519:
49:
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1011:
292:, where he defined it as "the branch of the history of art which concerns itself with the subject matter or meaning of works of art, as opposed to form," although the distinction he and other scholars drew between particular definitions of "iconography" (put simply, the identification of visual content) and "iconology" (the analysis of the meaning of that content), has not been generally accepted, though it is still used by some writers.
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Contemporary iconography research often draws on theories of visual framing to address such diverse issues as the iconography of climate change created by different stakeholders, the iconography that international organizations create about natural disasters, the iconography of epidemics disseminated
419:
system, a highly complex system for the classification of the content of images, with 40,000+ classification types, and 84,000 (14,000 unique) keywords, was developed in the
Netherlands as a standard classification for recording collections, with the idea of assembling huge databases that will allow
754:
figures, portraits of Christ and some saints, and a limited number of "abbreviated representations" of biblical episodes emphasizing deliverance. From the
Constantinian period monumental art borrowed motifs from Roman Imperial imagery, classical Greek and Roman religion and popular art – the motif
1170:
analyzed stock photos used in press reporting to depict the social issue of child sexual abuse. Based on a sample of N=1,437 child sexual abuse (CSA) online press articles that included 419 stock photos, a CSA iconography (i.e. a set of typical image motifs for a topic) was revealed that relate to
990:
From the 15th century religious painting gradually freed itself from the habit of following earlier compositional models, and by the 16th century ambitious artists were expected to find novel compositions for each subject, and direct borrowings from earlier artists are more often of the poses of
240:(1862–1954) all specialists in Christian religious art, which was the main focus of study in this period, in which French scholars were especially prominent. They looked back to earlier attempts to classify and organise subjects encyclopedically like Cesare Ripa and
916:, as were many other developments. Most painters remained content to copy and slightly modify the works of others, and it is clear that the clergy, by whom or for whose churches most art was commissioned, often specified what they wanted shown in great detail.
121:, "an iconography" may also mean a particular depiction of a subject in terms of the content of the image, such as the number of figures used, their placing and gestures. The term is also used in many academic fields other than art history, for example
322:
The period from 1940 can be seen as one where iconography was especially prominent in art history. Whereas most iconographical scholarship remains highly dense and specialized, some analyses began to attract a much wider audience, for example
175:
reassuringly demonstrates that such works were difficult to understand even for well-informed contemporaries. Lesser known, though it had informed poets, painters and sculptors for over two centuries after its 1593 publication, was
817:
iconographical innovation was regarded as unhealthy, if not heretical, in the
Eastern Church, though it still continued at a glacial pace. More than in the West, traditional depictions were often considered to have authentic or
142:, although the definitions, and so the distinction made, varies. When referring to movies, genres are immediately recognizable through their iconography, motifs that become associated with a specific genre through repetition.
1074:
developed on largely original lines, and for different purposes. Personal iconographies, where works appear to have significant meanings individual to, and perhaps only accessible by, the artist, go back at least as far as
965:
iconography became highly sophisticated, and in many cases appears to be deliberately enigmatic, even for a well-educated contemporary. The subtle layers of meaning uncovered by modern iconographical research in works of
288:(1892–1968) elaborated the practice of identification and classification of motifs in images to using iconography as a means to understanding meaning. Panofsky codified an influential approach to iconography in his 1939
1171:
criminal reporting: The CSA iconography visualizes 1. crime contexts, 2. course of the crime and people involved, and 3. consequences of the crime for the people involved (e.g., image motif: perpetrator in handcuffs).
982:
lie in small details of what are on first viewing very conventional representations. When
Italian painting developed a taste for enigma, considerably later, it most often showed in secular compositions influenced by
241:
72:, studies the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from
895:
period sculpture on churches became increasingly important in
Western art, and probably partly because of the lack of Byzantine models, became the location of much iconographic innovation, along with the
1809:. (with 275 specialists from all continents, all specialities, all periods from Prehistory to nowadays); Laurent Gervereau, "Images, une histoire mondiale", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2008, 272p.,
833:
are very close to their predecessors of a thousand years ago, though development, and some shifts in meaning, have occurred – for example, the old man wearing a fleece in conversation with
1147:. Discussing imagery as iconography in this way implies a critical "reading" of imagery that often attempts to explore social and cultural values. Iconography is also used within
1571:
Dieter Wuttke (2017), "Erwin
Panofsky (1892-1968)", in: The Routledge Companion to Medieval Iconography, ed. by Colum Hourihane, London and New York, pp. 105-122, here p. 119).
