367:
185:
292:
For the statistics, there are 30 possible test cases in total (2 privileges * 3 operations * 5 access methods). For minimum coverage, 5 test cases are sufficient, as there are 5 access methods (and access method is the classification with the highest number of disjoint classes).
138:
With a selected system under test, the first step of the classification tree method is the identification of test relevant aspects. Any system under test can be described by a set of classifications, holding both input and output parameters. (Input parameters can also include
379:
The classification tree method first was intended for the design and specification of abstract test cases. With the classification tree method for embedded systems, test implementation can also be performed. Several additional features are integrated with the method:
167:
of all classes of all classifications in the tree, quickly resulting in large numbers for realistic test problems. The minimum number of test cases is the number of classes in the classification with the most containing classes.
171:
In the second step, test cases are composed by selecting exactly one class from every classification of the classification tree. The selection of test cases originally was a manual task to be performed by the
147:
and other, rather uncommon parameters). Each classification can have any number of disjoint classes, describing the occurrence of the parameter. The selection of classes typically follows the principle of
1952:
Franke, M.; Gerke, D.; Hans, C; and others: Method-Driven Test Case Genera-tion for
Functional System Verification, Air Transport and Operations Sym-posium 2012; p.354-365. Proceedings ATOS. Delft 2012.
1686:
Vehicle electronics to digital mobility : the next generation of convergence; proceedings of the 2004 International
Congress on Transportation Electronics, Convergence 2004,
620:
In 2000, Lehmann and
Wegener introduced Dependency Rules with their incarnation of the CTE, the CTE XL (eXtended Logics). Further features include the automated generation of
285:
The first step of the classification tree method now is complete. Of course, there are further possible test aspects to include, e.g. access speed of the connection, number of
497:. This defines an allowed order of class usages in test steps and allows to automatically create test sequences. Different coverage levels are available, such as
289:
present in the database, etc. Using the graphical representation in terms of a tree, the selected aspects and their corresponding values can quickly be reviewed.
370:
Classification Tree for
Embedded System Example containing concrete values, concrete timing, (different) transitions and distinguish between States and Actions
1212:
When test design with the classification tree method is performed without proper test decomposition, classification trees can get large and cumbersome.
422:
1577:
Franke M, Gerke D, Hans C. und andere. Method-Driven Test Case
Generation for Functional System Verification. Proceedings ATOS. Delft. 2012. P.36-44.
196:, test design has to be performed. Applying the classification tree method, the identification of test relevant aspects gives the classifications:
433:
One way of modelling constraints is using the refinement mechanism in the classification tree method. This, however, does not allow for modelling
560:
In 1997 a major re-implementation was performed, leading to CTE 2. Development again was at
Daimler-Benz Industrial Research. It was written in
156:
for concrete test cases. Together, all classifications form the classification tree. For semantic purpose, classifications can be grouped into
16:
This article is about a software testing methodology. For decision trees and prediction modeling using them (known as
Classification tree), see
1399:
669:
Prioritized test case generation: It is possible to assign weights to the elements of the classification tree in terms of occurrence and error
35:. It was developed by Grimm and Grochtmann in 1993. Classification Trees in terms of the Classification Tree Method must not be confused with
1238:
The software test engineer's handbook : a study guide for the ISTQB test analyst and technical test analyst advanced level certificates
1517:
1167:
788:
582:
572:
1171:
792:
609:
601:
589:
576:
509:
In addition to
Boolean dependency rules referring to classes of the classification tree, Numerical Constraints allow to specify
489:
With the addition of valid transitions between individual classes of a classification, classifications can be interpreted as a
1638:
Kruse, Peter M.; Bauer, Jürgen; Wegener, Joachim (April 2012). "Numerical
Constraints for Combinatorial Interaction Testing".
650:
Starting in 2010, CTE XL Professional was developed by Berner&Mattner. A complete re-implementation was done, again using
2036:
1994:
1930:
1655:
1609:
1375:
1977:
Chen, T.Y.; Poon, P.-L. (1996). "Classification-Hierarchy Table: A methodology for constructing the classification tree".
1823:
1773:
1723:
1693:
1347:
1277:
1245:
478:
1525:
Proceedings of the 8th
European International Conference on Software Testing, Analysis & Review (EuroSTAR 2000)
1559:
Kruse, Peter M.; Luniak, Magdalena (December 2010). "Automated Test Case Generation Using Classification Trees".
