1717:
225:
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181:
746:, the distinguished composer of choral works, joined the University of Birmingham's Music Department as senior lecturer in 1962, retiring in 1986 to concentrate on his music. During that time he had written the second of his operas and was working on his third, as well as completing a number of orchestral and chamber works. In 1995 the orchestra of Birmingham Composers Forum put on what was only the second UK performance of his Second Symphony, dating from 1970.
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and beyond. Of the festivals of the 1850s it was later commented that "Undoubtedly these gatherings were the best of their kind in the whole musical world, for not only were the performances unequalled, but the
Committee by their generosity offered to the composers of all nations the opportunity of
668:
in status, and it could be commented that
Birmingham had "taken a lead among our numerous provincial festivals ... they give an impulse, and impart a tone and direction, to all other undertakings of a similar kind." By the middle of the century the Birmingham Festival was well established as one of
431:
to a "brilliant and crowded audience" including a "concourse of
Nobility and Gentry from this and the neighbouring counties", with an orchestra of 25 conducted by Bond and a chorus of 45 from the Musical and Amicable Society trained by Kempson, raising a total of £200 (the equivalent of £10,000 in
573:
Away from the festivals the standard of musical performance in
Birmingham increased rapidly in the decades following 1760, particularly among the town's own musicians, further reducing the dependence of Birmingham upon older musical centres. By 1769 Birmingham was developing its own orchestral
302:. Broome was at the centre of an informal grouping of musicians and choristers from St Phillips that met to socialise and rehearse at Cooke's Coffee House, at the junction of Cherry Street and Cannon Street, from the 1730s. This was formalised in 1762 into the
648:, gradually establish first a national and then an international importance. For all its success, during the 18th century the Birmingham Festival had been primarily a local institution, part of a circuit of provincial festivals that included similar events in
686:: "The Birmingham Festival seems to move the whole musical kingdom. It brings together the best talent that can be found, and the works of the greatest masters are performed, under circumstances more advantageous than are elsewhere to be found in the world".
586:. These combined after 1788 to provide a year-round programme featuring six grand concerts and balls during the winter months, interspersed with dancing assemblies and complemented by a second series of monthly concerts during the summer. Regular
220:
at first hand – St
Philips' architectural pretensions were matched by its musical ambitions: it had a fine organ built by the organ builder Swarbruch, and the church and its organ began to attract gifted musicians to the town.
321:, featuring 40-piece orchestras, choirs of 24 singers and nationally known soloists, are recorded taking place at the town's theatres from the 1740s. Audiences "in their thousands" attended summer concerts of music by
678:
introducing their compositions to the world in a manner of exceptional excellence, thus giving to the town the honour of being the birthplace of some of the greatest works ever composed." By 1852 the
American critic
124:
Although few records have survived to illustrate the culture of medieval
Birmingham, there is evidence to suggest that the town supported a significant culture of religious music throughout the late Middle Ages.
483:, taking place at the New Street Theatre in the evening. The festival attracted soloists with national or – increasingly – European profiles, with performers in the late 18th century including the sopranos
199:
in 1660, and over the course of the following century the town's huge growth in size and wealth came to be reflected in the self-conscious awakening of scientific and cultural activity now known as the
404:
579:
436:
in
Whittal Street, and with building work on the General Hospital again paused for lack of funds, in 1778 Kempson suggested a similar event be held for the joint benefit of the hospital and
444:, where was newly installed as choirmaster. Further festivals were held in 1780 and 1784, after which the trustees of the General Hospital resolved to establish the event as the regular
2242:
433:
559:
among others. Receipts from the festivals increased steadily, and by 1805 the sum donated to the hospital was "by far the largest sum ever raised that way outside the metropolis"
423:, which was then lying half-built for lack of funds. This resulted in the first three-day Birmingham Music Meeting, which was held in September 1768. Oratorios were performed at
353:, his successor as organist at St Philips. Ambitious series of concerts also took place at Packwood's in the Cherry Orchard. By 1760 it was clear that Birmingham had supplanted
419:
in 1767, led to
Kempson's suggestion that large-scale musical performances "upon similar principles to those at St. Bartholemew's" might be used to raise money to support the
2000:
286:– who was responsible for training the choir at St Phillips from 1733 – also provided music lessons within the town, ran an extensive musical publishing business from
604:
from the 1790s suggest that by then the
Birmingham audience was well informed and maintained a high level of musically literacy. Notable late 18th century Birmingham
407:
to aid "aged and distressed housekeepers" – a tradition that would continue annually until 1838. The success of this, together with that of a three-day festival of
729:
156:
Although evidence of music in 16th and 17th century Birmingham is even more scant than for the earlier period, records survive to show the existence of a band of
772:, which in acoustic terms is widely considered to be one of the greatest concert halls of the 20th century and also hosts concerts by many visiting orchestras.
