Climate change in Tuvalu

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million) This grant is directed to assisting Tuvalu's National Disaster Management Office in coordinating post-disaster response activities; as well to the work of Tuvalu’s National Building Code Assessment Unit, of the Public Works Department, to develop more disaster-resilient infrastructure in Tuvalu. The WB program includes an additional Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (Cat DDO) of US$ 4 million (AU$ 6.3 million). The Cat DDO funds are made available to Tuvalu in the event of a natural disaster. The purpose of the WB grant is to support improved monitoring and reporting for the assessment of Tuvalu’s climate and disaster risks, and to help the government fast-track the flow of critical supplies to the

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by 2025. These emissions will be further reduced from the other key sectors, agriculture and waste, conditional upon the necessary technology and finance. These targets go beyond the targets enunciated in Tuvalu's National Energy Policy (NEP) and the Majuro Declaration on Climate Leadership (2013). Currently, 50% of electricity is derived from renewables, mainly solar, and this figure will rise to 75% by 2020 and 100% by 2025. This would mean almost zero use of fossil fuel for power generation. This is also in line with our ambition to keep the warming to less than 1.5°C, if there is a chance to save atoll nations like Tuvalu.

145: 263: 1071: 20: 369: 1035: 932:. The implementation of the TCAP on Funafuti is proposed to be a land reclamation project, which will start from the northern boundary of the Queen Elizabeth Park (QEP) reclamation area and extend to the northern Tausoa Beach Groyne and the development of the Catalina Ramp Harbour. An ecological assessment of the TCAP project considers the removal of sand by dredging in Funafuti lagoon, which was the source of the sand in the Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project. 5227: 329: 5249: 1054:, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emission, their chief negotiator stated "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting." When the conference failed to reach a binding, meaningful agreement, Tuvalu's representative Ian Fry said, "It looks like we are being offered 917:$ 2.9 million from the Government of Tuvalu. The TCAP focuses on construction works to defend infrastructure including roads, schools, hospitals and government buildings. over a period of seven years. The goal of the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project is to build coastal resilience in three of Tuvalu's nine inhabited islands and to manage coastal inundation risks by reducing the impact of increasingly intensive wave action. 5238: 838:, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing." 1305:(the “Convention”), and which declaration ended with a proclamation: “that our maritime zones, as established and notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in accordance with the Convention, and the rights and entitlements that flow from them, shall continue to apply, without reduction, notwithstanding any physical changes connected to climate change-related sea-level rise.” 1074: 1073: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1079: 399:. The University of Hawai'i Sea Level Center (UHSLC) operated a tide gauge from November 1979 until December 2001. Since June 1993 the National Tidal Centre of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has operated an Aquatrak acoustic gauge. This was done due to the uncertainty as to the accuracy of the data from this tide gauge. It was installed by the 1076: 887:). The main office, named the Department of Environment, is responsible for coordinating the non-governmental organizations, religious bodies, and stakeholders. Each of the named groups are responsible for implementing Tuvalu's NAPA, the main plan to adapt to the adverse effects of human use and climate change. 1001:

On 1 October 2023 the constitution was changed to assert Tuvalu's existence would be perpetual, even if its landmass disappeared due to climate change. The government aims to retain control of its current territorial waters and extended economic zone in this event. It is hoped that if other countries

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Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels by the end of this century, though one 2018 study from the University of Auckland found that the islands had gained more area in recent decades than they had lost overall, suggesting that

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in 2015. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar. The effect of Cyclone Pam, which did not pass directly over the islands, shows that Tuvaluans are exposed to storm surges causing damage to their houses and crops, and also the risk of water born disease as a consequence of

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The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and broken coral that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. There remains the risk that the dynamic response

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events that took place during that period, including a very severe one in 1997/98 that generated a significant sea level drop in the Tuvalu sea level data. The usual positive (rising) sea level trends were changed to negative values (falling) for several months due to the effect of the El Niño event.

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Tuvalu commits to reduction of emissions of green-house gases from the electricity generation (power) sector, by 100%, ie almost zero emissions by 2025. Tuvalu's indicative quantified economy-wide target for a reduction in total emissions of GHGs from the entire energy sector to 60% below 2010 levels

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agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C". Enele Sopoaga described the important outcomes of the Paris Agreement as including the stand-alone provision for assistance to small island states and some of the least

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for agriculture, fisheries, tourism, coral reefs, and human health in the Pacific region; with agriculture production, such as taro, particularly vulnerable to the effect of climate change. The Pacific countries are projected incur economic losses in the range of 4.6% to 12.7% of the region's annual

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was to strengthen key areas to withstand rising sea levels and changing climate, although the government acknowledged that "Plan B" involved evacuating the islands while maintaining Tuvaluan community and culture as much as possible through digital means, including a virtual reality duplicate of the

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has responded to the University of Auckland study with assertions that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land. Tuvaluans point to observable changes that have occurred to that show there have been changes to sea levels. Those observable changes include sea water bubbling

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On 16 January 2014 Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga established the National Advisory Council on Climate Change, which functions are "to identify actions or strategies: to achieve energy efficiencies; to increase the use of renewable energy; to encourage the private sector and NGOs to reduce greenhouse

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published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions. The

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emphasized the impact of climate change as a "broader security issue which relates to environmental security. Living in a very fragile island environment, our long-term security and sustainable development is closely linked to issues of climate change, preserving biodiversity, managing our limited

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said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of

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is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño. This has an effect on sea levels as El Niño events can actually result in sea levels falling by 20 - 30 centimeters as compared to the sea level during a La Niña events. For example, in 2000 there

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over the next century, finding that the country's islands have even grown in area overall in recent decades, though the authors stressed that "Climate change remains one of the single greatest environmental threats to the livelihood and well-being of the peoples of the Pacific" and that "Sea-level

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Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu.... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial

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The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral

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Temperature Bar Chart Pacific-Tuvalu--1901-2020--2021-07-13. This bar chart is a visual representation of the change in temperature in the past 100+ years. Each stripe represents the temperature averaged over a year. The average temperature in 1971–2000 is set as the boundary between blue and red

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Fry's speech to the conference was a highly impassioned plea for countries around the world to address the issues of man-made global warming resulting in climate change. The five-minute speech addressed the dangers of rising sea levels to Tuvalu and the world. In his speech Fry claimed man-made