434:
1963:
353:: The tool presented by Ostrand and Balcer only supported test case generation, but not the partitioning itself.
1863:
461:: It is possible to assign weights to the elements of the classification tree in terms of occurrence and error
747:
545:
320:
The CTM introduced the following advantages over the Category Partition Method (CPM) by Ostrand and Balcer:
707:
2021:
815:
651:
636:
528:
Over the time, several editions of the CTE tool have appeared, written in several (by that time popular)
1101:
1031:
642:
In 2008, Berner&Mattner acquired all rights on CTE XL and continued development till CTE XL 1.9.4.
437:
between classes of different classifications. Lehmann and Wegener introduced Dependency Rules based on
1592:
Kruse, Peter M.; Wegener, Joachim (April 2012). "Test Sequence Generation from Classification Trees".
99:
Prerequisites for applying the classification tree method (CTM) is the selection (or definition) of a
2041:
1149:
1143:
1062:
900:
891:
498:
1716:
Behavioral modeling for embedded systems and technologies applications for design and implementation
1410:
1480:"An Extension of the Classification-Tree Method for Embedded Systems for the Description of Events"
1215:
New users tend to include too many (esp. irrelevant) test aspects resulting in too many test cases.
768:
561:
410:
149:
1899:"An Automatic Test Data Generation System Based on the Integrated Classification-Tree Methodology"
579:
unit test tool. The classification tree editor for embedded systems also based upon this edition.
1763:
153:
87:
While the method can be applied using a pen and a paper, the usual way involves the usage of the
1906:
1898:
384:
In addition to atomic test cases, test sequences containing several test steps can be specified.
333:
Selecting one representative might have an influence on the occurrence of other representatives.
1528:
990:
1845:
1795:
1745:
1202:
Method for both identification of relevant test aspects and their combination into test cases
529:
513:
with classifications as variables, which will evaluate to the selected class in a test case.
140:
327:: CPM only had a textual notation, whereas CTM uses a graphical, tree-shaped representation.
1897:
Cain, Andrew; Chen, Tsong Yueh; Grant, Doug; Poon, Pak-Lok; Tang, Sau-Fun; Tse, TH (2004).
673:
or risk. These weights are then used during test case generation to prioritize test cases.
490:
465:
or risk. These weights are then used during test case generation to prioritize test cases.
395:
32:
366:
184:
8:
1640:
2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation
1594:
2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation
1296:
Grochtmann, Matthias; Grimm, Klaus (1993). "Classification Trees for Partition Testing".
1010:
925:
525:(CTE) is a software tool for test design that implements the classification tree method.
107:
method and supports any type of system under test. This includes (but is not limited to)
84:
The second step of test design then follows the principles of combinatorial test design.
21:
494:
441:
with their incarnation of the CTE. Further features include the automated generation of
341:
CTM allows modeling of hierarchical refinements in the classification tree, also called
2000:
1833:
1783:
1733:
1661:
1615:
1457:
1313:
1175:
904:
895:
883:
695:
In 2014, Berner&Mattner started releasing its classification tree editor under the
681:
674:
655:
639:
and was supported on win32 systems. CTE XL was available for download free of charge.
605:
474:
458:
438:
1407:
Proceedings of the 8th International Software Quality Week(QW '95), San Francisco, USA
1368:
The testing network an integral approach to test activities in large software projects
1990:
1926:
1819:
1769:
1719:
1689:
1651:
1605:
1461:
1371:
1343:
1273:
1241:
710:
is still available for download free of charge, however, with reduced functionality.
625:
446:
406:
387:
A concrete timing (e.g. in Seconds, Minutes ...) can be specified for each test step.
266:
164:
116:
108:
104:
100:
78:
1871:. Doctoral dissertation: Technical University Munich. pp. 61–63. Archived from
1665:
1400:"Test Case Design Using Classification Trees and the Classification-Tree Editor CTE"
1317:
585:
has been developing the CTE since 2001 and has CTE registered a brand name in 2003.
2004:
1982:
1918:
1910:
1643:
1597:
1491:
1447:
1305:
544:
Industrial Research facilities in Berlin. It appeared in 1993 and was written in
124:
1619:
1914:
632:
286:
272:
193:
112:
1496:
1479:
1218:
There is no algorithm or strict guidance for selection of test relevant aspects.
