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and admired the mothering skills of the native women, remarking that " is carried about on the mother's back, a position it loves, it sleeps close beside her, it is nourished whenever it cries, and on the whole it does remarkably well on this treatment", while traditional
British parenting recommended the separation of mothers from their infants whenever possible. The article concludes by recognising Williams' contribution to the field of primary health care, stating that after the war and into the modern day, her views becoming the 'gospel for the next generation'.
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317:, a vitamin deficiency, but Williams disagreed, and carried out autopsies on the dead children at great personal risk to herself (there were no antibiotics in colonial Ghana, and she became severely ill with streptococcal haemolysis from a cut during one such procedure). Williams asked the local women what they called this condition, and was told
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that it represented "the most serious and widespread nutritional disorder known to medical or nutritional science." In her years with the organisation she lectured and advised on MCH in over 70 countries and was influential in promoting the advantages of local knowledge and resources as key to achieving health and wellness in local communities.
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in Geneva, and later transferred back to Malaya to head all maternal and child welfare services in South-East Asia. In 1950, she oversaw the commission of an international survey into kwashiorkor across 10 nations in sub-Saharan Africa. This study found that the condition carried such a health burden
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Williams felt that kwashiorkor was a disease caused mostly through a lack of knowledge and information, and her desire to combine preventive and curative medicine caused her to clash with her superiors and in 1936, after over seven years of service on the Gold Coast, she was transferred 'in disgrace'
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in 1935. This did little to sway medical opinion, and colonial physicians continued to avoid using the term kwashiorkor, or even acknowledge that it was a distinct condition from pellagra, despite the continued deaths of thousands of children who were being treated for the latter condition. Williams
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into a family which had lived there for generations. She was the daughter of James
Rowland Williams (1860-1916), and Margaret Emily Caroline Farewell (1862-1953). Her father is said to have remarked, when Cicely was nine years old, that she had better become a lady doctor as she was unlikely to find
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in northeastern Malaya, and was responsible for 23 other doctors and some 300,000 patients. In 1941 the
Japanese invaded, and Williams was forced to trek to Singapore to safety. Shortly after her arrival, Singapore too fell to the Japanese, and she was interned first at the Sime Road camp, and then
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for the local community. She also began a patient information card system to assist with record keeping. Williams, while supportive of modern medicine and scientific techniques, was one of the few colonial physicians who gave credence to traditional medicine and local knowledge. Williams noted that
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Williams was employed specifically as a "Woman
Medical Officer"- a distinction she disagreed with, not least because it meant she was paid a lower rate than her male counterparts. Her role on the Gold Coast was to treat acutely ill infants and children, and give advice at a clinic level. Faced with
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when she was 19. She deferred her place at college, as she returned to
Jamaica to help her parents after a devastating series of earthquakes and hurricanes. After the death of her father in 1916 Williams, then 23, returned to Oxford and began studying medicine. Williams was one of the first females
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Another article also recognised her for pioneering the field of maternal and child specific medicine, as during her early days in Ghana, such works was devalued as 'women's work' and outside the realms of proper modern medicine. She took copious photographs and notes cataloguing her time in Ghana,
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In 1968, Dr
Williams was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (CMG), and introduced to Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. The Queen reputedly remarked: "I can't remember where you've been." To which Williams replied, "Many places." "Doing what?" asked Her
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in praise of Dr
Williams' ability to identify and acknowledge the social context of diseases such as kwashiorkor, he mentions that her translation of the concept had yet to be bettered almost 70 years later, and commended her for her respect for local traditions, as evidenced by her referring to
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Following an outbreak of "vomiting sickness" in
Jamaica in 1951 the Government ordered an investigation "to improve child care and investigate the causes of food poisoning". Between 1951-1953 Dr. Williams coordinated this research and the results were published. This eventually led to the
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was high, newborns were not represented nearly as highly as toddlers between two and four years. The repeated presentation of young children with swollen bellies and stick thin limbs who very often died despite treatment, piqued Dr
Williams' interest. This condition was often diagnosed as
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with 6,000 other prisoners. She was jailed for three-and-a-half years at Changi, and became one of the camp leaders, a position that led to her being removed for six months to the Kempe Tai headquarters where she was tortured, starved and kept in cages with dying men. Williams suffered
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Her colleagues in the colonies were quick to oppose her claims, particularly H.S. Stannus, regarded as an expert on
African nutritional deficiency, and Williams thus followed up her paper with another, more directly contrasting kwashiorkor and pellagra, published in
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In Malaya, Williams found a very different health care problem: The mortality of newborn infants was extremely high. She became incensed after learning that companies were employing women dressed as nurses to go to tenement houses and convince new mothers that
278:. It was here that Williams decided to specialise in paediatrics, acknowledging that to be an effective physician she must have first hand knowledge of a child's home environment and background, a notion which would come to define her medical practice.
