4383:; Koren, Sergey; Rhie, Arang; Vollger, Mitchell R.; Gershman, Ariel; Bzikadze, Andrey; Brooks, Shelise; Howe, Edmund; Porubsky, David; Logsdon, Glennis A.; Schneider, Valerie A.; Potapova, Tamara; Wood, Jonathan; Chow, William; Armstrong, Joel; Fredrickson, Jeanne; Pak, Evgenia; Tigyi, Kristof; Kremitzki, Milinn; Markovic, Christopher; Maduro, Valerie; Dutra, Amalia; Bouffard, Gerard G.; Chang, Alexander M.; Hansen, Nancy F.; Wilfert, Amy B.; Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise; Schmitt, Anthony D.; Belton, Jon-Matthew; Selvaraj, Siddarth; Dennis, Megan Y.; Soto, Daniela C.; Sahasrabudhe, Ruta; Kaya, Gulhan; Quick, Josh; Loman, Nicholas J.; Holmes, Nadine; Loose, Matthew; Surti, Urvashi; Risques, Rosa ana; Lindsay, Tina A. Graves; Fulton, Robert; Hall, Ira; Paten, Benedict; Howe, Kerstin; Timp, Winston; Young, Alice; Mullikin, James C.; Pevzner, Pavel A.; Gerton, Jennifer L.; Sullivan, Beth A.; Eichler, Evan E.; Phillippy, Adam M. (14 July 2020).
56:
441:
3900:
2002:
2018:
3379:
5674:
3901:"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"
384:
643:
696:. If the X chromosome has a genetic disease gene, it always causes illness in male patients, since men have only one X chromosome and therefore only one copy of each gene. Females, instead, require both X chromosomes to have the illness, and as a result could potentially only be a carrier of genetic illness, since their second X chromosome overrides the first. For example,
678:. Both males and females retain one of their mother's X chromosomes, and females retain their second X chromosome from their father. Since the father retains his X chromosome from his mother, a human female has one X chromosome from her paternal grandmother (father's side), and one X chromosome from her mother. This inheritance pattern
674:). It represents about 800 protein-coding genes compared to the Y chromosome containing about 70 genes, out of 20,000–25,000 total genes in the human genome. Each person usually has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females typically have two X chromosomes, whereas males typically have one X and one
735:. If X-inactivation in the somatic cell meant a complete de-functionalizing of one of the X-chromosomes, it would ensure that females, like males, had only one functional copy of the X chromosome in each somatic cell. This was previously assumed to be the case. However, recent research suggests that the
1813:
counterpart. Further comparison of the X and Y reveal regions of homology between the two. However, the corresponding region in the Y appears far shorter and lacks regions that are conserved in the X throughout primate species, implying a genetic degeneration for Y in that region. Because males have
342:
The idea that the X chromosome was named after its similarity to the letter "X" is mistaken. All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and take on a well-defined shape only during mitosis. This shape is vaguely X-shaped for all chromosomes. It is entirely coincidental
1906:
X (45,X), which means each cell in a woman's body has only one copy of the X chromosome instead of the usual two copies. Turner syndrome can also occur if one of the sex chromosomes is partially missing or rearranged rather than completely missing. Some women with Turner syndrome have a chromosomal
1850:
by about 15 points, which means that the average IQ in
Klinefelter syndrome is in general in the normal range, although below average. When additional X and/or Y chromosomes are present in 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, or 49,XXXXY, developmental delays and cognitive difficulties can be more severe and mild
1845:
Males with
Klinefelter syndrome typically have one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, for a total of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY). It is less common for affected males to have two or three extra X chromosomes (48,XXXY or 49,XXXXY) or extra copies of both the X and Y
2021:
G-banding patterns of human X chromosome in three different resolutions (400, 550 and 850 Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013). This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the
1993:, in the brain. The female carrier hardly shows any symptoms because females have a copy of the x-cell. This disorder causes a once healthy boy to lose all abilities to walk, talk, see, hear, and even swallow. Within 2 years after diagnosis, most boys with Adrenoleukodystrophy die.
1966:
region of the Y chromosome has recombined to be located on one of the X chromosomes. As a result, the XX combination after fertilization has the same effect as a XY combination, resulting in a male. However, the other genes of the X chromosome cause feminization as well.
1898:
This results when each of a female's cells has one normal X chromosome and the other sex chromosome is missing or altered. The missing genetic material affects development and causes the features of the condition, including short stature and
3875:
1817:
It is estimated that about 10% of the genes encoded by the X chromosome are associated with a family of "CT" genes, so named because they encode for markers found in both tumor cells (in cancer patients) as well as in the human
625:), etc. (Note that this assumes that all ancestors of a given descendant are independent, but if any genealogy is traced far enough back in time, ancestors begin to appear on multiple lines of the genealogy, until eventually, a
559:). The maternal grandfather received his X chromosome from his mother, and the maternal grandmother received X chromosomes from both of her parents, so three great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (
3925:
526:). The male's mother received one X chromosome from her mother (the son's maternal grandmother), and one from her father (the son's maternal grandfather), so two grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (
444:
The number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the
Fibonacci sequence. (After Hutchison, L. "Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family
40:
1801:
It is theorized by Ross et al. 2005 and Ohno 1967 that the X chromosome is at least partially derived from the autosomal (non-sex-related) genome of other mammals, evidenced from interspecies genomic sequence alignments.
3767:
139:
2005:
G-banding ideogram of human X chromosome in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g.
1846:
chromosomes (48,XXYY) in each cell. The extra genetic material may lead to tall stature, learning and reading disabilities, and other medical problems. Each extra X chromosome lowers the child's
1868:
This syndrome results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with trisomy X have three X chromosomes, for a total of 47 chromosomes per cell. The average
1091:
1989:, a rare and fatal disorder that is carried by the mother on the x-cell. It affects only boys between the ages of 5 and 10 and destroys the protective cell surrounding the nerves,
4223:
Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images".
623:
590:
557:
524:
491:
335:). Although the X chromosome could be stained just as well as the others, Henking was unsure whether it was a different class of the object and consequently named it
5262:
4298:
These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013).
1510:
3876:"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"
783:) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.
1876:
of unaffected siblings is 100. Their stature on average is taller than normal females. They are fertile and their children do not inherit the condition.
449:
3926:"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"
4763:
1858:
Klinefelter syndrome can also result from an extra X chromosome in only some of the body's cells. These cases are called mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY.
