193:
1779:
his own and his
Christians' benefit, the income of which is about 11 hundred rupees yearly. The small church and the padre's house are situated in the midst of woods, gardens and sugar plantations--the spot is very picturesque, quiet and romantic; the Christians of that place yet speak the Nepalese language, bides the Hindee. the cause of the persecution against the Christians at Nepal was the rapid growth of Christianity; and that the Nepalese pandits not being able to cope with the Roman Catholic padrees in argumentation on religion; and seeing the daily increase of Christianity
275:
1150:(Mass) was repeated in the morning when more people came to attend the church service, including the nephew of the Raja and his retinue. The attendance of the Raja's court along with the Hindus, seems to be the beginning of a beautiful practice in religious harmony and dialogue still in vogue at Bettiah church. Every year at Christmas and on Good Friday, hundreds of non-Christians, particularly Hindus, largely in family groups, visit the church and offer prayers both inside it and at the shrine of Mother Mary, outside.
676:
27:
385:
425:
299:, copies of a book describing the friendly relations between Hindus and Christians were brought out, with special copies being printed for the king and other distinguished members of his court. During this event at which most of the citizens of Bettiah were present, Raja Dhurup Singh participated and provided musicians who played outside the church compound.
412:, established in 1922, has been widely attended by members of the Bettiah Christian Indian community too. Female education was a priority of the Bettiah Christian Mission, with St. Teresa's Mission Middle English School being founded in 1922, along with St. Teresa's Teacher Training College in 1928. As of 1995, there are twenty-seven schools in
1632:
Vatican granted permission. Subsequently, Dhruva Singh wrote two letters to Pope
Benedict XIV requesting that the missioners be allowed to open a station in Bettiah. The pope replied to him on May 1, 1742, saying the Capuchins could stay and preach the Gospel in the kingdom. Father Joseph Mary thus founded the Bettiah Mission in 1745.
407:
The majority of
Bettiah Christians became involved in the education sector, serving as teachers and professors. Among the first schools opened by the Bettiah Christian Mission included St. Stanislaus Mission Middle English School in 1860, along with St. Aloysius Pathsala and Jubilee Memorial Nursery
592:
position of the
Bettiah Christian Mission authorities, the Bettiah Christian converts mixed freely with Hindus and Muslims, "without any discrimination". Due to the "inter-community marriages and participation in shared community activities such as life-cycle rituals, festivals, ceremonies, social
348:
generally viewed the
Italian Capuchins with suspicion and in the 1760s, harassed and imprisoned them for several months; that being said, some individual Englishmen were fond of the Bettiah Christians and financially supported them, and "extended Government help for the care of orphans." Raja Jugal
294:
to minister to
European Christians but he became "sickened at heart with the loose morals of the settlers in the colonial settlement" and wished to be transferred to a location "where there were no Europeans." As such, he returned to his "beloved Bettiah" and Raja Dhurup Singh provided Bernini and
1778:
About 8 miles to the north of
Bettiah there is a village called Choohree where are about 200 Christians originally from Nepal, who fled away from that place in the time of persecution and settled at Choohree, which village and 500 bigas of land were given to the padre by the East India Company for
1602:
Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the
Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini,
1631:
One of the
Capuchin missioners, Father Joseph Mary, spent some time in Bettiah in 1740 en route to Tibet, and he managed to cure the queen of Bettiah of a serious malady. The King of Bettiah, Dhruva Singh, asked the priest to stay in his kingdom, but the priest said he could not do so unless the
1233:
It is estimated that the
Bettiah Christians comprise some 16000 members and are presently dispersed in various urban centres of north India and abroad. The making of the Bettiah Christians, the oldest Christian community in northern India, is a signal achievement of the Capuchins and the Jesuits
364:
of land within the fort, 200 bighas of land outside the fort, along with the village of Chuhari. At that time, there were three Catholic churches in each of these places, with 2500 Christians residing in Bettiah itself, along with 700 Christians residing in Chuhari and 400 Christians residing in
