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688:, temperatures in Moscow reached 38.2 °C, the highest temperature since records began 130 years ago. In addition, during the heatwave there were 33 consecutive days of temperatures above 30 °C in the city, increasing the incidence of heat-related deaths and health problems, and leading to forest fires. The heatwave and wildfires of 2010 in Russia resulted in around 14,000 heat and air-pollution related deaths, as well as around 25% crop failure that year, more than 10,000 km of burned area and around 15 billion US dollars of economic losses. Throughout the 21st century, extreme heatwaves such as that of 2010 are likely to occur more often.
334:, for example, temperatures are rising at double the rate of the global average, 0.2 degrees per decade over the past 30 years. The annual surface air temperature maxima and minima both increased, and the number of days with frost decreased over the last 100 years. The warming has been most evident in the winter and spring periods, and is more intense in the eastern part of the country, according to the Inter-Agency Commission of the Russian Federation on Climate Change, 2002. As a consequence, a lengthening of the vegetation period is seen across much of Russia, with the earlier onset of spring, and later beginning of autumn.
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448:. Compared to the 1910-1959 period, the area covered by ice in the Arctic is expected to continue to decrease during the 21st century, with the maximum ice extent (in March) decreasing by around 2% per decade, and the minimum ice extent (in September) decreasing by around 7% per decade. The breaking up of ice cover significantly endangers the habitat of polar bears as well as other Arctic species and the ecosystem as a whole. It may lead to an increase in iceberg occurrence as well as erosion of the coastline.
22:
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the country, with the greatest decreases in the western parts of Russia (and in
Eastern Europe). By 2100, average annual temperatures compared to the 1960-1990 period are expected to increase the most in the Arctic region, by around 5.5 °C. In central regions of the country, a slightly smaller increase of 4.5 - 5.5 °C is expected, and in southern and western regions, an increase between 3.5 and 4 °C.
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172:(2007), climate change affected temperature increase which is greater at higher northern latitudes in many ways. For example, agricultural and forestry management at Northern Hemisphere higher latitudes, such as earlier spring planting of crops, higher frequency of wildfires, alterations in disturbance of forests due to pests,
359:. The ice cover of rivers in the Baltic Sea drainage basin of Russia has also decreased over the last 50 years. The duration of river ice cover in the area decreased by between 25 and 40 days on average. Similarly, ice cover thickness has also decreased (by 15 – 20%) over the second half of the 20th century.
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are expected to pose an increasing threat in Russia in the 21st century. In the Moscow region, the onset of higher average daily temperatures early on in the year has already led to a rapid increase in malaria cases. This trend is projected to continue, as higher average temperatures extend the range
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regions. This unseasonal freeze damaged approximately 265,000 hectares of crops in
Voronezh alone, leading to significant agricultural losses. Events like these not only affect local economies but also have broader implications for global markets. The damage from the frost led to a reduction in wheat
380:
Most projection models show that the most dramatic temperature increase is expected in winter average daily temperatures, especially in the western parts of the Russia (and in eastern Europe). This pronounced increase in winter temperatures is connected to the reduction of snow cover as a consequence
342:
Patterns in precipitation changes are harder to identify, on average, increases in annual precipitation (7.2 mm/10 years) between 1976 and 2006 were observed in Russia in general. However, differing regional patterns have also been observed. A clear pattern is an increase in spring precipitation
894:
The goal of 70% emission reduction indicate an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions. In the Kyoto protocol Russia established indicator for limiting greenhouse gas emissions to no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The EU have instead the indicator to a
427:
show, by the year 2100, the average annual precipitation is projected to increase over most of Russia as compared to the 1960-1990 period. The highest precipitation increases of >20% are expected in the northern regions of the country, with most other regions experiencing increases between 10 and
907:
Environmental activism is a growing movement in Russia and it has developed into different shapes and forms, such as campaigns aiming to tackle both local and regional problems but also to address concerns including pollution, expansion of industries, non-sustainable forestry and further on. Around
376:
model used). The rise in daily temperature minima is expected to be more dramatic than that of the daily temperature maxima, progressively decreasing the difference between the two. In addition, the number of days with frost is projected to decrease by between 10 and 30 days in different regions of
346:
Changes in snow cover and depth over the last 30 years show that snow cover decreased considerably in the western regions of Russia, as it did in the northern hemisphere in general. A general decrease in snow cover depth was also observed in western parts of the country. The main reason for this is
319:
At present, the average annual temperature in the western regions of Russia rises by 0.4 – 0.5 °C every decade. This is due to both an increase in the number of warm days, and also a decrease in the number of cold days, since the 1970s. The occurrence of extremely hot days in the summer season
180:
and allergenic pollen and changes to human activities in the Arctic, e.g. hunting and travel over snow and ice. From 1900 to 2005, precipitation increased in northern Europe and northern and central Asia. Recently these have resulted in fairly significant increases in GDP. Changes may affect inland
657:
Russia in a changing climate, produced by several scholars at major universities, said Russia focuses on the
Ukrainian war and relies on oil and natural gas to fund that effort. The country may suffer from climate-related issues, but that is not its biggest concern during the war. Russia also uses
371:
Climate change is projected to lead to warming temperatures in most areas of the world, but in Russia this increase is expected to be even larger than the global average. By 2020, the average annual temperatures increased by around 1.1 °C compared to the 1980-1999 period, and temperatures are
507:
were mainly 80–90% from dewatered peatlands. Dewatered bogs cause 6% of human global warming emissions. Moscow air was filled with peat fire emissions in July 2010 and regionally visibility was below 300 metres. However, recent peatland restoration efforts in the area of Moscow following the 2010
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was ratified in 2009 by Russia, It came in force on 16 February 2010 The Kyoto protocol was ongoing in 2008–2012. The
Russian federation target for GHG emissions for the period 2008-2012 was 0% changes in emissions from the base year (1990) and the result was -36.3%. The Kyoto agreement did not
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Climate change in Russia have been proven to show negative effects on the country's economy. The agricultural production of the country suffers economic losses due to its dependency on weather and climate factors. The overall yield of grain crops in Russia is expected to decrease by 17% by 2050,
604:
The Center for the
Support of Indigenous Peoples of the North has noted that Russia lacks a program for calculating the possible impact of climate change on indigenous zones. Many environmental Indigenous and Environmental Movements have been declared as foreign agents by the Russian Federation.