899:
211:
170:
750:
that compacts the DNA and prevents the expression of most genes. Heterochromatin compaction is regulated by
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (
3768:"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"
1027:
979:
216:
5595:
5160:
711:
The X chromosome carries hundreds of genes but few, if any, of these have anything to do directly with sex determination. Early in
705:
5379:
5295:
5215:
5210:
1970:
394:
715:
development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is permanently inactivated in nearly all somatic cells (cells other than
5252:
4893:
4517:
4242:
4207:
3796:
3468:
932:
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome X. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
452:
noticed that a number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the
297:. The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers, which resulted in the naming of its counterpart
5723:
5257:
3612:
Carrel L, Willard H (2005). "X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females".
927:
767:
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human X chromosome. Because researchers use different approaches to
362:
with
Henking's and others, McClung noted that only half the sperm received an X chromosome. He called this chromosome an
5015:
5713:
1974:
651:
647:
4478:
4756:
427:
3443:, a part of the National Institutes of Health (USA,) which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
5650:
5465:
5032:
3440:
1424:
1418:
836:
351:, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape.
146:
4455:
1842:
Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells.
857:
187:
5573:
3558:
3540:
693:
5630:
4878:
39:
4183:
4170:
3489:
5703:
5645:
5445:
5428:
4749:
4699:
1276:
17:
3825:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5288:
294:
290:
175:
5718:
5583:
5423:
4007:
Harold Chen; Ian Krantz; Mary L Windle; Margaret M McGovern; Paul D Petry; Bruce
Buehler (2013-02-22).
1206:
3585:
5413:
5025:
4510:
228:
204:
55:
5354:
5079:
4863:
4730:
409:
4195:
289:
in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the
5635:
4355:
1925:
1852:
1788:
1782:
1770:
440:
1907:
change in only some of their cells. These cases are called Turner syndrome mosaics (45,X/46,XX).
5551:
5546:
5342:
5337:
5281:
4985:
4958:
3421:
355:
4008:
460:, which he received from his father. The male counts as the "origin" of his own X chromosome (
248:
192:
5708:
5655:
5020:
4918:
3458:
3406:
815:
780:
659:
595:
562:
529:
496:
463:
267:
235:
134:
97:
646:
Nucleus of a female amniotic fluid cell. Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by
339:, which later became X chromosome after it was established that it was indeed a chromosome.
5698:
5590:
5240:
5165:
5150:
4980:
4928:
4903:
4843:
4718:
4503:
4396:
4136:
3963:
3623:
1986:
1934:
1835:
1470:
792:
8:
5487:
5455:
4908:
4725:
3503:
2010:
1155:
314:
223:
75:
4400:
4226:
2012 Ninth
International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE)
4140:
3967:
3627:
2017:
5600:
5578:
5563:
4427:
4384:
4248:
4060:
4033:
3984:
3951:
3744:
3717:
3693:
3666:
3647:
3508:
3394:
2001:
1950:
1920:
1049:
453:
405:
370:
chromosome, and theorized (incorrectly) that it was the male-determining chromosome.
120:
5605:
5391:
5320:
4970:
4882:
4693:
4432:
4414:
4238:
4224:
4203:
4152:
4098:
4065:
4006:
3989:
3749:
3698:
3639:
3554:
3536:
3464:
3390:
1954:
1814:
only one X chromosome, they are more likely to have an X chromosome-related disease.
768:
4252:
592:). Five great-great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (
5558:
5440:
5059:
4938:
4422:
4404:
4283:
4230:
4144:
4055:
4045:
3979:
3971:
3804:
3739:
3729:
3688:
3678:
3651:
3631:
3614:
1959:
1746:
949:
685:
151:
3586:"Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships"
1094:
encoding protein ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase
456:. A male individual has an X chromosome, which he received from his mother, and a
354:
It was first suggested that the X chromosome was involved in sex determination by
5640:
5622:
5568:
5512:
5052:
4873:
4821:
4197:
1938:
1891:
1681:
encoding protein
Tenomodulin (also referred to as tendin, myodulin, Tnmd and TeM)
776:
772:
747:
310:
115:
88:
4222:
3593:
Proceedings of the First
Symposium on Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (BIOT-04)
779:). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (
5396:
4943:
4867:
4299:
4234:
4148:
3416:
1923:'s 1910 discovery of the pattern of inheritance of the white eyes mutation in
1009:
797:
743:
724:
626:
493:), and at his parents' generation, his X chromosome came from a single parent (
286:
27:
Sex chromosome present in both sexes in the XY and X0 sex-determination systems
4409:
3378:
662:. The Barr body is indicated by the arrow, it identifies the inactive X (Xi).
5692:
5610:
5541:
5507:
5418:
5384:
4923:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4418:
3734:
1151:
4741:
4199:
ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)
5677:
5529:
5406:
5347:
4898:
4772:
4713:
4679:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4526:
4436:
4196:
International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013).
4156:
4069:
4050:
3993:
3850:
3753:
3702:
3643:
3426:
1980:
1810:
1288:
1258:
967:
961:
720:
701:
697:
675:
457:
344:
301:, for the next letter in the alphabet, following its subsequent discovery.
298:
271:
252:
163:
1929:. Such discoveries helped to explain x-linked disorders in humans, e.g.,
1611:: encoding protein Spastic paraplegia 16 (complicated, X-linked recessive)
5117:
5112:
4975:
4953:
4948:
4816:
4534:
3683:
3411:
1930:
1916:
1884:
1880:
1806:
1678:
1442:
937:
728:
3975:
3635:
3551:
David Bainbridge, 'The X in Sex: How the X Chromosome Controls Our Lives
5137:
5127:
5122:
5107:
5047:
5037:
4913:
4887:
4838:
4828:
4776:
4380:
4334:
4327:
4319:
1700:
1586:
1448:
1018:
encoding protein Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, X-linked 2 (recessive)
943:
802:
667:
4463:
1024:
encoding protein Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, X-linked 3 (dominant)
5517:
5492:
5482:
5470:
5089:
4833:
4811:
4792:
4315:
3851:"Human chromosome X: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM"
3718:"Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes"
2031:
1862:
1406:
736:
732:
61:
45:
4124:
1973:
is an extremely rare disease of cornea associated with Xq25 region.
1623:: encoding protein TATA-box binding protein associated factor 7-like
1547:: encoding protein Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 6
1315:: encoding protein Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 15
5534:
5435:
5075:
4859:
4666:
4543:
4085:
Cognitive development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities
4083:
Bender B, Puck M, Salbenblatt J, Robinson A (1986). Smith S (ed.).
