Cinema of Germany - Knowledge

1890:, appears at first to be cynical fool, but turns out to an anti-Nazi who is secretly sabotaging the German war effort by designing faulty planes. Bartov commented that in this film, the German officer corps is shown as a group of fundamentally noble and civilized men who happened to be serving an evil regime made up of a small gang of gangsterish misfits totally unrepresentative of German society, which served to exculpate both the officer corps and by extension Germany society. Bartov wrote that no German film of the 1950s showed the deep commitment felt by many German soldiers to National Socialism, the utter ruthless way the German Army fought the war and the mindless nihilist brutality of the later Wehrmacht. Bartov wrote that German film-makers liked to show the heroic last stand of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, but none has so far showed the 6th Army's massive co-operation with the 448: 3631: 2280:, and the German Federal Film Board (a government body created in 1968 to support film-making in Germany). This accord, which has been repeatedly extended up to the present day, provides for the television companies to make available an annual sum to support the production of films which are suitable for both theatrical distribution and television presentation. (The amount of money provided by the public broadcasters has varied between 4.5 and 12.94 million euros per year. Under the terms of the accord, films produced using these funds can only be screened on television 24 months after their theatrical release. They may appear on video or DVD no sooner than six months after cinema release. Nevertheless, the New German Cinema found it difficult to attract a large domestic or international audience. 3785: 3687: 3617: 463:

themselves were resisting anything that was "German". But the ban imposed on German films involved commercial considerations as well – as an American president of one of the film companies was quoted, "an influx of such films in the United States would throw thousands of our own... out of work, because it would be absolutely impossible for the American producers to compete with the German producers". At home, the German film industry confronted an unstable economic situation and the devaluation of the currency made it difficult for the smaller production companies to function. Film industry financing was a fragile business and expensive productions occasionally led to bankruptcy. In 1925 UFA itself was forced to go into a disadvantageous partnership called

224: 3561: 3006: 1409: 3448: 3771: 1230: 879: 3729: 2550: 3827: 3547: 3715: 3841: 487: 3813: 1987: 714:(die neue Sachlichkeit) began to take its place. It was influenced by new issues which occupied the public in those years, as the rampant inflation caused deterioration in the economic status of the middle class. These films, often called "street films" or "asphalt films", tried to reflect reality in all its complexity and ugliness. They focused on objects surrounding the characters and cynically symbolized the despair felt by the German people, whose lives were shattered after the war. The most prominent film maker who is associated with this genre is 3757: 3743: 3533: 1438:, or rubble films, which were filmed amidst the rubble of structures bombed during World War II. Early on, production of East German film was limited due to strict controls imposed by the authorities which restricted the subject-matter of films to topics that directly contributed to the Communist project of the state. Excluding newsreels and educational films, only 50 films were produced between 1948 and 1953. However, in later years numerous films were produced on a variety of themes. DEFA had particular strengths in 3589: 3799: 8352: 2412: 326: 3855: 6348: 1166: 6823: 550: 865:. This style was in many ways a reaction against the spectacle of expressionism and thus tended to revolve around ordinary people from the lower-middle-class. Films of this genre were often called "instinct" films because they emphasized the impulses and intimate psychology of the characters. The sets were kept to a minimum and there was abundant use of camera movements to add complexity to the rather intimate and simple spaces. Associated with this particular style is also screenwriter 3659: 3645: 3673: 3575: 935: 2750:

has to fulfill different requirements including a cultural eligibility test. The fund offers 50 million euros a year to film producers and or co-producers and grants can amount to up to 20% of the approved German production costs. At least 25% the production costs must be spent in Germany, or only 20%, if the production costs are higher than 20 million euros. The DFFF has been established in 2007 and supported projects in all categories and genres.

