763:). Such criticism from (some) Hindus has been severe; but criticism has also been levelled from the Christian side, where conservative groups within the Catholic Church have regarded the Hindu influences upon Christian ashrams with some suspicion. The view of Indians as a whole appears to be that the Christian ashram movement is mainly "for foreigners"; however the view remains that the movement, at least the Catholic side, will continue in existence and provide (in the words of one commentator quoted by
53:
520:
750:
and
Christianity in general in the 1960s, this broke down as few were willing to engage in common meditation or social work practice. The Christian Ashram Movement, specifically, came under attack from some factions of Hinduism, as can be witnessed from a series of letters exchanged between Bede
721:
the
Catholic ashrams have proven more successful than the Protestant. In addition to their greater number, the continuance of Saccidananda Ashram under Bede Griffiths contrasts strikingly with the problems that Protestant ashrams have had under second-generation leadership, as exemplified by the
655:
and Jean-Venance
Bouchet designed Catholic ceremonies that integrated Hindu traditions. Bouchet became a noted scholar of Hinduism and adopted Hindu dress, ascetic practices, and even vegetarianism.
717:, with some 80 Catholic ashrams existing by 2005, Christa Prema Seva and Christukula were the first two of the (surviving) Protestant ashrams. Backed by the experience of a multisecular
816:, in its Declaration on Non-Christian Religions, said that "the Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in these religions". In Christian sannyasa, Hindu holy texts such as the
675:
531:
652:
506:
691:
1292:
752:
600:
703:
771:
Griffiths hoped to restore
Christianity to what he considered its roots where meditation and direct experience of God was emphasized, as with the
642:
450:
658:
Many other
Christian ashrams now exist in India. By 2004, there were at least 50 of them, including: Saccidananda Ashram (aforementioned),
1324:
Valiamangalam, J. (2003). "Indian
Christian Spirituality; The Christian Ashram Movement". In Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukerji, Bithika (eds.).
568:, a Christian missionary to India who decided to overcome the cultural obstacles to his mission by adopting the various forms of a Hindu
499:
845:
1082:
von BrĂźck, Michael; Rajashekar, J. Paul (1999). "Hinduism and
Christianity". In Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (eds.).
850:
473:
17:
426:
220:
648:
and who took over leadership of
Saccidananda Ashram after Monchanin's death and Le Saux's decision to leave for his hermitage.
492:
377:
1397:
1378:
1355:
1333:
1314:
1269:
1233:
1214:
1195:
1151:
1129:
1110:
1091:
468:
140:
1162:
430:
422:
275:
215:
1416:
390:
205:
92:
339:
1244:
667:
418:
324:
320:
663:
364:
299:
36:
446:
438:
295:
1226:
Christians meeting Hindus: an analysis and theological critique of the Hindu-Christian encounter in India
394:
255:
185:
52:
805:
434:
478:
398:
286:
97:
743:
630:
614:
442:
410:
373:
250:
175:
160:
107:
813:
722:
faltering of
Christa Prema Seva Ashram (and indeed by the Protestant ashram founded in 1917 by
671:
573:
384:
356:
235:
155:
718:
587:. His writings publicized several ideas in the movement, including the identification of the
543:
406:
402:
303:
245:
44:
764:
210:
8:
622:
225:
77:
1350:. Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs. Vol. 6. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
538:
and the teachings of the East, attempting to combine the
Christian faith with the Hindu
1343:
730:, possibly the very first Protestant ashram, which collapsed upon his death in 1919).
679:
596:
347:
311:
240:
200:
195:
180:
170:
135:
102:
82:
72:
67:
824:
are considered to be gifts from God. Brother John Martin Sahajananda summarizes this
1393:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1329:
1310:
1265:
1229:
1210:
1191:
1147:
1125:
1106:
1087:
659:
638:
565:
117:
87:
1101:
Bryant, M. Darrol (2003). "ashrams". In Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (eds.).
1373:. Studies in religion and society. Vol. 20. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
797:
731:
707:
606:
In the footsteps of Upadhyay and Sen (second half of the 20th century) came French
561:
112:
710:) and Nava Jeeva Ashram, Founded by Pradhan Acharya John Thannickal in Bangalore.