568:
and grasses. Russia encompasses a large proportion of the Arctic tundra biome. The increases in temperature caused by climate change lead to longer and warmer growing periods in the tundra. This in turn leads to increased productivity of the tundra biome, which in the long run will likely cause
699:(2012) has outlined mitigation strategies, including approaches to reduce impacts on public health, assessing heat mortality, communication of risk, education and adapting urban infrastructure to better withstand heatwaves (by for example increasing vegetation cover in cities, increasing
640:
In addition to historical trends, recent climatic anomalies continue to underscore the vulnerability of
Russian agriculture to extreme weather events. For instance, in May 2024, an unexpected frost hit key agricultural regions within the so-called black soil belt, including the
898:
Climate action tracker (CAT), is an independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris
Agreement. Climate action tracker found Russian actions to be "critical insufficient". Data is scarce and out of date.
475:
Thawing permafrost represents a threat to industrial infrastructure. In May 2020 thawing permafrost at
Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 caused an oil storage tank to collapse, flooding local rivers with 21,000 cubic metres (17,500 tonnes) of diesel oil. The
592:
People of
Siberia and Far East territories have depended on climate for many centuries for herding and fishing. Due to frequent winter thaws, reindeer have more limited access to lichens because ice layers formed on the ground, threatening traditional reindeer herding of
431:
Overall, climate change will lead to an important reduction in snow cover in most areas of Russia. The projected increase in winter precipitation in most parts of the country will be mainly due to rain, reducing the snow mass and increasing winter runoff. Meanwhile, in
362:
As a consequence of increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, glaciers in Russia have been reduced by between 10 and 70% over the second part of the 20th century. The differences in rate of glacier changes depend on specific local climatic dynamics.
840:(NDC's) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. Every party to the agreement has different targets based on its own historical climate records and country's circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.
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Floods may also pose and increased risk as a result of climate change in the 21st century. An average increase in precipitation in many areas of Russia as well as rapid snow and glacier melting due to rising temperatures, can all increase the risk of flooding.
569:
northern boreal forests to invade the tundra, changing the ecosystem. Meanwhile, the southern distribution of boreal forests is likely to retreat northwards, due to increasing temperatures, drought stress, more forest fires and new insect species.
588:
Climate change has impacted the traditional lifestyle of the indigenous people of Russia's Far North. Around 2.5 million people live in the Arctic zone. The majority of Russia's indigenous people are located in the Arctic and
Siberian regions.
385:. This results in less of the sun's radiation being reflected away from the earth, and more being absorbed by the ground, increasing surface air temperatures. Higher temperatures lead to even less snow cover, forming a positive
683:
The predicted increases in average annual temperatures in most parts of Russia, especially the western and south-western regions, imply more frequent extreme heatwaves and forest fires. For example, during the
2370:
Shaposhnikov, Dmitry; Revich, Boris; Bellander, Tom; Bedada, Getahun Bero; Bottai, Matteo; Kharkova, Tatyana; Kvasha, Ekaterina; Lezina, Elena; Lind, Tomas; Semutnikova, Eugenia; Pershagen, Göran (May 2014).
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With changes in temperature and precipitation patterns as a result of climate change, the distribution and occurrence of various disease-bearing insects will also change. For example, mosquitos carrying
862:
Use the maximum possible absorption capacity forests when counting the greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Partly to show the importance of greenhouse gas sinks and the need to protect and improving of
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the rise in temperatures. However, the increase in precipitation at higher latitudes has also led to an observed increase in snow accumulation in regions where winter temperatures remain cool enough.
908:
half of the Russian population (56%) lacks trust towards the country's agencies when it comes to environmental matters and 35% of the population are willing to take part of environmental protests.
428:
20%. Most of this increase is projected to be in winter precipitation. However, a decrease in precipitation is expected in the southern regions of Russia, especially in the south-west and Siberia.
1996:
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people. Researchers have noticed that even small climate changes affect the nomadic life of Nenets. Climate change has also provoked a reduction of marine animals, damaging traditional fisheries.