1761: 801: 3603: 2533: 3904: 4667: 3890: 6808: 8338: 4001: 3876: 2233: 707:'s second wife. In these films, Lubitsch presented prominent historic personalities who are caught up by their weaknesses and petty urges and thus, ironically, become responsible for huge historical events. Despite modest budgets, his films included extravagant scenes which were meant to appeal to a wide audience and insure a wide international distribution. 523:, which was incorporated into UFA, expanded massively and gave the German film industry a highly developed infrastructure. Babelsberg remained the centre of German filmmaking for many years, became the largest film studio in Europe and produced most of the films in this "golden era" of German cinema. In essence it was "the German equivalent to Hollywood". 39: 1872:, the focus is on celebrating the heroism of the German soldier in that battle, who are shown as valiantly holding out against overwhelming odds with no mention at all of what those soldiers were fighting for, namely National Socialist ideology or the Holocaust. This period also saw a number of films that depicted the military 1854:(1958) dealing with German POWs in the Soviet Union, Germans are portrayed as more civilized, humane and intelligent than the Soviets, who are shown for the most part as Mongol savages who brutalized the German POWs. One of the German POWs successfully seduces the beautiful and tough Red Army Captain Alexandra Kasalniskaya ( 3701: 3033:

in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With 274,000 tickets sold and 487,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival worldwide. Up to 400 films are shown in several sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world.

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provided new competition for theatrical film distribution. Cinema attendance, having rallied slightly in the late 1970s after an all-time low of 115.1 million visits in 1976, dropped sharply again from the mid-1980s to end at just 101.6 million visits in 1989. However, the availability of a

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who is using a sleepwalker to perform a series of murders. The film featured a dark and twisted visual style – the set was unrealistic with geometric images painted on the floor and shapes in light and shadow cast on walls, the acting was exaggerated and the costumes bizarre. These stylistic elements

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Cinemas themselves began to be established landmarks in the years immediately before World War I. Before this, German filmmakers would tour with their works, travelling from fairground to fairground. The earliest ongoing cinemas were set up in cafes and pubs by owners who saw a way of attracting more

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Despite the advent of a regular television service in the Federal Republic in 1952, cinema attendances continued to grow through much of the 1950s, reaching a peak of 817.5 million visits in 1956. The majority of the films of this period set out to do no more than entertain the audience and had

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which enabled film production to get off the ground more quickly than in the Western sectors. The authorities in the Soviet Zone were keen to re-establish the film industry in their sector and an order was issued to re-open cinemas in Berlin in May 1945 within three weeks of German capitulation. The

1266:(1940), which achieved commercial success at home and elsewhere in Europe, the majority of German films from the National Socialist period were intended principally as works of entertainment. The import of foreign films was legally restricted after 1936 and the German industry, which was effectively 2749:

The main production incentive provided by governmental authorities is the Deutscher Filmförderfonds (DFFF) (German Federal Film Fund). The DFFF is a grant given by the Staatsministerin für Kultur und Medien (Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media). To receive the grant a producer

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The collapse of the GDR had a large effect on the German cinema industry. The viewer count increased with the new population's access to western movies. The movies produced in the United States were the most popular, due to the fact that the market was dominated by them and the production was more

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film-makers such as Kluge and Fassbinder are examples of this, although Fassbinder in his use of stars from German cinema history also sought a reconciliation between the new cinema and the old. In addition, a distinction is sometimes drawn between the avantgarde "Young German Cinema" of the 1960s

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in their rejection of the existing German film industry and their determination to build a new cinema founded on artistic and social measures rather than commercial success. Most of these directors organized themselves in, or partially co-operated with, the film production and distribution company

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film industry of the 1950s could no longer measure up to that of France, Italy, or Japan. German films were only rarely distributed internationally as they were perceived as provincial. International co-productions of the kind which were becoming common in France and Italy tended to be rejected by

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films were produced, which equalled the Allies' films in the matter of propaganda and disparagement of the enemy. Audiences however did not care to swallow the patriotic medicine without the accompanying sugar of the light-entertainment films which, consequently, Ufa also promoted. The German film

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left a noticeable gap in the market. By 1916, there already existed some 2000 fixed venues for movie performances and initially film screenings were supplemented or even replaced by variety turns. In 1917 a process of concentration and partial nationalisation of the German film industry began with

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The roots of the problem lay deeper in changing economic and social circumstances. Average incomes in the Federal Republic rose sharply and this opened up alternative leisure activities to compete with cinema-going. At this time too, television was developing into a mass medium that could compete

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In the final years of the GDR, the availability of television and the programming and films on television broadcasts reaching into the GDR via the uncontrollable airwaves, reduced the influence of DEFA productions, although its continuing role in producing shows for East German television channel

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Nevertheless, the German film industry enjoyed an unprecedented development – during the 14 years which comprise the Weimar period, an average of 250 film were being produced each year, a total of 3,500 full-feature films. Apart from UFA, about 230 film companies were active in Berlin alone. This