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On 26 September 2023, the World Bank (WB) approved US$ 11.5 million (AUD$ 18 million) in new grant financing to Tuvalu as part of the WB’s First Climate and Disaster Resilience Development Policy Financing program. This WB support includes a development policy grant of US$ 7.5 million (AU$ 11.8

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agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 °C". Enele Sopoaga described the important outcomes of COP21 as including the stand-alone provision for assistance to small island states and some of the least developed

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controls in the sub-surface of the atoll. About half of Fongafale islet is reclaimed swamp that contains porous, highly permeable coral blocks that allow the tidal forcing of salt water. Increases in the sea level will exacerbate the aquifer salinization as the result of increases in

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events, weakened trade winds are unable to maintain the normal gradient of sea level across the tropical Pacific, leading to a drop in sea level in the west and a rise in the east. Pacific islands within about 10° of the equator are most strongly affected by ENSO‑related sea-level

950:, is a proposal to protect approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) of high value shoreline with berm top barriers along the crest of the main natural storm berm. For approximately 160 metres (520 ft) of coastline in front of the church, following consultation with the 105:

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions in the Tuvalu greatly (5.4 out of 6). Human rights experts provided that the climate crisis has impacted food, water, and housing security as well as forced migration.

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gas emissions; to ensure a whole of government response to adaptation and climate change related disaster risk reduction; and to encourage the private sector and NGOs to develop locally appropriate technologies for adaptation and climate change mitigation (reductions in )."

871:(TK III) sets out the development agenda of the Government of Tuvalu. TK III includes new strategic areas, in addition to the eight identified in TK II. The additional strategic areas are climate change; environment; migration and urbanization; and oceans and seas. 1265:(being a good neighbour), in the hope other nations will be motivated to understand their shared responsibility to mitigate climate change and sea level rise. A values- or culture-based approach to diplomacy was reflected in Tuvalu’s’s 2020 Foreign Policy ( 1211:

during General Assembly Leaders' week from 23 September 2013. The Majuro Declaration is offered as a "Pacific gift" to the UN Secretary-General in order to catalyze more ambitious climate action by world leaders beyond that achieved at the December

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that is 780 metres (2,560 ft) meters long and 100 metres (330 ft) meters wide, giving a total area of approximately 7.8 ha. (19.27 acres), which is designed to remain above sea level rise and the reach of storm waves beyond the year 2100.

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The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral having been bleached as a consequence of the increase of the ocean temperatures and acidification from increased levels of carbon dioxide. The coral bleaching, which includes

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Decreasing fisheries population.The El Niño phenomenon has an effect on tuna catch rates, which led to a fall in the number of foreign fishing licenses granted by the government of Tuvalu following the El Niño period from 1998 to 2001, and up to

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effects or local storms and waves. In the future, sea level rise may threaten to submerge the nation entirely as it is estimated that a sea level rise of 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 inches) in the next 100 years could make Tuvalu uninhabitable.

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The government of Tuvalu recognises that there is no international conventions that it can rely on that can recognise Tuvalu’s new status as the effects of climate change are not addressed in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

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concluded his speech to the General Debate of the 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly with an appeal to the world, "please save Tuvalu against climate change. Save Tuvalu in order to save yourself, the world".

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trade winds that push surface water westward create this zonal tilting of sea level on the equator. Below the equator a higher sea level can also be found about 20° to 40° south (Tuvalu is spread out from 6° to 10° south).

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result in water shortages and sanitation Problems. The health consequences are increased acute respiratory infections (ARIs), viral illnesses, skin diseases, septic sores, and infection of cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid.

569:. Over four decades, there was a net increase in land area in Tuvalu of 73.5 ha (2.9%), although the changes were not uniform, with 74% of land increasing in size and 27% of land decreasing in size. The sea level at the 954:, it is proposed to reinstate the former shore by constructing a new seawall made from precast concrete interlocking Seabee units where there are the remnants of existing but crumbling hard coastal protection measures. 1288:

Section 2(2) declares Tuvalu’s area, including maritime zones (as defined in a schedule that is a Declaration of Tuvalu Geographical Coordinates) are permanent, regardless of any effects resulting from climate

218:(SPREP). The climate of the Pacific region at the equator is influenced by a number of factors; the science of which is the subject of continuing research. The SPREP described the climate of Tuvalu as being: 1237:, along with others from Pacific countries have been encouraged to use their voices to contribute to discussion about climate change – in particular how it disproportionately affects women and children. 705:

rather than a forced exodus. Despite these findings, the Prime Minister of Tuvalu maintained that "Tuvalu not expanding" and that "the expansion of Tuvaluan shoreline did not equate to habitable land."

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The threat of climate change to the islands is not a dominant motivation for migration as Tuvaluans appear to prefer to continue living in Tuvalu for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity. In 2013

258:(IPO) (...). A number of studies suggest the influence of global warming could be a major factor in accentuating the current climate regimes and the changes from normal that come with ENSO events (...). 920:

In 2020, Environmental and Social Impact Assessments were published for plans to construct hard and soft coastal protection infrastructure to reduce inundation and coastal erosion on the islands of

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was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels. The

1197:(between 2013 and 2020). This commitment is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. 1177:, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment. Tuvalu participates in the 4626: 254:(MJO) also is a major mode of variability of the tropical atmosphere-ocean system of the Pacific on times scales of 30 to 70 days (...), while the leading mode with decadal time-scale is the 1138:

levels is critical. I call on the people of Europe to think carefully about their obsession with 2 degrees. Surely, we must aim for the best future we can deliver and not a weak compromise.

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in December 2014 at Lima, Peru, Sopoaga said "Climate change is the single greatest challenge facing my country. It is threatening the livelihood, security and wellbeing of all Tuvaluans."

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Climate change in Tuvalu is expected to cause the prevalence of various diseases to increase, including diahorreal and respiratory disease, as well as lead to compromised food security.

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The Tuvaluan government established the Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) in 2016 to finance climate change programs and as a fund available to respond promptly to natural disasters, such as

717:(Prime Minister from 2004 to 2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013, Prime Minister 3925: 4603:(28 Sep 2013) Address by His Excellency Vete Palakua Sakaio, Deputy Prime Minister of Tuvalu at the general debate of the 68th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations 3727: 2936:

Arthur P. Webba & Paul S. Kench (2010). "The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: Evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific".