436:, the increased precipitation is expected to fall as snow, however this will lead to accumulation of snow mass in winter followed by rapid melting in the spring, increasing the risk of floods.
858:
Every country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of Russia the following approach is established to support the NDC's climate change plan:
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2610:"ENTRY INTO FORCE OF KYOTO PROTOCOL, FOLLOWING RUSSIA'S RATIFICATION, HISTORIC STEP FORWARD TO COMBAT GLOBAL WARMING, SECRETARY-GENERAL SAYS IN NAIROBI | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
2023:"Multispectral satellite based monitoring of land cover change and associated fire reduction after large-scale peatland rewetting following the 2010 peat fires in Moscow Region (Russia)"
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Russia Federation will assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. This is done by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries.
59:
that the rise in global average temperature should be kept way below 2 °C. Since Russia is the fourth-largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world, action is needed to reduce the
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is soil which has been frozen for two or more years. In most Arctic areas it is from a few to several hundred metres thick. Permafrost thawing may be a serious cause for concern.
4150:
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Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (1 March 2020).
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has increased over the past 50 years, and the number of summer seasons with extremely hot days between 1980 and 2012 has doubled compared to the preceding three decades.
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is a biome characterised by the absence of trees due to low temperatures and a short growing season. The vegetation in the tundra is instead composed of shrubs, sedges,
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415:(the hottest summer in the last 500 years in this region) will become more likely, leading to an increase in the associated heat-related deaths and economic losses.
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70% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 relative to 1990, accounting for absorptive capacity of forest, ecosystems and social economical development.
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Over the last 100 years, the warming in Russia has been around 1.29 degrees Celsius, while warming on the global scale has been a, 0.74 degrees, according to the
1063:
Joint Research Centre (European Commission); Olivier, J. G. J.; Guizzardi, D.; Schaaf, E.; Solazzo, E.; Crippa, M.; Vignati, E.; Banja, M.; Muntean, M. (2021).
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thereby affecting prices of agricultural products on the global market. By the year of 2030, prices of grain crops are estimated to rise significantly: 29% for
4145:
4110:
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2213:
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728:, could also expand in Europe and Russia as a result of climate change and increased average temperatures making transmission suitable in northern latitudes.
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cause emission cuts for Russia due to an earlier drop in emissions compared to year 1990 for other reasons, mainly a significant drop in economic growth (→
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each year; about 4% of world emissions. Annual carbon dioxide emissions alone are about 12 tons per person, more than double the world average. Cutting
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dominate the tree cover), that mainly ranges all the way from western to eastern parts of Russia. This enormous forest region acts as an important
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and increased erosion reduced snow cover and glacier melting, and may ultimately lead to species losses and changes in ecosystem functioning.
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833:
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Khromova, Tatiana; Nosenko, Gennady; Nikitin, Stanislav; Muraviev, Anton; Popova, Valeria; Chernova, Ludmila; Kidyaeva, Vera (June 2019).
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Satellite observations of the changes in sea ice cover have shown a steady decrease in sea ice over the last 20 years, especially in the
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Climate change has the potential to affect human health in several ways, both directly and indirectly, through for example, extreme
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The Government of the Russian Federation approved an action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy in 2019.
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is also projected to increase in Russia in the 21st century, as a result of climate change and changing distribution range of
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1198:"Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply"
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of 16.8mm per decade in Siberia and western parts of Russia, and a general decrease in precipitation in eastern regions.
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Institute, Joint Global Change Research; Division, Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific Northwest (31 March 2009).
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Proactive work to aim to reducing the risk of climate change (for example construction of dams against floods).
2200:"Extreme Weather Events and Crop Price Spikes in a Changing Climate: Illustrative global simulation scenarios"
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Human development report 2007/2008 : fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world
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1653:"Changes in the mountain glaciers of continental Russia during the twentieth to twenty-first centuries"
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Assessment report on climate change and its consequences in Russian Federation : general summary
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For more details about the specific impacts of climate change in the Arctic, please see the article “
330:, showing that the warming of the Russian climate is happening at a faster rate than average. In the
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Barriopedro, D.; Fischer, E. M.; Luterbacher, J.; Trigo, R. M.; Garcia-Herrera, R. (8 April 2011).
1707:"Causes of irregularities in trends of global mean surface temperature since the late 19th century"
1390:
Agafonova, S. A.; Frolova, N. L.; Krylenko, I. N.; Sazonov, A. A.; Golovlyov, P. P. (August 2017).
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144:. Reporting military emissions is voluntary and, as of 2024, no data is available since before the
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Russia's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 30% between 1990 and 2018, excluding emissions from
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1958:
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Field, Christopher B.; Barros, Vicente; Stocker, Thomas F.; Dahe, Qin, eds. (18 September 2018),
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harvest forecasts, pushing international wheat prices to their highest levels since August 2023.
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expected to continue rising, increasing by between 2.6 and 3.4 °C by 2050 (depending on the
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fires. Peat fire emissions may be more harmful to human health than forest fires. According to
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2484:. United Nations Development Programme. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2007.
1370:"The Military Emissions Gap – Tracking the long war that militaries are waging on the climate"
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in all sectors of the economy and developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources.