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In its earliest days, the cinematograph was perceived as an attraction for upper class audiences, but the novelty of moving pictures did not last long. Soon, trivial short films were being shown as fairground attractions aimed at the working class and lower-middle class. The booths in which these

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Critics accuse film funding in Germany of being institutionally fragmented, making it virtually impossible to coordinate all measures, which would ultimately benefit the quality of productions. They also say that a blanket distribution of grants stifles the incentive to produce films that recoup

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also began to establish funding institutions, often with the intention of supporting their own production locations. Today, film funding by the federal states makes up the largest share of film funding in Germany. A total of more than 200 million euros in grants are distributed annually, with an

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year of 1945 cinema attendance was unsurprisingly down to a fraction of its wartime heights, but already by the end of the decade it had reached levels that exceeded the pre-war period. For the first time in many years, German audiences had free access to cinema from around the world and in this

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Internationally, German productions are benefitting from streaming. Their global market share is rising. Domestically, the German movies improved their market share of about 16% in 1996 to around 30% in 2021., so the movie culture is partly recognized to be underfunded, problem laden and rather

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films. The only exception is the Jewish American officer, who is shown as both hyper-intelligent and very unscrupulous, which Bartov noted seems to imply that the real tragedy of World War II was the Nazis did not get a chance to exterminate all of the Jews, who have now returned with Germany's

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Having achieved some of its goals, among them the establishment of state funding for the film industry and renewed international recognition for German films, the New German Cinema had begun to show signs of fatigue by the 1980s, even though many of its proponents continued to enjoy individual

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showed an interest, but possibly due to financial difficulties, never made a sound film. But in the late 1920s, sound production and distribution were starting to be adopted by the German film industry and by 1932 Germany had 3,800 cinemas equipped to play sound films. The first filmmakers who

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The festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the media exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the

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In the late 1950s, the growth in cinema attendance of the preceding decade first stagnated and then went into freefall throughout the 1960s. By 1969 West German cinema attendance at 172.2 million visits per year was less than a quarter of its 1956 post-war peak. As a consequence of this,

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The German film industry, which was protected during the war by the ban on foreign films import, became exposed at the end of the war to the international film industry while having to face an embargo, this time on its own films. Many countries banned the import of German films and audiences

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from the United States. Nonetheless, the share of the film market for German films in this period and into the 1950s remained relatively large, taking up some 40 percent of the total market. American films took up around 30 percent of the market despite having around twice as many films in

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portrayed a man torn between his homosexual tendencies and the moral and social conventions. It is considered to be the first German film to deal with homosexuality and some researchers even believe it to be the first in the world to examine this issue explicitly. That same year, the film

1725:(1948), and are concerned primarily with day-to-day life in the devastated Germany and an initial reaction to the events of the Nazi period (the full horror of which was first experienced by many in documentary footage from liberated concentration camps). Such films include 1313:(1943) was another big-budget epic that arguably inspired other films about the ill-fated ocean liner. The importance of the cinema as a tool of the state, both for its propaganda value and its ability to keep the populace entertained, can be seen in the filming history of 1125:

that he asked Lang to become the head of his propaganda film unit. Lang fled to America instead, where he had a long and prosperous career. Many up-and-coming German directors also fled to the U.S., having a major influence on American film as a result. A number of the

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film trilogy of 1954–55 concerns a sensitive young German soldier who would rather play the piano than fight, and who fights on the Eastern Front without understanding why; however, no mention is made of the genocidal aspects of Germany's war in East. The last of the

357:: "If one looks to where cinema receives its ultimate power, into these strangely flickering eyes that point far back into human history, suddenly it stands there in all its massiveness: visual pleasure." Visually striking sets and makeup were key to the style of the 1221:

and thus denied employment in the industry. Some 3,000 individuals were affected by this employment ban. In addition, as journalists were also organised as a division of the Propaganda Ministry, Goebbels was able to abolish film criticism in 1936 and replace it with

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Due to the unstable economic condition and in an attempt to deal with modest production budgets, filmmakers were trying to reach the largest audience possible and in that, to maximize their revenues. This led to films being made in a vast array of genres and styles.

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back catalogue of films on video also allowed for a different relationship between the viewer and an individual film, while private TV channels brought new money into the film industry and provided a launch pad from which new talent could later move into film.

