618:
1281:, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017â18. Rajendra's success was complete and whole of the island became a Chola Province. But the Cholas never really consolidated their control over southern Sri Lanka, which in the case lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation. According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Rohana and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth, and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029. During the Chola occupation Many Sinhalese were enslaved and transported to South India.
1694:, pp. 416â417: "Under Rajendra Chola 1, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line, Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata to Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered Ceylon, a claim that has led some historians to assert that Rajendra" completed "the conquest Rajaraja had begun" "But the Cholas never really consolidated their control over southern Ceylon, which in any case lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation." "Kassapa assumed the title of VikkamabahuI and ruled" in Rohana for several years(c. I029-Io4I)."
1320:. He had defeated his most powerful rivals in Rohana and was anxious to take on the Cholas, by the age of seventeen. The crisis in the country left a scattering of turbulent chiefs and intractable rebels whose allegiance, if any, was at best opportunistic which proved a problem to both sides in the conflict, frustrating both the Sinhalese kings and the Cholas. Vijayabahu, from his base in Rohana, faced a similar difficulty; he had to contend with the hostility of local chiefs who regarded him as a greater threat to their independence than the Cholas were.
1306:(also known as Vikramabahu) and "ruled" in Rohana for several years (c. 1029â1040) while attempting to organize a campaign of liberation and unification. He became the king of Rohana after 11 years of Chola rule in Rohana. But he died before he could consolidate his power, and a series of ephemeral aspirants to the throne subsequently appeared and disappeared in Rohana without dislodging the Cholas from the north. Kassapa VI's mysterious death in 1040, however, brought an end to the war. His successor
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136:
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Walaweganga and conducted his resistance from there. Pulatthinagara and
Anuradhapura fell to Vijayabahu and Mahatittha were soon occupied.Although it would be more dramatic to picture Vijayabahu finally driving the Cholas into the sea, the occupation actually ended in Chola withdrawal after a further series of indecisive clashes. Having liberated the whole of Sri Lanka from Chola rule, Vijayabahu crowned himself king of
3298:
2591:
1275:
1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son
Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the Ceylon and incorporated it into the Chola Empire. As per the Sinhalese chronicle
1274:
had followed the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in
Polonnaruwa and in the emporium of Mahatirtha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas. In
1413:
in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island. When
Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of
1181:
had been brief ad hoc up until the mid-tenth century. These were designed to facilitate short-term gains with minimal involvement followed by a withdrawal to the mainland. However, with the ascension of more ambitious and aggressive imperial Chola kings, Rajaraja I (985â1014) and his son
Rajendra I
1376:
Vijayabahu attacked and captured
Pulatthinagara and drove the Cholas out of the city. Kulottunga sent a large army that engaged Vijayabahu in a pitched battle near Anuradhapura. The Cholas initially succeeded in driving Vijayabahu to seek refuge in Vatagiri but Vijayabahu took Mahanagakula on the
1343:
Vijayabahu eventually launched a successful two-pronged attack upon
Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, when he could finally establish a firm base in southern Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura quickly fell and Polonnaruva was captured after a prolonged siege of the isolated Chola forces. Virarajendra Chola was
1197:
1372:
The conquest of the
Sinhalese kingdom had been associated with his three immediate predecessors (Rajendra Chola I, Rajendra Chola II, and Virarajendra Chola, all sons of Rajaraja I), no longer seemed to be worthwhile. Kulottunga had less personal prestige involved in the conquest, so he simply
1331:
With time on the side of the insurgent forces, The Chola's determination began to gradually falter. Vijayabahu possessed strategic advantages, even without a unified "national" force behind him. A prolonged war of attrition was of greater benefit to the
Sinhalese than to the Cholas. After the
1323:
For that reason, the Cholas occasionally succeeded in recruiting nominal support from rebel chiefs in Rohana, as a result, Vijayabahu had difficulty consolidating a firm territorial base from which to launch a decisive campaign against the Cholas. On the other hand, the Cholas were unable to
1182:(1012â1044), a new strategy of ruthless plunder and destruction of major political and religious centers on the island occurred, followed by the establishment of semi-permanent and fortified encampments, from where wide-ranging raids could be carried out in other parts of the island.