1543:
Not surprisingly, Patna Mission historian Paul Dent (ca. 1930:72) recorded in the 1930s that "there are no Christians communities in Delhi to Calcutta which do not have a section whose origin is known by the name, Bettia Khristans (Christians)." ... In sum, educational empowerment enhanced
1809:
An inter-caste, inter-ethnic Christian 'brotherhood in religion' has been emerging as Dalit Christians along with other migrant groups such as Tribal Christian from Chotanagpur, the Bettiah Christians and Christians belonging to other ethnic groups make Urban parish
1154:
Since their inception, the Bettiah Christians have maintained a spirit of communal harmony with Hindus and Muslims. Adherents of other faiths often visit the churches of the Bettiah Christians and pray there, especially at the grotto containing a statue of
593:
functions", the Bettiah Christians "oriented to the ideal of a casteless community". Today, the Bettiah Christians stress a "brotherhood in religion" over caste, forming amicable relationships with Christians of other communities, including
258:
for her and treat her; the queen was cured of her "incurable illness" and as a result, Singh invited Bernini to found the Bettiah Christian Mission. To secure Bernini's presence at the Bettiah Fort, Maharaja Dhurup Naryan Singh wrote to
440:, a garment worn by women in northwestern India, was the traditional dress worn by Bettiah Christian women. Since the 1950s, Bettiah Christian women are indistinguishable in dress from their neighbours, wearing the
1757:
Though the Newar Christians married with the Bettiah Christians for over 200 years, there were at least 12 families in Chuhari, which claimed to be 'pure' Newars (because they did not marry outside the Bhaju
1405:
Catholics in the Bettiah region of Muzaffarpur diocese trace the origin of their faith community to Italian Capuchins, who set up a Christian community in 1745 with converts from upper- and middle-caste
1142:
The tradition of communal harmony between the Bettiah Christians and other religious communities has been maintained since the dedication of the first Catholic church in Bettiah:
471:
Being principally descendants of Brahmins, they hold a fair social position, ... one-fourth are carpenters, one-tenth blacksmiths, one-tenth servants, the remainder are carters.
357:. Lacking the local expertise to govern Bettiah, the East India Company invited Raja Jugal Kishore Singh in 1771 to rule the region under the auspices of the East India Company.
180:
Bettiah Christians are known for working in education, serving in the roles of teachers and professors. A number of them have served in ecclesiastical positions as bishops, nuns,
349:
Kishore Singh, the ruler of the Bettiah Raj in India refused to accept British rule in his state, and fought the British with his army though they ended up retreating to
1585:
1499:
1388:
416:
managed by the Bettiah Christian community. While the literacy rate of Bettiah in general was 52.8% in 1991, among the Bettiah Christian community, it stood at 70.09%.
234:, India. Maharaja Dhurup Singh, the ruler of the Bettiah Raj, developed a close friendship with Italian Capuchin missionary priest Joseph Mary Bernini, who practiced
1725:
317:
On 15 January 1761, Joseph Mary Bernini, who had stayed at the Bettiah Christian Mission for the remainder of his life, died and his body was said to produce the
1129:
400:, the Bettiah Christians were largely scholars, cultivators and farmers, as well as artisans involved in carpentry, gold smithery, masonry, and blacksmithy. The
142:, are the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian community, which emerged in the 18th century. The origins of the Bettiah Christian community lie in
169:
in the 18th and 19th centuries constitute the majority of the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians, though it has incorporated those from former
271:. Raja Dhurup Singh donated 16 hectares of land, which became known as the Christian Quarters, to the Roman Catholic missionaries of the Capuchin Order.
1439:
A majority of the Bettiah Christians originally belonged to the high castes, a considerable number belonged to the occupational or middle castes
486:
1470:
Bettiah Christians, converted largely from upper and middle castes at Bettiah town in West Champaran district, but spread all over north India
1073:
1122:
490:
1878:
1692:
Kalapura, Jose (1 January 2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
1096:
464:
1544:
occupational mobility from the traditional to blue or white-collar employment mostly in cities outside Bettiah where they migrated.