1903:
1635:: encoding protein Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 4
1629:: encoding protein Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 1
1400:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1354:
1344:
1055:
689:
642:
324:
108:
4356:"Scientists achieve first complete assembly of human X chromosome"
401:
5502:
5475:
5245:
5099:
5010:
5005:
3389:
In July 2020 scientists reported the first complete and gap-less
2023:
2006:
1752:
1740:
1715:: encoding protein Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 3 pseudogene 1
1602:
1596:
1583:: encoding protein Probable global transcription activator SNF2L1
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1544:
1412:
1386:
1340:
1312:
1282:
1237:
Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase domain-containing protein 1A
1218:
1212:
1185:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1045:
1039:
997:
878:
348:
320:
261:
158:
4385:"Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome"
3667:"Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 in Genomic Instability and Cancer"
309:
It was first noted that the X chromosome was special in 1890 by
5524:
5497:
5330:
5155:
5042:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4495:
1990:
1879:
Females with more than one extra copy of the X chromosome (48,
1819:
1776:
1731:: encoding protein V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 1
1722:
1712:
1706:
1694:
1687:
encoding protein Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2
1672:
1662:
1656:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1590:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1430:
1396:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1328:
1324:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1139:
1112:: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 104 member B
1003:
991:
985:
955:
712:
359:
323:. Chromosomes are so named because of their ability to take up
242:
199:
4216:
4184:
Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)
4171:
Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)
3490:
Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)
1617:: encoding protein Translocon-associated protein subunit delta
1227:: encoding protein Graves disease, susceptibility to, X-linked
739:
may be more biologically active than was previously supposed.
5220:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5145:
5083:
4326:: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally
4082:
4034:"Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies"
1764:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1690:
1684:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1620:
1608:
1550:
1532:
1520:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1334:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1252:
1246:
1201:
1197:
1145:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1030:: encoding protein Cancer/testis antigen family 45, member A5
1021:
1015:
1565:: encoding protein Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 17A
1439:: encoding protein Negative regulator of P-body association
982:: encoding protein Coiled coil domain containing protein 120
5325:
3439:
Earlier versions of this article contain material from the
3348:
1709:: encoding protein Testis-specific Y-encoded-like protein 2
1614:
1556:
1538:
1526:
1436:
1224:
1103:
1088:: encoding protein EF-hand domain (C-terminal) containing 2
1033:
1006:: encoding protein Cilia and flagella associated protein 47
973:
751:
716:
655:
1337:: encoding protein MCTS1, re-initiation and release factor
5304:
4453:
3504:"For Motherly X Chromosome, Gender Is Only the Beginning"
1963:
1805:
The X chromosome is notably larger and has a more active
1243:: encoding protein Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2
1215:: G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 2
958:: encoding protein Armadillo repeat containing X-linked 6
671:
3664:
5263:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
3456:
1873:
1872:
of females with this syndrome is 90, while the average
1869:
1847:
1541:: encoding protein Replication protein A 30 kDa subunit
1433:: encoding protein Nucleosome assembly protein 1 like 3
1130:: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 122C
1118:: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 120C
666:
The X chromosome in humans spans more than 153 million
5273:
1887:) have been identified, but these conditions are rare.
1755:: encoding protein Zinc finger CCHC-type containing 18
1517:
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4
1064:: chromosome X open reading frame 49. encoding protein
775:
on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see
3715:
1641:: encoding protein Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5D
1148:: Fetal and adult testis-expressed transcript protein
1070:: encoding protein Chromosome X Open Reading Frame 66
970:: encoding protein Brain-expressed X-linked protein 2
964:: encoding protein Brain-expressed X-linked protein 1
598:
565:
532:
499:
466:
319:
and noticed that one chromosome did not take part in
4379:
1902:
About half of individuals with Turner syndrome have
1571:: encoding protein Solute carrier family 38 member 5
1553:: encoding protein Ras-related GTP-binding protein B
1415:: encoding protein Mortality factor 4-like protein 2
1427:: encoding protein Motile sperm domain containing 2
1421:: encoding protein Motile sperm domain containing 1
1331:
Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease
1170:: encoding protein FERM and PDZ domain containing 4
1164:: encoding protein FERM and PDZ domain containing 3
988:: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain containing 22
4483:Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003
4282:For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article
4087:. San Diego: College Hill Press. pp. 175–201.
3818:
3665:Veneti Z, Gkouskou KK, Eliopoulos AG (July 2017).
1479:: encoding protein PAS domain-containing protein 1
1291:: encoding protein Magnesium transporter protein 1
1076:: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein CXorf67
617:
584:
551:
518:
485:
313:in Leipzig. Henking was studying the testicles of
3826:"Chromosome X: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens"
1767:: encoding protein Zinc finger MYM-type protein 3
1285:: encoding protein Melanoma-associated antigen D4
5690:
4189:
3535:, pages 155-158, Harvard University Press, 2009
1267:: encoding protein Melanoma-associated antigen 2
1042:: encoding protein hypothetical protein LOC79742
650:. Shown is a single optical section made with a
4186:. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
4173:. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
4031:
3492:. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
3450:
1911:
1577:: encoding protein SLIT and NTRK-like protein 2
1445:: encoding protein NF-kappa-B-repressing factor
1279:: encoding protein Melanoma antigen family A, 8
1273:: encoding protein Melanoma antigen family A, 5
1249:: encoding protein Integral membrane protein 2A
3893:
1523:: encoding protein Placenta-specific protein 1
1497:: encoding a protein of unestablished function
1124:: Family with sequence similarity 122 member B
976:: encoding protein Brain expressed, X-linked 4
692:in genes on the X chromosome are described as
5289:
4771:
4757:
4511:
3797:"Statistics & Downloads for chromosome X"
3611:
2034:of human X chromosome in resolution 850 bphs
1559:: encoding protein Retrotransposon Gag like 3
1321:: encoding protein Muscleblind-like protein 3
1221:: encoding protein GRIP1-associated protein 1
1142:: Family with sequence similarity 50 member A
4202:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
3952:"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome"
3789:
3709:
3553:, pages 3-5, Harvard University Press, 2003
1761:: encoding protein ZFP92 zinc finger protein
1176:: encoding protein FUN14 domain containing 1
3918:
3868:
3658:
1665:: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 47
1209:encoding protein G protein nucleolar 3 like
1036:: encoding protein Cancer/testis antigen 55
5296:
5282:
4764:
4750:
4518:
4504:
3533:In Pursuit of the Gene: From Darwin to DNA
3527:
3525:
3457:Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010).
3377:
1830:
1791:: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 674
1785:: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 275
1773:: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 157
1675:Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial
1467:: medium wave (green-cone) sensitive opsin
54:
38:
4426:
4408:
4059:
4049:
3983:
3743:
3733:
3692:
3682:
3583:
3495:
3484:
3482:
3480:
1605:: encoding protein SPANX family member N5
1599:: encoding protein SPANX family member N1
428:Learn how and when to remove this message
366:, and insisted (correctly) that it was a
4314:: Region which is positively stained by
2016:
2000:
1779:encoding protein Zinc finger protein 182
1725:Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 51
1653:: encoding protein THO complex subunit 2
1529:: encoding protein Proteolipid protein 2
1507:Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B
1491:: encoding PAGE family member 2B protein
1297:: encoding protein MAGE family member D4
679:
641:
629:appears on all lines of the genealogy.)