1352:
chieftain, fell in battle. What had begun as a profitable incursion and occupation was now deteriorating into desperate attempts to retain a foothold in the north. After a further series of indecisive clashes, the occupation finally ended in the withdrawal of the Cholas.
1260:"Rama built with the aid of monkeys, a causeway across the sea, and then with great difficulties defeated the king of Lanka by means of sharp edged arrows. But Rama was excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the king of Lanka."
1324:
eliminate similar opposition to themselves in the north. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back-and-forth struggle of raids and counter-raids, with the forces of
Vijayabahu advancing upon Polonnaruva and then falling back to fortresses in
1409:, a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom, was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and become the new center of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of
1365:(1070â1122) came to the Chola throne, after a period of political crisis at the Chola court, he initially concentrated on consolidating his authority in India. His most pressing task was to defend the Chola territories against the inroads of the
1236:. Taking advantage of this internal strife Rajaraja I invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself. The
1103:. After the defeat, Pandya king Rajasimha took his crown and the other regalia and sought refuge in Anuradhapura. The Paranthka made several futile attempts to regain regalia, including invasion of Sri Lanka on a date between 947 and 949
1347:
In the battles that ensued, two powerful Sinhalese chiefs, Ravideva and Cala, crossed over with their men from Vijayabahu's side to the Chola commander. One of Vijayabahu's Tamil commanders, Kurukulattaraiyan, a Tamil
1293:
Vijayabahu I sent three armies to attack Polonnaruwa. One was sent along the western shore to Mahatittha and Polonnaruwa, another from the east across Magama, and the third and main force across Mahiyanga.
1297:
In 1029, Eleven years after the Chola conquest of Rohana, Prince Kassapa, son of Mahinda, hid in Rohana, where Chola forces vainly searched for him. Soon after the death of his father Kassapa assumed the
2017:
2534:
3259:
2807:
568:
2772:
1489:
The Jungle Tide:âCollapseâ in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka STRICKLAND, KEIR ,MAGALIE (2011) The Jungle Tide: âCollapseâ in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. P.331
617:
533:
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1248:
temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town of Mahatirtha (modern Mantota, Mannar), which was renamed Rajaraja-pura. Comparing Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of
498:
2882:
2138:
1336:(1063â69) to the Chola throne, the Cholas were increasingly on the defensive, not only in Sri Lanka but also in peninsular India, where they were hard-pressed by the attacks of the
450:
1023:
2822:
2817:
2812:
583:
578:
573:
3367:
1344:
forced to dispatch an expedition from the mainland to recapture the settlements in the north and carry the attack back into Rohana, in order to stave off total defeat.
1154:, a Sinhalese royal. The Cholas fought many subsequent wars and attempted to reconquer the Sinhalese kingdom as the Sinhalese were allies of their arch-enemies, the
3362:
2257:
1317:
406:
3327:
2888:
491:
2918:
2111:
438:
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3357:
2797:
2472:
2005:
558:
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2923:
2782:
543:
399:
915:
3347:
2462:
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484:
2864:
1307:
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1240:
says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army. The capital of the conquered Rajarata was moved to
1325:
1055:
1752:
Wijetunga, Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna (1962), "First Phase: Relations between the Sinhalese and the Cholas up to the time of Rajaraja I",
1563:
Wijetunga, Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna (1962), "First Phase: Relations between the Sinhalese and the Cholas up to the time of Rajaraja I",
2894:
2876:
662:
1515:
2452:
1111:). One of the driving motives behind the invasions of Anuradhapura by the Cholas' was their desire to possess these royal treasures.