1751:
471:
being presented at St Philip's during the mornings and "Grand Miscellaneous Concerts", with a more varied repertoire including works by composers such as
574:
resources, with concerts of "vocal and instrumental music" being advertised with "the instrumental by the best performers of the town". After 1772 the
149:
by 1503 – a highly specialist and unusual trade for what was then a medium-sized market town. None of these medieval musical institutions survived the
283:
578:
in Temple Row formed the town's main venue for concerts and polite social gatherings, hosting dancing assemblies and subscription concerts by the
350:
2423:
1658:
238:
These religious musicians were also the originators of a transformation of the town's secular music life. St Phillips' first organist was
2044:
432:
late 20th century terms) for the hospital. A second Music Meeting like that of 1768 was held in 1774 to raise money for the building of
2332:
2121:
548:
463:
The 1778 Festival established the pattern of programming that would be maintained throughout the rest of the century, with a series of
387:
that would thrust Victorian Birmingham to the forefront of European musical life had their roots in the private music societies of the
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took place from 1784 to 1912 and was considered the grandest of its kind throughout Britain. Music was written for the festival by
783:, who give concert performances under music director Barry Wordsworth in addition to playing for the Birmingham Royal Ballet; and
1863:
1802:
664:. By the 1820s however the Birmingham festival had surpassed not just its previous peers but also the older and more established
400:
303:
274:, building a programme that featured leading international musicians from continental Europe, of a standard associated with the
55:
would become a regular event every three years, with only two interruptions, until 1914. Music was written for the festival by
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317:
By the middle of the 18th century, Birmingham was supporting a vigorous and diverse musical calendar. Three-day festivals of
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83:
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in 1715, a building of exceptional sophistication for what was still a modestly-sized town. Designed by the local architect
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that are notable for giving melodic parts to the strings, and for having slow movements of an unusually ornamental style.
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in 1660, when Birmingham's economy boomed. This was reflected in the scientific and cultural awakening known as the
1878:
1651:
395:. The first music meeting to be held in Birmingham for a charitable purpose took place on Christmas Day 1766, when
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The first half of the 19th century saw the profile of Birmingham's musical culture, and particularly that of the
437:
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specialises in staging innovative performances in unusual venues, once performing in a burnt-out ice rink.
47:
By the middle of the 18th century, Birmingham supported a diverse musical calendar, including festivals of
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in a burnt-out ice rink in the Chinese Quarter). Its artistic director, Graham Vick, has also directed at
1868:
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860:– specialises in staging innovative performances in unusual venues (in 2005 it performed Monteverdi's
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306:, the leading musical example of the myriad of private clubs and societies that formed the developing
79:, who wrote four choral pieces for Birmingham. By the 1850s, the festival had become world renowned.
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850:
758:
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532:
456:
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2138:
2128:
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1923:
1853:
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113:
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528:
259:
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2133:
2031:
2012:
1873:
609:
567:
488:
388:
322:
204:. The first outward sign of this coming cultural transformation was the opening of the baroque
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37:
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68:
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featuring 40-piece orchestras. Further festivals were held in 1780 and 1784, after which the
33:
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among its subscribers. Gunn promoted the first organised series of concerts in the town, at
224:
141:, who are also likely to have provided secular music for festivities in the Guild's hall on
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391:, and in the economic difficulties faced by the town in the years following the end of the
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8:
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853:, based in Edgbaston, and which claims to be the world's oldest vocational dance school.
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448:, which would take place every three years with only two interruptions until 1914.
