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Martin always claimed that they lived happily together, but
Boulone must inevitably have harboured feelings of jealousy when Martin introduced younger mistresses into the household. Boulone is commemorated in a small gilt-framed painting in the Blue Room of La Martinière. She is pictured next to a young boy named James Zulphikar, who was said to have been adopted by Martin. Both figures are dressed in 18th-century Indian costume, and Boulone is holding a fishing rod. Boulone is buried in a purpose-built Muslim tomb in the grounds of the college. It is here that a few rupees are given out once a month to the poor people of Lucknow, in accordance with the instructions in Martin's will.
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700:"I have read a lot, pen in hand, often under difficult conditions, and I know the value of the first rudiments inculcated by the parson of St. Saturnin. That is why I divide my fortune in two. I want to thank all those who have been around me by making their life easier after my death. I also want to give the children of both Lyon and India, the instruction which I received with so much difficulty. I want to make it easy for young people to get access to knowledge, specially the sciences."
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238:, France. He was the son of Fleury Martin (1708–1755), a casket maker, and Anne Vaginay (1702–1735), a butcher's daughter. At his local parish school he excelled in mathematics and physics. After leaving school he was apprenticed to a local silk weaver. Martin's family were middle class and by this time they had businesses in mustard, vinegar and brandy. His decision to go into the silk yarn business did therefore not go down well with his family.
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668:"I give and bequeath the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand rupees for to be placed at Interest in the most secure manner possible in the East India Company or Government papers bearing interest and that interest to be employed for the poor first having divided this Interest in three portions or parts one – for the relief of the poor of Lucknow of any religion – for the poor of Calcutta – for the relief of the Poor of Chandernaggur".
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1230:"The Ferenghi Quartet", by G.M. Naug. The series was completed and published by the author in February 2012. The four titles are: Seeds of Empire, Banners of the Sun, Precipice of Power and Salute to the Gods. All are narrated in the first person by a character named (and based on) Claude Martin. Details are posted on the website
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403:. Major General Claude Martin drew the layout of the building in 1798 after Nawab Asaf-ud-daula, the East India Company made Sadaat Ali Khan its new ruler. The new ruler liked the buildings designed by Claude Martin. The contract for the construction of Kothi was undertaken by Martin as requested by Saadar Ali Khan.
312:, gave up his wives and children, as he left India to return France. Polier was stabbed to death in a criminal assault during the aforesaid revolution. Martin never formally gave up his nationality as a Frenchman, but definitely intended to, towards the end of his life, as he sought promotions in the Bengal Army.
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Though his will had not mentioned any ethnic or religious restrictions on those who would be allowed to apply to the institutions of learning, the La
Martinier College in Calcutta (after thirty years of litigation) only permitted European and Armenian Christians to apply. Coming about due to changing
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Of all the
European adventurers in India, Claude Martin is singular in that he left the greater part of his wealth to a variety of charities. Being almost entirely self-educated, he realised the value of formalised education and willed a major part of his fortune to the creation of three institutions
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All the furnishings and treasures of
Constantia, as well as those from Martin's first Lucknow house, the Farhat Baksh, were auctioned on his death, as he had requested. The great chandeliers were bought for the Government House (now Raj Bhavan) in Calcutta, where they still hang, but the majority of
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Claude Martin was an astute businessman with a diversity of interests. He was well known for his financial skills, and it was said that he never ran after money, but made it come to him. Part of his immense fortune came from the bank he started at
Lucknow. He loaned money to the Nawab of Awadh, the
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Martin was quick to realize the importance of indigo farming and invested in this profitable enterprise in several parts of North India. He exported indigo and cloth to Europe in exchange for
Spanish dollars. Martin also started a cannon foundry, introduced a Dutch method of cutting diamonds, made
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Beginning with the French East India
Company he was quick to realise the changing power dynamics and chose to build his army career with the British East India Company. He was recognized for his military talents and got important experience in various military encounters. His administrative acumen
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alone against the
English? I have collaborated for his defeat and then after he lost I have been rewarded by some gold sprinkling on my uniform-a vain plaything for my vanity. By my perseverance and hard work I have accumulated a fortune from this country which is my second motherland. I have not
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Martin never married but, as a nawab, he had close and long relationships with several mistresses, which was the normal practice in that era. His favourite mistress was a girl called
Boulone (c.1766–1844), who was some thirty years younger than Martin. He had bought her as a young girl aged nine.
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616:(breaking the stones via a waxed-wire insertion up the urethra). Martin sent details of the operation to the Company of Surgeons in London and, notwithstanding initial scepticism among bladder surgeons, it appears to have been accepted as the first recorded operation of its kind.
