377:, where something is good because it is able to perform its function well, and the final good, where an end or a life is good. Final goods are what make things important, and a thing possesses the final good if things can be good or bad for that thing. She also distinguishes between ordinary objects such as knives, for which being sharpened is good in the sense that it helps the knife achieve its function of cutting well, organisms, which have a function to tend to their and their species' own well-functioning, and animals, a particular kind of organism which represent the world to themselves and act using this representation for the function of self-maintenance. This representation enables the animal to have self-maintenance not only as a functional good, but also as a final good. Therefore, final goods need not come from
31:
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1960:
381:, but from any animal. Korsgaard defines people as "normative self-governed beings" and says that the rational capacity to evaluate oneself and reflect on one's motives makes people different from animals. This means that while non-person animals are not responsible for their actions and do not have duties to other animals, people are and do. Further, she distinguishes between two different kinds of ends-in-of-themselves:
400:
Clearly the active sense implies the passive sense, but
Korsgaard departs from Kant in claiming that the converse fails. In fact, the choice to set a value on an end is made merely because one desires the end, because it is good with respect to the being making the choice; in other words, because it
372:
She has also given several lectures about animal rights, including the 2014 Uehiro
Lectures on The Moral and Legal Standing of Animals. In these lectures, Korsgaard argues that importance is tethered to a creature who finds it important. While according to this view there is no "free-floating"
373:
untethered importance, there is absolute importance, which occurs when something is important to all beings. Therefore, to
Korsgaard, the statement that animals are universally less important than humans is not incorrect, but incoherent. She distinguishes between the evaluative or functional
405:, the being is committed to valuing the ends of all beings with the final good (animals). In other words, all animals are passive ends-in-of-themselves, but non-person are not active ends-in-of-themselves.
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2009:
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295:; since 1991 she has been a professor at Harvard University, where she was Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy, and is now emerita.
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506:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 215–54. (Reprinted with Afterword in Korsgaard (2008), pp. 27–69.)
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in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon
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83 (1): 5-25. (Reprinted in as ch.11 in
Korsgaard (1996b), pp. 311–334.)
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and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in
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is a being with the final good. Therefore, when universalized using the
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who is the Arthur
Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy Emerita at
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in 2015. She served as
President of the Eastern Division of the
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2014 Uehiro
Lectures: The Moral and Legal Standing of Animals
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if it is capable of legislating ends that one must respect.
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498:(1997) "The Normativity of Instrumental Reason," ch. 8 in
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Presidents of the
American Philosophical Association
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2010:
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
547:"Honors and Awards | Commencement at Illinois"
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if things that are good for it are good absolutely.
171:
363:Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to Other Animals
324:Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity
1976:
314:. In 2002, she was the first woman to give the
2060:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
306:, and also a collection of her past papers on
16:American philosopher in Left-Kantian tradition
783:
696:
2065:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1730:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
491:(1986) "Skepticism about Practical Reason,"
298:In 1996 Korsgaard published a book entitled
335:Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy
244:for two years and transferred to receive a
790:
776:
29:
735:
289:University of California at Santa Barbara
256:from Harvard, where she was a student of
473:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
458:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
408:
392:Something is an end-in-of-itself in the
385:Something is an end-in-of-itself in the
274:
1762:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
586:"Past Lectures - Faculty of Philosophy"
331:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
302:, which was the revised version of her
235:
1977:
208:. Her main scholarly interests are in
2020:Homewood-Flossmoor High School alumni
771:
200:; born April 9, 1952) is an American
1778:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
13:
2035:21st-century American philosophers
2030:20th-century American philosophers
424:: Our obligations to other animals
339:American Philosophical Association
322:, which turned into her 2009 book
260:. She was awarded an honorary LHD
14:
2081:
2045:American people of Danish descent
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442:: Agency, Identity, and Integrity
268:in 2004. She is a 1970 alumna of
1959:
1958:
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329:She was elected a Fellow of the
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2000:American animal rights scholars
527:List of animal rights advocates
357:for over 40 years and is now a
304:Tanner Lectures on Human Values
1746:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1116:Value monism – Value pluralism
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361:. In 2018, Korsgaard authored
270:Homewood-Flossmoor High School
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2055:American philosophers of mind
736:Korsgaard, Christine (2014).