921:
120:
1986:
1436:"The category-partition method for specifying and generating functional tests"
608:
plug-in in 2018. The latest CTE 4 version is still being developed as part of
2030:
887:
173:
144:
66:
65:
The identification of test relevant aspects usually follows the (functional)
36:
17:
1896:
1309:
1713:
541:
418:
303:
An administrator user edits an existing data set using the Firefox browser.
278:
70:
1647:
1601:
81:. These aspects form the input and output data space of the test object.
1764:
Zander, Justyna; Schieferdecker, Ina; Mosterman, Pieter J. (2011-09-15).
1097:
670:
501:, transitions coverage and coverage of state pairs and transition pairs.
462:
300:
A regular user adds a new data set to the database using the native tool.
246:
1813:
1452:
1435:
1922:
621:
466:
442:
402:...) between selected classes of different test steps can be specified.
362:(CTE) which supports both partitioning as well as test case generation.
1688:. Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 305–306.
428:
132:
58:
1872:
949:
296:
In the second step, three test cases have been manually selected:
74:
1637:
457:
Recent enhancements to the classification tree method include the
374:
306:
A regular user deletes a data set from the database using the API.
31:
is a method for test design, as it is used in different areas of
1052:
510:
413:
can be modelled, represented by different visual marks in a test.
1816:
Model-driven software development integrating quality assurance
1056:
391:
128:
91:, a software tool implementing the classification tree method.
57:
Combination of different classes from all classifications into
1979:
Proceedings of 1996 Australian Software Engineering Conference
1905:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3026. pp.
1865:
Systematisierung des funktionalen Tests eingebetteter Software
959:
774:
696:
659:
565:
1030:
Test Coverage Analysis, Variant Management (e.g. as part of
42:
The classification tree method consists of two major steps:
1718:. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. p. 386.
1337:
752:
549:
470:
399:
1964:"Press Release: Test Case Implementation with TESTONA 4.3"
1397:
1122:
929:
700:
252:
1818:. Hershey: Information Science Reference. p. 101.
1515:
658:-based. CTE XL Professional was available on win32 and
1558:
1477:
1295:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1591:
588:
The last version CTE 3.2 was published with the tool
338:
CPM only offers restrictions to handle this scenario.
1433:
1338:
Kuhn, D. Richard; Kacker, Raghu N.; Lei, Yu (2013).
744:
Original Version, limited to 1000 test cases (fix!)
493:, and therefore the whole classification tree as a
452:
429:
Dependency Rules and Automated Test Case Generation
46:Identification of test relevant aspects (so called
1672:
1478:Conrad, Mirko; Krupp, Alexander (1 October 2006).
1013:), Test Sequence Generation, Numerical Constraints
886:-based Version, Prioritized Test Case Generation,
1199:Graphical representation of test relevant aspects
358:Grochtmann and Wegener presented their tool, the
2028:
1484:Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science
1298:Software Testing, Verification & Reliability
1178:. Support in creating (model-based) test cases.
924:integration, Requirements Coverage Analysis and
477:tests) by interpreting the element weights as a
1976:
1398:Grochtmann, Matthias; Wegener, Joachim (1995).
1240:(1st ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Rocky Nook.
1235:
765:Windows Version, unlimited number of test cases
375:Classification Tree Method for Embedded Systems
359:
88:
1961:
1903:Software Engineering Research and Applications
260:class is further refined with the test aspect
111:, integrated hardware-software systems, plain
1683:
540:The original version of CTE was developed at
516:
592:4.0 in 2016. Note the Versions table below.
264:, three possible classes are included here:
484:
1861:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1516:Lehmann, Eckard; Wegener, Joachim (2000).
1272:. Boston: Artech House. pp. 179–186.
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1051:Boundary Value Analysis Wizard, Import of
677:and statistical testing is also available.
1809:
1807:
1805:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1518:"Test Case Design by Means of the CTE XL"
1495:
1451:
188:Classification Tree for a Database System
50:) and their corresponding values (called
1766:Model-based testing for embedded systems
1714:Gomes, Luís; Fernandes, João M. (2010).
1473:
1471:
1361:
1359:
504:
365:
183:
163:The maximum number of test cases is the
1752:
1254:
2029:
1857:
1855:
1802:
1702:
1626:
1580:
1545:
1434:Ostrand, T. J.; Balcer, M. J. (1988).
812:Dependency Rules, Test Case Generation
645:
624:using combinatorial test design (e.g.
445:using combinatorial test design (e.g.