3779:
3725:
2157:"At Risk: Russia's Indigenous Peoples Sound Alarm On Loss Of Arctic, Traditional Way Of Life"
1827:"Role of soil moisture versus recent climate change for the 2010 heat wave in western Russia"
84:
2958:"Половина россиян считает, что экологическая ситуация в России за последние годы ухудшилась"
2106:"The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples Has Received Little Attention in Russia"
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Climate change and the associated temperature increases will also heighten the intensity of
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of climate change. Less winter snow cover because of warmer temperatures leads to a reduced
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Most of the changes in ice cover brought on by climate change in Russia will happen in the
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8:
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Sirin, A.A.; Medvedeva, M.A.; Makarov, D.A.; Maslov, A.A.; Joosten, H. (December 2020).
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1310:"Report on the technical review of the fourth biennial report of the Russian Federation"
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Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.
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able to accumulate and store carbon, which contributes to lower the concentration of CO
118:, would have health benefits greater than the cost. The country is the world's biggest
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Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by monitoring, reporting and verification system
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in Russia. Extreme heat waves such as the one that hit Russia and eastern Europe in
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2373:"Mortality Related to Air Pollution with the Moscow Heat Wave and Wildfire of 2010"
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Folland, Chris K.; Boucher, Olivier; Colman, Andrew; Parker, David E. (June 2018).
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Emergency adaptation to minimize the damage in case of a climate change emergency
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Russia has signed these international agreements to adapt to the climate change:
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2636:"Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period"
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48:, flooding and heatwaves. Changes may affect inland flash floods, more frequent
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IPCC Working group III fourth assessment report, Summary for Policymakers 2007
808:, in 2019 Russia announced that the 2015 Paris Agreement will be implemented
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has been described as the second-largest oil spill in modern Russian history.
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in the country, thus showing the vitality of climate factors on crop yields.
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Afghanistan's environment 2008 / United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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2214:"Economic analysis of the impact of climate change on agriculture in Russia"
2183:"Economic analysis of the impact of climate change on agriculture in Russia"
1706:
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countries would have been ready for the agreement to "at least halve global
629:
The droughts of 2010 and 2012 in Russia was followed by increased prices of
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2414:
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1803:
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1257:"How badly will Russia's war torpedo hopes for global climate cooperation?"
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The taiga is a biome mainly consisting of coniferous forests (where pines,
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2131:"Reindeer and their nomadic herders face climate change | DW | 04.08.2020"
1500:"Russia: Impact of Climate Change to 2030: A Commissioned Research Report"
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2307:"The Hot Summer of 2010: Redrawing the Temperature Record Map of Europe"
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396:, which forms a large part of the territory of Russia, is particularly
41:
2815:"UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contributions: Climate Change and Trade"
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2634:
Shishlov, Igor; Morel, Romain; Bellassen, Valentin (17 August 2016).
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967: – Stand of trees displaced from their normal vertical alignment
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and is warming much more rapidly than the global average. See also: “
2925:"Air and climate: Greenhouse gas emissions by source (Edition 2019)"
1825:
Hauser, Mathias; Orth, René; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (28 March 2016).
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Emissions, impacts and responses of Russia related to climate change
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1124:"BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2017"
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1392:"Dangerous ice phenomena on the lowland rivers of European Russia"
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is a legally binding international agreement, its main goal is to
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wildfires have decreased the risk of severe fires in the future.
433:
2056:"A global assessment on adaptation of forests to climate change"
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3972:
3848:
2231:"Russia Crops Flip From Heat to Frost, Damaging Fields Further"
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1145:"Report: China emissions exceed all developed nations combined"
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262:
220:
96:
1650:
1327:"Nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation"
185:
and increased erosion, reduced snow cover and species losses.
1344:"Does Russia have a climate plan to reduce carbon emissions?"
993: – Shipping route running along the Russian Arctic coast
843:
Some of the NDC targets of Russia against climate change and
623:
615:
529:
2248:
658:
the oil and gas wealth to pay for social welfare programs.
491:
show that higher temperatures may increase the frequency of
3920:
2020:
1934:
1930:"Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained"
717:
619:
561:
496:
488:
324:
169:
2710:"Russia gives definitive approval to Paris climate accord"
1772:"Recent and Future Signatures of Climate Change in Europe"
1704:
1533:"Possible regional consequences of global climate changes"
797:
emissions by 2050" in 2007. Russia and the United States (
439:
350:
1604:"Long-term changes in snow cover depth in eastern Europe"
630:
1959:"Siberia fuel spill threatens Moscow's Arctic ambitions"
1035:
787:
4146:
International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
2633:
2427:
2009:
Venäjän metsäpalot tukaloittavat moskovalaisten elämää
1824:
1282:"Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas"
152:
2808:
2806:
915:
742:
Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia § Mitigation
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
540:in the atmosphere. Much of the carbon is stored in
4084:Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!
2572:"Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe"
1979:"Russia Declares Emergency After Arctic Oil Spill"
1478:"AR4 Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report — IPCC"
1169:
712:of mosquitos northwards. Similarly, prevalence of
418:
337:
163:
2803:
1976:
1497:
1069:. LU: Publications Office of the European Union.
834:limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius
4246:
1691:
1601:
366:
314:
2535:, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 216–234,
703:in cities and increasing insulation of homes).