993:
3372:
1998:
3352:
2620:
904:
17:
3005:
2333:
1922:
1892:
1871:
1850:
844:
840:
1080:. The period of Chola entrenchment in entire Sri Lanka lasted in total about three-quarters of a century, from roughly 993
2646:
2639:
1991:
1936:
941:
3103:
2802:
2613:
2505:
2024:
1095:
The Chola conquest followed an initial conflict between Chola and the Pandya-Sinhalese alliance during conquest of the
1048:
813:
563:
2101:
3332:
3095:
2792:
2495:
1831:
1786:
1525:
1432:
553:
2224:
2148:
888:
802:
3301:
2594:
2205:
1437:
817:
455:
3048:
2970:
2965:
2699:
2510:
2300:
2269:
2063:
1229:
1092:
recaptured the north,east and central Sri lanka and expelled the Chola forces restoring Sinhalese sovereignty.
1028:
988:
872:
3108:
2425:
1041:
961:
880:
600:
968:
3342:
3128:
2574:
1244:
which was then renamed "Jananathamangalam", a title of Rajaraja. The Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a
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195:
3188:
1135:
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2694:
2549:
2500:
2058:
1225:
1018:
548:
2539:
2264:
3148:
2487:
2417:
3254:
3175:
2310:
2128:
2073:
1946:
Spencer, George W. (May 1976). "The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon".
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1415:
1390:
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1233:
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884:
538:
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1882:
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2544:
2291:
2247:
2116:
1912:
983:
865:
751:
747:
443:
3249:
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3061:
2987:
2936:
2744:
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2529:
2281:
2053:
2036:
1396:
1191:
1178:
1147:
1115:
1073:
782:
755:
724:
609:
523:
139:
56:
3066:
2380:
1884:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
648:
8:
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2020:
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809:
3231:
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1971:
1963:
1333:
1299:
951:
911:
771:
508:
3076:
3287:
3118:
2580:
2467:
2437:
2405:
1975:
1918:
1888:
1867:
1846:
1827:
1782:
1521:
3291:
2767:
2584:
1955:
1779:
The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E
1757:
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1205:
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1011:
876:
528:
311:
297:
216:
185:
175:
3183:
2518:
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2143:
1983:
1861:
257:
2605:
391:
3158:
3143:
1904:
Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations
1289:
1096:
833:
476:
341:
150:
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when he sent a large Chola army to conquer the kingdom and absorb it into the
3316:
2941:
2447:
2133:
1427:
1201:
786:
356:
306:
146:
2045:
1761:
1572:
1402:
1362:
1316:
I (1039â1110), descended from or at least claimed to be descended from the
1221:
1127:
1077:
848:
128:
75:
3010:
2681:
2442:
2390:
2365:
2338:
2315:
1406:
1369:. All this meant that the defence of Sri Lanka was given a low priority.
1241:
1100:
98:
337:
328:
235:
222:
212:
191:
181:
171:
124:
3133:
3056:
2982:
2858:
2477:
1967:
1303:
1217:
1123:
655:
347:
332:
293:
289:
277:
273:
249:
135:
3223:
3015:
2931:
2554:
2343:
2179:
2153:
1607:
1310:(1040â1042) tried to lead an unsuccessful revolt against the Cholas.
1277:
1237:
641:
634:
253:
1959:
3138:
3020:
2977:
2457:
2370:
2348:
2184:
1410:
1405:, which lasted for over a millennium, was destroyed by the Cholas.
1349:
1271:
1196:
199:
104:
1887:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 195â.
2106:
1155:
1490:
109:
Rest of the Island Annexed as a Chola Province in 1017-1018 A.D
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and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges.
1249:
1245:
79:
68:
1702:
1700:
1595:
1456:
as noted by its native name of Ballot Nuvara (the camp city)
1401:
The Chola conquest had one permanent result, the kingdom of
1585:
1583:
1581:
1253:
1685:
1619:
1373:
terminated it with little attempt to recoup Chola losses.
386:
Many Soldiers and Large number of Sinhalese civilians died
1801:
1799:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
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1675:
1673:
1826:. New Delhi, Madras, India: Asian Educational Services.
1660:
1658:
1578:
1539:
1537:
1495:
1130:. Most of the island was subsequently conquered by 1017
1881:
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009).