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were established in 1330 and 1347 for priests to sing divine mass at the church of
109:
1030:, Pevsner Architectural Guides, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 40,
779:, a chamber orchestra specialising in modern music with some world premieres; the
1946:
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began in the late Middle Ages, mainly devotional music which did not survive the
21:
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and St Philip's and had become a major meeting point for the aristocracy of the
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1990:
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was born in Alma Street, Aston on 9 August 1875, the son of a teacher at the
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in 1715, which had a fine organ that attracted gifted musicians to the town.
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in Old Square, started by Barnabas Gunn, was continued through the 1760s by
2327:
2025:
1611:
914:. Concerts also regularly take place in churches around the city including
822:
Birmingham is an important centre for musical education as the home of the
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1915:
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1982:
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and other church music, works which were at the forefront the use of the
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99:
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29:
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212:– the only English architect of his generation to have seen the work of
137:, established in 1392, funded a further chantry of three priests and an
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2068:
1672:
1668:
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40:. The first sign of this transformation was the opening of the baroque
25:
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242:, who was also notable as a composer, producing sonatas and solos for
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1960:
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Experience and identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1800
345:. During the winter the tradition of subscription concert series at
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722:, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham.
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Celebrating, Preserving and Sharing Birmingham's Music Heritage.
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Birmingham's other principal classical music venues include The
369:
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60:
612:, who wrote numerous religious compositions while organist at
329:
from the 1740s at Birmingham's pleasure gardens – principally
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719:
629:
587:
527:. By 1790 the Birmingham Festival had expanded to occupy the
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251:
76:
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Other professional orchestras based in the city include the
624:, and is thought to be the composer of the one act pastoral
175:
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480:
217:
1633:
Classical music concerts and concert reviews in Birmingham
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to provide a free series of weekly public organ recitals.
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620:, who was born in Birmingham and returned as organist of
357:'s traditional role as the centre of musical life in the
314:, another prolific Birmingham publisher of church music,
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Later Enlightenment and the birth of the music festivals
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Birmingham's economy boomed in the years following the
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598:. Highly technical advertisements for concerts in the
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Today, Birmingham hosts the internationally renowned
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The Provincial Music Festival in England, 1784-1914
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32:. Evidence is scant until the years following the
787:, one of the country's oldest and most respected
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1601:
1384:
1136:
957:
749:
856:Birmingham's professional opera company – the
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1945:
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290:, and was himself notable as a composer of
164:was written in the town to commemorate the
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176:Music of the early Midlands Enlightenment
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401:Birmingham Musical and Amicable Society
304:Birmingham Musical and Amicable Society
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669:the leading events in the calendar of
160:in the town in 1609, and at least one
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766:City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
580:Birmingham Dilettanti Musical Society
231:- a 1739 work for voice and flute by
84:City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
2424:Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands
1559:Sounds Unlikely: Music in Birmingham
2398:
777:Birmingham Contemporary Music Group
696:Birmingham Triennial Music Festival
446:Birmingham Triennial Music Festival
88:Birmingham Contemporary Music Group
53:Birmingham Triennial Music Festival
13:
145:. Most remarkably the town had an
14:
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1618:
906:, the Barber Concert Hall at the
879:Visiting opera companies such as
640:Regency and early Victorian music
119:
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1901:
1900:
1715:
1667:
1604:The story of music in Birmingham
1602:Sutcliffe Smith, Joseph (1945),
849:resides in the city as does the
310:of enlightenment Birmingham, by
2368:
1581:, Manchester University Press,
1536:, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing,
1523:
1514:
1414:
736:, where he beat the runner-up,
331:Holte Bridgman's Apollo Gardens
264:Holte Bridgman's Apollo Gardens
904:Royal Birmingham Conservatoire
824:Royal Birmingham Conservatoire
628:, in addition to two books of
403:to hold a one-day festival at
98:, one of the country's oldest
1:
1606:, Birmingham: Cornish Bros.,
933:
926:, St Alban's in Highgate and
908:Barber Institute of Fine Arts
862:Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria
815:hosts a regular programme of
764:The internationally renowned
740:, for a musical scholarship.
