387 6011:18642937 6003:11303088 5948:56212756 5847:cite web 5831:Archived 5790:citation 5700:Archived 5669:30081148 5583:Archived 5375:Elements 5305:Archived 5301:usgs.gov 5274:Archived 5240:Archived 5216:Archived 5214:. USGS. 5212:usgs.gov 5194:53005926 5149:10073988 5092:11536805 5041:Archived 5037:12566286 5029:17756316 4947:11114317 4939:15879213 4813:27045989 4691:Archived 4505:Archived 4479:Archived 4446:Archived 4417:Archived 4378:Archived 4309:15560105 4244:16752440 4190:13206343 4182:19323694 4087:11001051 4044:10500106 3942:37190778 3934:12004117 3891:16061801 3786:Archived 3782:39398426 3774:18309078 3716:18826917 3653:Archived 3634:30613782 3577:21285956 3504:Archived 3430:16727059 3378:Archived 3353:Archived 3323:Archived 3296:Archived 3194:Archived 3123:16933795 3007:Archived 3003:16183172 2895:25898351 2776:53953041 2671:Archived 2477:Archived 2443:Archived 2426:periods. 2410:Archived 2285:See also 1954:Holocene 1899:Cenozoic 1808:Various 1764:Pliocene 1742:and the 1724:Holocene 1716:Pliocene 1704:Glaciers 1670:Humanity 1657:Wildlife 1512:emerging 1453:moraines 1405:rock art 1401:drawings 1346:aerosols 1259:Atlantic 1161:Pinatubo 1153:aerosols 1064:sunspots 945:produce 939:ruminant 931:aerosols 927:land use 889:Whereas 825:detritus 570:spectrum 507:. While 190:Aeronomy 181:Aeronomy 165:category 148:category 123:category 106:category 81:category 69:category 11378:Hazards 11276:General 11147:Rapture 10996:Messiah 10984:Sufyani 10974:Israfil 10944:Islamic 10782:Messiah 10760:1 Enoch 10594:Big Rip 10306:Ecocide 10301:Ice age 9701:oceanic 9551:fiction 9400:Justice 9351:Society 8959:Poverty 8678:Drought 8546:History 8470:Sources 8315:Seasons 8270:Monsoon 8171:Climate 7835:Bibcode 7478:21 June 7438:7327079 7407:Bibcode 7360:Bibcode 7328:6124918 7299:Bibcode 7241:Bibcode 7187:Bibcode 7148:3785813 7127:Bibcode 7081:3761583 7050:Bibcode 7014:5677351 6985:Bibcode 6928:Bibcode 6837:21 June 6701:Bibcode 6654:Bibcode 6602:Bibcode 6594:Geology 6512:Bibcode 6479:6916594 6450:Bibcode 6403:Bibcode 6339:Bibcode 6313:1941558 6293:Bibcode 6285:Ecology 6258:Bibcode 6198:Bibcode 6148:Bibcode 6085:Bibcode 5983:Bibcode 5974:Science 5928:Bibcode 5883:Bibcode 5778:Bibcode 5731:Bibcode 5649:Bibcode 5614:Bibcode 5571:Oceanus 5500:Bibcode 5455:Bibcode 5420:Bibcode 5383:Bibcode 5336:Bibcode 5311:31 July 5237:Annexes 5222:31 July 5174:Bibcode 5127:Bibcode 5072:Bibcode 5064:Science 5009:Bibcode 5001:Science 4970:Bibcode 4962:Geology 4919:Bibcode 4911:Science 4884:Bibcode 4846:Bibcode 4804:4820721 4756:4273483 4736:Bibcode 4655:Bibcode 4595:Bibcode 4570:2 April 4541:20 June 4452:21 July 4332:Bibcode 4324:Geology 4289:Bibcode 4252:4412107 4214:Bibcode 4162:Bibcode 4118:Bibcode 4095:4419536 4067:Bibcode 4012:Bibcode 3965:Bibcode 3957:Science 3914:Bibcode 3906:Science 3882:1183582 3859:Bibcode 3832:4314648 3812:Bibcode 3754:Bibcode 3746:Science 3696:Bibcode 3625:6314818 3604:Bibcode 3568:3105344 3539:Bibcode 3510:6 April 3482:4824093 