577:
130:land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)
2887:The Territories of the Russian Federation 2021
2696:10.29171/azu_acku_pamphlet_ge320_a33_a333_2008
1099:"CO2 Emissions: Russia - 2021 - Climate TRACE"
3635:
2997:
2983:
847:under the Paris Agreement are the following:
765:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
686:heatwave that affected western Russia in 2010
2812:
2570:Semenza, Jan C; Menne, Bettina (June 2009).
2569:
2099:
2097:
1914:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
735:
261:for European Russia for 2071-2100 (scenario
4136:2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
812:
465:Permafrost § Effects of climate change
303:for Asiatic Russia for 2071-2100 (scenario
66:
4092:Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
3642:
3628:
2990:
2976:
1956:
1769:
1026:
1024:
1022:
948:Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation
819:Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation
2404:
2330:
2094:
2038:
1858:
1776:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
1746:
1627:
1223:
1213:
961: – Coal use and production in Russia
836:, compared to pre-industrial levels. The
668:Effects of climate change on human health
2103:
950: – Russian policy on climate change
750:
515:
301:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
285:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
259:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
243:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
217:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
201:Köppen–Geiger climate classification map
174:increased health risks due to heat-waves
20:
2526:
2060:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
2053:
1066:GHG emissions of all world: 2021 report
1019:
495:. In Russia, this includes the risk of
440:Projected ice cover and glacier changes
351:Ice cover and glacier changes until now
4247:
3818:Russian floating nuclear power station
2880:
2430:"IPCC, 2012: Summary for Policymakers"
1530:
902:
3623:
2971:
2786:"Nationally Determined Contributions"
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2155:Scollon, Michael (28 November 2020).
1889:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1254:
691:In consequence of the 2006, 2003 and
584:Climate change and indigenous peoples
140:to 2035 is mostly about burning more
36:, including average temperatures and
3962:Russia in the European energy sector
3649:
3593:
1922:
572:
3996:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
2533:Climate Change, Policy and Security
2054:Seppälä, Risto (30 November 2009).
1970:
1531:Mokhov, I. I. (30 September 2008).
1255:Rust, Susanne; Times, Los Angeles.
997:Plug-in electric vehicles in Russia
838:Nationally Determined Contributions
693:2010 heatwaves in Europe and Russia
608:
219:for Russia for 2071-2100 (scenario
63:on both regional and global scale.
13:
3986:2007 Russian North Pole expedition
3839:Electric power companies of Russia
2529:"Russia and global climate change"
2266:
2123:
2104:Stambler, Maria (31 August 2020).
1950:
1563:
1517:
1430:
1179:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
823:
761:International Atomic Energy Agency
159:Regional effects of global warming
153:Impacts on the natural environment
126:was estimated to leak in 2019/20.
74:Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia
14:
4271:
4044:2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis
1977:Ivan Nechepurenko (5 June 2020),
1890:Hrsg., Leshkevich, N. V. (2008).
1602:Bednorz, E; Kossowski, T (2004).
1537:Russian Journal of Earth Sciences
1504:Homeland Security Digital Library
661:
245:for European Russia for 1980-2016
122:, and 4 billion dollars worth of
4226:
4214:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4001:Territorial claims in the Arctic
3603:
3592:
3582:
3581:
1997:turvesuot liekeissä talveen asti
932:
918:
759:meeting with officials from the
292:
287:for Asiatic Russia for 1980-2016
276:
250:
234:
208:
192:
72:This section is an excerpt from
2950:
2917:
2881:Heaney, Dominic (13 May 2021),
2874:
2849:
2778:
2753:
2728:
2702:
2674:
2627:
2602:
2563:
2520:
2472:
2436:, Routledge, pp. 111–128,
2421:
2363:
2298:
2223:
2206:
2192:
2175:
2148:
2047:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1883:
1818:
1763:
1644:
1595:
1491:
1470:
1383:
1362:
1336:
1319:
1302:
1274:
1177:; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020).
419:Projected precipitation changes
338:Precipitation changes until now
164:Temperature and weather changes
4119:2021–2023 global energy crisis
2813:Gyanchandani, Vandana (2016).
2576:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2527:Karaman, Ana (17 April 2018),
2256:"Russia in a changing climate"
1770:Kjellström, Erik (June 2004).