750:Contemporary classical music
557:High Sheriff of Warwickshire
16:Genre of Music of Birmingham
7:
1557:Handford, Margaret (2006),
902:, The Bradshaw Hall at the
421:Birmingham General Hospital
197:Restoration of the Monarchy
34:Restoration of the Monarchy
10:
2440:
828:Royal College of Organists
622:St Martin in the Bull Ring
566:The composer and organist
298:part to carry the tune in
256:Two Cantatas and Six Songs
131:St Martin in the Bull Ring
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2011:
1981:
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1953:
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1811:
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1724:
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1679:
1561:, Studley: Brewin Books,
1431:, Oxford University Press
887:perform regularly at the
851:Elmhurst School for Dance
646:Birmingham Music Festival
467:dominated by the work of
399:organised members of the
378:Birmingham Music Festival
2243:Unruly audience response
1625:Birmingham Music Archive
1530:Drummond, Pippa (2011),
858:Birmingham Opera Company
840:Birmingham City Organist
734:Trinity College of Music
732:. Ketèlbey attended the
549:Viscount Dudley and Ward
539:, being attended by the
405:St. Bartholemew's Chapel
114:Birmingham Opera Company
1947:Western classical music
847:Birmingham Royal Ballet
836:Birmingham City Council
826:, founded in 1859. The
726:Albert William Ketèlbey
671:Western classical music
495:; the instrumentalists
347:Sawyer's Assembly Rooms
268:Sawyer's Assembly Rooms
260:George Frederick Handel
135:Guild of the Holy Cross
2045:Transition to Romantic
1975:Major periods and eras
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730:Vittoria School of Art
590:were performed at the
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489:Gertrud Elisabeth Mara
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389:Midlands Enlightenment
380:
258:of 1736 that included
235:
202:Midlands Enlightenment
192:
38:Midlands Enlightenment
2001:Transition to Baroque
1742:Parks and open spaces
1702:Science and invention
1024:Foster, Andy (2005),
916:St Phillips Cathedral
896:National Indoor Arena
807:
781:Royal Ballet Sinfonia
757:
690:Later Victorian music
666:Three Choirs Festival
594:and from 1778 at the
565:
515:; and the conductors
454:
372:
280:Chapel Royal, Windsor
276:Three Choirs Festival
227:
189:Vitruvius Britannicus
183:
92:Royal Ballet Sinfonia
2333:Worldwide traditions
2286:Classical music blog
1631:Bachtrack Birmingham
1575:Money, John (1977),
1421:Loewenberg, Alfred,
1385:Sutcliffe Smith 1945
1137:Sutcliffe Smith 1945
958:Sutcliffe Smith 1945
930:on the Hagley Road.
912:Birmingham Town Hall
885:Welsh National Opera
872:in New York and the
493:Elizabeth Billington
166:Battle of Birmingham
2185:Students by teacher
1487:, pp. 85, 103.
813:Barber Concert Hall
673:, leading taste in
592:King Street Theatre
429:King Street Theatre
272:Moor Street Theatre
168:of 1643 during the
1428:Grove Music Online
1122:, pp. 19, 22.
870:Metropolitan Opera
820:
762:
601:Birmingham Gazette
596:New Street Theatre
571:
533:New Street Theatre
461:
457:New Street Theatre
381:
236:
229:The Grateful Lover
206:St Philip's Church
193:
42:St Philip's Church
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2306:Progressive music
2100:
2099:
1913:
1912:
1732:Constituent areas
1588:978-0-7190-0672-2
1411:, pp. 83–84.
1387:, pp. 17–18.
1334:, pp. 67–69.
1322:, pp. 63–66.
1310:, pp. 52–54.
1286:, pp. 49–50.
1247:, pp. 26–27.
1223:, pp. 24–25.
1199:, pp. 82–83.
1163:, pp. 22–23.
1098:, pp. 14–15.