883:(NAPA) describes a response to the climate change problem as using the combined efforts of several local bodies on each island that will work with the local community leaders (the 4160:"Keynote statement delivered by the Prime Minister of Tuvalu, the Honourable Enele S. Sopoaga, at the leaders events for heads of state and government at the opening of the COP21" 2597:

A University of Auckland study examined changes in the geography of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, using aerial photographs and satellite imagery

2233: 1133:, the director of the Department of Environment, was the Chief Negotiator for Tuvalu. Prime Minister Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: 406:

The two records were synthesised into a single data source by averaging the difference between the two records over the period during which both gauges operated simultaneously.

1886: 1789: 1181:(AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. The 2365:

Arthur P. Webba; Paul S. Kench (2010). "The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: Evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific".

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country. In November 2023 it was announced that Australia will offer 280 Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change permanent residency in Australia per year, as part of a

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Section 2(1) states the perpetual statehood of Tuvalu “notwithstanding the impacts of climate change or other causes resulting in loss to the physical territory of Tuvalu”.

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Nakada S.; Yamano H.; Umezawa Y.; Fujita M.; Watanabe M.; Taniguchi M. (2010). "Evaluation of Aquifer Salinization in the Atoll Islands by Using Electrical Resistivity".

1398:"Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session" 3214: 994:, proclaimed that in response to rising sea levels and the perceived failures by the outside world to combat global warming, the country would be uploading itself to 4497: 1995: 1346: 4535: 3559: 991: 298:

events, strengthened trade winds cause higher than normal sea levels in the western tropical Pacific, and lower than normal levels in the east. Conversely, during

1125:(COP21) that the goal for COP21 should be a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the 1102:(COP21) that the goal for COP21 should be a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the 1276:. On 5 September 2023, Tuvalu’s parliament passed the Constitution of Tuvalu Act 2023, with the changes to the Constitution came into effect on 1 October 2023. 4424: 4125: 1155:

developed countries for loss and damage resulting from climate change and the ambition of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century.

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activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by

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resulted in waves of 3 to 5 metres (9.8 to 16.4 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On

2980: 2409: 1861: 5206: 1612:"REG (49450-028): Preparing Floating Solar Plus Projects under the Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility - Terms of Reference for Consulting Firm" 4980: 4766: 1114:

countries for loss and damage resulting from climate change and the ambition of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century.

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up through the porous coral rock to form pools on each high tide and flooding of low-lying areas including the airport on a regular basis during

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activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if

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has risen at 3.9 mm per year, which is approximately twice the global average. This may be because gradual sea-level rise allows for coral

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In December 2022, work on the Funafuti reclamation project commenced. The project is to dredge sand from the lagoon to construct a platform on

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colors, and the color scale varies from ±2.6 standard deviations of the annual average temperatures between the years mentioned. Data source:

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Other Pacific Ocean countries support Tuvalu's position on the impact on territorial boundaries caused by climate change. The leaders of the

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global warming to be currently "the greatest threat to humanity", and ended with an emotional "the fate of my country rests in your hands".

4385: 474:). However, the highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to over topping in 169: 4186: 1717: 1301:

countries published a declaration on 6 August 2021 that recalled the Pacific Islands Forum Members have a long history of support for the

3868: 2973:"Will Pacific Island Nations Disappear as Seas Rise? Maybe Not – Reef islands can grow and change shape as sediments shift, studies show" 2635: 2402:"Will Pacific Island Nations Disappear as Seas Rise? Maybe Not - Reef islands can grow and change shape as sediments shift, studies show" 2211: 121: 4349: 3332: 3268:

Health of People, Places and Planet: Reflections based on Tony McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding

611:, paving of surface areas, and manipulation of coastlines in addition to high seas caused by meteorological and climatological forces." 2240: 1397: 4159: 3501: 2706: 2527: 2505: 5083: 1587: 1563: 1372: 862: 3806: 3112: 2911: 2610: 2343: 1671:"Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action - Under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 1058:

to betray our people and our future... Our future is not for sale. I regret to inform you that Tuvalu cannot accept this document."

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Tropical cyclone numbers are projected to decline in the south-east Pacific Ocean basin (0–40ºS, 170ºE–130ºW) (moderate confidence).

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The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences. The 2011 report of the

5211: 3531: 4276: 3395:"The cultural impacts of climate change: sense of place and sense of community in Tuvalu, a country threatened by sea level rise" 1272:

Simon Kofe, as chair of the Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee, was involved in drafting the amendments to the

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ENSO has a major influence on sea levels across the Pacific and this can influence the occurrence of extreme sea levels. During

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Nakada, S.; Umezawa, Y.; Taniguchi, M.; Yamano, H. (2012). "Groundwater Dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu".

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The 2023 amendments to the Constitution adopt an innovative approach to determining the boundaries of the State of Tuvalu.

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in Tuvaluan). The project’s first initiative was a values- or culture-based approach to diplomacy based on Tuvaluan values of

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was 3.4 metres (11 ft) on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015. As a result of historical sea level rise, the

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years to September 2008) and the sea level in the Funafuti area rose approximately 9.14 cm during that period of time.

5128: 1640: 388: 3926:"World Bank Provides US$ 11.5 Million Grant to Boost Tuvalu's Climate and Disaster Resilience, Preparedness, and Response" 2162: 4882: 287: 247: 5329: 3755: 3570: 891: 846: 81:

by the mid-21st century, and 95% by 2100. The rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as

3842: 3728:"Tuvalu: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu" 1540:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 557:

Between 1971 and 2014, during a period of global warming, Tuvalu islands overall have increased in size, according to

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Kench, Paul (2015). "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

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being about 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level. Potential threats to the country due to climate change include

3892: 3394: 1761: 255: 5241: 4842: 4619: 3039:"GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2015184 (Changes in planform characteristics of 29 islands located on Funafuti's atoll rim)" 1178: 1126: 1103: 344:

Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).

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Tuvalu faces challenges to its natural environment which will be exacerbated by climate change: Coastal erosion,

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in an effort to preserve itself and allow it to function as a country even in the event of it being underwater.

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years of sea level data from Funafuti, identified that the sea level rise rate was 5.9 mm per year (in the

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that occurred from 1998 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2001. Researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the

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McIver, Lachlan; Hanna, Elizabeth (2015). "Fragile Paradise: Health and Climate Change in the South Pacific".

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Climate change is expected to lead to inadequate potable water due to less rainfall and prolonged droughts.