1572:(1966) which was pulled from distribution after three days, not because it was antipathetic to communist principles, but because it showed that such principles, which it fostered, were not put into practice at all times in East Germany. The huge box-office hit 1997:

numerous German production and distribution companies went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s and cinemas across the Federal Republic closed their doors; the number of screens in West Germany almost halved between the beginning and the end of the decade.

2784:, many feature films were initially supported by federal guarantees. However, film funding in its current form did not develop until the 1950s, when television began to supplant motion pictures. In 1967, a film funding law was passed for the first time. The 679:

Despite its significance, expressionist cinema was not the dominant genre of this era. Many other genres such as period dramas, melodramas, romantic comedies, and films of social and political nature, were much more prevalent and definitely more popular.

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Initially, the crisis was perceived as a problem of overproduction. Consequently, the German film industry cut back on production. 123 German movies were produced in 1955, only 65 in 1965. However, many German film companies followed the 1960s trends of

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In the 1960s more than three-quarters of the regular cinema audience were lost as consequence of the rising popularity of TV sets at home. As a reaction to the artistic and economic stagnation of German cinema, a group of young film-makers issued the

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approach in the 1960s, filmmakers were still subject to the changing political positions, and indeed the whims, of the SED leadership. For example, DEFA's full slate of contemporary films from 1966 were denied distribution, among them Frank Beyer's

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The uncertain economic and political situation in Weimar Germany had already led to a number of film-makers and performers leaving the country, primarily for the United States; Ernst Lubitsch moved to Hollywood as early as 1923, the Hungarian-born

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Pabst is also identified with another genre which branched from the New Objectivity – that of social and political films. These filmmakers dared to confront sensitive and controversial social issues which engaged the public in those days; such as

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in Paris on 28 December of the same year, a performance that Max Skladanowsky attended and at which he was able to ascertain that the Cinematographe was technically superior to his Bioscop. Other German film pioneers included the Berliners

1639:(DEFA Foundation) which exploits these rights in conjunction with a series of private companies, especially the quickly privatized Progress Film GmbH, which has issued several East German films with English subtitles since the mid-1990s. 2709:

Germany has a long tradition of cooperation with the European-based film industry, which started as early as during the 1960s. Since 1990 the number of international projects financed and co-produced by German filmmakers has expanded.

1199:(Reich Chamber of Film), the body of the Nazi state charged with control of the film industry, which marked the official exclusion of Jews and foreigners from employment in the German film industry. As part of the process of 841:

and published in 1919. The novel described a dark world consumed by disease and war. The filmmakers decided to take the story to a more contemporary context by reflecting the growing fear among the German public of political

2265:. However, the broadcasters sought TV premieres for the films which they had supported financially, with theatrical showings only occurring later. As a consequence, such films tended to be unsuccessful at the box office. 1827:

wrote that German films of the 1950s showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim: noble, tough, brave, honourable, and patriotic while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for. The

2761:). For the first time in Germany high-profile tv series and digital filmmaking will be funded at a federal level in the same manner as feature films. Funding is also increasingly flowing to international co-productions. 736:(1927). Pabst is also credited with innovations in film editing, such as reversing the angle of the camera or cutting between two camera angles, which enhanced film continuity and later became standards of the industry. 298:. Film-makers with an artistic bent attempted to counter this view of cinema with longer films based on literary models, and the first German "artistic" films began to be produced from around 1910, an example being the 2302:

but combined this eclectically with references to the well-established genres of Hollywood cinema. The New German Cinema dealt with contemporary German social problems in a direct way; the Nazi past, the plight of the

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and aims to provide native filmmakers a forum for discussion and a way to promote the reputation of German cinema through publications, presentations, discussions and regular promotion of the subject in the schools.

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when the cinema provided a distraction from Allied bombing and a string of German defeats. In both 1943 and 1944 cinema admissions in Germany exceeded a billion, and the biggest box office hits of the war years were

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films ends with Germany occupied by a gang of American soldiers portrayed as bubble-gum chewing, slack-jawed morons and uncultured louts, totally inferior in every respect to the heroic German soldiers shown in the

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brought a major and long-lasting change to the economic conditions under which the industry in Germany had previously operated. The holdings of Ufa were confiscated by the Allies and, as part of the process of

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The history of film funding began in Germany with the founding of the UFA GmbH (1917), which was to produce pro-German propaganda films - equipped with funds from industry and banks. During the period of

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The arrival of sound at the very end of the 1920s, produced a final artistic flourish of German film before the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933. As early as 1918, three inventors came up with the

1858:) who prefers him to the sadistic camp commandant, which as Bartov comments also is meant to show that even in defeat, German men were more sexually virile and potent than their Russian counterparts. In 2225: 827:

were produced throughout the 1920s and were popular with the nationalist right-wing, who strongly criticised the "asphalt" films' decadence. Another dark chapter of the Weimar period was reflected in

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advanced than Germany's. Some other genres that were popular consisted of Romantic Comedies, and Social Commentaries. Wolfgang Petersen and Roland Emmerich both established international success.