1049:
843:
1873:
1822:
1115:
1000:
1802:
1525:
Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
1463:
1421:
Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
1366:
1091:
763:
1053:
1045:
898:
838:
1771:
1013:
828:
715:
962:
629:
360:
The Government of the East India Company honoured Raja Dhurup Singh, in 1786, gave the Bettiah Christian Mission 60
1041:
947:
943:
409:
987:
267:
and on 1 May 1742, Pope Benedict XIV replied stating that the Capuchin priests could remain there and preach the
199:
blessed the Bettiah Christian Mission under the Capuchins in a letter to Maharaja Dhurup Singh dated 1 May 1742.
1868:
922:
659:
341:
330:
227:
155:
1167:
Educational opportunities fueled the migration of some Bettiah Christians to other urban centres of northern
211:
ruler who established the state in India in the early 17th century A.D. His son, Gaja Singh, was declared a
1619:
1589:
1503:
1392:
1069:
1061:
918:
640:
606:
1560:
1017:
878:
808:
397:
675:
1057:
556:
184:
and priests. Their erudite background has led to a Bettiah Christian diaspora across northern India.
166:
1101:
1021:
909:
720:
369:
337:, succeeded Bernini in Bettiah. He also spent much of his time in Bettiah until his death in 1803.
1341:
KING, FORT, ZAMINDARIS AND MISSIONARIES: THE FOUNDING OF BIHAR'S OLDEST CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY, 1745
1065:
1033:
996:
873:
798:
783:
730:
321:. In the same year, the Bettiah Fort, along with the Bettiah Christian Mission, was attacked by
295:
his fellow priests the wood to erect a church there. At the dedication of the church in 1751 on
192:
1007:
979:
858:
778:
373:
287:
279:
251:
1615:
578:(carpenters) resided in Barhai Patt, etc. In 1790, the Bettiah Christians in a historic caste
274:
1792:
1029:
1025:
926:
868:
667:
559:
and over time, some members of this community have intermarried with the Bettiah Christians.
477:
833:
632:
from the Bettiah Christian community was ordained in 1861. As of 1995, two bishops of the
8:
848:
700:
303:
243:
181:
127:
52:
1730:
1665:
1200:
970:
934:
863:
823:
818:
803:
793:
758:
725:
705:
690:
354:
345:
111:
1798:
1669:
1603:
who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.
1459:
1362:
1171:. The Cornelius family was among the first Bettiah Christian migrants to the city of
740:
710:
334:
318:
260:
196:
588:
norms for marriage and dining." Due to their patronage by the Bettiah Rajas and the
372:, the Maharaja of Bettiah sided with the British government and in 1909 through the
310:
that within the walled city of Bettiah, also known as the Bettiah Fort, was a Hindu
1701:
1657:
1534:
1430:
735:
594:
255:
77:
1564:
1037:
644:
633:
389:
326:
92:
282:, who played a pivotal role in the foundation of the Bettiah Christian community
1661:
1176:
1168:
853:
813:
773:
768:
579:
445:
1705:
1646:"Europeans in late Mughal south Asia: The perceptions of Italian missionaries"
1538:
1434:
1862:
1645:
1180:
788:
517:
485:
The majority of Bettiah Christians were upper and middle caste converts from
296:
239:
613:
552:
545:
291:
216:
174:
95:
1227:
Kalapura, Jose (April 2020). "Centenary History of Patna Jesuit Mission".
26:
1156:
384:
350:
204:
151:
353:. Following this, the British appointed an estate manager to govern the
220:
376:, the Bettiah Raj came under the control of the British Raj in India.
1184:
647:
focusing on service in villages; it has established several schools.
589:
322:
307:
143:
154:, Maharaja Dhurup Singh, invited Roman Catholic missionaries of the
571:
502:
401:
247:
235:
208:
617:
512:
497:
437:
429:
413:
264:
584:
1188:
1172:
575:
540:
507:
311:
268:
170:
1823:"Superior general of Patna Sacred Heart Sisters dies suddenly"
1373:
the Bettiah Christians, converted from upper and middle castes
493:; they are composed of individuals with the following castes:
1847:
Mascarenhas, Cyprian Eugene (2010). Noronha, Allan de (ed.).
1146:
After the blessing of the new church at night, the Christian
567:
563:
535:
530:
522:
441:
361:
314:
and the convent of the missionaries of the Franciscan Order.