924:Jewellery Quarter
874:Royal Opera House
796:period instrument
768:'s home venue is
718:and most notably
682:could write from
634:keyboard quartets
553:Sir Robert Lawley
541:Earl of Aylesford
501:Giacobbe Cervetto
442:Jewellery Quarter
434:St. Mary's Chapel
376:, founder of the
170:English Civil War
107:period instrument
86:, as well as the
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2356:Composers by era
2321:Video game music
2255:Musical ensemble
2057:Post-romanticism
1979:
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1692:Economic history
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537:English Midlands
517:Thomas Greatorex
438:St Paul's Church
393:Seven Years' War
359:English Midlands
339:Vauxhall Gardens
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584:Jeremiah Clarke
545:Earl of Warwick
531:as well as the
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385:music festivals
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2032:Empfindsamkeit
2028:
2017:
2015:
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1619:External links
1617:
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1543:978-1409432814
1542:
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521:William Crotch
513:Robert Lindley
497:Wilhelm Cramer
366:
363:
284:Michael Broome
177:
174:
153:of the 1530s.
121:
120:Medieval music
118:
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1966:Dates of eras
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1869:Popular music
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1747:Redevelopment
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1510:
1509:Handford 2006
1505:
1498:
1497:Handford 2006
1493:
1486:
1485:Handford 2006
1481:
1475:, p. 41.
1474:
1473:Drummond 2011
1469:
1463:, p. 39.
1462:
1461:Drummond 2011
1457:
1451:, p. 33.
1450:
1449:Drummond 2011
1445:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1399:, p. 37.
1398:
1397:Handford 2006
1393:
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 83.
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1358:, p. 24.
1357:
1356:Drummond 2011
1352:
1346:, p. 85.
1345:
1340:
1333:
1332:Handford 2006
1328:
1321:
1320:Handford 2006
1316:
1309:
1308:Handford 2006
1304:
1298:, p. 52.
1297:
1296:Handford 2006
1292:
1285:
1284:Handford 2006
1280:
1274:, p. 23.
1273:
1272:Drummond 2011
1268:
1262:, p. 46.
1261:
1260:Handford 2006
1256:
1254:
1246:
1245:Handford 2006
1241:
1235:, p. 25.
1234:
1233:Handford 2006
1229:
1222:
1221:Handford 2006
1217:
1211:, p. 24.
1210:
1209:Handford 2006
1205:
1198:
1193:
1187:, p. 38.
1186:
1185:Handford 2006
1181:
1175:, p. 30.
1174:
1173:Handford 2006
1169:
1162:
1161:Handford 2006
1157:
1151:, p. 22.
1150:
1149:Handford 2006
1145:
1139:, p. 13.
1138:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:Handford 2006
1116:
1109:
1108:Handford 2006
1104:
1097:
1096:Handford 2006
1092:
1086:, p. 13.
1085:
1084:Handford 2006
1080:
1078:
1071:, p. 19.
1070:
1069:Handford 2006
1065:
1059:, p. 12.
1058:
1057:Handford 2006
1053:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1011:, p. 81.
1010:
1005:
999:, p. 10.
998:
997:Handford 2006
993:
991:
983:
982:Handford 2006
978:
971:
970:Handford 2006
966:
959:
954:
947:
946:Handford 2006
942:
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931:
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921:
917:
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890:
886:
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877:
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868:, Milan, the
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
817:chamber music
814:
811:
806:
802:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
770:Symphony Hall
767:
760:
759:Symphony Hall
756:
747:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
684:New York City
681:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Joseph Harris
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Samuel Wesley
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:John Crosdill
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Richard Hobbs
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:James Kempson
394:
390:
386:
379:
375:
374:James Kempson
371:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:John Eversman
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
312:James Kempson
309:
308:public sphere
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Barnabas Gunn
234:
233:Barnabas Gunn
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
210:Thomas Archer
207:
203:
198:
190:
186:
182:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
147:organ builder
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2328:Third stream
2291:Experimental
2168:
2122:Porto Alegre
2092:21st-century
2087:20th-century
2082:Contemporary
2030:
1899:
1828:
1819:Architecture
1803:Water supply
1603:
1592:, retrieved
1577:
1558:
1547:, retrieved
1532:
1524:Bibliography
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1433:, retrieved
1427:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1064:
1052:
1041:, retrieved
1026:
1004:
984:, p. 9.
977:
965:
960:, p. 6.
953:
948:, p. 7.