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were particularly popular in Germany. The public's desire to see more films with particular actors led to the development in Germany, as elsewhere, of the phenomenon of the film star; the actress

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were of little interest to more scholarly film critics, but in recent years they have been the subject of study in relation to what they say about the culture of West Germany in the years of the

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Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

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industry was attracting producers and directors from all over Europe. The fact that the films were silent and language was not a factor, enabled even foreign actors, like the Danish film star

1193:, Alfred Hugenberg had effectively turned over Ufa to the ends of the Nazis, excluding Jews from employment in the company in March 1933, several months before the foundation in June of the 428:(UFA), which was partly a reaction to the very effective use that the Allied Powers had found for the new medium for the purpose of propaganda. Under the aegis of the military, so-called 6699: 6171: 2255:

were consequently often dependent on money from television. Young filmmakers had the opportunity to test their mettle in such programmes as the stand-alone drama and documentary series

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Deutscher Filmförderfonds (DFFF) (German Federal Film Fund) of the Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien (Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media)

750:(1929), tells the story of a young woman who has a child out of wedlock, is thrown out into the street by her family and has to resort to prostitution to survive. As early as 1919, 266:

in Berlin. A 15-minute series of eight short films were shown – the first screening of films to a paying audience. This performance pre-dated the first paying public display of the

2139:(1970) and its successors were produced into the 1970s. Such movies were commercially successful and often enjoyed international distribution, but won little acclaim from critics. 519:, to be hired even for leading roles. This period can also be noted for new technological developments in film making and experimentation in set design and lighting, led by UFA. 1405:, had also been established as a similar monopoly for domestic film distribution, its principal "competition" being Sovexportfilm, which handled distribution of Soviet films. 1254:

state, no films could be made that were not ostensibly in accord with the views of the ruling regime. However, despite the existence of anti-semitic propaganda works such as

2370:. The New German Cinema also allowed for female directors to come to the fore and for the development of a feminist cinema which encompassed the works of directors such as 2342:(1984) found critical approval. Often the work of these auteurs was first recognised abroad rather than in Germany itself. The work of post-war Germany's leading novelists 1428:

In total, DEFA produced some 900 feature films during its existence as well as around 800 animated films and over 3000 documentaries and short films. In 1946 DEFA produced

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film production being a notable example. Technical and aesthetic achievement could also be turned to the specific ends of the Nazi state, most spectacularly in the work of

3630: 1323:(1945), the most expensive film of the Nazi era, for the shooting of which tens of thousands of soldiers were diverted from their military positions to appear as extras. 8731: 8683: 744:, prostitution and homosexuality. To a large extent, Weimar cinema was playing a vibrant and important role by leading public debate on those issues. Pabst, in his film 6116: 4368: 783:. In the background, a love story also evolves between a young Russian student and the daughter of the leader of the Jewish community, something that was considered a 6660:(Wallflower Press, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2012) 264 pages; analyses of 24 works from silent movies to such contemporary films as "Good Bye, Lenin!" 6052: 8688: 8540: 1154:

also emigrated from Nazi Germany to Hollywood success. Not all those in the film industry threatened by the Nazi regime were able to escape; the actor and director

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was initially threatened with a distribution ban because of its satirical elements and supposedly only allowed a release on the say-so of Party General Secretary

1474:(1966) in which, in contrast to the typical American western, the heroes tended to be Native Americans. Many of these genre films were co-productions with other 8610: 1823:

in 1955 brought with it a wave of war films which tended to depict the ordinary German soldiers of World War II as brave and apolitical. The Israeli historian

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Despite the emigration of many film-makers and the political restrictions, the period was not without technical and aesthetic innovations, the introduction of

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in 1937, had to make up for the missing foreign films (above all American productions). Entertainment also became increasingly important in the later years of

6304: 369:, and this is where films were viewed for the most part before the First World War broke out. The first standalone, dedicated cinema in Germany was opened in 8721: 4363: 2713:

The new millennium since 2000 has seen a general resurgence of the German film industry, with a higher output and improved returns at the German box office.