1248:
1189:
1163:
1137:
1116:
1056:
981:Environmental issues in Russia
178:changes in infectious diseases
1:
4141:2024 Lukoil transit sanctions
3926:Russia–Saudi Arabia relations
3731:Gas Exporting Countries Forum
2889:, Routledge, pp. 16–33,
2652:10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658
2588:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70104-5
2040:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106044
1938:. Moscow, Russia. 5 June 2020
1657:Regional Environmental Change
1012:
746:
520:The distribution of the Taiga
458:
367:Projected temperature changes
315:Temperature changes until now
2389:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000090
2161:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1831:Geophysical Research Letters
1215:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513
578:Impacts on indigenous people
483:
453:Climate Change in the Arctic
402:Climate change in the Arctic
398:vulnerable to climate change
181:flash floods, more frequent
132:. Russia's goal is to reach
99:emits 2 or 3 billion tonnes
25:Ponds due to permafrost thaw
7:
4063:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
2929:OECD Environment Statistics
2434:Planning for Climate Change
911:
889:
10:
4276:
2857:"NDC submission by Russia"
2154:
1957:Max Seddon (4 June 2020),
1788:10.1579/0044-7447-33.4.193
1453:"Climate change in Russia"
1043:"Historical GHG Emissions"
1007:Renewable energy in Russia
986:Hydroelectricity in Russia
816:
739:
665:
581:
462:
156:
83:by Russia are mostly from
71:
4260:Climate change by country
4186:
4176:Unfriendly countries list
4124:2021–2023 inflation surge
4104:
4052:
4033:
4009:
3970:
3892:
3831:
3793:
3698:
3657:
3576:
3555:
3534:
3493:
3395:
3252:
3176:
3028:
3006:
2072:10.1080/02827580903378626
1860:21.11116/0000-0006-B1D0-6
1669:10.1007/s10113-018-1446-z
1408:10.1007/s11069-016-2580-x
1202:Environment International
1002:Protected areas of Russia
736:Mitigation and adaptation
551:
61:impacts of climate change
4255:Climate change in Russia
3945:Germany–Russia relations
3685:Greenhouse gas emissions
3009:Greenhouse gas emissions
2686:. Afghanistan Centre at
2541:10.4324/9781351060479-10
2442:10.4324/9781351201117-15
845:greenhouse gas emissions
813:Policies and legislation
511:
328:Fourth Assessment Report
203:for Russia for 1980-2016
146:2022 invasion of Ukraine
112:greenhouse gas emissions
81:Greenhouse gas emissions
67:Greenhouse gas emissions
4233:Renewable energy portal
3981:Arctic policy of Russia
3909:Energy policy of Russia
3896: and disputes
3801:Electric power industry
2895:10.4324/9781003143864-2
2819:SSRN Electronic Journal
2332:10.1126/science.1201224
976:Energy policy of Russia
116:air pollution in Russia
44:melting, more frequent
32:has serious effects on
3933:China–Russia relations
3823:Thermal power stations
3813:List of power stations
3794:Electricity generation
3563:Small island countries
2883:"Chronology of Russia"
2512:: CS1 maint: others (
2027:Ecological Engineering
1731:10.1126/sciadv.aao5297
767:
755:Russian climate envoy
722:Sandfly-borne diseases
521:
505:2010 Russian wildfires
501:Wetlands International
478:2020 Norilsk oil spill
55:Russia is part of the
26:
4129:2022–2023 food crises
2736:"The Paris Agreement"
2285:Climatechangepost.com
1457:Climatechangepost.com
817:Further information:
754:
678:insect-borne diseases
666:Further information:
582:Further information:
519:
463:Further information:
24:
2931:. 17 November 2017.
2827:10.2139/ssrn.3286257
1851:10.1002/2016GL068036
1549:10.2205/2007ES000228
1131:Climate Transparency
4151:during the invasion
2937:10.1787/ff19698d-en
2716:. 23 September 2019
2323:2011Sci...332..220B
1843:2016GeoRL..43.2819H
1723:2018SciA....4.5297F
1620:2004ClRes..27..231B
903:Society and culture
714:tick-borne diseases
676:, fires, floods or
138:its energy strategy
4161:2023 oil sanctions
4156:2022 oil sanctions
3971:Disputes over the
3806:in Imperial Russia
3763:Barents Sea fields
3753:Petroleum industry
3690:Ministry of Energy
2281:"Health in Russia"
2135:Welle (www.dw.com)
1984:The New York Times
991:Northern Sea Route
926:Environment portal
768:
522:
425:emission scenarios
27:
4242:
4241:
4100:
4099:
3991:Continental shelf
3680:Energy superpower
3670:Economy of Russia
3617:
3616:
3598:Wikimedia Commons
3239:the United States
2904:978-1-003-14386-4
2550:978-1-351-06047-9
2491:978-0-230-54704-9
2451:978-1-351-20111-7
2317:(6026): 220–224.
2235:www.bloomberg.com
2163:. RadioFreeEurope
2110:Climate Scorecard
1290:. 4 February 2022
1183:Our World in Data
1084:978-92-76-41546-6
954:Climate of Russia
874:energy efficiency
801:) did not agree.
780:History of Russia
757:Ruslan Edelgeriev
573:Impacts on people
299:Predicted future
257:Predicted future
215:Predicted future
4267:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4106:Ukraine invasion
3968:
3967:
3938:Power of Siberia
3832:Energy companies
3775:Renewable energy
3651:Energy in Russia
3644:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3511:Marshall Islands
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:Kabul University
2678:
2672:
2671:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2334:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:yle 26 July 2010
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1837:(6): 2819–2826.
1822:
1816:
1815:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1711:Science Advances
1702:
1689:
1688:
1663:(5): 1229–1247.