1159:. In the age of Internet, the new global history of the visual production of Humanity (Histiconologia) includes History of Art and history of all kind of images or medias.
1538:
856:
and saints and other subjects were developed; the number of named types of icons of Mary, with or without the infant Christ, was especially large in the East, whereas
412:(which has made a specialism of iconography since its early days in America). These are now being digitised and made available online, usually on a restricted basis.
548:
faiths, and often contain highly complex iconography, which reflects centuries of accumulated tradition. Secular
Western iconography later drew upon these themes.
102:
A secondary meaning (based on a non-standard translation of the Greek and
Russian equivalent terms) is the production or study of the religious images, called "
1534:
Richard
Krautheimer, Introduction to an "Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 5. (1942), pp. 1-33.
420:
the retrieval of images featuring particular details, subjects or other common factors. For example, the
Iconclass code "71H7131" is for the subject of "
199:
with an inverted torch was an early attempt to use a study of a type of image to explain the culture it originated in, rather than the other way round.
404:
Technological advances allowed the building-up of huge collections of photographs, with an iconographic arrangement or index, which include those of the
2176:
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (Project of the Swiss National Science Foundation at the Universities of Zurich and Fribourg)
1511:
927:
was understood as a "type" or pre-figuring of an event in the life of, or aspect of, Christ or Mary was often reflected in art, and in the later
381:, that Panofsky researched throughout his life, the iconographic interest in texts as possible sources remains important, because the meaning of
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periods the great majority of religious art was intended to convey often complex religious messages as clearly as possible, with the arrival of
822:, and the job of the artist was to copy them with as little deviation as possible. The Eastern church also never accepted the use of monumental
114:
tradition. This usage is mostly found in works translated from languages such as Greek or Russian, with the correct term being "icon painting".
1256:
888:
figures of saints by a standard appearance and symbolic objects held by them; in the East, they were more likely to identified by text labels.
1027:
Secular painting became far more common in the West from the Renaissance, and developed its own traditions and conventions of iconography, in
366:, which had developed following the publications of Erwin Panofsky, has been critically discussed since the mid-1950s, in part also strongly (
2128:
2067:
1237:
518:
1959:
Johansson, Anna; Sternudd, Hans T. (2015). "Iconography of Suffering in Social Media: Images of Sitting Girls". In Anderson, R. (ed.).
2207:
129:, and archaeology, and in general usage, for the content of images, the typical depiction in images of a subject, and related senses.
1801:
The first World Dictionary of Images: Laurent Gervereau (ed.), "Dictionnaire mondial des images", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2006, 1120p,
1703:
1186:
625:
1826:
Wozniak, Antal (2020). "Stakeholders Visual Representations of Climate Change". In Holmes, David C.; Richardson, Lucy M. (eds.).
1395:
1982:
1935:
1920:
King, Nicholas B. (2015). "Mediating Panic: The Iconography of New Infectious Threats, 1936-2009". In Peckham, Robert (ed.).
1888:
1841:
1814:
1806:
1645:
1535:
1380:
374:). However, among the critics, no one has found a model of interpretation that could completely replace that of Panofsky.
17:
2175:
2085:
The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?
1585:
The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?