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While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or

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they would persist as sites for habitation over the next century, allowing for alternate opportunities for

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There is an inverted barometric pressure effect on sea level during a severe El Niño event due to the high

125: 5144: 5010: 4935: 4872: 4857: 4847: 4827: 1676:. Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Agriculture and Lands - Department of Environment. May 2007 391:(PSMSL) has been made at two locations within the Funafuti lagoon. In 1978 a tide gauge was installed at 308: 2871: 1905: 874: 5020: 4995: 4970: 4920: 4877: 4862: 4811: 4796: 4706: 4701: 4686: 4562: 1314: 810: 546: 243: 3422:

Colette Mortreux; Jon Barnett (2009). "Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu".

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events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by

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The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).

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Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Nanumaga and Nanumea

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The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).

5123: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5078: 5068: 5058: 5040: 5025: 5015: 4960: 4950: 4867: 4837: 4832: 4806: 4741: 4673: 4652: 4519: 4483: 4446: 4410: 4371: 4334: 4298: 3947: 3848:. Presented by the Hon Maatia Toafa Minister for Finance and Economic Development. 30 November 2016 3828: 3479: 3354: 1174: 460: 4462:"Tuvalu: Constitutional Amendment Enshrines Statehood in Perpetuity in Response to Climate Change" 940: 5230: 5118: 5088: 4985: 4955: 4930: 4925: 4791: 4721: 4716: 4691: 1936:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations" 1484:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations" 2845: 825:

In a speech on 16 September 2005 to the 60th Session of the UN General Assembly, Prime Minister

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also affect sustainable development. SOPAC ranks the country as extremely vulnerable using the

94: 3624: 2639: 2431: 403:(NTF) as part of the AusAID-sponsored South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. 69:

Tuvalu is widely considered one of the first countries likely to be significantly impacted by

4425:"EDO's expert assistance to Tuvalu Constitutional Reform Project: Interview with Dr Bal Kama" 3038: 1298: 400: 4593:(Director: Aaron Smith, "Hungry Beast" program, ABC June 2011) 6:40 minutes - YouTube video. 3985: 4557: 4547: 3532:"Speech at the 20th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change" 3011: 2945: 2562: 2550: 2374: 2278: 2030: 1947: 1495: 1234: 639: 597: 494: 396: 340:

A report in 2011 concluded in relation to Tuvalu that over the course of the 21st century:

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Report (2011) describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the

144: 66:) can combine with storm surges and the rising sea level to inundate the low lying atolls. 63: 5248: 4041: 4014:"Pacific Island Tuvalu calls for 1.5 degrees global warming limit or faces "total demise"" 3651:"Tuvalu's climate resilience shored up with launch of US$ 38.9 million adaptation project" 3449: 3187: 1814: 1421: 262: 8: 4228:. 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly - General Debate. 28 September 2013 3241:"New Tuvalu PM says 'poorly handled' Falepili Treaty to be discussed with Australia govt" 2722: 2661: 1835: 1055: 753: 684: 585: 209: 197: 191: 5252: 4558:

Talanoa Dialogue Portal (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC))

4312: 3756:

Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Funafuti

3015: 2949: 2566: 2454: 2378: 2282: 2189: 1951: 1499: 172:(INDCs) in relation to the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) under provisions of the 3282: 2803: 2726: 2583: 2304: 2047: 1968: 1935: 1723:. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). 2009. Archived from 1516: 1483: 1240: 1190: 1087:

gives a speech on climate change in 2018, in particular noting the implications of the

910: 558: 231: 129: 4277:"Tuvalu's Future Now Project: preparing for climate change in the worst-case scenario" 4513: 4477: 4440: 4404: 4365: 4328: 4292: 3941: 3822: 3348: 3272: 3057: 2795: 2791: 2588: 2296: 1973: 1521: 1425: 1205: 1201: 1012: 875:

The National Adaptation Programme of Action and the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project

635: 562: 541:

in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone.

523: 475: 239: 3435: 2957: 2889: 2807: 2386: 2051: 34:

is particularly threatening for the long-term habitability of the island country of

4199: 3502:"Pacific Adaptation To Climate Change: Tuvalu - Report Of In-Country Consultations" 3431: 3153: 3093: 3019: 2953: 2787: 2760: 2718: 2578: 2570: 2382: 2308: 2286: 2039: 1963: 1955: 1511: 1503: 1182: 975: 619:

Ocean acidification was projected to continue in 2011 (with very high confidence).

470:, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the 51: 4042:"Adoption of the Paris agreement—Proposal by the President—Draft decision -/CP.21" 2322: 1455: 4569: 3595: 3304: 2329: 1824:. Australia Government: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. p. 26. 1670: 1151: 1110: 1023: 914: 680: 581: 577: 3961: 2480: 1718:"Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Tuvalu Report of In-Country Consultations" 93:

before they're overtaken by actual flooding. Meanwhile, one 2018 study from the

4642: 3286: 3266: 2822: 2574: 1959: 1792:. Pacific Climate Change Science Program (Australian Government). November 2011 1507: 1130: 1005: 995: 660: 607:

Several causes of coastal flooding in Tuvalu have been identified, including: "

527: 161: 74: 70: 47: 31: 19: 4588: 3996: 2234:"Peak tide affects Tuvaluan communities living in coastal and low-lying areas" 2028:

Lewis, James (December 1989). "Sea level rise: Some implications for Tuvalu".

902:

to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands.

850:

GDP equivalent by 2100, with the degree of severity changing with different CO

663:, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the 117:

in 2020 was 735 kW compared to 1800 kW of diesel (16% penetration).

5323: 4226:"Statement Presented by Deputy Prime Minister Honourable Vete Palakua Sakaio" 3215:"Australia to offer residency to Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change" 3139:"Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006, Tuvalu" 1186: 1118: 1095: 1084: 1034: 835: 726: 718: 592: 368: 347:

Annual and seasonal mean rainfall is projected to increase (high confidence).