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1629:10.3354/cr027231
1608:Climate Research
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1428:
1427:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1103:climatetrace.org
1095:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1028:
971:Energy in Russia
942:
937:
936:
935:
928:
923:
922:
609:Economic impacts
423:Most models and
296:
280:
254:
238:
212:
196:
183:coastal flooding
114:, and therefore
108:greenhouse gases
50:coastal flooding
34:Russia's climate
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4182:
4108:
4096:
4048:
4029:
4005:
3966:
3897:
3888:
3874:Sakhalin Energy
3827:
3789:
3694:
3675:Energy security
3653:
3648:
3618:
3613:
3572:
3551:
3530:
3521:Solomon Islands
3489:
3450:the Netherlands
3391:
3357:the Philippines
3248:
3172:
3024:
3023:in each country
3002:
2996:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2811:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2761:"NDC spotlight"
2759:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2525:
2521:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2426:
2422:
2368:
2364:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2052:
2048:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1964:Financial Times
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1884:
1823:
1819:
1768:
1764:
1717:(6): eaao5297.
1703:
1692:
1649:
1645:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1529:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1431:
1402:(S1): 171–188.
1396:Natural Hazards
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1350:. 18 March 2022
1342:
1341:
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1303:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1194:
1190:
1171:Ritchie, Hannah
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1015:
938:
933:
931:
924:
917:
914:
905:
892:
830:Paris Agreement
826:
824:Paris Agreement
821:
815:
806:Paris Agreement
799:Bush government
795:
749:
744:
738:
670:
664:
611:
586:
580:
575:
554:
539:
514:
486:
467:
461:
442:
421:
369:
353:
340:
317:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
297:
289:
288:
281:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
255:
247:
246:
239:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
213:
205:
204:
197:
166:
161:
155:
150:
149:
120:methane emitter
104:
77:
69:
57:Paris Agreement
17:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4059:
4057:
4053:Disputes with
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:Disputes with
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:Disputes with
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
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3665:Climate change
3661:
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2999:Climate change
2995:
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2802:
2777:
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2673:
2646:(6): 768–782.
2640:Climate Policy
2626:
2601:
2582:(6): 365–375.
2562:
2549:
2519:
2490:
2471:
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2383:(3): 359–364.
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2174:
2147:
2122:
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2066:(6): 469–472.
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2013:
2001:
1989:
1969:
1949:
1921:
1882:
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1782:(4): 193–198.
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3953:
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3950:Nord Stream 1
3948:
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387:feedback loop
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383:albedo effect
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39:
38:precipitation
35:
31:
23:
19:
4231:
4219:
4207:
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4082:
4078:Kharkiv Pact
3914:Soviet Union
3768:West Siberia
3748:Oil reserves
3743:Oil industry
3721:LNG industry
3664:
3464:
3332:the Maldives
3177:the Americas
3138:South Africa
3123:North Africa
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2908:, retrieved
2886:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
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2764:
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2532:
2522:
2480:
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2463:, retrieved
2433:
2423:
2380:
2377:Epidemiology
2376:
2365:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:
2259:
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2238:. Retrieved
2234:
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2109:
2063:
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1940:. Retrieved
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1582:meteoinfo.ru
1581:
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1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
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1375:14 September
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
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1292:. Retrieved
1285:
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1264:. Retrieved
1260:
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1191:
1182:
1165:
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1151:. 7 May 2021
1148:
1139:
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1102:
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322:
318:
167:
142:fossil fuels
79:
54:
28:
18:
3869:Rosneftegaz
3726:Natural gas
3516:New Zealand
3362:South Korea
3347:North Korea
3337:Middle East
3262:Afghanistan
3143:South Sudan
1614:: 231–236.
1225:10810/44202
1108:23 November
872:Increasing
534:carbon sink
4249:Categories
4068:of 2005–06
3711:Geothermal
3609:Wiktionary
3547:the Arctic
3542:Antarctica
3322:Kyrgyzstan
3272:Bangladesh
3267:Azerbaijan
3108:Mozambique
3093:Madagascar
3068:the Gambia
3021:adaptation
3017:mitigation
3001:by country
2861:unfccc.int
2790:unfccc.int
2765:unfccc.int
2740:unfccc.int
2614:www.un.org
2167:15 January
2140:15 January
2115:15 January
2033:: 106044.
1543:(5): 1–6.
1294:4 February
1208:: 105513.
1175:Roser, Max
1013:References
747:Approaches
740:See also:
724:, such as
618:, 33% for
470:Permafrost
459:Permafrost
409:heat waves
85:fossil gas
42:permafrost
4111:sanctions
3884:Yamal LNG
3879:Transneft
3501:Australia
3367:Sri Lanka
3292:Indonesia
3229:Nicaragua
3214:Guatemala
3204:Greenland
3184:Argentina
2843:219337488
2835:1556-5068
2668:156120010
2660:1469-3062
2508:cite book
2500:187311028
2460:240164028
2397:1044-3983
2341:0036-8075
2080:0282-7581
1910:cite book
1902:837042079
1877:131602578
1869:0094-8276
1796:0044-7447
1739:2375-2548
1685:159406556
1677:1436-3798
1638:0936-577X
1578:"Climate"
1557:1681-1208
1424:132534507
1416:0921-030X
1234:0160-4120
674:heatwaves
542:peatlands
493:wildfires
484:Wildfires
46:wildfires
4197:Category
3898:(before
3894:Politics
3587:Category
3377:Thailand
3352:Pakistan
3327:Malaysia
3277:Cambodia
3234:Suriname
3219:Honduras
3168:Zimbabwe
3153:Tanzania
3063:Ethiopia
3058:Eswatini
3043:Botswana
2690:. 2008.