1562:
Most recently: North, John (September, 2004). The Ambassador's Secret: Holbein and the World of the Renaissance. Orion Books
739:
228:
Iconography as an academic art historical discipline developed in the nineteenth century in the works of scholars such as
1225:
979:
1180:
2122:
2104:
1523:
1473:
710:
505:
624:. The art of Indian Religions esp. Hindus in its numerous sectoral divisions is governed by sacred texts called the
2185:
904:
and other factors. Developments in theology and devotional practice produced innovations like the subject of the
779:. Eventually, the Church would succeed in weeding most of these out, but some remain, like the ox and ass in the
327:'s theory (now generally out of favour with specialists of that picture) that the writing on the rear wall in the
248:
as guides to understanding works of art, both religious and profane, in a more scientific manner than the popular
191:, a 17th-century biographer of artists of his own time, describes and analyses, not always correctly, many works.
48:
2146:
487:
900:, which had already taken a decisively different direction from Byzantine equivalents, under the influence of
432:". A number of collections of different types have been classified using Iconclass, notably many types of
1677:
1498:
984:
962:
706:
573:
483:
2008:"Ikonografien des sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs: Symbolbilder in Presseartikeln und Präventionsmaterialien"
1214:
975:
315:, a specialist on early medieval churches and another German émigré, extended iconographical analysis to
1927:
1441:
1273:
620:
art developed esoteric meanings, accessible only to initiates; this is an especially strong feature of
27:
This article is about iconography in art history. For religious painting in Eastern Christianity, see
2180:
2084:
1584:
1294:
731:
676:
343:
111:
57:
437:
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has been the subject of books for a general market with new theories as to its iconography, and the
905:
780:
338:
211:
192:
52:
220:
cycle on a single panel. Altogether 25 scenes, not all involving the Virgin, are depicted. 1480,
1833:
992:
476:
233:
229:
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types. Traditional models evolved for narrative paintings, including large cycles covering the
837:
usually seen in Orthodox Nativities seems to have begun as one of the shepherds, or the prophet
1468:
Alte Pinakotek, Munich; (Summary Catalogue – various authors), pp. 348-51, 1986, Edition Lipp,
897:
853:
814:
1438:
Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell’imagini Universali cavate dall’Antichità et da altri luoghi
1143:. These analyses in turn have affected conventional art history, especially concepts such as
576:, also found in Christian and Islamic art, and divine qualities and attributes represented by
1242:
1192:
1167:
1136:
869:
860:
was much the commonest image of Christ. Especially important depictions of Mary include the
643:
Although iconic depictions of, or concentrating on, a single figure are the dominant type of
530:
2236:
2231:
1643:
Illuminated manuscripts from the Dutch royal Library, browsable by ICONCLASS classification
1261:
1248:
1116:
934:
409:
1204:
971:
942:
8:
1966:
1267:
1067:
920:
696:
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texts, which were usually considered authoritative by most patrons, artists and viewers.
386:
312:
188:
2204:
1010:
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art, narrative scenes have become rather more common in recent centuries, especially in
2037:
1902:
1872:
1220:
1044:
950:
909:
873:
857:
735:
605:
545:
398:
329:
216:
2079:
1865:
Revet, Sandrine (2020). "Disaster Iconography: Victims, Rescue Workers, and Hazards".
1580:
2118:
2100:
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1988:
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1941:
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or free-standing sculpture, which it found too reminiscent of paganism. Most modern
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though considered a wrathful deity but in few contexts is depicted in pacified mood.
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syllables from sacred alphabetic scripts are other features. Under the influence of
405:
356:
307:
continued under his influence in the discipline. In an influential article of 1942,
256:, manuals, and other publications useful in identifying the content of art. Mâle's
1734:, Vol. 8, (1954), pp. 83–150, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University,
1289:
2110:
2019:
1970:
1876:
1368:
1364:
Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire
1144:
1140:
1028:
1004:
1000:
827:
772:
561:
541:
537:
448:. The system can also be used outside pure art history, for example on sites like
433:
2160:
1642:
1406:
355:
include theories, disowned by most art historians, on the iconography of works by
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2211:
2024:
2007:
1974:
1727:
1649:
1542:
1332:
1152:
1112:
885:
727:
723:
441:
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371:
300:
237:
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164:
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1880:
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Renaissance mythological painting was in theory reviving the iconography of its
2170:
1303:
1198:
1080:
1040:
892:
324:
304:
285:
156:
73:
1898:
1851:
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came to dominate the choice of Old Testament scenes in Western Christian art.