231:
162:
147:
67:
1726:"In Bettiah, Christian brides wear sindoor, colourful saris"
452:
212:
72:
1454:
Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (6 August 2010).
432:
was the traditional dress worn by Bettiah Christian women.
344:, who damaged the fort and the Catholic church there. The
636:
from the Bettiah Christian community have been ordained.
424:
1794:
Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India
1586:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1500:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1456:
Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India
1389:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1359:
The Spirit Shaped Church: A Spirit Ecclesiology in India
1175:. Some Bettiah Christians are now settled abroad in the
1791:
Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (2010-07-19).
555:
settled in the Bihari village of Chuhari after fleeing
1849:
St. Patrick's Church Kanpur Sesquicentennial Souvenir
562:
In the Christian Quarters of Bettiah, historically,
1449:
1447:
408:School; these have produced hundreds of graduates.
340:In 1766, Bettiah was attacked by the British under
1842:
1840:
250:. The queen of Maharaja Dhurup Singh, was ill and
158:to establish the Bettiah Christian Mission there.
1860:
1444:
302:The German missionary, scientist and geographer
1837:
1755:. Indian History Congress. 2000. p. 1025.
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
609:, the Bettiah Christians are generally strict.
451:During weddings, men usually don Western-style
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1790:
1650:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
1453:
1343:. Indian History Congress. p. 1011-1022.
1162:
1123:
207:in India was established by Ugrasen Singh, a
1676:
1846:
1753:Transactions of the Indian History Congress
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1213:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1416:
1414:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1130:
1116:
674:
612:During weddings, at the conclusion of the
392:served by the Bettiah Christian community.
379:
25:
1851:. Krishna Graph & Prints. p. 41.
1383:
1381:
1352:
1350:
1097:All India Conference of Indian Christians
944:Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
643:was founded in Bettiah in 1926, with the
465:Caste system among South Asian Christians
1691:
1643:
1524:
1420:
1226:
423:
404:, however, gave up their priestly work.
383:
273:
191:
1712:
1578:
1554:
1552:
1411:
1239:
650:
574:(accountants) resided in Kayasth Patt,
226:In 1713, Christian missionaries of the
177:and scheduled caste heritage as well.
1861:
1769:
1378:
1347:
829:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
623:
551:A community of originally two hundred
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1092:National Council of Churches in India
570:(blacksmiths) resided in Lohar Patt,
1776:. Mittal Publications. p. 117.
1549:
1338:
899:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
620:to the parting in his bride's hair.
566:(goldsmiths) resided in Sonar Patt,
388:St. Joseph's School in Bettiah is a
47:Regions with significant populations
1723:
1356:
1231:. Jesuit Conference of South Asia.
839:Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
146:in what is now the Indian state of
13:
1724:Jha, Abhay Mohan (18 March 2015).
1475:
14:
1890:
1879:Christian communities of Pakistan
1558:
1458:. SAGE Publications. p. 77.
963:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
1357:Bar, Swarup (23 February 2021).
1042:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
948:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
254:came to their Bettiah Palace to
1815:
1784:
1763:
1745:
1694:Asian Journal of Social Science
1637:
1608:
1527:Asian Journal of Social Science
1423:Asian Journal of Social Science
263:asking that priests be sent to
1874:Christian communities of India
1773:Indian Gods, Sages, and Cities
1518:
1361:. Fortress Press. p. 17.
955:Independent Oriential Orthodox
228:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
156:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
1:
1825:. Matters India. 30 July 2020
1206:
1054:Northern Evangelical Lutheran
988:Oriental Protestant Christian
784:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
242:, as well as being fluent in
31:Roman Catholic Church Bettiah
1620:Union of Catholic Asian News
1590:Union of Catholic Asian News
1504:Union of Catholic Asian News
1393:Union of Catholic Asian News
1339:John, Jose Kalapura (2000).