110: 4611: 3113:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise (Comments)" 2611:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise (Comments)" 1168: 939:

is a plan to build berm top barriers on the crest of the main natural storm

320:) can result in seawater flooding low-lying areas of the islands of Tuvalu. 2799: 2592: 2528:"Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 2 (as of 30 March 2015)" 2506:"Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 1 (as of 22 March 2015)" 2300: 1977: 1525: 826: 714: 672: 538: 479: 98: 3560:"Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020" 898:, a 30 metres (98 ft) vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's 4350:"Tuvalu Constitution updated: culture, climate change and decolonisation" 3157: 2764: 1641:"Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Communicated to the UNFCCC" 1221: 1208: 1193:, which was signed on 5 September 2013, to implement power generation of 951: 884: 652: 643: 631: 608: 550: 487: 483: 270:

conditions. Blue=temperature below average; red=temperature above average

227: 4537:

Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020

4315:. Department of Foreign Affairs - Government of Tuvalu. 12 December 2022 3307:"The economic impact of natural disasters on development in the Pacific" 2730: 2239:. Island Business (FENUI NEWS/PACNEWS). 24 February 2015. Archived from 1249:, as Tuvalu’s Foreign Minister, launched Tuvalu’s ‘Future Now Project’ ( 1065: 869:

Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020

356:

The incidence of drought is projected to decrease (moderate confidence).

4187:"NZ may be invited to join proposed "Polynesian Triangle" ginger group" 3097: 3036: 2043: 1790:"Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research" 1246: 1051: 987: 738: 668: 647: 573: 223: 1993: 1539: 1002:

follow suit, international law may change to accommodate these ideas.

687:, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. 664: 588:, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. 514: 455: 328: 299: 295: 267: 200:

and increasing vector and water borne diseases due to sea level rise.

5272: 4580: 4313:"Final Report – Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee" 3807:"Groundbreaking ceremony in Funafuti for Tuvalu's coastal adaptation" 3335:. Biodiversity Conservation Blog - The Australian National University 3023: 2750: 2137:"Flooding in Vanuatu, Kiribati and Tuvalu as Cyclone Pam strengthens" 1893:. Australia Government: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. 1373:"Science says Tuvalu will drown within decades; the reality is worse" 958: 623: 601: 510: 502: 498: 467: 376: 317: 59: 43: 39: 4225: 3730:. International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 18/209. 5 July 2018 3450:"Relocation for climate change victims is no answer, says Tuvalu PM" 3188:"Relocation for climate change victims is no answer, says Tuvalu PM" 2291: 2266: 1347:"Facing extinction, Tuvalu considers the digital clone of a country" 1241:

Climate change, sea level rise and the perpetual statehood of Tuvalu

841:"The Economics of Climate Change in the Pacific" 2013 report of the 466:

The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on

102:

rise and climatic change threaten the existence of atoll nations".

16:

Emissions, impacts and responses of Tuvalu related to climate change

962: 936: 925: 921: 627: 570: 534: 471: 392: 380: 333: 250:(ENSO) as the dominant mode of year to year variability (...). The 114: 78: 24: 2759:. 30 (5) Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan: 317–330. 1173:

In November 2011, Tuvalu was one of the eight founding members of

905:

In August 2017 the Government of Tuvalu and the UNDP launched the

820: 3869:"Tuvalu turns to the metaverse as rising seas threaten existence" 2912:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise" 2846:"Funafuti Atoll Coral Reef Restoration Project – baseline report" 2630: 2628: 2344:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise" 947: 929: 815: 737:

Following his appointment as the prime minister in February 2024

542: 82: 55: 4548:

South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (SPSLCMP)

4101:"Honour Our Right to Exist, Say Pacific Island Leaders at COP21" 3238: 2089:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

1146:

Let's do it for Tuvalu. For if we save Tuvalu we save the world.

695: 522:

of atolls and reef islands does not result in stable islands as

1698:. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program. 2009 775: 770:

Climate change is expected to worsen the following challenges:

722:

moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

149: 86: 35: 5298: 4599:(2014) by Matthias von Gunten, HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm. 4563:

Tuvalu's options on setting up defences against the rising sea

4347: 3928:. World Bank Press Release No: 2024/001/EAP. 27 September 2023 3305:

Emily McKenzie, Biman Prasad & Atu Kaloumaira (May 2005).

2625: 2066:

Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Australian Regions 1971-1972

1862:"The Unfolding Crisis in Kiribati and the Urgency of Response" 1024:

Tuvalu's role at the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 2009

978:. Contributions are made to the TSF from the national budget. 943:

that runs parallel to the foreshore area of the main village.

526:

can strip the low-lying islands of their vegetation and soil.

336:

atoll showing the storm dunes, the highest point on the atoll.

3369:"2005 World Summit - 60th Session of the UN General Assembly" 1815:"Ch.2 Climate of the Western Tropical Pacific and East Timor" 1217: 725:

As of 2023, the "Plan A" of the government of prime minister

642:. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific 530: 387:

Sea level observation to collect data for the purpose of the

2935: 2777: 2364: 2082:

Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam

1766:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1006:

Climate and Disaster Resilience Development Policy Financing

128:, environmental problems such as population growth and poor 3421: 710: 490:

the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated.

266:

Sea surface temperature anomalies in November 2007 showing

168:

On 27 November 2015 the Government of Tuvalu announced its

90: 1822:

Climate Change in the Pacific: Volume 1: Regional Overview

454:

years of sea level data identified the effect of the four

4574: 4542: 3477: 2890:"Hope for Tuvalu in "sand" that grows, the Asahi Shimbun" 1906:"A Note on Relative Sea Level Change at Funafuti, Tuvalu" 1169:

Climate change leadership and the Majuro Declaration 2013

992:

Minister for Justice, Communication & Foreign Affairs

216:

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme

4552: 3079:"Pacific Atoll Living: How Long Already and Until When?" 1891:

Climate Change in the Pacific: Volume 2: Country Reports

4553:

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program

4036: 4034: 3212: 1695: 741:

said his government's top priority was climate change.

4248:"Pacific women hone climate change negotiation skills" 2843: 2662:"Tuvalu: Flooding, Global Warming, and Media Coverage" 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 3271:. Australian National University Press. p. 345. 2549:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

2323:

Note on Relative Sea Level Change at Funafuti, Tuvalu

2111:"One Tuvalu island evacuated after flooding from Pam" 1934:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

1482:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

1066:

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21)

909:(TCAP) that is financed with US$ 36 million from the 203: 185: 174:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4348:

Simon Kofe and Jess Marinaccio (21 September 2023).