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2188:
2033:
1992:
1945:
1763:
1740:
1337:
1208:
1132:
1084:
967:
938:
924:
819:
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425:
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296:
155:
Early Western writers who took special note of the content of images include
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81:
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1174:
367:
246:
Recueil d'antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grècques, romaines et gauloises
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1827:
1372:
1284:
1231:
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1100:
1088:
946:
834:
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period iconography began to be standardized, and to relate more closely to
764:
719:
664:
581:
382:
334:
316:
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207:
2181:
Web site for European Sacred Mountains, Calvaries and Devotional Complexes
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928:
901:
823:
621:
557:
348:
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61:(1533) is a complex work whose iconography remains the subject of debate.
2199:
1735:
1653:
1156:
1060:
996:
958:
945:
of 1425-28 has a highly complex iconography that is still debated. Is
913:
861:
802:
648:
593:
490: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
281:
35:
1747:
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in the press, and the iconography of suffering found in social media.
876:, parts of the Old Testament, and, increasingly, the lives of popular
1409:
Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance
1128:
1120:
1032:
776:
668:
633:
609:
421:
416:
363:
352:
249:
134:
122:
39:
2060:
Iconography and Gesamtkunstwerk in Parsifal's Two Cinematic Settings
465:
260:(originally 1899, with revised editions) translated into English as
1678:"The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art – Smarthistory"
999:
religious painting to Biblical scenes conceived along the lines of
768:
644:
408:
and the Index of Medieval Art (formerly Index of Christian Art) at
262:
The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century
202:
168:
2076:, Online version, University of Virginia Library, Gale Group, 2003
1664:
252:
approach of the time. These early contributions paved the way for
1092:
865:
791:
680:
660:
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as well as mood of the central figure in a context. For example,
589:
569:
273:
2217:"Semiotics and Iconography" from the Handbook of Visual Analysis
659:, or tales of his previous lives, are found at major sites like
613:
568:
or gestures with specific meanings. Other features include the
1396:
Oxford Bibliographies: Paul Taylor, "Iconology and Iconography"
1298:
881:
849:
838:
786:
652:
637:
617:
597:
540:
are used to some extent by all major religions, including both
526:
449:
1965:. Social Indicators Research Series. Vol. 56. Dordrecht:
1446:: From the 17th to the 19th Century by Hans-Joachim Zimmermann
2193:
1600:
1079:, but have become increasingly significant with artists like
877:
842:
751:
743:
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features Christian iconography, prominently developed in the
672:
628:
which describes the ratio and proportion of the icon, called
601:
585:
577:
565:
523:
429:
390:
337:
turned the painting into the record of a marriage contract.
196:
90:
84:
1497:, Sources of information in the humanities, no. 2. Chicago:
759:
owes something to both Imperial portraits and depictions of
2117:,1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
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9 (2024), pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546
1622:
1052:
1015:
830:
760:
684:
103:
28:
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that Christ's Incarnation was a trap to catch men's souls?
309:
Introduction to an "Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture"
1175:
Articles with iconographical analysis of individual works
445:
424:(alone) with David's letter", whereas "71" is the whole "
299:, to which Panofsky immigrated in 1931, students such as
1106:
1442:
English Translations and Adaptations of Cesare Ripa's
1730:, "The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm",
1007:
reined in somewhat the freedom of Catholic artists.
991:
individual figures than of whole compositions. The
1923:Empires of Panic: Epidemics and Colonial Anxieties
841:, but is now usually understood as the "Tempter" (
1958:
1829:Research Handbook on Communicating Climate Change
1455:
1453:
1018:painting icons on the wall of an Abbey in France.
949:making a mousetrap, reflecting a remark of Saint
671:, especially in earlier periods. Conversely, in
2223:
1654:Ross Publishing - examples of databases for sale
848:In both East and West, numerous iconic types of
742:occurred within the first seven centuries after
1367:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd.