240:, again three classes are identified:
1814:Rech, Jörg; Bunse, Christian (2009).
1768:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 10.
1468:
1365:
1356:
1340:Introduction to combinatorial testing
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
989:Implicit Mark Mode, Default classes,
1511:
1509:
1507:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1291:
1289:
1267:
532:and developed by several companies.
1852:
13:
1324:
1270:Guide to advanced software testing
1268:Hass, Anne Mette Jonassen (2008).
1236:Bath, Graham; McKay, Judy (2008).
212:s, two classes can be identified:
14:
2053:
2015:
1504:
1384:
1286:
848:Development by Berner&Mattner
479:discrete probability distribution
1370:. Berlin: Springer. p. 87.
459:prioritized test case generation
453:Prioritized Test Case Generation
1970:
1955:
1946:
1890:
1571:
1009:Test Post-Evaluation (e.g. for
680:Test Sequence Generation using
310:
1427:
1342:. Crc Pr Inc. pp. 76–81.
1229:
1206:
94:
1:
1561:Software Quality Professional
1222:
1193:
631:Development was performed by
600:The CTE 4 was implemented in
315:
2037:Software development process
1915:10.1007/978-3-540-24675-6_18
1121:Enhanced Export Facilities,
1034:), Equivalence Class Testing
831:Last Version by Daimler-Benz
469:is also available (e.g. for
152:for abstract test cases and
7:
1862:Olejniczak, Robert (2008).
1684:International, SAE (2004).
1497:10.1016/j.entcs.2006.09.002
1142:Bug fix release, Switch to
787:Embedded system version of
713:
665:New developments included:
575:in 1997 and is part of the
548:. It was only available on
10:
2058:
1032:Product Family Engineering
690:
571:The CTE 2 was licensed to
523:Classification Tree Editor
517:Classification Tree Editor
425:relies on this extension.
360:Classification Tree Editor
179:
89:Classification Tree Editor
29:Classification Tree Method
15:
1987:10.1109/ASWEC.1996.534127
1440:Communications of the ACM
1104:), Import of Test Results
1096:Generation of Executable
615:
390:Signal transitions (e.g.
948:Test result annotation,
635:. CTE XL was written in
595:
555:
535:
485:Test Sequence Generation
150:equivalence partitioning
1310:10.1002/stvr.4370030203
1045:CTE XL Professional 3.5
1024:CTE XL Professional 3.3
1003:CTE XL Professional 3.1
983:CTE XL Professional 2.9
966:CTE XL Professional 2.7
942:CTE XL Professional 2.5
915:CTE XL Professional 2.3
876:CTE XL Professional 2.1
708:free edition of TESTONA
154:boundary-value analysis
135:of mentioned systems).
1366:Henry, Pierre (2008).
1166:New implementation of
991:command-line interface
890:Test Case Generation,
865:Last Java-only Version
405:A distinction between
371:
189:
1648:10.1109/ICST.2012.170
1602:10.1109/ICST.2012.139
1170:as a plug-in for the
686:Numerical Constraints
530:programming languages
505:Numerical Constraints
369:
343:implicit dependencies
187:
1962:Berner&Mattner.
1642:. pp. 758–763.
1596:. pp. 539–548.
892:Requirements-Tracing
33:software development
1981:. pp. 93–104.