1050:North Bank Baptist Christian
779:Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal
7:
1194:
1074:United Evangelical Lutheran
1046:Church of God (Full Gospel)
1014:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran
641:Sisters of the Sacred Heart
600:
419:
150:, in which the king of the
10:
1895:
1662:10.1177/001946460304000101
1163:Bettiah Christian diaspora
1018:Assemblies Jehovah Shammah
809:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
462:
398:conversion to Christianity
187:
1797:. SAGE Publishing India.
1706:10.1163/15685314-04304005
1539:10.1163/15685314-04304005
1435:10.1163/15685314-04304005
844:Mar Geevarghese Dionysius
824:Mar Gregorios of Parumala
628:The first Roman Catholic
458:
230:established a hospice in
167:converted to Christianity
106:
101:
91:
86:
63:
58:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:
1644:Lorenzen, David (2003).
1102:All India Catholic Union
1022:Christian Revival Church
1008:Protestant denominations
834:Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran
759:Saint Thomas the Apostle
582:voted to abolish "caste
370:Indian Rebellion of 1857
306:wrote in his account on
1561:"Christianity in Bihar"
1066:The Pentecostal Mission
923:Syro-Malankara Catholic
874:Mar Augustine Kandathil
849:Mar Geevarghese Ivanios
799:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
731:Saint Thomas Christians
410:Khrist Raja High School
380:Traditional occupations
161:Upper and middle-caste
1152:
1001:St. Thomas Evangelical
859:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
473:
433:
393:
283:
280:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
200:
1869:Christianity in Bihar
1144:
1070:Seventh-day Adventist
1030:Church of South India
1026:Church of North India
919:Syro-Malabar Catholic
869:Palackal Thoma Malpan
794:Bl.Devasahayam Pillai
668:Christianity in India
478:William Wilson Hunter
469:
463:Further information:
427:
396:At the time of their
387:
277:
195:
102:Related ethnic groups
1616:"Diocese of Bettiah"
774:Saint Gonsalo Garcia
769:Saint Francis Xavier
651:Interfaith relations
616:, the groom applies
789:Saint Mother Teresa
701:Bombay East Indians
624:Ecclesiastical life
329:. A fellow Italian
304:Joseph Tiefenthaler
290:was transferred to
288:Joseph Mary Bernini
252:Joseph Mary Bernini
53:Indian subcontinent
21:
1770:Cesary, C (1987).
1731:The Times of India
1201:Punjabi Christians
971:Church of the East
864:Sadhu Sundar Singh
819:Ignatius Elias III
804:Mar Baselios Eldho
726:Punjabi Christians
706:Marathi Christians
696:Bettiah Christians
691:Bengali Christians
434:
394:
355:East India Company
346:East India Company
323:Mir Qasim Ali Khan
284:
201:
140:Betiawi Christians
124:Bettiah Christians
112:Indo-Aryan peoples
20:Bettiah Christians
19:
1804:978-93-86042-93-4
1592:. 6 November 1995
1506:. 6 November 1995
1465:978-81-321-0467-4
1395:. 6 November 1995
1368:978-1-5064-6690-3
1229:Patna Ganga Lahar
1140:
1139:
935:Oriental Orthodox
741:Telugu Christians
711:Meitei Christians
342:Sir Robert Barker
335:Marco della Tomba
319:odour of sanctity
261:Pope Benedict XIV
197:Pope Benedict XIV
138:), also known as
120:
119:
1886:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1473:
1472:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1058:Methodist Church
997:Mar Thoma Syrian
736:Tamil Christians
678:
655:
654:
595:Dalit Christians
553:Newar Christians
481:
37:Total population
29:
22:
18:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1789:
1785:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1690:
1677:
1642:
1638:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1565:The Bihar Times
1559:Putra, Bharat.
1557:
1550:
1533:(4): 404, 416.
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1476:
1466:
1452:
1445:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1369:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1240:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1197:
1165:
1136:
1107:
1106:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1038:Indian Brethren
1012:
992:
980:Chaldean Syrian
975:
958:
939:
914:
903:
892:
884:
883:
754:
746:
745:
721:Naga Christians
716:Mizo Christians
686:
653:
645:religious order
634:Catholic Church
626:
605:With regard to
603:
483:
475:
467:
461:
422:
390:Catholic school
382:
327:Nawab of Bengal
190:
116:
82:
32:
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