551:
1450:
1047:, not to mention modern media and genres like
1022:
455:
444:. These are available, usually on-line or on
132:Sometimes distinctions have been made between
1518:, pp. 20-28, 2005, Laurence King Publishing,
923:, by which the meaning of most events of the
775:narratives were plugged with matter from the
2129:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
2005:
1704:"All the Known Audio of C.S. Lewis Speaking"
1495:Research Guide to the History of Western Art
1493:W. Eugene Kleinbauer and Thomas P. Slavens,
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1426:. Toronto: Person Prentice Hall. p. 52.
1155:of cinema, particularly within the field of
604:. The symbolic use of colour to denote the
2171:The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
1748:"The Early Church on the Aniconic Spectrum"
1695:
2023:
1478:
1421:
506:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:l'Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France
2095:Cook, Pam and Mieke Bernink, eds. 1999.
2006:Döring, Nicola; Walter, Roberto (2021).
1009:
933:
785:
738:from the outset, and the development of
690:
517:
201:
195:'s study (1796) of the classical figure
47:
1825:
1669:
880:. Especially in the West, a system of
14:
2224:
1701:
1360:
1003:, and after some decades the Catholic
214:– in fact this is a later title for a
1864:
1591:9, pp. 1-36, here pp. 1-4, 9, 23, 28.
1107:In disciplines other than art history
206:A painting with complex iconography:
2115:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I
1919:
1786:
1436:Ripa's full title, rarely used, was
740:early Christian art and architecture
488:adding citations to reliable sources
459:
389:is closely linked to the content of
267:
264:has remained continuously in print.
1962:World Suffering and Quality of Life
1752:The Westminster Theological Journal
1675:
1516:Methods and Theories of Art History
415:With the arrival of computing, the
24:
2205:What iconographers do - case study
2196:—iconography of ancient mythology.
2099:. 2nd ed. London: BFI Publishing.
2074:Dictionary of The History of Ideas
2012:Studies in Communication and Media
974:, and of Jan van Eyck such as the
25:
2248:
2140:
2090:Church, Communication and Culture
1792:Cook and Bernink (1999, 138-140).
1589:Church, Communication and Culture
1111:Iconography, often of aspects of
771:texts, although many gaps in the
711:Marian art in the Catholic Church
377:As regards the interpretation of
163:interpreted the paintings in the
1702:Taylor, Justin (July 18, 2013).
1583:and Maciej Jan Jasiński (2024),
464:
2063:in ESM Mediamusic. No. 2 (2013)
1999:
1952:
1913:
1858:
1832:. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire:
1819:
1795:
1777:
1721:
1658:
1636:
1615:
1606:
1594:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1528:
726:, and is a prominent aspect of
556:Central to the iconography and
475:needs additional citations for
2189:about the Cult of Great Mother
1504:
1462:
1430:
1415:
1400:
1389:
1354:
1070:, but in practice themes like
957:Whereas in the Romanesque and
815:period of Byzantine iconoclasm
280:(1866–1929) and his followers
242:Anne Claude Philippe de Caylus
150:
145:
13:
1:
2136:), Artemis Verlag, 1981-2009
1361:Eiland, Murray (2023-04-30).
1343:
795:
580:and ritual tools such as the
2025:10.5771/2192-4007-2021-3-362
1975:10.1007/978-94-017-9670-5_26
1665:website Iconclass for Flickr
1499:American Library Association
1348:
963:Early Netherlandish painting
870:events of the Life of Christ
707:Eastern Orthodox iconography
552:Indian religious iconography
7:
2186:Sacred Icons in Modern Era
1881:10.1007/978-3-030-41582-2_3
1326:
1309:
1215:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
1023:Secular Western iconography
976:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
912:, Both associated with the
456:Brief survey of iconography
272:In early twentieth-century
10:
2253:
2051:
1928:Hong Kong University Press
1682:Smarthistory – art history
1274:St. Augustine in His Study
1238:Virgin and Child Enthroned
700:
694:
531:Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra
428:" and "71H" the "story of
91:
85:
33:
26:
2161:Resources in your library
2082:and Maciej Jan Jasiński,
1422:Giannetti, Louis (2008).