1453:10.1145/62959.62964
1128:Java 7, Eclipse 3.8
1107:Java 7, Eclipse 3.8
1082:Java 7, Eclipse 3.8
1037:Java 6, Eclipse 3.7
1016:Java 6, Eclipse 3.7
1011:Root Cause Analysis
995:Java 6, Eclipse 3.7
975:Java 6, Eclipse 3.6
955:Java 6, Eclipse 3.6
934:Java 6, Eclipse 3.6
926:Traceability Matrix
682:Multi-Agent Systems
646:CTE XL Professional
467:Statistical testing
439:Boolean expressions
22:Classification tree
2022:Systematic Testing
1844:has generic name (
1794:has generic name (
1744:has generic name (
1174:4.1 tool based on
564:and available for
372:
220:. There are three
218:Administrator User
190:
1996:978-0-8186-7635-2
1932:978-3-540-21975-0
1657:978-0-7695-4670-4
1611:978-0-7695-4670-4
1377:978-3-540-78504-0
1191:
1190:
626:all-pairs testing
447:all-pairs testing
267:Internet Explorer
165:Cartesian product
131:, and others (or
125:operating systems
117:embedded software
105:black-box testing
101:system under test
79:system under test
2049:
2042:Software testing
2009:
2008:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1527:. Archived from
1522:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1409:. Archived from
1404:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1233:
718:
717:
287:database records
113:software systems
109:hardware systems
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1878:on 6 March 2016
1875:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1812:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1762:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1673:
1658:
1636:
1627:
1612:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1476:
1469:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1325:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1209:
1196:
1102:Code Generation
1079:Bug fix release
972:Bug fix release
716:
693:
648:
633:DaimlerChrysler
618:
598:
558:
538:
519:
507:
487:
455:
431:
417:The module and
377:
318:
313:
273:Mozilla Firefox
194:database system
182:
121:user interfaces
103:. The CTM is a
97:
48:classifications
25:
12:
11:
5:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:External links
2014:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1969:
1954:
1945:
1931:
1889:
1851:
1825:978-1605660073
1824:
1801:
1775:978-1439818459
1774:
1751:
1725:978-1605667515
1724:
1701:
1695:978-0768015430
1694:
1671:
1656:
1625:
1610:
1579:
1570:
1544:
1503:
1467:
1446:(6): 676–686.
1426:
1383:
1376:
1355:
1349:978-1466552296
1348:
1323:
1285:
1279:978-1596932869
1278:
1253:
1246:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
956:
953:
946:
943:
939:
938:
935:
932:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
898:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
785:
782:
778:
777:
772:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
750:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
715:
712:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
678:
654:but this time
647:
644:
617:
614:
597:
594:
557:
554:
537:
534:
518:
515:
506:
503:
499:state coverage
486:
483:
454:
451:
430:
427:
415:
414:
403:
388:
385:
376:
373:
364:
363:
355:
354:
347:
346:
339:
335:
334:
328:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
210:User Privilege
198:User Privilege
181:
178:
145:pre-conditions
96:
93:
63:
62:
55:
37:decision trees
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1534:on 2016-03-04
1530:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1416:on 2015-09-24
1412:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1247:9781933952246
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:win32, win64
1154:
1152:, Eclipse 4.5
1151:
1148:
1146:, Eclipse 4.5
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:win32, win64
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:win32, win64
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:win32, win64
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:win32, win64
1067:
1065:, Eclipse 3.8
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:win32, win64
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:win32, win64
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:win32, win64
997:
994:
992:
988:
985:
982:
981:
978:win32, win64
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
923:
922:QualityCenter
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:Deterministic
885:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
685:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
667:
666:
663:
661:
657:
653:
643:
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
613:
612:4.3 in 2021.
611:
607:
603:
593:
591:
586:
584:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
526:
524:
514:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:state machine
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
368:
361:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
321:
305:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
288:
283:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:Access Method
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Access Method
203:
199:
195:
186:
177:
175:
174:test engineer
169:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:specification
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
44:
43:
40:
38:
34:
30:
23:
19:
18:Decision tree
1978:
1972:
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1864:
1815:
1765:
1715:
1685:
1639:
1593:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1536:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1524:
1487:
1483:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1367:
1339:
1304:(2): 63–82.
1301:
1297:
1269:
1237:
1231:
1185:
1125:Improvements
1098:Test Scripts
791:part of the
705:
694:
664:
649:
641:
630:
619:
604:4.1.7 as an
599:
587:
581:
570:
559:
542:Daimler-Benz
539:
527:
522:
520:
508:
488:
456:
432:
419:unit testing
416:
378:
351:Tool support
350:
342:
330:
324:
319:
311:Enhancements
295:
291:
284:
279:Apple Safari
277:
271:
265:
261:
257:
251:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:Regular User
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
170:
162:
158:compositions
157:
141:environments
137:
115:, including
98:
86:
83:
71:requirements
64:
54:) as well as
51:
47:
41:
28:
26:
1923:10722/43692
1842:|last=
1792:|last=
1742:|last=
1490:(4): 3–11.
1207:Limitations
1163:2018-08-01
1136:TESTONA 5.1
1115:TESTONA 4.5
1090:TESTONA 4.3
1073:TESTONA 4.1
671:probability
622:test suites
463:probability
443:test suites
435:constraints
331:Refinements
258:Web Browser
247:Web Browser
242:Native Tool
95:Application
2031:Categories
1938:10 October
1882:10 October
1567:(1): 4–12.