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and his fine house of Farhat Baksh, both of which he equipped with luxuries that included a library of some 4,000 volumes written in many languages and a picture gallery containing a fine collection of works of art. At his death, Claude's collection included over 650
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shows that his strategic skills remained intact even in his later years. He was promoted to the ranks of
Colonel (in 1793) and Major General (in 1795) being an extraordinary case, since no alien soldier in the Company Army was allowed to rise above the rank of Major.
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Claude Martin died on 13 September 1800 at the Town House, Lucknow. According to his last wishes, he was buried in the vault specially prepared for his remains in the basement of Constantia in Lucknow. The inscription on his tombstone reads:
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Later, Martin's life was mired in controversy as he had kept two wives of Colonel Polier's, after Polier had departed from India. It is obvious however that he cared for his favourite mistress Boulone, and she is the subject of a painting by
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308:, retaining his rank but being ultimately placed on half pay. He resided in Lucknow from 1776 until his death. It was the 'Reign of Terror' during the French Revolution that prevented him from returning "in a carriage". His friend,
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This favourable set of circumstances catapulted Martin into the upper crust of Lucknow and he had to conform to the social mores of a contemporary society. Given his unconventional views (as revealed in his
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Claude Martin has had his admirers and detractors. He was indeed a complex person. Part adventurer, part polymath, part colonial agent, part lover of Oriental life, but how did Claude Martin view himself?
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He had a city residence the Farhat Baksh and a country palace, the Constantia. He had other properties in Lucknow, Kanpur, Bhazipur and Benaras as well, from which he got a substantial income.
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who left a substantial lasting legacy in the form of his writings, buildings and the educational institutions he founded posthumously. There are now ten schools named after him, two in
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Colonel Antoine Polier, a Swiss engineer and architect, Claude Martin, John Wombwell, assay master, and Johann Zoffany, the painter, surrounded by servants and Polier's art collection.
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496:(who included him in at least two paintings). In a number of cases he used local artists to create work in the style of European artists. His walls were decorated with neo-Greek
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style decorations, his paintings were by Mughal-trained artists and the statues above his palace were mostly clever reproductions in the style of two European statues.
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gave him a unique opportunity to participate in the making of modern Lucknow. Martin moved to Lucknow almost at the same time when Asaf-ud-daula shifted the Capital to
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Colonel Mordaunt's cockfight by Johann Zoffany – Claude is to the right in a shorter red jacket. Hover your mouse pointer over the individuals for identification.
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and remained essentially a soldier throughout his life, a fighter and a strategist which explains his extraordinary success in life in spite of tremendous odds.
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He gave regular parties for the British as well as the nawabi aristocracy and participated with gusto in the social and cultural activities of Lucknow.
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Martin's love of art can be seen not only in his acquisition of art, but also in the design of his houses, his friendship with noted artists like
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519:"Most excellent in government, Sword of the Realm, Supreme amongst Knights, General Claude Martin the Brave, Courageous in War. 1796- 1797."
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Most of Martin's buildings were unique and were copied extensively by other designers keeping in mind their defence against military attack.
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840:. New Delhi: Permanent Black/with The Embassy of France in India: Distributed by Orient Longman, 2003, 412pp. ISBN 81-7824-042-4
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Coming from Lyon, Martin must have acquired an eye for imposing architecture from his childhood days in his beautiful home town.
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in his urinary tract and in 1782, despite excruciating suffering, he successfully attempted a primitive and unorthodox form of
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Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, 'Martin, Claude (1735–1800), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
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Keeping his last will and testament in view he was a kind master, concerned about the welfare of his staff and servants.
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Apart from being a self-made man, Martin was an amateur scientist and a doctor of sorts. He seems to have suffered from
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https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193737/http://www.dennisjones.com.au/ByImprint.php?Pubname=G.%20M.%20Naug
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Martin was a charitable person and philanthropist by heart as is reflected in the following excerpt from his
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In 1751 at the age of 16 Martin decided to seek his fortune abroad, and he signed up with the French
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693:. All three schools all celebrate Founder's Day on 13 September, the anniversary of Martin's death.
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Claude Martin's wide interests included hot air balloons, and he was instrumental in introducing a
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largest loan being for the sum of ÂŁ250,000 in 1794, which he apparently retrieved with difficulty.
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Renaldi is possibly the sculptor for a copper and silver medal (30 mm in diameter) issued by
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to the Nawab and aristocracy of Lucknow in 1785, less than two years after its flight in France.