439:
400:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4294:
4292:
4176:
4163:
4125:"Sex-limited inheritance in Drosophila"
3843:
3522:
1919:was first discovered in insects, e.g.,
1485:: encoding protein PAGE family member 1
1473:: encoding protein OTU deubiquitinase 5
940:: encoding Alzheimer disease 16 protein
14:
5691:
4122:
4009:"Klinefelter Syndrome Pathophysiology"
3501:
3477:
1971:X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
1647:: encoding protein Testis expressed 11
1461:: long wave (red-cone) sensitive opsin
1082:: encoding protein Dachshund homolog 2
412:to additional sources at this section.
373:
5277:
5253:List of organisms by chromosome count
4745:
4499:
3605:
3579:
3577:
1000:: encoding protein CDR1 antisense RNA
358:in 1901. After comparing his work on
4289:
3949:
3943:
3760:
1409:: encoding protein MicroRNA let-7f-2
1255:: encoding protein LAS1-like protein
1058:: Chromosome X open reading frame 40
928:Category:Genes on human chromosome X
706:congenital red–green color blindness
654:. Bottom: Same nucleus stained with
377:
5392:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1996:
1749:: encoding protein ZC4H2 Deficiency
1182:: FUN14 domain-containing protein 2
952:: encoding protein Apolipoprotein O
24:
3584:Hutchison, Luke (September 2004).
3574:
1975:Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy
1944:
1825:
1659:: encoding protein Protein FAM156A
762:
723:cells). This phenomenon is called
393:relies largely or entirely upon a
25:
5735:
4447:
1012:: encoding protein Chordin-like 1
5673:
5672:
5466:Evolution of sexual reproduction
4525:
4182:Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.
3801:HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
1737:: encoding protein Protein YIPF6
1697:Three prime repair exonuclease 2
1261:: encoding *LOC101059915 protein
1188:: encoding G antigen 12F protein
1048:: encoding protein Chromosome X
744:inactivation of the X-chromosome
382:
4874:Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
4454:National Institutes of Health.
4373:
4348:
4305:
4276:
4259:
4116:
4091:
4076:
4032:Visootsak J, Graham JM (2006).
4025:
4000:
3463:. Garland Science. p. 45.
1363:: encoding protein MicroRNA 223
1194:: encoding G antigen 2A protein
1106:: Factor VIII intron 22 protein
5574:Sexual reproduction in animals
4169:Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.
3716:Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010).
3565:
3545:
3502:Angier, Natalie (2007-05-01).
3488:Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.
1983:is associated with Xq21.3-q22
1962:is a rare disorder, where the
1100:: Fatty acid amide hydrolase 2
89:
13:
1:
3432:
994:: CD99 antigen-like protein 2
680:follows the Fibonacci numbers
5446:Sex as a biological variable
5429:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
3950:Ross M, et al. (2005).
3803:. 2017-05-12. Archived from
3441:National Library of Medicine
1912:X-linked recessive disorders
1796:
1703:: encoding protein Trophinin
921:
682:at a given ancestral depth.
304:
7:
5724:Genes on human chromosome X
3400:
3384:
1977:is associated with Xp22.3.
637:
295:XO sex-determination system
291:XY sex-determination system
60:X chromosome in human male
44:Human X chromosome (after
10:
5740:
5584:Penile-vaginal intercourse
5424:Sequential hermaphroditism
4914:Dinoflagellate chromosomes
4235:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965
4149:10.1126/science.32.812.120
1948:
1743:: encoding protein ZC3H12B
1455:Nik-related protein kinase
1202:GATA1 transcription factor
925:
708:run in families this way.
670:(the building material of
5714:Sex-determination systems
5668:
5621:
5454:
5414:Testis-determining factor
5311:
5258:List of sequenced genomes
5233:
5136:
5098:
5068:
5026:Chromosomal translocation
4996:
4899:A chromosome/B chromosome
4890:(or accessory chromosome)
4852:
4783:
4706:
4692:
4665:
4542:
4533:
4410:10.1038/s41586-020-2547-7
1939:red-green color blindness
771:their predictions of the
632:
260:
241:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
181:
169:
157:
145:
133:
128:
114:
104:
87:
73:
68:
53:
37:
32:
5355:Sex-determination system
5080:Telomere-binding protein
4894:Supernumerary chromosome
3735:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206
3460:Human Molecular Genetics
1535:: encoding protein PRR32
757:
5303:
4700:Human mitochondrial DNA
4460:Genetics Home Reference
4103:Genetics Home Reference
3571:Bainbridge, pages 65-66
1926:Drosophila melanogaster
1853:intellectual disability
1831:Numerical abnormalities
1822:(in healthy patients).
618:{\displaystyle F_{5}=5}
585:{\displaystyle F_{4}=3}
552:{\displaystyle F_{3}=2}
519:{\displaystyle F_{2}=1}
486:{\displaystyle F_{1}=1}
5338:Sexual differentiation
5016:Structural alterations
4123:Morgan, T. H. (1910).
4051:10.1186/1750-1172-1-42
3774:. CCDS Release 20 for
3422:Pseudoautosomal region
2027:
2014:
946:: encoding protein AIC
663:
619:
586:
553:
520:
487:
446:
356:Clarence Erwin McClung
5380:Temperature-dependent
5033:Numerical alterations
5021:Chromosomal inversion
4919:Homologous chromosome
3407:List of X-STR markers
2020:
2004:
1949:Further information:
1309:: Monoamine Oxidase B
1303:: Monoamine Oxidase A
746:is due to repressive
645:
620:
587:
554:
521:
488:
443:
5241:Extrachromosomal DNA
4929:Satellite chromosome
4904:Lampbrush chromosome
4844:Nuclear organization
4719:Human Genome Project
4694:Mitochondrial genome
4229:. pp. 276–282.