4031: 3333:"Agrobiodiversity in Tuvalu – Threats and Solutions" 894:(UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire 4427:. Environmental Defenders Office. 21 September 2023 3676: 2844:Hugh Govan; Sandrine Job; et al. (June 2007). 2707:"Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change" 2551:"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger: study" 2315: 1331: 234:, seasonally varying convergence zones such as the 3596:"Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action" 1220:). On 29 September 2013 the Deputy Prime Minister 783:) pit salinisation due to saltwater intrusion; and 501:), which raise the sea level higher than a normal 323: 3699:"PROJECT FP015 Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project" 3402:Ph D dissertation, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 5321: 3480:"The Economics of Climate Change in the Pacific" 3037:Kench, Thompson, Ford, Ogawa and McLean (2015). 2825:. The Drum – Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2684:"Island neighbours at the mercy of rising tides" 4305: 2076: 2074: 1994:Than Aung, Awnesh Singh and Uma Prasad (2009). 1303:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 821:The National Advisory Council on Climate Change 4577:A lobby group set up to help the island nation 4126:"Tuvalu Chair of UN Loss and Damage Committee" 3781: 3753: 3213:Daniel Hurst; Josh Butler (10 November 2023). 3171:Political Parties Cautious On Tuvalu-Kioa Plan 2753:Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan 1046:In December 2009 the islands stalled talks at 816:Policies and legislation to achieve adaptation 4641: 4627: 3478:Xianbin Yao; Cyn-Young Park (November 2013). 2548: 2212:"Tuvalu surveys road damage after king tides" 1933: 1481: 1214:2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1123:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1100:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1015:following emergencies and natural disasters. 969: 696:Impacts on housing and long term habitability 622:The investigation of groundwater dynamics of 214:Tuvalu participates in the operations of the 4200:"Majuro Declaration: For Climate Leadership" 3062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2851:. Coral Reefs in the Pacific (CRISP), Noumea 2264: 2071: 1018: 799: 765: 170:intended nationally determined contributions 4352:. DevPolicyBlog - Development Policy Centre 4279:. DevPolicyBlog - Development Policy Centre 4153: 4151: 4068: 4066: 3843:"Government of Tuvalu 2017 National Budget" 3777: 3775: 3773: 3473: 3471: 3264: 1881: 1879: 1204:presented the Majuro Declaration to the UN 634:results in salt water contamination of the 482:. In March 2015 the storm surge created by 139: 122:South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission 4634: 4620: 3986:Future not for sale: climate deal rejected 3749: 3747: 3745: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3442: 1855: 1853: 1809: 1807: 1604: 1364: 1089:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 4453: 4192: 3239:Aui'a Vaimaila Leatinu'u (8 March 2024). 3232: 3180: 3076: 2582: 2290: 1967: 1515: 863:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 861:At the 20th Conference of Parties to the 222:nfluenced by a number of factors such as 4459: 4391:. Government of Tuvalu. 5 September 2023 4270: 4268: 4148: 4063: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3893:"Tuvalu plans for its own disappearance" 3770: 3468: 3300: 3298: 3296: 2903: 2068:Australian Government Publishing Service 1876: 1646:. Government of Tuvalu. 27 November 2015 1633: 1414: 1069: 1048:United Nations Climate Change Conference 1033: 505:. The highest peak tide recorded by the 367: 327: 261: 154: 143: 18: 4378: 4157: 4118: 3866: 3804: 3742: 3713: 3669: 3529: 3494: 3136: 2335: 2187: 2058: 1989: 1987: 1928: 1926: 1911:. Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre 1859: 1850: 1836:"What's happening to Tuvalu sea level?" 1804: 900:National Adaptation Programme of Action 881:National Adaptation Programme of Action 124:(SOPAC) suggests that, while Tuvalu is 5322: 5305:. HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm. 2014 4500:. Pacific Islands Forum. 6 August 2021 4490: 4417: 4218: 4158:Sopoaga, Enele S. (30 November 2015). 4007: 4005: 3643: 3617: 3552: 3392: 3330: 3030: 2869: 2823:"Tuvalu plight must be heard by UNFCC" 2820: 2704: 2681: 2452: 2214:. Radio New Zealand. February 24, 2015 2155: 2103: 1903: 1750:"Current and Future Climate of Tuvalu" 1370: 1158: 284:Pacific Climate Change Science Program 276:Pacific Climate Change Science Program 4615: 4460:Buchanan, Kelly (29 September 2023). 4341: 4265: 3911: 3835: 3691: 3293: 3104: 3001: 2970: 2964: 2929: 2814: 2686:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2481:"バサフア島、消失・・・(Vasafua Islet vanishes)" 2478: 2432:"Kogatapu Funafuti Conservation Area" 2399: 2258: 2129: 2027: 1688: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1448:"Leaflet No. 1 - Revised 1992 - Taro" 1344: 1320:Climate change in the Pacific Islands 1228: 554:contamination of the water supplies. 5291: 5237: 4274: 4098: 4074:"Tuvalu PM praises COP 21 agreement" 4011: 3962:"Island's tough climate plea denied" 3523: 3415: 3386: 2837: 2723:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145730 2602: 2520: 2498: 2472: 2424: 2393: 2358: 2190:"Tuvalu struggles to hold back tide" 2003:American Journal of Applied Sciences 1984: 1923: 1742: 1142:His speech concluded with the plea: 690: 389:Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level 5265: 4012:Sims, Alexandra (2 December 2015). 4002: 3798: 3677:"Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project" 3603:Department of Environment of Tuvalu 3588: 3324: 3130: 3070: 3044:. The Geological Society of America 2971:Warne, Kennedy (13 February 2015). 2771: 2744: 2446: 2400:Warne, Kennedy (13 February 2015). 1897: 1371:Eliuta, Niuone (15 February 2024). 1150:The countries participating in the 1109:The countries participating in the 760: 309:Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation 13: 4189:, Pacific Scoop, 19 September 2011 4092: 3805:Bouadze, Levan (6 December 2022). 3331:Panapa, Tiale (9 September 2020). 2995: 2882: 2863: 2821:Lusama, Tafue (29 November 2011). 2682:Dekker, Rodney (9 December 2011). 2188:Shukman, David (22 January 2008). 2091:(Report). ReliefWeb. 16 March 2015 1658: 1470: 946:The implementation of the TCAP on 935:The implementation of the TCAP on 892:United Nations Development Program 847:economic impacts of climate change 401:Australian National Tidal Facility 204:Climate systems that affect Tuvalu 186:Impacts on the natural environment 14: 5346: 5275:King Tide - The Sinking of Tuvalu 4582:King Tide | The Sinking of Tuvalu 4529: 4132:. 