941:
893:
878:
861:
855:
844:
838:appoint the
830:is based in
821:
774:
763:
744:John Joubert
742:
738:Gustav Holst
724:
693:
680:Lowell Mason
643:
625:
599:
572:
462:
382:
316:
255:
237:
228:
194:
155:
123:
81:
46:
20:
18:
2403:WikiProject
2296:Light music
2281:Baroque pop
2276:Avant-garde
2231:Performance
1996:Renaissance
1983:Early music
1043:19 February
928:The Oratory
900:CBSO Centre
881:Opera North
876:in London.
789:early-music
785:Ex Cathedra
700:Mendelssohn
610:John Alcock
576:Royal Hotel
568:John Alcock
529:Royal Hotel
427:and at the
425:St Philip's
288:Colmore Row
244:harpsichord
185:St Philip's
151:Reformation
100:early-music
96:Ex Cathedra
57:Mendelssohn
30:Reformation
2316:Film score
2311:Soundtrack
2250:Conducting
2169:Birmingham
2105:By country
1954:Definition
1879:Public Art
1854:Literature
1773:Government
1766:Government
1737:Demography
1673:Birmingham
1568:1858582873
1435:3 February
1409:Money 1977
1373:Money 1977
1344:Money 1977
1197:Money 1977
1037:0300107315
1027:Birmingham
1009:Money 1977
934:References
889:Hippodrome
808:The 1930s
509:John Mahon
417:Capel Bond
143:New Street
133:, and the
26:Birmingham
2361:Festivals
2260:Orchestra
2112:Australia
2077:Modernism
2069:New music
2040:Classical
1961:Art music
1788:Education
1757:Transport
1725:Geography
920:St Paul's
799:ensembles
658:Salisbury
650:Liverpool
608:included
606:composers
465:oratorios
355:Lichfield
343:Duddeston
214:Borromini
158:minstrels
127:Chantries
110:ensembles
2418:Category
2383:Category
2052:Romantic
1991:Medieval
1906:Category
1874:Religion
1707:Timeline
866:La Scala
810:Art Deco
708:Sullivan
632:and six
626:Menalcas
555:and the
411:held by
409:oratorio
335:Deritend
319:oratorio
300:Psalmody
270:and the
139:organist
65:Sullivan
49:oratorio
2373:Outline
2269:Related
2238:Concert
2144:Ireland
2139:Germany
2021:Baroque
1834:Culture
1812:Culture
1798:Schools
1783:Economy
1778:Council
1687:History
1680:History
1612:4184921
1594:16 June
1549:2 March
922:in the
898:(NIA),
832:Digbeth
793:Baroque
716:Bantock
662:Norwich
654:Chester
477:Purcell
459:in 1780
440:in the
191:in 1715
104:Baroque
73:Bantock
2393:Portal
2351:Genres
2222:T to Z
2217:R to S
2212:N to G
2207:K to M
2202:G to J
2197:C to F
2192:A to B
2159:Russia
2154:Kosovo
2134:France
2129:Canada
2117:Brazil
2026:Galant
1864:People
1610:
1585:
1565:
1540:
1034:
712:Dvořák
704:Gounod
675:London
616:, and
588:operas
582:under
543:, the
469:Handel
323:Handel
296:treble
292:psalms
254:, and
248:violin
162:ballad
112:. The
94:, and
90:, the
75:, and
69:Dvořák
61:Gounod
2346:Lists
2149:Italy
1889:Sport
1884:Songs
1859:Media
720:Elgar
630:songs
473:Haydn
252:cello
77:Elgar
1844:Jazz
1793:Flag
1608:OCLC
1596:2009
1583:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1551:2013
1538:ISBN
1437:2013
1045:2013
1032:ISBN
910:and
883:and
845:The
791:and
694:The
660:and
523:and
511:and
491:and
481:Abel
479:and
455:The
415:and
383:The
337:and
327:Arne
325:and
250:and
218:Rome
102:and
1824:Art
341:in
333:in
278:or
216:in
24:in
2420::
1425:,
1363:^
1252:^
1127:^
1076:^
1016:^
989:^
918:,
891:.
834:.
801:.
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
656:,
652:,
551:,
547:,
519:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
487:,
475:,
361:.
282:.
266:,
246:,
172:.
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
1939:e
1932:t
1925:v
1660:e
1653:t
1646:v
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