1538:2013-08-12
1420:2013-08-12
1223:References
1194:Advantages
1139:2016-07-19
1118:2016-01-21
1093:2015-07-08
1076:2014-09-22
1048:2013-12-18
1027:2013-05-28
1006:2012-10-19
986:2012-06-08
969:2012-01-30
945:2011-11-11
918:2011-08-02
879:2011-02-21
859:CTE XL 1.9
842:CTE XL 1.8
825:CTE XL 1.6
806:CTE XL 1.0
730:Written in
675:Risk-based
495:Statechart
316:Background
236:. For the
208:. For the
133:subsystems
77:…) of the
59:test cases
1834:cite book
1784:cite book
1734:cite book
1462:207647895
789:Razorcats
662:systems.
568:systems.
552:systems.
222:Operation
202:Operation
75:use cases
1666:16683773
1318:33987358
1168:Razorcat
1160:CTE 4.0
781:CTE 2.1
714:Versions
583:Razorcat
573:Razorcat
511:formulas
325:Notation
143:states,
2005:6789744
1907:225–238
1176:Eclipse
1053:AUTOSAR
958:win32,
950:MindMap
905:Eclipse
884:Eclipse
759:CTE 2.0
738:CTE 1.0
727:Comment
721:Version
701:TESTONA
691:TESTONA
656:Eclipse
606:Eclipse
475:fatigue
180:Example
129:parsers
52:classes
2003:
1993:
1929:
1822:
1772:
1722:
1692:
1664:
1654:
1620:581740
1618:
1608:
1460:
1374:
1346:
1316:
1276:
1244:
1186:win64
1184:win32
1150:Java 8
1144:Java 8
1063:Java 7
1059:models
1057:MATLAB
952:import
937:win32
910:win32
901:Java 6
882:First
871:win32
854:win32
837:win32
820:win32
801:win32
795:tool.
748:Pascal
616:CTE XL
546:Pascal
396:spline
392:linear
276:, and
256:. The
234:Delete
192:For a
69:(e.g.
2001:S2CID
1876:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1662:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1532:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1414:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1314:S2CID
1181:Java
1172:TESSY
960:win64
896:DOORS
894:with
793:TESSY
784:2003
775:win32
699:name
697:brand
660:win64
610:TESSY
602:TESSY
596:CTE 4
590:TESSY
577:TESSY
566:win32
556:CTE 2
536:CTE 1
423:Tessy
421:tool
411:state
407:event
262:Brand
1991:ISBN
1940:2013
1927:ISBN
1884:2013
1846:help
1820:ISBN
1796:help
1770:ISBN
1746:help
1720:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1055:and
868:Java
862:2009
851:Java
845:2008
834:Java
828:2006
816:Java
809:2000
798:C++
762:1998
753:Unix
741:1993
724:Date
652:Java
637:Java
550:Unix
521:The
473:and
471:wear
409:and
400:sine
232:and
230:Edit
216:and
204:and
27:The
20:and
1983:doi
1919:hdl
1911:doi
1644:doi
1598:doi
1492:doi
1488:164
1448:doi
1306:doi
1123:GUI
930:API
907:3.5
733:OS
628:).
449:).
253:API
226:Add
224:s:
2033::
1999:.
1989:.
1925:.
1917:.
1909:.
1901:.
1854:^
1838::
1836:}}
1832:{{
1804:^
1788::
1786:}}
1782:{{
1754:^
1738::
1736:}}
1732:{{
1704:^
1674:^
1660:.
1650:.
1628:^
1614:.
1604:.
1582:^
1565:13
1563:.
1547:^
1523:.
1506:^
1486:.
1482:.
1470:^
1456:.
1444:31
1442:.
1438:.
1405:.
1386:^
1358:^
1326:^
1312:.
1300:.
1288:^
1256:^
928:,
903:,
771:++
706:A
703:.
481:.
398:,
394:,
282:.
270:,
250:,
244:,
228:,
200:,
176:.
160:.
127:,
123:,
119:,
73:,
39:.
2007:.
1985::
1966:.
1942:.
1921::
1913::
1886:.
1848:)
1828:.
1798:)
1778:.
1748:)
1728:.
1698:.
1668:.
1646::
1622:.
1600::
1541:.
1500:.
1494::
1464:.
1450::
1423:.
1380:.
1352:.
1320:.
1308::
1302:3
1282:.
1250:.
1100:(
769:C
562:C
345:.
61:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