3684:10.3390/ijms18081657
1987:Adrenoleukodystrophy
1935:adrenoleukodystrophy
1836:Klinefelter syndrome
1158:FMR1 antisense RNA 1
1136:: CAAX box protein 1
798:Non-coding RNA genes
793:Protein-coding genes
658:and recorded with a
596:
563:
530:
497:
464:
406:improve this article
364:accessory chromosome
182:External map viewers
5704:Chromosomes (human)
5596:Hormonal motivation
5569:Fungal reproduction
5488:Reproductive system
4934:Centromere position
4909:Polytene chromosome
4879:Circular chromosome
4726:List of human genes
4401:2020Natur.585...79M
4341:: Variable region;
4141:1910Sci....32..120M
4099:"Triple X syndrome"
4038:Orphanet J Rare Dis
3976:10.1038/nature03440
3968:2005Natur.434..325R
3636:10.1038/nature03479
3628:2005Natur.434..400C
2035:
2011:UCSC Genome Browser
1156:long non-coding RNA
652:confocal microscope
374:Inheritance pattern
129:Complete gene lists
116:Centromere position
5601:Human reproduction
5579:Sexual intercourse
5564:Plant reproduction
3830:Ensembl Release 88
3509:The New York Times
3395:human X chromosome
2030:
2028:
2015:
1951:X-linked recessive
1050:open reading frame
664:
627:population founder
615:
582:
549:
516:
483:
454:Fibonacci sequence
447:
285:is one of the two
236:Full DNA sequences
33:Human X chromosome
5719:Sexual dimorphism
5686:
5685:
5606:Lordosis behavior
5321:Sexual dimorphism
5271:
5270:
5229:
5228:
4966:Centromere number
4883:Linear chromosome
4739:
4738:
4731:Human archaeology
4688:
4687:
4244:978-1-4673-1921-8
4209:978-3-318-02253-7
3470:978-1-136-84407-2
3375:
3374:
1955:X-linked dominant
1593:Spermine synthase
919:
918:
769:genome annotation
686:Genetic disorders
438:
437:
430:
279:
278:
16:(Redirected from
5731:
5676:
5675:
5636:Animal sexuality
5559:Sexual selection
5298:
5291:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5096:
5095:
5060:Polyploidization
4888:Extra chromosome
4803:Genetic material
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4540:
4539:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4462:. Archived from
4441:
4440:
4430:
4412:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4352:
4346:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4280:
4274:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4135:(812): 120–122.
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3962:(7031): 325–37.
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3549:
3543:
3531:James Schwartz,
3529:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3454:
3381:
3366:
3361:
3331:
3326:
3299:
3294:
3266:
3261:
3234:
3229:
3201:
3196:
3169:
3164:
3136:
3131:
3104:
3099:
3071:
3066:
3039:
3034:
3006:
3001:
2974:
2969:
2941:
2936:
2909:
2904:
2876:
2871:
2844:
2839:
2811:
2806:
2779:
2774:
2746:
2741:
2714:
2709:
2681:
2676:
2649:
2644:
2617:
2612:
2585:
2580:
2553:
2548:
2520:
2515:
2488:
2483:
2455:
2450:
2423:
2418:
2390:
2385:
2358:
2353:
2325:
2320:
2293:
2288:
2260:
2255:
2228:
2223:
2195:
2190:
2163:
2158:
2130:
2125:
2098:
2093:
2036:
2029:
1997:Cytogenetic band
1960:XX male syndrome
1809:region than its
786:
785:
731:, and creates a
688:that are due to
624:
622:
621:
616:
608:
607:
591:
589:
588:
583:
575:
574:
558:
556:
555:
550:
542:
541:
525:
523:
522:
517:
509:
508:
492:
490:
489:
484:
476:
475:
445:Relationships".)
433:
426:
422:
419:
413:
386:
385:
378:
275:
256:
91:
58:
42:
30:
29:
21:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5664:
5651:Differentiation
5641:Human sexuality
5631:Plant sexuality
5617:
5513:Spermatogenesis
5457:
5450:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5272:
5267:
5225:
5132:
5094:
5064:
5053:Paleopolyploidy
4998:
4992:
4848:
4822:Heterochromatin
4785:
4779:
4770:
4740:
4735:
4702:
4684:
4661:
4529:
4524:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4395:(7823): 79–84.
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4330:and gene rich;
4322:and gene poor;
4310:
4306:
4297:
4290:
4281:
4277:
4269:": Short arm; "
4264:
4260:
4245:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4081:
4077:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4005:
4001:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3714:
3710:
3663:
3659:
3622:(7031): 400–4.
3610:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3550:
3546:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3471:
3455:
3451:
3435:
3403:
3387:
3364:
3359:
3329:
3324:
3297:
3292:
3264:
3259:
3232:
3227:
3199:
3194:
3167:
3162:
3134:
3129:
3102:
3097:
3069:
3064:
3037:
3032:
3004:
2999:
2972:
2967:
2939:
2934:
2907:
2902:
2874:
2869:
2842:
2837:
2809:
2804:
2777:
2772:
2744:
2739:
2712:
2707:
2679:
2674:
2647:
2642:
2615:
2610:
2583:
2578:
2551:
2546:
2518:
2513:
2486:
2481:
2453:
2448:
2421:
2416:
2388:
2383:
2356:
2351:
2323:
2318:
2291:
2286:
2258:
2253:
2226:
2221:
2193:
2188:
2161:
2156:
2128:
2123:
2096:
2091:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2024:mitotic process
1999:
1957:
1947:
1945:Other disorders
1914:
1892:Turner syndrome
1855:may be present.
1833:
1828:
1826:Role in disease
1799:
1794:
930:
924:
777:gene prediction
773:number of genes
765:
763:Number of genes
760:
748:heterochromatin
640:
635:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
537:
533:
531:
528:
527:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
434:
423:
417:
414:
408:by introducing
399:
387:
383:
376:
331:in Greek means
311:Hermann Henking
307:
287:sex chromosomes
266:
247:
123:
82:
64:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5462:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5397:Sex chromosome
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Submetacentric
4941:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4871:
4870:or heterosome)
4864:Sex chromosome
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4710:
4708:
4707:Related topics
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4667:Sex chromosome
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4537:
4535:Nuclear genome
4531:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4479:"X chromosome"
4475:
4456:"X chromosome"
4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4443:
4442:
4381:Miga, Karen H.