1880:
1796:
1724:
1670:
1631:
1613:
85:
Plundering of Anuradhapura and the island's treasures.
1712:
1655:
1643:
1534:
1107:
during the reign of Sinhalese king Udaya IV (946â954
1517:
Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
1177:Military expeditions from South Indian forces into
1142:. The Chola occupation would be overthrown in 1070
3368:States and territories disestablished in the 1070s
2013:
2635:
1845:( ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.
421:
3314:
1084:(the date of Rajaraja's first invasion) to 1070
506:
3363:States and territories established in the 1010s
101:made Chola administrative capital in Sri Lanka
1917:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 71â.
1901:
1601:
1114:The conquest started with the invasion of the
3328:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire
2621:
1999:
1772:
1770:
1754:The rise and decline of Chola power in Ceylon
1565:The rise and decline of Chola power in Ceylon
1228:(981â1017) distracted by a revolt of his own
1049:
492:
407:
3358:11th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
1910:
1625:
1134:and incorporated as a province of the vast
2628:
2614:
2006:
1992:
1821:
1767:
1270:A partial consolidation of Chola power in
1056:
1042:
499:
485:
414:
400:
1906:. New Delhi: MD publications Pvt Limited.
1776:
1751:
1562:
27:Conquest of northern Sri Lanka (992-1070)
3348:11th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1840:
1288:
1195:
1945:
1859:
1805:
1739:
1691:
1679:
1664:
1637:
1543:
1185:
258:
107:annexed as a Chola province in 993 A.D
14:
3315:
1931:
1718:
1706:
1649:
1589:
1501:
1232:fled to the south-eastern province of
2609:
1987:
480:
395:
2808:Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession
1614:Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1356:
3297:
2773:First Polonnaruwa War of Succession
2590:
1902:Chattopadhyaya, Haraprasad (1994).
1513:
1256:, the Thiruvalangadu Plates states:
534:First War of Succession (1110â1153)
24:
2803:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
1860:Dehejia, Vidya (18 October 1990).
569:Second War of Succession (1186â87)
25:
3384:
1549:
3296:
3286:
3277:
3276:
2589:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2149:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
1911:Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005).
1005:
616:
539:Queen Sugala rebellion (1157â58)
355:
346:
336:
327:
305:
288:
272:
248:
234:
221:
211:
190:
180:
170:
145:
134:
123:
3373:Wars involving the Chola Empire
2206:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
1941:. Madras: University of Madras.
1814:
1745:
1514:Roy, Kaushik (6 October 2015).
1450:
1438:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
1220:dated to 993 AD first mentions
1072:was a military invasion of the
818:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
3353:1077 disestablishments in Asia
2662:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
2211:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1507:
1483:
1474:
1070:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
461:Invasion of Anuradhapura (993)
310:Disposed Pandyan Princes
35:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
13:
1:
2793:Pandyan Civil War (1169â1177)
1866:. Columbia University Press.
1491:http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/893/
1463:
1433:Pandyan Civil War (1169â1177)
1284:
1166:
239:Sanga Varma Chola (Chieftain)
3129:Dimbulagala Raja Maha Vihara
2823:1215 invasion of Polonnaruwa
2818:1212 invasion of Polonnaruwa
2813:1209 invasion of Polonnaruwa
2139:Gajabahu's invasion of Chola
1948:The Journal of Asian Studies
1468:
1265:Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates
1224:among the king's conquests.
1138:during the reign of his son
7:
1421:
226:Sanga Varma Chola (Prince)
10:
3389:
2386:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
1863:Art of the Imperial Cholas
1394:
1388:
1189:
1170:
1161:
196:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
3272:
3242:
3204:
3174:
3164:Statue of Parakramabahu I
3094:
3087:
3036:
2996:
2956:
2904:
2844:
2835:
2753:
2725:
2718:
2680:
2656:
2565:
2486:
2416:
2324:
2290:
2223:
2193:
2167:
2089:
2082:
2044:
2034:
1914:Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka
1824:A short history of Ceylon
1384:
787:Invasion of Kalinga Magha
519:
434:
377:
364:
321:
158:
117:
39:
34:
3333:Sri Lankan Tamil history
3149:Nissanka Latha Mandapaya
3006:Administrative divisions
2334:Administrative divisions
1841:De Silva, K. M. (2014).