522:List of American philosophers
1810:On the Genealogy of Morality
1770:Critique of Practical Reason
742:(Speech). Oxford University.
687:. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
471:Creating the Kingdom of Ends
349:Korsgaard is an advocate of
312:Creating the Kingdom of Ends
7:
2005:American women philosophers
1995:21st-century American women
763:Interview with 3AM Magazine
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504:Ethics and Practical Reason
485:
426:, Oxford University Press,
242:Eastern Illinois University
10:
2086:
1738:A Treatise of Human Nature
797:
703:The Philosophers' Magazine
662:www.people.fas.harvard.edu
456:The Sources of Normativity
451:, Oxford University Press.
449:The Constitution of Agency
444:, Oxford University Press.
300:The Sources of Normativity
157:Christine Marion Korsgaard
23:Christine Marion Korsgaard
2015:Harvard University alumni
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1089:Universal prescriptivism
759:- at Harvard University.
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502:& Berys Gaut (eds.)
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403:formula of universal law
369:supports animal rights.
262:Doctor of Humane Letters
878:Artificial intelligence
93:20th-century philosophy
697:Nobis, Nathan (2019).
280:
266:University of Illinois
250:University of Illinois
226:personal relationships
79:University of Illinois
2040:Analytic philosophers
1802:The Methods of Ethics
1040:Divine command theory
1035:Ideal observer theory
409:Selected publications
293:University of Chicago
278:
2025:Kantian philosophers
1919:Political philosophy
757:Korsgaard's Web Page
715:10.5840/tpm201987100
320:University of Oxford
236:Education and career
220:, and the theory of
1889:Evolutionary ethics
1850:Reasons and Persons
1826:A Theory of Justice
980:Uncertain sentience
517:American philosophy
316:John Locke Lectures
272:in Flossmoor, Ill.
2050:American ethicists
1884:Ethics in religion
1879:Descriptive ethics
1714:Nicomachean Ethics
365:which argues that
283:She has taught at
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218:philosophy of mind
206:Harvard University
125:Harvard University
103:Western philosophy
75:Harvard University
1972:
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1939:Social philosophy
1924:Population ethics
1914:Philosophy of law
1894:History of ethics
1377:Political freedom
1054:Euthyphro dilemma
845:Suffering-focused
440:Self-Constitution
279:Korsgaard in 2019
222:personal identity
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1084:Quasi-realism
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394:passive sense
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351:animal rights
345:Animal rights
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64:United States
61:
57:
52:(age 72)
44:April 9, 1952
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1943:
1899:Human rights
1842:After Virtue
1692:
1568:Schopenhauer
1342:Moral agency
1215:Common sense
1111:Universalism
1079:Expressivism
1059:Intuitionism
1030:Subjectivism
975:Terraforming
950:Professional
738:
731:
706:
702:
692:
676:
665:. Retrieved
661:
652:
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
627:
619:the original
614:
605:
594:. Retrieved
590:the original
580:
566:
555:. Retrieved
551:the original
541:
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438:
420:
399:
393:
387:active sense
386:
371:
362:
353:. She was a
348:
328:
323:
311:
299:
297:
282:
239:
232:in general.
156:
155:
140:
121:Institutions
1990:1952 births
1717:(c. 322 BC)
1583:Kierkegaard
1402:Stewardship
1179:Rousseauian
1096:Rationalism
1008:Cognitivism
955:Programming
930:Meat eating
903:Engineering
709:: 113–114.