4372:
4347:
4304:
4300:Arbitrary unit
4288:
4275:
4258:
4243:
4215:
4208:
4188:
4175:
4162:
4115:
4090:
4075:
4024:
3999:
3942:
3917:
3892:
3867:
3842:
3817:
3788:
3759:
3708:
3657:
3604:
3573:
3564:
3544:
3521:
3494:
3476:
3469:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:X-inactivation
3414:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3386:
3383:
3373:
3372:
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3362:
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3313:
3310:
3306:
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3303:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3284:
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3267:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
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3213:
3209:
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3197:
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3180:
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3137:
3132:
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3110:
3108:
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3100:
3095:
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3024:
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3018:
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3007:
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2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2151:
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2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
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2102:
2099:
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2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2040:
1998:
1995:
1981:Megalocornea 1
1946:
1943:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1877:
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1859:
1856:
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1462:
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1298:
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1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
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1101:
1095:
1089:
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1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
934:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
890:
887:
884:
881:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
812:
811:
808:
805:
800:
795:
790:
764:
761:
759:
756:
725:X-inactivation
639:
636:
634:
631:
614:
611:
606:
602:
581:
578:
573:
569:
548:
545:
540:
536:
515:
512:
507:
503:
482:
479:
474:
470:
450:Luke Hutchison
436:
435:
404:. Please help
390:
388:
381:
375:
372:
306:
303:
277:
276:
264:
258:
257:
245:
239:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
126:
125:
121:Submetacentric
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
94:
85:
84:
81:154,259,566 bp
79:
71:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5736:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5611:Pelvic thrust
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5542:Fertilization
5540:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5508:Gametogenesis
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:parasexuality
5439:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:Hermaphrodite
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5385:Haplodiploidy
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:and evolution
4995:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Isochromosome
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4466:on 2007-07-08
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3807:on 2017-06-29
3806:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:Int J Mol Sci
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
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3629:
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3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3594:
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3560:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
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3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
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2982:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
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2938:
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2921:
2918:
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2914:
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2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
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2878:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
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2849:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2797:
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2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
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2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
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2690:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2670:
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2646:
2641:
2638:
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2619:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
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2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
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2561:
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2555:
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2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:MicroRNA 6087
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:: encoding a
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
933:
929:
914:
912:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
849:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:Release date
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:Estimated by
788:
787:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
630:
628:
612:
609:
604:
600:
579:
576:
571:
567:
546:
543:
538:
534:
513:
510:
505:
501:
480:
477:
472:
468:
459:
455:
451:
442:
432:
429:
421:
411:
407:
403:
397:
396:
395:single source
391:This section
389:
380:
379:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
127:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
93:
86:
80:
77:
72:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5709:Cytogenetics
5530:spermatozoon
5458:reproduction
5407:Y chromosome
5402:X chromosome
5401:
5348:Virilization
5343:Feminization
4965:
4933:
4773:Cytogenetics
4714:Human genome
4674:
4527:Human genome
4486:. Retrieved
4482:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:the original
4459:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4363:. Retrieved
4359:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4318:, generally
4311:
4307:
4278:
4273:": Long arm.
4270:
4266:
4261:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4191:
4178:
4165:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4107:. Retrieved
4105:. 2014-07-14
4102:
4093:
4084:
4078:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4016:. Retrieved
4012:
4002:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3932:. 2017-05-19
3929:
3920:
3909:. Retrieved
3907:. 2017-05-19
3904:
3895:
3884:. Retrieved
3882:. 2017-05-19
3879:
3870:
3859:. Retrieved
3857:. 2018-02-28
3854:
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3832:. 2017-03-29
3829:
3820:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3800:
3791:
3780:. Retrieved
3778:. 2016-09-08
3776:Homo sapiens
3775:
3771:
3762:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3596:. Retrieved
3592:
3567:
3552:
3547:
3532:
3513:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3427:Y chromosome
3388:
3376:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1958:
1924:
1921:T. H. Morgan
1915:
1899:infertility.
1890:
1861:
1834:
1816:
1811:Y chromosome
1804:
1800:
1403:MicroRNA 660
1383:MicroRNA 503
1373:MicroRNA 361
1357:MicroRNA 222
1347:MicroRNA 106
1259:LOC101059915
931:
766:
742:The partial
741:
710:
698:hemophilia A
684:
676:Y chromosome
665:
458:Y chromosome
448:
424:
415:
392:
367:
363:
353:
345:Y chromosome
341:
336:
332:
328:
315:
308:
299:Y chromosome
283:X chromosome
282:
280:
229:Chromosome X
217:Chromosome X
205:Chromosome X
193:Chromosome X
18:Chromosome X
5699:Chromosomes
4986:Polycentric
4976:Monocentric
4959:Holocentric
4954:Acrocentric
4949:Telocentric
4939:Metacentric
4817:Euchromatin
4777:chromosomes
3722:Genome Biol
3677:(8): 1657.
3412:Sex linkage
3365:156,040,895
3360:148,000,001
3330:148,000,000
3325:143,000,001
3298:143,000,000
3293:141,200,001
3265:141,200,000
3260:138,900,001
3233:138,900,000
3228:134,500,001
3200:134,500,000
3195:131,300,001
3168:131,300,000
3163:129,500,001
3135:129,500,000
3130:121,800,001
3103:121,800,000
3098:117,400,001
3070:117,400,000
3065:109,400,001
3038:109,400,000
3033:104,500,001
3005:104,500,000
3000:103,300,001
2973:103,300,000
1931:haemophilia
1917:Sex linkage
1885:pentasomy X
1881:tetrasomy X
1807:euchromatin
1721:: encoding
1693:: encoding
1671:: encoding
1589:: encoding
1513:: encoding
1503:: encoding
1451:: encoding
1399:: encoding
1389:: encoding
1379:: encoding
1369:: encoding
1353:: encoding
1343:: encoding
1327:: encoding
1233:: encoding
1200:: encoding
915:2017-05-19
894:2018-02-28
873:2017-03-29
852:2017-05-12
831:2016-09-08
803:Pseudogenes
729:Lyonization
418:August 2021
316:Pyrrhocoris
5693:Categories
5591:Copulation
5312:Biological
5138:Centromere
5069:Structures
5048:Polyploidy
5038:Aneuploidy
4839:Nucleosome
4829:Chromosome
4488:2017-05-06
4470:2017-05-06
4335:Centromere
4109:2014-07-18
4018:2014-07-18
3936:2017-05-20
3911:2017-05-20
3886:2017-05-20
3861:2018-03-16
3836:2017-05-19
3811:2017-05-19
3782:2017-05-28
3728:(5): 206.
3598:2016-09-03
3559:0674016211
3541:0674034910
3515:2007-05-01
3433:References
2968:99,100,001
2940:99,100,000
2935:94,300,001
2908:94,300,000
2903:92,700,001
2875:92,700,000
2870:87,000,001
2843:87,000,000
2838:85,400,001
2810:85,400,000
2805:76,800,001
2778:76,800,000
2773:74,700,001
2745:74,700,000
2740:73,000,001
2713:73,000,000
2708:68,500,001
2680:68,500,000
2675:65,400,001
2648:65,400,000
2643:63,800,001
2616:63,800,000
2611:61,000,001
2584:61,000,000
2579:58,100,001
2552:58,100,000
2547:54,800,001
2519:54,800,000
2514:50,100,001
2487:50,100,000
2482:47,600,001
2454:47,600,000
2449:42,500,001
2422:42,500,000
2417:37,800,001
2389:37,800,000
2384:31,500,001
2357:31,500,000
2352:29,300,001
2324:29,300,000
2319:24,900,001
2292:24,900,000
2287:21,900,001
2259:21,900,000
2254:19,200,001
2227:19,200,000
2222:17,400,001
2194:17,400,000
926:See also:
668:base pairs
660:CCD camera
124:(61.0 Mbp)
5646:Mechanics
5623:Sexuality
5518:Oogenesis
5493:Sex organ
5483:Germ cell
5471:Anisogamy
5090:Protamine
4997:Processes
4981:Dicentric
4834:Chromatid
4812:Chromatin
4793:Karyotype
4419:1476-4687
4365:16 August
4316:G banding
2189:9,600,001
2162:9,600,000
2157:6,100,001
2129:6,100,000
2124:4,400,001
2097:4,400,000
1933:A and B,
1863:Trisomy X
1797:Structure
1685:TRAPPC2P1
1407:MIRLET7F2
922:Gene list
737:Barr body
733:Barr body
713:embryonic
690:mutations
410:citations
402:talk page
347:, during
343:that the
337:X element
305:Discovery
249:NC_000023
176:Gene list
164:Gene list
152:Gene list
140:Gene list
62:karyogram
46:G-banding
5678:Category
5656:Activity
5552:Internal
5547:External
5436:Intersex
5234:See also
5076:Telomere
5043:Euploidy
4971:Acentric
4868:allosome
4860:Autosome
4786:concepts
4544:Autosome
4437:32663838
4360:phys.org
4345:: Stalk.