808:
and thus allow Christianity to return to being a more inwardly-directed religion.
645:
618:
610:
607:
414:
1207:
Journeys East: 20th century Western encounters with Eastern religious traditions
1170:
633:
and still surviving into the 21st century. Upadhyay was also an influence upon
1302:
825:
793:
779:, but believe that has been de-emphasised throughout much of Christian history.
772:
742:
The movement has not been without interreligious friction. Although there was
674:
and S. Jesudasan, but by Anglicans rather than Roman Catholics, in the 1930s),
634:
230:
190:
150:
145:
1410:
1287:
1139:
789:
776:
165:
592:
588:
1252:
1348:
The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity Or Opportunity of Inculturation
828:
teaching as, "All the sacred scriptures are a gift of God to humanity.".
817:
723:
714:
687:
626:
584:
804:
in direct experience and wisdom arising from the mystical experience of
800:. By allying Christianity with mysticism, the movement seeks to ground
519:
560:
The "father" of the Christian Ashram movement was 17th-century Italian
621:(who was later to adopt the name Abhishiktananda), the co-founders of
785:
767:
in 1994) "an important point of contact for dialogue with Hinduism".
973:
971:
796:
is within you" (Luke 17:21) is married to the Hindu concept of the
1169:. Scottsdale Congregational United Church of Christ. Archived from
747:
699:
695:
613:(who was later to adopt the name Parma Arupi Anananda), and French
548:
1369:
Christian ashrams: a new religious movement in contemporary India
968:
821:
580:
535:
1103:
Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world
775:. Proponents consider this spiritual wisdom to be found in the
572:. He was followed in this â more than two centuries later â by
577:
539:
784:
While never losing sight of the fact that Jesus is the way to
1307:
Bede Griffiths: an introduction to his interspiritual thought
801:
727:
1224:
Robinson, Bob (2004). "Ashrams and Interreligious centres".
1328:. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 520â523.
941:
846:"Exploring the Harmonious Convergence of Christian Vedanta"
683:
534:) is a movement within Christianity in India that embraces
1209:. The library of perennial philosophy. World Wisdom, Inc.
1124:. Liturgy, worship, and society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
734:
reported in 1980 that the movement had "almost dried up".
1034:
929:
907:
905:
903:
901:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
1022:
1058:
988:
986:
917:
651:
In the late seventeenth, early eighteenth, century, P.
625:(also called Shantivanam) an ashram founded in 1950 at
998:
958:
956:
898:
877:
865:
1186:
Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2005). "ashrams, Christian".
1010:
1392:. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
983:
1081:
977:
953:
1366:
702:). Other ashrams founded by the movement include
1046:
576:, who was not a foreign missionary but an Indian
1408:
1264:. SUNY series in religious studies. SUNY Press.
1144:Mantra: hearing the divine in India and America
713:Whilst Saccidananda and others were founded by
1323:
500:
1390:Christian ashrams: a movement with a future?
1326:Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern
1163:"June 25â27, Days 53â55: Shantivanam Ashram"
1242:
1146:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
1086:. Vol. 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1064:
507:
493:
51:
1243:Sahajananda, John Martin (January 2009).
1204:
1138:
1028:
947:
935:
892:
474:All India Conference of Indian Christians
321:Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
1342:
1301:
1259:
1245:"Guidelines for Interreligious Dialogue"
1223:
1040:
1004:
911:
871:
518:
1364:
1119:
1016:
923:
14:
1409:
1387:
1185:
1100:
992:
962:
206:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
1160:
1052:
788:, in the movement the idea (from the
469:National Council of Churches in India
1295:: Adopting and Adapting Hindu Dharma
1286:
1105:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). SAGE.
760:
599:in 1882. He also founded an ashram
555:
276:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
216:Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
24:
1280:
1262:Bede Griffiths: a life in dialogue
25:
1428:
340:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
1249:Monastic Interreligious Dialogue
1122:Christian inculturation in India
1084:The encyclopedia of Christianity
755:â more on which can be found in
698:), and Christi Panti Ashram (in
603:, although it didn't last long.
419:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
325:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
1074:
978:von BrĂźck & Rajashekar 1999
838:
595:, an identification coined by
332:Independent Oriential Orthodox
13:
1:
1388:Mataji, Vandana, ed. (1993).
1309:. SkyLight Paths Publishing.
1251:(Bulletin 82). Archived from
1188:Encyclopedia of Protestantism
831:
431:Northern Evangelical Lutheran
365:Oriental Protestant Christian
161:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
1297:. New Delhi: Voice of India.
1260:Trapnell, Judson B. (2001).
737:
427:North Bank Baptist Christian
156:Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal
7:
451:United Evangelical Lutheran
423:Church of God (Full Gospel)
391:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran
10:
1433:
395:Assemblies Jehovah Shammah
186:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
27:Religion movement in India
1417:Christian ashram movement
1205:Oldmeadow, Harry (2004).
1167:Eric's Sabbatical Journal
1120:Collins, Paul M. (2007).
686:) and founded in 1927 by
676:Christa Prema Seva Ashram
530:(not to be confused with
528:Christian ashram movement
221:Mar Geevarghese Dionysius
201:Mar Gregorios of Parumala
18:Christian Ashram Movement
1142:; Goa, David J. (2004).
532:United Christian Ashrams
479:All India Catholic Union
399:Christian Revival Church
385:Protestant denominations
211:Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran
136:Saint Thomas the Apostle
1365:Ralston, Helen (1987).
1190:. Infobase Publishing.
631:Tiruchirapalli District
443:The Pentecostal Mission
300:Syro-Malankara Catholic
251:Mar Augustine Kandathil
226:Mar Geevarghese Ivanios
176:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
108:Saint Thomas Christians
814:Second Vatican Council
706:(founded by Methodist
690:John "Jack" Winslow),
672:Ernest Forrester Paton
574:Brahmabandhab Upadhyay
523:
378:St. Thomas Evangelical
236:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
936:Coward & Goa 2004
893:Coward & Goa 2004
653:Charles François Dolu
544:Christian monasticism
522:
447:Seventh-day Adventist
407:Church of South India
403:Church of North India
296:Syro-Malabar Catholic
246:Palackal Thoma Malpan
171:Bl.Devasahayam Pillai
45:Christianity in India
1255:on 19 December 2010.
1161:Elnes, Eric (2004).
765:George Soares-Prabhu
670:and also founded by
151:Saint Gonsalo Garcia
146:Saint Francis Xavier
1344:Cornille, Catherine
692:Jyotiniketan Ashram
623:Saccidananda Ashram
591:with the Christian
166:Saint Mother Teresa
78:Bombay East Indians
950:, p. 234â235.
719:monastic tradition
664:Christukula Ashram
662:(aforementioned),
637:., who co-founded
597:Keshub Chandra Sen
524:
348:Church of the East
241:Sadhu Sundar Singh
196:Ignatius Elias III
181:Mar Baselios Eldho
103:Punjabi Christians
83:Marathi Christians
73:Bettiah Christians
68:Bengali Christians
1399:978-81-7214-130-1
1380:978-0-88946-854-2
1357:978-0-8028-0566-9
1335:978-81-208-1937-5
1316:978-1-893361-77-5
1271:978-0-7914-4871-7
1235:978-1-870345-39-2
1216:978-0-941532-57-0
1197:978-0-8160-5456-5
1153:978-0-231-12961-9
1140:Coward, Harold G.
1131:978-0-7546-6076-7
1112:978-0-7619-2598-9
1093:978-90-04-11695-5
660:Kurisumala Ashram
639:Kurisumala Ashram
583:who converted to
566:Roberto de Nobili
556:Origin and spread
517:
516:
312:Oriental Orthodox
118:Telugu Christians
88:Meitei Christians
16:(Redirected from
1424:
1403:
1384:
1372:
1361:
1339:
1320:
1298:
1293:Catholic Ashrams
1275:
1256:
1239:
1220:
1201:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1157:
1135:
1116:
1097:
1068:
1065:Sahajananda 2009
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:, p. 56â57.
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
981:
975:
966:
960:
951:
945:
939:
938:, p. 87â88.