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In writing about Africans of the Gold Coast, Dr Williams noted: "compared to the white races, he seems to lack initiative and constructive ideas, although he may be shrewd to judge the attainment of others... he is almost invariably dishonest"
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Due to the end of World War I, and the return of male physicians, Williams found it difficult to find a medical position following graduation. She worked for a term in Salonika with Turkish refugees. She completed a course at the
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pronounced her as having fulfilled the "physician's dream" of diagnosing, investigating and discovering the cure for a new disease, and commended her for doing such in an environment without modern medical resources.
323:, which Williams translated as "disease of the deposed child". Her findings- that the condition was due to a lack of protein in the diets of weanlings after the arrival of a new baby- were published in the
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was exporting the milk to Malaysia and advertising it as "ideal for delicate infants". In 1939 Williams was invited to address the Singapore Rotary Club, the chairman of which was also the president of
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225:, Williams was instrumental in advancing the field of maternal and child health in developing nations, and in 1948 became the first director of Mother and Child Health (MCH) at the newly created
562:, taking the title from Williams' declaration after her 'official retirement' at the age of 71. Dr Williams however continued actively travelling and speaking into her early 90s.
229:(WHO). She once remarked that "if you learn your nutrition from a biochemist, you're not likely to learn how essential it is to blow a baby's nose before expecting him to suck."
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Baumslag, Naomi (October 1986) "Primary Health Care Pioneer: The Selected Works of Dr. Cicely D. Williams". American Public Health Association.
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387:"Misguided propaganda on infant feeding should be punished as the most miserable form of sedition; these deaths should be regarded as murder."
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Carothers, J.C. (1953) "The African Mind in Health and Disease: a Study in Ethnopsychiatry". Geneva: World Health Organization.
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the shocking rate of death and illness in the community, Williams trained nurses to do out-reach visits, and created
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and for recognising malnutrition was more likely to be caused by lack of nutritional knowledge rather than poverty.
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Hensley, Kelly (1996). "Cicely Delphin Williams". In Shearer, Benjamin F.; Shearer, Barbara S. (eds.).
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806:. Archives of Disease in Childhood (hosted by British Medical Journal Online). Retrieved 28 July 2012.
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422:"20 babies were born, 20 babies were breastfed, 20 babies survived, you can't do better than that".
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Williams oversaw the development and running of a primary health care center in the province of
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755:"Dr Cicely Williams: Jamaica's Gift to the Field for Maternal and Child Health Care 1893–1992"
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Majesty. With typical modesty, Williams replied, "Mostly looking after children."
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Nutritional conditions among women and children in internment in the civilian camp
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_____, "Oxford–Saturday. Degrees for Women". Yorkshire Post, 1 November 1920. 9.
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917:. Royal College of Physicians: Royal College of Physicians: 584. 6 June 1967.
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Many authors have written of her achievements. In 2005, a Ghanaian physician
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http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41138/1/WHO_MONO_17_%28part1%29.pdf
661:. Royal College of Physicians: Royal College of Physicians: 584. 6 June 1967
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In 1986 Dr Williams was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science from the
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and advancing the field of maternal and child health in developing nations
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Primary Health Care Pioneer: The Selected Works of Dr Cicely D. Williams
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838:. World Public Health Nutrition Association. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
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Notable Women in the Life Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary
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456:. She stayed for four years, and in her time worked with the
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From 1953–1955 she was a senior lecturer in Nutrition at the
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Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia (2002).
629:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 396–400.
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Retired, Except on Demand: The Life of Dr Cicely Williams
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On her return to England, Williams wrote a report titled
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887:"Report on Vomiting Sickness in Jamaica. 1954, 194 pp."
373:. This practice was illegal in England and Europe, but
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couldn't believe you unless you wore stripy trousers."
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In 1983 Sally Craddock published a biography entitled
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identification of the hypoglycaemic effects of unripe
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Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
214:and other artificial baby milks as substitutes for
854:. British Medical Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
608:Williams died in Oxford in 1992 at the age of 98.
286:(LSHTM) from 1928–9 and afterwards applied to the
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450:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
270:in 1923, at 31, and worked for two years at the
180:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
852:"There is nothing mysterious about kwashiorkor"
340:remarked about the ongoing issue "These men in
237:Cicely Delphine Williams was born in Kew Park,
464:. She also worked with at risk communities in
284:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
99:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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715:. The Independent UK. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
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460:(UNRWA) with the Palestinian refugees in the
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272:Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children
221:One of the first female graduates of
168:Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children
1572:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
1567:Recipients of the James Spence Medal
1001:Williams's archives are now held at
850:Konotey-Ahulu, Felix (14 May 2005).