4253:16666470
4157:17759620
4070:17062147
4013:Medscape
3994:15772651
3754:20441615
3703:28758948
3644:15772666
3401:See also
3391:assembly
3385:Research
2071:Density
2063:Basepair
2058:Basepair
1904:monosomy
1401:microRNA
1391:microRNA
1381:microRNA
1371:microRNA
1355:microRNA
1345:microRNA
1152:FMR1-AS1
1056:CXorf40A
694:X linked
638:Function
325:staining
268:CM000685
109:Allosome
92:of genes
74:Length (
69:Features
5503:Meiosis
5476:Isogamy
5246:Plasmid
5100:Histone
5011:Meiosis
5006:Mitosis
4428:7484160
4397:Bibcode
4328:CG-rich
4320:AT-rich
4137:Bibcode
4129:Science
4061:1634840
3985:2665286
3964:Bibcode
3855:UniProt
3745:2898077
3694:5578047
3652:4358447
3624:Bibcode
2032:G-bands
2007:Ensembl
1883:or 49,
1753:ZCCHC18
1741:ZC3H12B
1603:SPANXN5
1597:SPANXN1
1581:SMARCA1
1575:SLITRK2
1569:SLC38A5
1563:SFRS17A
1545:RPS6KA6
1413:MORF4L2
1387:MIR6087
1341:MIR106A
1313:MAP3K15
1283:MAGED4B
1219:GRIPAP1
1213:GPRASP2
1186:GAGE12F
1134:FAM127A
1128:FAM122C
1122:FAM122B
1116:FAM120C
1110:FAM104B
1074:CXorf67
1068:CXorf66
1062:CXorf49
1046:CXorf57
1040:CXorf36
998:CDR1-AS
980:CCDC120
879:UniProt
858:Ensembl
807:Source
360:locusts
349:mitosis
321:meiosis
262:GenBank
188:Ensembl
159:UniProt
83:(CHM13)
5525:Gamete
5498:Mating
5456:Sexual
5331:Female
4807:Genome
4798:Ploidy
4435:
4425:
4417:
4389:Nature
4251:
4241:
4206:
4155:
4068:
4058:
4044:: 42.
3992:
3982:
3956:Nature
3752:
3742:
3701:
3691:
3650:
3642:
3615:Nature
3557:
3539:
3467:
2068:Stain
2060:start
2050:start
1991:myelin
1937:, and
1820:testis
1789:ZNF674
1783:ZNF275
1777:ZNF182
1771:ZNF157
1723:enzyme
1713:TTC3P1
1707:TSPYL2
1695:enzyme
1673:enzyme
1663:TMEM47
1657:TMEM29
1639:TENT5D
1633:TCEAL4
1627:TCEAL1
1591:enzyme
1515:enzyme
1505:enzyme
1501:PCYT1B
1489:PAGE2B
1465:OPN1MW
1459:OPN1LW
1453:enzyme
1431:NAP1L3
1425:MOSPD2
1419:MOSPD1
1397:MIR660
1377:MIR503
1367:MIR361
1361:MIR223
1351:MIR222
1329:enzyme
1325:MBTPS2
1295:MAGED4
1277:MAGEA8
1271:MAGEA5
1265:MAGEA2
1241:HS6ST2
1235:enzyme
1231:HDHD1A
1192:GAGE2A
1180:FUNDC2
1174:FUNDC1
1168:FRMPD4
1162:FRMPD3
1140:FAM50A
1092:ERCC6L
1028:CT45A5
1010:CHRDL1
1004:CFAP47
992:CD99L2
986:CCDC22
956:ARMCX6
633:Humans
368:proper
329:chroma
243:RefSeq
200:Entrez
5314:terms
5084:TINF2
4853:Types
4784:Basic
4343:stalk
4284:locus
4249:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3589:(PDF)
3393:of a
2925:21.33
2893:21.32
2860:21.31
2537:11.21
2504:11.22
2472:11.23
2277:22.11
2244:22.12
2212:22.13
2147:22.31
2114:22.32
2082:22.33
2065:stop
2055:stop
2045:Band
2039:Chr.