8741: 8726: 8673: 5421: 8711: 5338: 8418: 6755: 593:, it was not surprising that these films focused heavily on crime and horror. The film usually credited with sparking the popularity of expressionism is 8736: 8565: 4614: 3085:

are elected by the members of the Deutsche Filmakademie. With a cash prize of three million euros it is the most highly endowed German cultural award.

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or "chamber drama", which was borrowed from the theater and developed by stage director, who would later become a film producer and director himself,

3922: 3524: 204: 4904: 4348: 3686: 1925:(abbreviation for the German term "Kriminalfilm" (or "Kriminalroman"). Other Edgar Wallace adaptations in a similar style were made by the Germans 5290:"Humanity Unleashed: Anti-Bolshevism as Popular Culture in Early Weimar Cinema" in The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema (Edited by Christian Rogowski) 1860: 6273: 6196: 3784: 2184:("The old cinema is dead. We believe in the new cinema"). Other up-and-coming filmmakers allied themselves to this Oberhausen group, among them 1945:

German producers (Schneider 1990:43). However a few German films and film-makers did achieve international recognition at this time, among them

975:, was also shot in two versions – German and English, with a different supporting cast in each version. It is considered to be Germany's first " 7263: 1376:

East German cinema initially profited from the fact that much of the country's film infrastructure, notably the former UFA studios, lay in the

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was founded on 17 May 1946, and took control of the film production facilities in the Soviet Zone which had been confiscated by order of the

2777:(1933–1945), the state indirectly promoted the financing of film projects by establishing the Filmkreditbank GmbH (FKB) (Film Credit Bank). 787:

at the time. Later on, in an attempt to reflect the rapidly growing anti-Semitic atmosphere, Oswald confronted the same issue with his film

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with the cinema. In 1953 there were only 1,000,000 sets in West Germany; by 1962 there were 7 million (Connor 1990:49) (Hoffman 1990:69).

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experimented with the new technology often shot the film in several versions, using several soundtracks in different languages. The film

447: 6226: 5726: 1783:("homeland film"), in which morally simplistic tales of love and family were played out in a rural setting, often in the mountains of 6926: 6091: 4029: 3927: 3461: 1386: 5403: 4933:"Ottomar Anschütz, Kinogeschichte, lebender Bilder, Kino, erste-Kinovorführung, Kinovorführung, Projektion, Kinoe, Bewegungsbilder" 3497: 3451: 2352: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 4879: 4604: 4333: 3616: 2612: 1583:

In the late 1970s, numerous film-makers left the GDR for the West as a result of restrictions on their work, among them director

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However, film-making in the GDR was always constrained and oriented by the political situation in the country at any given time.

1217:. "Non-Aryan" film professionals and those whose politics or personal life were unacceptable to the Nazis were excluded from the 599: 7273: 3034:

Around twenty films compete for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been

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In 2015, the Deutsche Filmförderungsfond was reduced from 60 million euros to 50 million euros. To compensate, Finance minister

1226:(film observation); journalists could only report on the content of a film, not offer judgement on its artistic or other worth. 8390: 7253: 7030: 2283:

The socially critical films of the New German Cinema strove to delineate themselves from what had gone before and the works of

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were among the regular players. The traditional Krimi films expanded into series based on German pulp fiction heroes such as

6863: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6743: 6729: 6483: 6424: 6369: 6362: 6036: 5297: 5126: 5063: 5033: 5008: 4980: 4955: 4916: 4740: 4378: 2597: 1972: 1401:(GDR) after 1949, formally placing DEFA as the state-owned monopoly for film production in East Germany. A sister "company", 638: 437: 400:

was one of the earliest German stars. Public desire to see popular film stories being continued encouraged the production of

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and the more accessible "New German Cinema" of the 1970s. For their influences the new generation of film-makers looked to

6774: 5168: 4338: 1293: 6242: 2788:-based Filmförderungsanstalt (FFA) (Film Funding Agency) was the first major funding institution to be founded in 1968. 7740: 6992: 4839: 4787: 3018: 3010: 2757:

announced that the difference will be made up from the budget of the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (

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few pretensions to artistry or active engagement with social issues. The defining genre of the period was arguably the

1366: 1078: 846:. They produced what was to become the first fictional account of the events of January 1919 in Berlin, the so-called " 5446: 3826: 1354:, pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that have influenced many later films. Both films, particularly 656:. The Expressionist movement began to wane during the mid-1920s, but perhaps the fact that its main creators moved to 8518: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6708: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6506: 5847: 5820: 5640: 5613: 5583: 5531: 5504: 5474: 5252: 5200: 4024: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2522: 2401: 2143: 1976: 1470: 989: 771:

came to the screen. This film was the first to make the German public aware of the consequences of anti-Semitism and

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nominations for a German film (six). Other notable film-makers who came to prominence in the 1980s include producer

797:", which until today remains one of the most striking examples of miscarriage of justice and blatant anti-Semitism. 8448: 8141: 6944: 6301: 4690: 4574: 3818: 3159: 2627: 2437: 2248: 1448: 1394: 999: 927: 6289: 3457:

Several institutions, both government run and private, provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking.

6789: 6607: 2906: 1358:, remain highly controversial, as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandising of Nazi ideals. 883: 6760: 4408: 3714: 1705:

Many of the German films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as belonging to the genre of the

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German production companies have been quite commonly involved in expensive French and Italian productions from

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Bordwell, David and Thompson, Kristen. (2003) "Film History An Introduction". New York: McGraw-Hill, p.200.

4569: 4353: 4343: 4323: 3840: 2309:("guest workers"), and modern social developments, were all subjects prominent in New German Cinema films. 1632: 1526: 1434:, which was the first German film released after World War II and created the groundwork for the so-called 726: 193:

became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later.

5757: 1731: 1430: 223: 8716: 8493: 8161: 7885: 4813: 4683: 4466: 3947: 3742: 3546: 2332: 2002: 1873: 1256: 570: 554: 358: 338: 260: 228: 194: 5810: 8762: 8383: 8321: 7930: 7847: 7771: 7023: 6921: 6782: 6600: 4646: 4609: 3672: 3417: 3361: 2632: 1516: 1417: 1398: 909:, in which individuals were shown battling against nature in the mountains. Animators and directors of 871: 689: 660:, allowed this style to remain influential in world cinema for years to come, particularly in American 189:

made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology.

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established in 1971, which throughout the 1970s brought forth a number of critically acclaimed films.

8580: 8575: 8306: 8085: 7998: 7572: 6852: 6476: 6270: 6187: 3942: 3798: 3532: 3201: 2320: 1643: 979:" and will always be remembered as the film that made an international superstar of its lead actress 756: 231:, here in 1940, was the site of the first cinema screening ever, with 8 short films presented by the 4865: 3756: 3588: 3447: 1671:, licences to produce films were shared between a range of much smaller companies. In addition, the 1408: 622:(1922), a classic period-piece horror film that remains the first feature-length film adaptation of 5147: 4732: 4564: 4045: 3173: 2236: 2185: 1850: 1753: 1262: 1229: 613: 3854: 3644: 2209: 2013:

films with films shot in those nations or in Yugoslavia that featured German actors in the casts.

1557: 807:, one of the biggest stars in German cinema history, was also a vocal figure in terms of politics. 283:(which allows the film to be advanced intermittently one frame at a time) in a projector, and the 8178: 6066: 4720: 4641: 4444: 4430: 4053: 3658: 3187: 2503: 2366:(1979) (by Schlöndorff alone) respectively, the latter becoming the first German film to win the 1159: 732: 5368: 878: 8255: 7725: 7625: 7597: 7539: 7299: 7192: 6939: 6192: 4440: 4318: 4134: 4118: 4114: 2916: 2901: 2895: 2510: 2215: 1659: 1377: 1117: 711: 657: 644: 491: 5630: 5603: 5573: 5521: 5464: 3700: 3025:, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held in 2134: 8640: 8376: 8316: 8273: 8166: 8111: 8090: 8073: 7988: 7605: 7420: 7405: 7355: 7350: 7146: 7016: 6916: 6355: 6223: 5937:

edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 pages 132–133.

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edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 pages 134–135.

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between 1959 and 1972 are the best-known of those, to the extent that they form their own

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edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 139.

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