3454:Bibcode 3408:Bibcode 3359:6 April 3275:26 July 3200:6 April 3150:Bibcode 3085:Bibcode 3042:Bibcode 2995:1565088 2965:Bibcode 2918:Bibcode 2886:4404682 2857:Bibcode 2818:Bibcode 2707:Bibcode 2596:Bibcode 2549:Bibcode 2512:Bibcode 2449:23 July 1886:methane 1786:as the 1775:Sea ice 1770:Sea ice 1605:Bottom: 1598:Middle: 1577:Impacts 1532:Miocene 1492:beetles 1306:ionized 1294:islands 1286:Pangaea 1263:Pacific 1118:Archean 1022:in the 1008:glacial 949:), and 947:methane 586:La Niña 582:El Niño 558:climate 143:Climate 101:Weather 11308:Famine 11234:Zombie 11036:Others 10991:Jewish 10969:Dajjal 10851:Events 10765:Daniel 10666:winter 10493:Others 10383:winter 10183:winter 10178:famine 10173:cobalt 9681:Albedo 9674:Theory 9385:Denial 9176:Energy 9037:Europe 9017:Arctic 9002:Africa 8927:Health 8922:Gender 8885:Cities 8810:Biomes 8717:Oceans 8705:Marine 8428:Causes 8054:about 8034: 8015: 7996: 7977: 7957: 7924: 7893: 7865: 7827:Nature 7499:US EPA 7445: 7435: 7427: 7378: 7335: 7325: 7317: 7155: 7145: 7088: 7078: 7070: 7021: 7011: 7003: 6956: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6719: 6672: 6540: 6486: 6476: 6468: 6421: 6311: 6166: 6120: 6009: 6001: 5946: 5903: 5757: 5749: 5675: 5667: 5550:1 July 5354: 5192: 5147: 5090: 5035: 5027: 4945: 4937: 4811: 4801: 4793: 4754: 4728:Nature 4673: 4625:sdu.dk 4409: 4307: 4250: 4242: 4206:Nature 4188: 4180: 4136: 4093: 4085: 4059:Nature 4042: 4032: 3983: 3940: 3932: 3889: 3879: 3830: 3804:Nature 3780: 3772: 3722: 3714: 3632: 3622: 3575: 3565: 3557: 3480: 3472: 3428: 3241: 3170: 3121: 3113: 3060: 3013:5 June 3001: 2993: 2985: 2936: 2910:Tellus 2893: 2883: 2875: 2810:Tellus 2774: 2766: 2725: 2699:Tellus 2633: 2567: 2483:16 May 2369: 2077:biomes 2053:. The 1966:Sahara 1911:Eemian 1882:epochs 1878:Eocene 1826:albedo 1559:cirrus 1548:, and 1440:Vostok 1227:mantle 1114:Hadean 1084:energy 1016:Sahara 998:, and 943:cattle 802:, and 792:albedo 784:carbon 536:. The 467:random 440:albedo 403:albedo 378:Causes 170:portal 111:portal 11323:Riots 11015:Norse 10979:Mahdi 10738:Kalki 10733:Hindu 10063:(EMP) 9898:Index 9660:Proxy 9420:Women 8895:Crime 8822:Birds 8688:Flood 8095:from 7932:(pb: 7914:(PDF) 7472:(PDF) 7465:(PDF) 7260:(PDF) 7229:(PDF) 7117:arXiv 6831:(PDF) 6824:(PDF) 6790:S2CID 6670:S2CID 6590:(PDF) 6538:S2CID 6309:JSTOR 6227:(PDF) 6186:(PDF) 6164:S2CID 6018:(PDF) 6007:S2CID 5969:(PDF) 5944:S2CID 5755:S2CID 5673:S2CID 5665:JSTOR 5577:(2). 5352:S2CID 5246:, in 5190:S2CID 5145:S2CID 5117:arXiv 5033:S2CID 4943:S2CID 4836:arXiv 4752:S2CID 4305:S2CID 4248:S2CID 4186:S2CID 4134:S2CID 4091:S2CID 4035:34224 3981:S2CID 3938:S2CID 3828:S2CID 3789:(PDF) 3778:S2CID 3742:(PDF) 3720:S2CID 3478:S2CID 3426:S2CID 3119:S2CID 2999:S2CID 2772:S2CID 2565:S2CID 2346:Notes 2194:blues 1381:sagas 1361:proxy 1041:of CO 921:from 336:noise 9483:Risk 9022:Asia 8614:2024 8609:2023 8604:2022 8599:2021 8594:2020 8589:2019 8099:(US) 8097:NASA 8032:ISBN 8013:ISBN 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