5 December 2015. Archived from 4099:Paul, Stella (11 December 2015). 3754:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 October 2020). 3679:. Government of Tuvalu. June 2016 3110: 2909: 2659: 2608: 2479:Endou, Shuuichi (28 March 2015). 2341: 1452:Food and Agriculture Organization 981: 907:Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project 845:estimates the range of potential 791: 744: 363: 134:Environmental Vulnerability Index 97:suggested that Tuvalu may remain 5247: 5236: 5226: 5225: 4275:Kofe, Simon (10 November 2021). 4240: 4180: 3782:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 August 2020). 3530:Sopoaga, Enele (December 2014). 2792:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00874.x 2636:"TUVALU PM REFUTES AUT RESEARCH" 1860:Packard, Aaron (12 March 2015). 1762:Australian Bureau of Meteorology 752:Droughts in Tuvalu, such as the 256:Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation 3990: 3979: 3954: 3885: 3860: 3786:(Report). The Pacific Community 3758:(Report). The Pacific Community 3701:. Green Climate Fund. June 2016 3454:Radio New Zealand International 3436:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006 3361: 3258: 3206: 3192:Radio New Zealand International 3164: 2958:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.05.003 2698: 2675: 2653: 2542: 2387:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.05.003 2226: 2204: 2181: 2167:Radio New Zealand International 2115:Radio New Zealand International 2021: 1828: 1782: 1710: 1345:Fainu, Kalolaine (2023-06-27). 1179:Alliance of Small Island States 1127:Alliance of Small Island States 1104:Alliance of Small Island States 565:documented in a study from the 324:Temperature and weather changes 240:subtropical high-pressure belts 3077:Dickinson, William R. (2009). 2872:"All the Disappearing Islands" 2163:"State of emergency in Tuvalu" 1588:"Tuvalu - HRMI Rights Tracker" 1580: 1564:"Tuvalu - HRMI Rights Tracker" 1556: 1532: 1440: 1390: 830:forests and water resources." 236:South Pacific Convergence Zone 1: 3997:YouTube video of Fry's speech 3809:. UNDP Pacific Office in Fiji 2711:Annual Review of Anthropology 2453:Wilson, David (4 July 2015). 2064:Bureau of Meteorology (1975) 1758:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 1422:"Tuvalu could lose root crop" 1325: 1261:(shared responsibility), and 1030:Tuvalu and the United Nations 804: 614: 507:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 373:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 3867:Craymer, Lucy (2022-11-15). 2638:. 2018-03-19. Archived from 1996:"Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu" 1189:made a commitment under the 288:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 248:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 126:vulnerable to climate change 42:, with the highest point of 7: 3625:"UNDP Supports Tuvalu Ship" 3424:Global Environmental Change 2938:Global and Planetary Change 2530:. Relief Web. 30 March 2015 2508:. Relief Web. 22 March 2015 2367:Global and Planetary Change 1308: 1257:(communal living systems), 1233:Women from Tuvalu, such as 1200:Marshall Islands President 1163: 493:Tuvalu is also affected by 10: 5351: 4543:Talofa! Tuvalu Met Service 2575:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 2485:Tuvalu Overview (Japanese) 1960:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 1544:humanrightsmeasurement.org 1508:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 1315:Renewable energy in Tuvalu 1027: 970:Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) 811:Renewable energy in Tuvalu 808: 549:, was severely damaged by 547:Funafuti Conservation Area 207: 189: 5330:Climate change by country 5220: 5199: 5178: 5137: 5039: 4896: 4820: 4672: 4650: 4464:. Law Library of Congress 3137:Taafaki, Tauaasa (2007). 1019:International cooperation 800:Mitigation and adaptation 766:Agriculture and fisheries 252:Madden–Julian oscillation 54:, high temperatures, and 4653:Greenhouse gas emissions 4585:(2007) by Juriaan Booij. 4386:"Constitution of Tuvalu" 3655:UN Development Programme 3482:. Asian Development Bank 3146:The Contemporary Pacific 2705:Lazrus, Heather (2012). 2455:"Vasafua Islet vanishes" 2332:. Retrieved 13 May 2006. 1932:Supplementary note 2 in 1904:Hunter, John R. (2002). 1175:Polynesian Leaders Group 671:through introduction of 646:characteristics and the 537:atoll was devastated by 478:, such as occurred with 463:in the western Pacific. 140:Greenhouse gas emissions 3374:. UN. 16 September 2005 3311:AusAID, USP & SOPAC 584:activity is damaged by 497:events (often called a 246:to the south, with the 238:(SPCZ), semi-permanent 113:production capacity in 5207:Small island countries 3569:. 2016. Archived from 3393:Corlew, Laura (2012). 2870:Whitty, Julia (2003). 2321:Hunter, J. A. (2002). 1619:Asian Development Bank 1148: 1140: 1092: 1043: 843:Asian Development Bank 567:University of Auckland 384: 337: 305: 271: 260: 183: 165: 152: 95:University of Auckland 50:, increasingly severe 28: 5335:Environment of Tuvalu 5279:. Juriaan Booij. 2007 4204:Pacific Islands Forum 3999:, accessed 2011-03-10 3245:Pacific Media Network 2555:Nature Communications 2265:Patel, S. S. (2006). 1940:Nature Communications 1488:Nature Communications 1299:Pacific Islands Forum 1251:Te Ataeao Nei Project 1195:100% renewable energy 1144: 1135: 1082: 1042:in support of Tuvalu. 1037: 986:In November of 2022, 371: 331: 292: 265: 220: 178: 158: 147: 22: 4518:: CS1 maint: year ( 4482:: CS1 maint: year ( 4445:: CS1 maint: year ( 4409:: CS1 maint: year ( 4370:: CS1 maint: year ( 4333:: CS1 maint: year ( 4297:: CS1 maint: year ( 4167:Government of Tuvalu 3946:: CS1 maint: year ( 3827:: CS1 maint: year ( 3567:Government of Tuvalu 3539:Government of Tuvalu 3353:: CS1 maint: year ( 3158:10.1353/cp.2007.0036 2983:on February 14, 2015 2765:10.11440/rssj.30.317 2412:on February 14, 2015 2246:on 13 September 2015 2031:The Environmentalist 1621:(ADB). December 2020 1245:On 27 October 2021, 1235:Moira Simmons-Avafoa 854:emission scenarios. 781:Cyrtosperma merkusii 732:broad bilateral deal 495:perigean spring tide 397:University of Hawaii 314:Perigean spring tide 226:regimes, the paired 64:Perigean spring tide 4105:Inter Press Service 3576:on 31 December 2019 3177:, 21 February 2006. 3016:2015Geo....43..515K 2977:National Geographic 2950:2010GPC....72..234W 2567:2018NatCo...9..605K 2434:. Tuvaluislands.com 2406:National Geographic 2379:2010GPC....72..234W 2283:2006Natur.440..734P 2267:"A sinking feeling" 1952:2018NatCo...9..605K 1838:. Skeptical Science 1500:2018NatCo...9..605K 1428:. 17 September 2008 1159:Society and culture 1056:30 pieces of silver 754:2011 Tuvalu drought 685:ocean acidification 586:ocean acidification 545:islet, part of the 210:2011 Tuvalu drought 198:saltwater intrusion 192:Geography of Tuvalu 4575:Small Is Beautiful 4568:2005-11-22 at the 4206:. 