1765:ZMYM3
1759:ZFP92
1747:ZC4H2
1735:YIPF6
1729:VSIG1
1719:USP51
1691:TREX2
1669:TMLHE
1651:THOC2
1645:TEX11
1621:TAF7L
1609:SPG16
1551:RRAGB
1533:PRR32
1521:PLAC1
1495:PBDC1
1483:PAGE1
1477:PASD1
1471:OTUD5
1335:MCT-1
1319:MBNL3
1307:MAO-B
1301:MAO-A
1289:MAGT1
1253:LAS1L
1247:ITM2A
1207:GNL3L
1198:GATA1
1146:FATE1
1098:FAAH2
1086:EFHC2
1080:DACH2
1022:CMTX3
1016:CMTX2
758:Genes
721:sperm
333:color
272:FASTA
253:FASTA
96:804 (
5535:ovum
5326:Male
4866:(or
4433:PMID
4415:ISSN
4367:2020
4332:acen
4324:gneg
4312:gpos
4239:ISBN
4204:ISBN
4153:PMID
4066:PMID
3990:PMID
3930:NCBI
3905:NCBI
3880:NCBI
3772:NCBI
3750:PMID
3699:PMID
3640:PMID
3555:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3369:gneg
3356:8610
3353:8145
3337:100
3334:gpos
3321:8145
3318:7886
3315:27.3
3302:gneg
3289:7886
3286:7808
3283:27.2
3269:gpos
3256:7808
3253:7602
3250:27.1
3237:gneg
3224:7602
3221:7395
3218:26.3
3204:gpos
3191:7395
3188:7253
3185:26.2
3172:gneg
3159:7253
3156:7059
3153:26.1
3142:100
3139:gpos
3126:7059
3123:6619
3107:gneg
3094:6619
3091:6322
3074:gpos
3061:6322
3058:6050
3042:gneg
3029:6050
3026:5843
3023:22.3
3009:gpos
2996:5843
2993:5701
2990:22.2
2977:gneg
2964:5701
2961:5430
2958:22.1
2944:gpos
2931:5430
2928:5184
2912:gneg
2899:5184
2896:5107
2882:100
2879:gpos
2866:5107
2863:4809
2847:gneg
2834:4809
2831:4732
2828:21.2
2817:100
2814:gpos
2801:4732
2798:4447
2795:21.1
2782:gneg
2769:4447
2766:4292
2763:13.3
2749:gpos
2736:4292
2733:4137
2730:13.2
2717:gneg
2704:4137
2701:3827
2698:13.1
2684:gpos
2671:3827
2668:3620
2652:gneg
2639:3620
2636:3491
2633:11.2
2620:acen
2607:3491
2604:3297
2601:11.1
2588:acen
2575:3297
2572:3206
2569:11.1
2556:gneg
2543:3206
2540:3129
2523:gpos
2510:3129
2507:2948
2491:gneg
2478:2948
2475:2624
2458:gpos
2445:2624
2442:2430
2439:11.3
2426:gneg
2413:2430
2410:2120
2407:11.4
2396:100
2393:gpos
2380:2120
2377:1862
2374:21.1
2361:gneg
2348:1862
2345:1784
2342:21.2
2331:100
2328:gpos
2315:1784
2312:1577
2309:21.3
2296:gneg
2283:1577
2280:1448
2263:gpos
2250:1448
2247:1345
2231:gneg
2218:1345
2215:1034
2198:gpos
2185:1034
2179:22.2
2166:gneg
2133:gpos
2101:gneg
2053:ISCN
2048:ISCN
2042:Arm
1953:and
1679:TNMD
1615:SSR4
1557:RTL3
1539:RPA4
1527:PLP2
1511:PIN4
1443:NKRF
1437:NBDY
1225:GRDX
1104:F8A1
1034:CT55
974:BEX4
968:BEX2
962:BEX1
950:APOO
938:AD16
910:879
900:NCBI
868:871
847:606
837:HGNC
816:CCDS
781:CCDS
752:PRC2
719:and
704:and
700:and
656:DAPI
648:FISH
293:and
281:The
224:UCSC
212:NCBI
171:NCBI
147:HGNC
135:CCDS
105:Type
98:CCDS
5305:Sex
5118:H2B
5113:H2A
4423:PMC
4405:doi
4393:585
4339:var
4231:doi
4145:doi
4056:PMC
4046:doi
3980:PMC
3972:doi
3960:434
3740:PMC
3730:doi
3689:PMC
3679:doi
3632:doi
3620:434
3272:75
3207:25
3077:75
3012:50
2947:75
2752:50
2687:50
2526:25
2461:75
2266:50
2201:50
2182:866
2153:866
2150:504
2136:50
2120:504
2117:323
2088:323
1964:SRY
1701:TRO
1587:SMS
1449:NRK
944:AIC
907:494
904:874
883:839
865:639
862:841
844:260
841:825
820:804
754:).
727:or
717:egg
672:DNA
90:No.
5695::
5375:ZO
5370:XO
5365:ZW
5360:XY
5161:C2
5156:C1
5128:H4
5123:H3
5108:H1
5078::
4775::
4657:22
4652:21
4647:20
4642:19
4637:18
4632:17
4627:16
4622:15
4617:14
4612:13
4607:12
4602:11
4597:10
4481:.
4458:.
4431:.
4421:.
4413:.
4403:.
4391:.
4387:.
4358:.
4337:.
4291:^
4247:.
4237:.
4151:.
4143:.
4133:32
4131:.
4127:.
4101:.
4064:.
4054:.
4040:.
4036:.
4011:.
3988:.
3978:.
3970:.
3958:.
3954:.
3928:.
3903:.
3878:.
3853:.
3828:.
3799:.
3770:.
3748:.
3738:.
3726:11
3724:.
3720:.
3697:.
3687:.
3675:18
3673:.
3669:.
3646:.
3638:.
3630:.
3618:.
3591:.
3576:^
3524:^
3506:.
3479:^
3397:.
3349:28
3345:q
3312:q
3280:q
3247:q
3215:q
3182:q
3150:q
3120:25
3117:q
3088:24
3085:q
3055:23
3052:q
3020:q
2987:q
2955:q
2922:q
2890:q
2857:q
2825:q
2792:q
2760:q
2727:q
2695:q
2665:12
2662:q
2630:q
2598:q
2566:p
2534:p
2501:p
2469:p
2436:p
2404:p
2371:p
2339:p
2306:p
2274:p
2241:p
2209:p
2176:p
2144:p
2111:p
2079:p
2013:).
2009:,
1941:.
1894::
1874:IQ
1870:IQ
1848:IQ
1838::
1052:57
889:—
826:—
274:)
255:)
76:bp
5297:e
5290:t
5283:v
5221:T
5216:Q
5211:P
5206:O
5201:N
5196:M
5191:K
5186:J
5181:I
5176:H
5171:F
5166:E
5151:B
5146:A
5086:)
5082:(
4881:/
4862:/
4805:/
4765:e
4758:t
4751:v
4680:Y
4675:X
4592:9
4587:8
4582:7
4577:6
4572:5
4567:4
4562:3
4557:2
4552:1
4519:e
4512:t
4505:v
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4407::
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4302:.
4286:.
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4112:.
4072:.
4048::
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4021:.
3996:.
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3966::
3939:.
3914:.
3889:.
3864:.
3839:.
3814:.
3785:.
3756:.
3732::
3705:.
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3654:.
3634::
3626::
3601:.
3561:.
3518:.
3473:.
3342:X
3309:X
3277:X
3244:X
3212:X
3179:X
3147:X
3114:X
3082:X
3049:X
3017:X
2984:X
2952:X
2919:X
2887:X
2854:X
2822:X
2789:X
2757:X
2724:X
2692:X
2659:X
2627:X
2595:X
2563:X
2531:X
2498:X
2466:X
2433:X
2401:X
2368:X
2336:X
2303:X
2271:X
2238:X
2206:X
2173:X
2141:X
2108:X
2092:1
2085:0
2076:X
2026:.
886:—
823:—
702:B
613:5
610:=
605:5
601:F
580:3
577:=
572:4
568:F
547:2
544:=
539:3
535:F
514:1
511:=
506:2
502:F
481:1
478:=
473:1
469:F
431:)
425:(
420:)
416:(
398:.
327:(
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251:(
100:)
78:)
48:)
20:)
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