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711:Stanton, Jennifer (16 July 1992).
492:In 1965, Williams was awarded the
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1582:Colonial Medical Service officers
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911:Munks Roll – Lives of the Fellows
655:Munks Roll – Lives of the Fellows
369:was a preferable replacement for
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519:FAO CERES Medal - Silver Obverse
326:Archives of Disease in Childhood
254:and was then awarded a place at
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1557:People from Westmoreland Parish
1547:Alumni of King's College London
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547:kwashiorkor by its local name.
713:"Obituary: Dr Cicely Williams"
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1231:Frederick John William Miller
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454:American University of Beirut
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874:Knutson, Tanja (June 2005).
504:, a nutritional disease, in
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1154:Ronald Stanley Illingworth
1083:Robert Royston Amos Coombs
907:"Cicely Delphine Williams"
802:Gairdner, Douglas (1984).
651:"Cicely Delphine Williams"
256:Somerville College, Oxford
95:Somerville College, Oxford
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288:Colonial Medical Service
266:Williams qualified from
212:sweetened condensed milk
192:Cicely Delphine Williams
25:Cicely Delphine Williams
1552:Jamaican paediatricians
1385:Jonathan Richard Sibert
1219:John Peter Mills Tizard
1130:Ronald Charles MacKeith
1071:Lionel Sharples Penrose
1065:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
968:Retrieved 23 July 2018.
834:Stanton, J (May 2012).
494:James Spence Gold Medal
360:Malaya and World War II
354:University of Singapore
268:King's College Hospital
176:University of Singapore
103:King's College Hospital
1243:David Cornelius Morley
1207:James W. Bruce Douglas
1183:James Mourilyan Tanner
760:15 August 2012 at the
523:1976 FAO Ceres Medal.
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1284:Osmund Royle Reynolds
1166:Kenneth William Cross
1118:Douglas Vernon Hubble
1054:Alan Moncrieff (1960)
941:"Dr Cicely Williamst"
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500:for the discovery of
1444:Albert Aynsley-Green
352:, to lecture at the
1290:Richard H. R. White
1201:John Oldroyd Forfar
1136:Cyril Astley Clarke
1095:Donald W. Winnicott
1003:Wellcome Collection
540:Felix Konotey-Ahulu
528:University of Ghana
1462:Terence Stephenson
1308:Forrester Cockburn
1237:Otto Herbert Wolff
1213:Neil Simson Gordon
1142:Edward John Bowlby
1040:James Spence Medal
1038:Recipients of the
947:. 28 February 2017
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488:Awards and honours
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223:Oxford University
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1456:David Dunger
1450:Ieuan Hughes
1337:Hugh Jackson
1314:David Harvey
1076:
1000:
985:
973:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
935:
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914:
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164:Institutions
158:Biochemistry
139:
67:(1992-07-13)
65:13 July 1992
18:
1542:1992 deaths
1537:1893 births
1367:Lewis Spitz
951:16 December
925:24 December
542:, wrote to
502:Kwashiorkor
428:Later years
320:kwashiorkor
261:World War I
208:kwashiorkor
114:kwashiorkor
81:Nationality
1531:Categories
1480:Alan Emond
1397:Alan Craft
1379:Alan Lucas
1361:David Hall
1320:Roy Meadow
1296:David Hull
1278:June Lloyd
665:20 January
636:0313293023
612:References
544:The Lancet
466:Yugoslavia
462:Gaza Strip
336:The Lancet
308:while the
233:Early life
150:Pediatrics
53:Kew Park,
46:1893-12-02
404:dysentery
394:Trengganu
329:in 1933.
239:Darliston
154:Nutrition
91:Education
75:, England
919:Archived
758:Archived
478:Ethiopia
470:Tanzania
408:beriberi
315:pellagra
496:of the
276:Hackney
247:Jamaica
85:British
55:Jamaica
1517:(2023)
1511:(2022)
1505:(2021)
1499:(2020)
1482:(2019)
1476:(2018)
1470:(2017)
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1079:(1965)
1073:(1964)
1067:(1963)
1061:(1961)
633:
534:Legacy
482:Uganda
474:Cyprus
380:Nestlé
375:Nestlé
350:Malaya
146:Fields
121:Awards
73:Oxford
1490:2020s
1413:2010s
1330:2000s
1253:1990s
1176:1980s
1111:1970s
1047:1960s
574:Death
506:Accra
443:ackee
292:Ghana
274:, in
953:2017
927:2017
667:2018
631:ISBN
480:and
252:Bath
204:FRCP
133:FRCP
62:Died
40:Born
348:to
294:).
200:CMG
129:CMG
1533::
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915:VI
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