5 September 2013 4136:on 8 December 2015 4080:. 16 December 2015 4051:. 12 December 2015 3456:. 3 September 2013 3194:. 3 September 2013 3098:10.1130/GSATG35A.1 2613:. The Conversation 2459:Tuvalu-odyssey.net 2346:. The Conversation 2328:2011-10-07 at the 2044:10.1007/BF02241827 1730:on 18 January 2012 1229:Women and children 1191:Majuro Declaration 1093: 1044: 911:Green Climate Fund 559:aerial photography 385: 338: 272: 232:Walker circulation 166: 153: 130:coastal management 29: 5261: 5260: 5242:Wikimedia Commons 4883:the United States 3899:. 12 October 2023 3631:. 15 January 2016 2277:(7085): 734–736. 1592:rightstracker.org 1568:rightstracker.org 1458:on 28 August 2009 1426:Radio New Zealand 1206:Secretary-General 1202:Christopher Loeak 1080: 1038:Demonstrators at 1013:islands of Tuvalu 976:tropical cyclones 713:in Fiji, in 2006 691:Impacts on people 636:surficial aquifer 563:satellite imagery 524:tropical cyclones 476:tropical cyclones 71:rising sea levels 52:tropical cyclones 48:rising sea levels 5342: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5269: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5229: 5228: 5155:Marshall Islands 4636: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3779: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3657:. 30 August 2017 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3175:Pacific Magazine 3168: 3162: 3161: 3143: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117:The Conversation 3108: 3102: 3101: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024:10.1130/G36555.1 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2979:. Archived from 2968: 2962: 2961: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2916:The Conversation 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2586: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2408:. Archived from 2397: 2391: 2390: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2339: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2294: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2078: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1754: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1519: 1479: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1454:. Archived from 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1342: 1183:Sopoaga Ministry 1081: 761:Economic impacts 528:Tepuka Vili Vili 453: 452: 448: 445: 440:The analysis of 436: 435: 431: 428: 422: 421: 417: 414: 409:The analysis of 316:(often called a 244:zonal westerlies 5350: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5216: 5195: 5174: 5165:Solomon Islands 5133: 5094:the Netherlands 5035: 5001:the Philippines 4892: 4816: 4668: 4667:in each country 4646: 4640: 4609: 4570:Wayback Machine 4532: 4527: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4018:The Independent 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3780: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3629:Fiji Sun Online 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3303: 3294: 3287:j.ctt1729vxt.35 3279: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3169: 3165: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3105: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2965: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2776: 2772: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660:Mason, Moya K. 2658: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2394: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2330:Wayback Machine 2320: 2316: 2292:10.1038/440734a 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2169:. 14 March 2015 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2143:. 13 March 2015 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2117:. 18 March 2015 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1931: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1864:. HuffPostGreen 1858: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1480: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1343: 1332: 1328: 1311: 1255:olaga fakafenua 1243: 1231: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1152:Paris Agreement 1117:Prime Minister 1111:Paris Agreement 1083:Prime minister 1070: 1068: 1032: 1026: 1021: 1008: 984: 972: 877: 853: 823: 818: 813: 807: 802: 794: 768: 763: 747: 698: 693: 661:staghorn corals 617: 591:Prime Minister 450: 446: 443: 441: 433: 429: 426: 424: 419: 415: 412: 410: 366: 326: 212: 206: 194: 188: 142: 27:atoll of Tuvalu 17: 12: 11: 5: 5348: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5317: 5316: 5290: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5244: 5233: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5129:United Kingdom 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4643:Climate change 4639: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4531: 4530:External links 4528: 4526: 4525: 4489: 4452: 4416: 4377: 4340: 4304: 4264: 4239: 4217: 4191: 4179: 4147: 4117: 4091: 4062: 4030: 4001: 3989: 3978: 3953: 3910: 3884: 3859: 3834: 3797: 3769: 3741: 3712: 3690: 3668: 3642: 3616: 3587: 3551: 3522: 3493: 3467: 3441: 3414: 3385: 3360: 3323: 3292: 3277: 3257: 3231: 3205: 3179: 3163: 3152:(1): 276–286. 3129: 3103: 3069: 3029: 3010:(6): 515–518. 2994: 2963: 2944:(3): 234–246. 2928: 2902: 2881: 2862: 2836: 2813: 2786:(4): 639–644. 2770: 2743: 2697: 2674: 2652: 2624: 2601: 2541: 2519: 2497: 2471: 2445: 2423: 2392: 2373:(3): 234–246. 2357: 2334: 2314: 2257: 2225: 2203: 2180: 2154: 2128: 2102: 2070: 2057: 2038:(4): 269–275. 2020: 2009:(6): 1169–1174 1983: 1922: 1896: 1887:"Ch.15 Tuvalu" 1875: 1849: 1827: 1803: 1781: 1741: 1709: 1687: 1657: 1632: 1603: 1579: 1555: 1531: 1469: 1439: 1413: 1389: 1363: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1242: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1131:Pepetua Latasi 1067: 1064: 1028:Main article: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1007: 1004: 983: 982:Digital nation 980: 971: 968: 876: 873: 851: 822: 819: 817: 814: 809:Main article: 806: 803: 801: 798: 793: 792:Infrastructure 790: 789: 788: 784: 767: 764: 762: 759: 746: 745:Health impacts 743: 697: 694: 692: 689: 616: 613: 365: 364:Sea level rise 362: 361: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 332:Ocean side of 325: 322: 205: 202: 187: 184: 162:Berkeley Earth 141: 138: 109:The installed 75:climate change 73:due to global 32:Climate change 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5347: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200:Other regions 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179:Polar regions 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 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