933:
927:
926:, p. 83â84.
921:
915:
909:
896:
890:
875:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
842:
809:
780:
757:Catholic Ashrams
732:Stanley Samartha
708:E. Stanley Jones
509:
502:
495:
435:Methodist Church
374:Mar Thoma Syrian
113:Tamil Christians
55:
32:
31:
21:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1381:
1358:
1336:
1317:
1303:Teasdale, Wayne
1283:
1281:Further reading
1278:
1272:
1236:
1217:
1198:
1176:
1174:
1173:on 16 July 2011
1154:
1132:
1113:
1094:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
984:
976:
969:
961:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
899:
891:
878:
870:
866:
856:
854:
844:
843:
839:
834:
783:
770:
753:Swami Devananda
740:
611:Jules Monchanin
601:Kasthalic Matha
558:
546:with the Hindu
513:
484:
483:
464:
456:
455:
454:
415:Indian Brethren
389:
369:
357:Chaldean Syrian
352:
335:
316:
291:
280:
269:
261:
260:
131:
123:
122:
98:Naga Christians
93:Mizo Christians
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1288:Goel, Sita Ram
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1098:
1092:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1031:, p. 235.
1029:Oldmeadow 2004
1021:
1009:
997:
982:
980:, p. 551.
967:
952:
948:Oldmeadow 2004
940:
928:
916:
914:, p. 220.
897:
876:
874:, p. 219.
864:
836:
835:
833:
830:
826:Roman Catholic
794:Kingdom of God
773:Desert Fathers
751:Griffiths and
739:
736:
704:Sat Tal Ashram
646:Francis Mahieu
635:Bede Griffiths
557:
554:
515:
514:
512:
511:
504:
497:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
371:
370:
354:
353:
337:
336:
318:
317:
304:Latin Catholic
293:
292:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
231:Abraham Malpan
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
191:Thomas of Cana
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
141:Saint Alphonsa
138:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
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75:
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64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1429:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
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1337:
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1308:
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1284:
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1246:
1241:
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1227:
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1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1172:
1168:
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1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:Robinson 2004
1037:
1030:
1025:
1019:, p. 79.
1018:
1013:
1007:, p. 56.
1006:
1005:Robinson 2004
1001:
995:, p. 50.
994:
989:
987:
979:
974:
972:
965:, p. 60.
964:
959:
957:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
913:
912:Trapnell 2001
908:
906:
904:
902:
895:, p. 87.
894:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
873:
872:Trapnell 2001
868:
853:
852:
847:
841:
837:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:New Testament
787:
781:
778:
777:New Testament
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
644:
641:with Belgian
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Henri le Saux
616:
612:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
490:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:Organisations
460:
459:
453:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
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428:
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408:
404:
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308:
307:
306:
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290:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:
279:
278:
277:
268:Denominations
265:
264:
257:
256:William Carey
254:
252:
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247:
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237:
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232:
229:
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127:
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119:
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84:
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66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1389:
1368:
1347:
1325:
1306:
1291:
1261:
1253:the original
1248:
1225:
1206:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1166:
1143:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1075:Sources used
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1017:Collins 2007
1012:
1000:
943:
931:
924:Collins 2007
919:
867:
855:. Retrieved
849:
840:
811:
792:) that "the
782:
769:
756:
741:
712:
680:Shivajinagar
678:(located in
666:(located in
657:
650:
605:
593:Holy Trinity
589:Saccidananda
569:
559:
547:
527:
525:
439:Presbyterian
411:Garo Baptist
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993:Melton 2005
963:Bryant 2003
857:3 September
818:Mahabharata
724:N. V. Tilak
627:Tannirpalli
615:Benedictine
585:Catholicism
552:tradition.
62:Communities
1053:Elnes 2004
832:References
806:nonduality
668:Tirupattur
542:model and
786:salvation
761:Goel 1988
738:Conflicts
715:Catholics
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1290:(1988).
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744:dialogue
700:Varanasi
696:Bareilly
688:Anglican
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570:sannyÄsi
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130:People
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617:monk
1394:ISBN
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1352:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1230:ISBN
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1192:ISBN
1179:2010
1148:ISBN
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