230:normativity
214:metaphysics
202:philosopher
1979:Categories
1613:Bonhoeffer
1322:Immorality
1265:Eudaimonia
1225:Conscience
1220:Compassion
1106:Skepticism
1101:Relativism
1018:Naturalism
998:Absolutism
970:Technology
820:Deontology
667:2018-05-16
643:2015-07-19
596:2014-12-19
557:2015-06-04
355:vegetarian
291:, and the
258:John Rawls
145:Kantianism
48:1952-04-09
1874:Casuistry
1786:Either/Or
1693:Korsgaard
1688:Azurmendi
1653:MacIntyre
1593:Nietzsche
1523:Augustine
1518:Confucius
1498:Aristotle
1474:Ethicists
1432:Intrinsic
1397:Suffering
1307:Happiness
1280:Free will
1260:Etiquette
1205:Authority
1149:Epicurean
1144:Confucian
1139:Christian
1074:Emotivism
898:Discourse
835:Pragmatic
807:Normative
723:213858580
572:"Faculty"
264:from the
248:from the
228:; and in
1964:Category
1904:Ideology
1869:Axiology
1698:Nussbaum
1648:Frankena
1643:Anscombe
1633:Williams
1588:Sidgwick
1508:Valluvar
1503:Diogenes
1488:Socrates
1412:Theodicy
1407:Sympathy
1372:Pacifism
1362:Morality
1275:Fidelity
1255:Equality
1210:Autonomy
1198:Concepts
1159:Feminist
1134:Buddhist
1064:Nihilism
1003:Axiology
960:Research
893:Computer
888:Business
685:Phys.org
511:See also
486:Articles
469:(1996b)
454:(1996a)
115:Analytic
60:Illinois
1862:Related
1608:Tillich
1573:Bentham
1548:Spinoza
1543:Aquinas
1528:Mencius
1442:Western
1417:Torture
1382:Precept
1337:Loyalty
1332:Liberty
1327:Justice
1240:Dignity
1230:Consent
1174:Kantian
1164:Islamic
1127:Schools
1013:Realism
945:Nursing
940:Medical
925:Machine
865:Applied
658:"Index"
447:(2008)
437:(2009)
419:(2018)
318:at the
56:Chicago
46: (
1853:(1984)
1845:(1981)
1837:(1979)
1829:(1971)
1821:(1903)
1813:(1887)
1805:(1874)
1797:(1861)
1789:(1843)
1781:(1820)
1773:(1788)
1765:(1785)
1757:(1780)
1749:(1759)
1741:(1740)
1733:(1726)
1725:(1677)
1683:Taylor
1668:Parfit
1663:Singer
1638:Mackie
1513:Cicero
1454:Virtue
1387:Rights
1312:Honour
1169:Jewish
965:Sexual
873:Animal
855:Virtue
799:Ethics
721:
477:
462:
430:
379:people
287:, the
252:and a
216:, the
143:
141:·
139:
110:School
99:Region
1945:Index
1707:Works
1678:Adams
1673:Nagel
1628:Dewey
1623:Rawls
1603:Barth
1598:Moore
1563:Hegel
1538:Xunzi
1493:Plato
1483:Laozi
1464:Wrong
1437:Japan
1427:Value
1422:Trust
1317:Ideal
1184:Stoic
935:Media
920:Legal
719:S2CID
533:Notes
414:Books
359:vegan
1658:Hare
1618:Foot
1578:Mill
1558:Kant
1553:Hume
1533:Mozi
1449:Vice
1367:Norm
1295:Evil
1290:Good
1250:Duty
990:Meta
913:Land
840:Role
825:Care
475:ISBN
460:ISBN
428:ISBN
375:good
308:Kant
285:Yale
254:Ph.D
246:B.A.
41:Born
1459:Vow
1189:Tao
883:Bio
711:doi
178:ɔːr
162:FBA
89:Era
1981::
717:.
707:87
705:.
701:.
683:.
660:.
613:.
326:.
187:ɑː
159:,
62:,
58:,
791:e
784:t
777:v
725:.
713::
670:.
646:.
599:.
574:.
560:.
481:.
466:.
434:.
196:/
193:d
190:r
184:ɡ
181:z
175:k
172:ˈ
169:/
165:(
50:)
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