2596:19467476
2415:24598414
2357:24947372
2349:21415316
2088:83806885
1804:15264597
1757:29881771
1354:26 March
1348:euronews
1287:BBC News
1266:26 March
1261:phys.org
1242:32006762
1149:BBC News
912:See also
890:Progress
643:Voronezh
546:wetlands
497:peatland
283:Current
134:net zero
4073:of 2009
4055:Ukraine
4036:Georgia
4025:of 2007
4020:of 2004
4012:Belarus
3864:Rosneft
3859:Rosatom
3854:Novatek
3844:Gazprom
3738:Nuclear
3699:Sources
3568:Tropics
3494:Oceania
3440:Ireland
3430:Germany
3420:Finland
3410:Belgium
3405:Austria
3387:Vietnam
3244:Uruguay
3209:Grenada
3158:Tunisia
3133:Somalia
3128:Senegal
3118:Nigeria
3113:Namibia
3103:Morocco
3088:Liberia
3083:Lesotho
3053:Eritrea
3038:Algeria
3013:impacts
2714:Reuters
2406:3984022
2319:Bibcode
2311:Science
1839:Bibcode
1812:2077991
1748:5990305
1719:Bibcode
1616:Bibcode
763:at the
709:malaria
651:Lipetsk
566:lichens
434:Siberia
124:methane
4171:CAATSA
3973:Arctic
3849:Lukoil
3658:Topics
3602:
3591:
3580:
3526:Tuvalu
3480:Sweden
3470:Turkey
3465:Russia
3460:Poland
3455:Norway
3435:Greece
3425:France
3415:Cyprus
3397:Europe
3382:Turkey
3372:Taiwan
3317:Jordan
3307:Israel
3224:Mexico
3194:Canada
3189:Brazil
3163:Uganda
3098:Malawi
3030:Africa
2942:24 May
2910:24 May
2901:
2866:24 May
2841:
2833:
2795:24 May
2770:24 May
2745:24 May
2720:24 May
2666:
2658:
2619:24 May
2594:
2556:19 May
2547:
2498:
2488:
2465:19 May
2458:
2448:
2413:
2403:
2395:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2290:19 May
2240:10 May
2086:
2078:
1942:7 June
1900:
1875:
1867:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1755:
1745:
1737:
1683:
1675:
1636:
1555:
1422:
1414:
1240:
1232:
1081:
1048:18 May
895:100%.
701:albedo
695:, the
649:, and
647:Tambov
635:barley
562:mosses
558:tundra
552:Tundra
526:spruce
446:Arctic
394:Arctic
357:Arctic
332:Arctic
305:RCP8.5
263:RCP8.5
221:RCP8.5
97:Russia
3780:Solar
3475:Spain
3445:Italy
3342:Nepal
3312:Japan
3287:India
3282:China
3148:Sudan
3078:Kenya
3073:Ghana
3048:Egypt
2839:S2CID
2664:S2CID
2456:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2260:Wiley
2217:(PDF)
2186:(PDF)
2084:S2CID
1873:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1681:S2CID
1587:2 May
1509:2 May
1483:2 May
1462:2 May
1420:S2CID
1330:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1155:7 May
1127:(PDF)
863:them.
718:ticks
624:maize
616:wheat
599:Nenet
530:larch
512:Taiga
241:Past
199:Past
4109:and
3921:OPEC
3785:Wind
3706:Coal
3506:Fiji
3302:Iraq
3297:Iran
3254:Asia
3019:and
2944:2021
2912:2021
2899:ISBN
2868:2021
2831:ISSN
2797:2021
2772:2021
2747:2021
2722:2021
2656:ISSN
2621:2021
2592:PMID
2558:2021
2545:ISBN
2514:link
2496:OCLC
2486:ISBN
2467:2021
2446:ISBN
2411:PMID
2393:ISSN
2345:PMID
2337:ISSN
2292:2021
2242:2024
2169:2021
2142:2021
2117:2021
2076:ISSN
1944:2020
1935:TASS
1916:link
1898:OCLC
1865:ISSN
1800:PMID
1792:ISSN
1753:PMID
1735:ISSN
1673:ISSN
1634:ISSN
1589:2021
1553:ISSN
1511:2021
1485:2021
1464:2021
1412:ISSN
1377:2024
1356:2022
1296:2022
1268:2022
1238:PMID
1230:ISSN
1157:2021
1110:2022
1079:ISBN
1050:2021
828:The
786:Six
697:IPCC
620:rice
597:and
595:Sami
556:The
544:and
528:and
503:the
489:IPCC
413:2010
392:The
325:IPCC
170:IPCC
93:coal
91:and
2933:doi
2891:doi
2823:doi
2692:doi
2648:doi
2584:doi
2537:doi
2438:doi
2401:PMC
2385:doi
2327:doi
2315:332
2068:doi
2035:doi
2031:158
1855:hdl
1847:doi
1784:doi
1743:PMC
1727:doi
1665:doi
1624:doi
1545:doi
1404:doi
1220:hdl
1210:doi
1206:136
1071:doi
631:rye
455:”.
404:”.
374:RCP
106:of
103:2eq
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