985:Renaissance Neo-Platonism
436:, the collections of the
1252:by Rogier van der Weyden
1166:An iconography study in
1115:, is a concern of other
906:Coronation of the Virgin
655:narrative cycles of the
212:Seven Joys of the Virgin
34:Not to be confused with
1834:Edward Elgar Publishing
1257:St. Jerome in His Study
980:Washington Annunciation
522:A 17th century Central
234:Anton Heinrich Springer
230:Adolphe Napoleon Didron
1541:April 8, 2008, at the
1373:10.30861/9781407360713
1295:Marie de' Medici cycle
1019:
954:
898:illuminated manuscript
886:identifying individual
810:
746:. Small images in the
732:Aniconism was rejected
534:
438:Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
225:
62:
2200:Christian Iconography
1732:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1601:Index of Medieval Art
1243:Rogier van der Weyden
1193:Piero della Francesca
1168:communication science
1137:Communication Studies
1013:
995:soon restricted most
937:
789:
701:Further information:
691:Christian iconography
521:
205:
51:
45:Branch of art history
18:Christian iconography
1969:. pp. 341–355.
1930:. pp. 181–203.
1836:. pp. 131–143.
1708:The Gospel Coalition
1424:Understanding Movies
1262:Antonello da Messina
1249:The Magdalen Reading
1117:academic disciplines
801:, an example of the
484:improve this article
290:Studies in Iconology
1623:"Iconclass website"
1268:Two Venetian Ladies
1068:Classical Antiquity
697:Christian symbolism
677:miniature paintings
647:image, large stone
317:architectural forms
313:Richard Krautheimer
189:Gian Pietro Bellori
2210:2005-08-27 at the
2066:Białostocki, Jan,
1875:. pp. 53–80.
1873:Palgrave Macmillan
1648:2008-02-20 at the
1612:Białostocki:538-39
1221:Arnolfini Portrait
1145:signs in semiotics
1057:political cartoons
1020:
955:
874:Life of the Virgin
858:Christ Pantocrator
820:miraculous origins
811:
781:Nativity of Christ
777:apocryphal gospels
736:Christian theology
657:Life of the Buddha
636:an incarnation of
606:Classical Elements
535:
330:Arnolfini Portrait
226:
217:Life of the Virgin
112:Orthodox Christian
63:
2147:Library resources
2111:Schiller, Gertrud
1984:978-94-017-9670-5
1937:978-988-8208-44-9
1890:978-3-030-41581-5
1843:978-1-78990-040-8
1815:978-2-84736-362-3
1807:978-2-84736-185-8
1382:978-1-4073-6071-3
1321:Urban iconography
1316:Hindu iconography
1279:Vittore Carpaccio
1205:Mérode Altarpiece
1077:Hieronymous Bosch
1072:Leda and the Swan
1031:, which includes
972:Mérode Altarpiece
943:Mérode Altarpiece
807:Madonna and Child
790:The Theotokos of
757:Christ in Majesty
748:Catacombs of Rome
516:
515:
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406:Warburg Institute
357:Leonardo da Vinci
268:Twentieth century
236:(1825–1891), and
68:, as a branch of
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1188:The Flagellation
1151:to describe the
1141:Cultural Studies
1029:history painting
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1001:history painting
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800:
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679:of the lives of
612:and letters and
562:Indian religions
538:Religious images
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383:Christian images
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442:Marburger Index
440:and the German
372:Svetlana Alpers
344:The Ambassadors
301:Frederick Hartt
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165:Palazzo Vecchio
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1868:Disasterland
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1767:. Retrieved
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1755:
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1227:Annunciation
1226:
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1165:
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1149:film studies
1125:Anthropology
1110:
1101:Joseph Beuys
1065:
1041:genre scenes
1026:
989:
970:such as the
956:
918:
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847:
835:Saint Joseph
812:
765:Late Antique
714:
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582:dharmachakra
555:
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482:Please help
477:verification
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376:
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349:best-sellers
342:
335:Jan van Eyck
328:
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2237:Art history
2232:Iconography
2194:LIMC-France
2152:Iconography
2069:Iconography
1783:Schiller:66
1536:Online text
1097:Frida Kahlo
1061:comic books
1049:photography
1043:, and even
1033:mythologies
993:Reformation
929:Middle Ages
914:Franciscans
902:Insular art
824:high relief
799: 1300
724:renaissance
622:Tibetan art
558:hagiography
399:theological
278:Aby Warburg
182:emblem book
178:Cesare Ripa
151:Foundations
146:Scholarship
140:iconography
119:art history
78:iconography
76:. The word
70:art history
66:Iconography
2226:Categories
1899:1153066230
1852:1226584969
1629:2014-03-31
1444:Iconologia
1344:References
1119:including
1045:landscapes
997:Protestant
910:Assumption
893:Romanesque
882:attributes
862:Hodegetria
813:After the
803:Hodegetria
594:sauwastika
395:liturgical
368:Otto Pächt
282:Fritz Saxl
238:Émile Mâle
185:Iconologia
106:", in the
36:Iconograph
2042:242216019
2034:2192-4007
1993:902846595
1946:904372902
1907:219010604
1764:0043-4388
1349:Citations
1230:, all by
1129:Sociology
1121:Semiotics
1037:portraits
951:Augustine
891:From the
763:. In the
669:Borobudor
634:Narasimha
630:taalmaana
610:Mahabhuta
546:Abrahamic
422:Bathsheba
417:Iconclass
410:Princeton
364:iconology
353:Dan Brown
250:aesthetic
224:, Munich.
135:iconology
123:semiotics
108:Byzantine
40:Iconology
2208:Archived
1967:Springer
1871:. Cham:
1769:March 2,
1713:March 2,
1687:March 2,
1646:Archived
1539:Archived
1327:See also
1310:Examples
1183:frescoes
978:and the
921:typology
908:and the
805:type of
769:Biblical
722:era and
720:medieval
645:Buddhist
496:May 2014
391:biblical
325:Panofsky
169:Florence
159:, whose
2052:Sources
1603:website
1514:in her
1093:Picasso
1089:Gauguin
866:Panagia
792:Tikhvin
734:within
681:Krishna
661:Sarnath
590:chhatra
570:aureola
524:Tibetan
339:Holbein
295:In the
274:Germany
193:Lessing
97:to draw
92:γράφειν
53:Holbein
2149:about
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1991:
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1299:Rubens
1139:, and
1099:, and
1053:cinema
959:Gothic
947:Joseph
878:saints
872:, the
850:Christ
839:Isaiah
709:, and
667:, and
665:Ajanta
653:fresco
649:relief
638:Vishnu
626:Aagama
618:tantra
598:phurba
542:Indian
527:thanka
450:Flickr
303:, and
2088:, in
2038:S2CID
1903:S2CID
1736:JSTOR
1587:, in
1016:monks
864:and
843:Satan
831:icons
752:orans
750:show
744:Jesus
673:Hindu
602:danda
586:vajra
578:asana
566:mudra
430:David
104:icons
86:εἰκών
82:Greek
2134:LIMC
2119:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2030:ISSN
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1942:OCLC
1932:ISBN
1895:OCLC
1885:ISBN
1848:OCLC
1838:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1771:2022
1760:ISSN
1715:2022
1689:2022
1652:and
1520:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1271:and
1203:The
1197:The
1081:Goya
854:Mary
761:Zeus
685:Rama
683:and
614:bija
600:and
574:halo
572:and
564:are
544:and
397:and
385:and
197:Amor
138:and
110:and
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2072:,
2020:doi
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1877:doi
1369:doi
1297:by
1288:by
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794:of
755:of
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608:or
560:of
529:of
486:by
446:DVD
351:of
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2014:.
2010:.
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1706:.
1680:.
1480:^
1452:^
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1375:.
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1691:.
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1371::
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533:.
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503:(
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494:(
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20:)
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