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The Lucknow Menagerie: Natural History Drawings from the Collection of Claude Martin (1735–1800)
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Armenians in India: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day : Work of Original Research
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A Man of the Enlightenment in Eighteenth-century India: The Letters of Claude Martin, 1766–1800
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A Man of the Enlightenment in Eighteenth-century India: The Letters of Claude Martin, 1766–1800
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Claude Martin's ideas on education are reflected in the following extract from his writings:
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Transcribed by Tony Mooar in a posting on the India-L Rootsweb Mailing List on 23 April 1999
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574:) this transition must have been not too difficult. He most probably enjoyed his role as a
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A Man of the Enlightenment in 18th Century India: The Letters of Claude Martin, 1766–1800
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During Martin's stay in Lucknow, he acquired significant wealth as part of the ruling
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Farhad Baksh Kothi (Chateau de Lyon), Bibiapur Kothi, Hayat Baksh Kothi and Constantia
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383:. Asaf-ud-daulah and Claude Martin became chief architects of the city of Lucknow.
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His architectural skills were much in demand at Lucknow and his nearness to Nawab
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cheated the people who have passively succumbed to the yoke of corrupt men."
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Some of the buildings of Lucknow which have Martin's distinctive touch are:
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949:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 794.
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Claude Martin on the obverse of a 1874 award medal of La Martinière Lyon
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in 1795 which is still at La Martiniere Boys' School in Lucknow today.
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showing Martin's mistress Boulone Lise and adopted child James Martin
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together with supplementary aids to the company during the attack on
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Extract from "Quest for Kim – In search of Kipling's Great Game" by
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A Fatal Friendship: The Nawabs, the British and the City of Lucknow
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paintings of birds which were painted by Mughal-trained painters.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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An article by the Lucknow historian Ms. Rosie Llewellyn-Jones in
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Claude Martin was born on 5 January 1735 in the rue de la Palme,
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1149:"A Synopsis of The History of La Martiniere College, Lucknow"
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A Very Ingenious Man: Claude Martin in Early Colonial India
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the Nawab of Awadh to request for his services at Lucknow.
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826:. Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press, c.1985, 284pp.
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in 1763, ultimately rising to the rank of Major General.
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was also well known and it was his reputation that made
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1112:p. 562 Published 1992 Asian Educational Services
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524:his collection was dispersed to private buyers.
812:, 1993, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 241pp.
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192:, France, into a humble background, and was a
1023:Sale of art originally owned by Claude Martin
441:, Martin acquired a massive fortune of about
249:where he served under Commander and Governor
1167:Constant glory: La Martinière saga 1836–1986
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995:Sunday, 26 November 2000 accessed July 2007
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1169:. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987.
845:The Tumultuous Afterlife of Claude Martin.
280:He was initially employed at the then-new
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445:4,000,000. He built the palace of
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628:First public demonstration in
600:gunpowder, and coined rupees.
433:While serving under the Nawab
368:Constantia before the "mutiny"
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1272:18th-century French explorers
1198:. London: John Murray, 1996.
1129:The Trotter-Nama: A Chronicle
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320:Martin began his career as a
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856:. London: Hobhouse, 2001.
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742:Chandan Mitra in his book
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457:Black Stork in a Landscape
263:British East India Company
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16:French soldier (1735–1800)
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946:Encyclopædia Britannica
836:Rosie Llewellyn-Jones.
822:Rosie Llewellyn-Jones.
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251:Joseph François Dupleix
208:. The small village of
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880:La Martiniere College
847:Wordpress, May, 2024.
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1084:accessed August 2024
1054:. Orient Blackswan.
798:Pray for his soul."
1155:on 7 February 2012.
1108:Mesrovb Jacob Seth
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255:Thomas Arthur Lally
243:Compagnie des Indes
19:For the rower, see
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1081:William Dalrymple
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124:Organization
100:Constantia-
80:(1800-09-13)
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1252:1800 deaths
1247:1735 births
644:Allan Sealy
638:Montgolfier
614:lithotripsy
412:Asafi Kothi
271:Bengal Army
204:and six in
186:Bengal Army
1241:Categories
917:References
900:Martinians
765:Tipu Sahib
447:Constantia
420:Constantia
385:Raj Bhavan
316:As soldier
267:Pondichéry
176:and later
116:Occupation
90:Oudh State
56:1735-01-05
1183:magazine"
757:Bonaparte
200:, two in
151:Signature
108:Monuments
1211:Archived
869:See also
753:Louis XV
679:Calcutta
528:As Nawab
498:Wedgwood
466:New York
286:Calcutta
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202:Calcutta
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564:coterie
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