1443:
845:Second KandyanâDutch war
814:Wars of Kotte Succession
564:Invasion of Chola (1173)
456:Invasion of Pandya (862)
3255:Panakaduwa copper plate
2129:Fourth Buddhist council
2074:Pre Anuradhapura period
1367:Western Chalukya Empire
1230:Indian mercenary troops
1074:Kingdom of Anuradhapura
841:First KandyanâDutch war
752:Dutthagamani's campaign
451:Invasion of Chola (120)
18:Chola rule in Sri Lanka
2778:Queen Sugala rebellion
2670:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
1843:A history of Sri Lanka
1822:Codrington, H (1994).
1777:Indrapala, K. (2005).
1762:10.25501/SOAS.00029338
1573:10.25501/SOAS.00029338
1391:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
1294:
1268:
1252:by the legendary hero
1209:
1146:through a campaign of
524:Resistance (1057â1070)
444:Vijithapura (162/1 BC)
159:Commanders and leaders
2788:PolonnaruwaâPagan War
2117:Battle of Vijithapura
2093:(377 BC–463 AD)
1318:Sinhalese royal house
1292:
1258:
1199:
725:Indo-Aryan settlement
378:Casualties and losses
3154:Polonnaruwa Vatadage
3062:Lankapura Dandanatha
2937:Parakrama Pandyan II
2745:Sinhalese Resistance
2037:Anuradhapura kingdom
1480:Spencer 1976, p. 411
1397:Capital of Sri Lanka
1192:Anuradhapura Kingdom
1186:Fall of Anuradhapura
1148:Sinhalese Resistance
1116:Anuradhapura Kingdom
1012:Sri Lanka portal
994:World Heritage Sites
849:KandyanâBritish wars
783:Sinhalese Resistance
756:Fall of Anuradhapura
610:History of Sri Lanka
140:Anuradhapura Kingdom
57:Anuradhapura Kingdom
3343:1017 establishments
3114:Tank cascade system
2755:Polonnaruwa Kingdom
2710:Anuradhapura period
2488:Society and culture
2431:Tank cascade system
2401:MahamevnÄwa Gardens
2396:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2124:The Five Dravidians
2112:Dutugamunu Campaign
2102:Arrival of Buddhism
2021:Anuradhapura period
1602:Chattopadhyaya 1994
1567:, pp. 75â107,
1173:Anuradhapura period
748:Arrival of Buddhism
439:Dutugamunu Campaign
425:Anuradhapura period
360:Pandyan Auxiliaries
3323:Polonnaruwa period
3232:Jetavana monastery
3189:AbhidhÄnappadÄ«pikÄ
3109:Irrigation network
2798:Rajarata Rebellion
2643:Polonnaruwa period
2473:Port of Mahatittha
2426:Irrigation network
2159:The Six Dravidians
1709:, p. 199â200.
1592:, p. 172â173.
1504:, p. 199-200.
1334:Virarajendra Chola
1295:
1210:
924:1948–present
554:Pandya (1167â1177)
510:Polonnaruwa period
3310:
3309:
3268:
3267:
3119:Parakrama Samudra
3067:MahÄkassapa Thera
2971:Tamil mercenaries
2966:Foreign relations
2952:
2951:
2910:(1056–1232)
2850:(1017–1056)
2831:
2830:
2759:(1055–1232)
2731:(1017–1070)
2603:
2602:
2468:Port of Jambukola
2406:Mapagala fortress
2381:Abhayagiri vihÄra
2301:Foreign relations
2270:Tamil mercenaries
2219:
2218:
1924:978-1-932705-48-5
1894:978-981-230-937-2
1873:978-0-231-51524-5
1852:978-955-8095-92-8
1357:End of occupation
1340:from the Deccan.
1145:
1133:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1066:
1065:
989:Tamil immigration
928:
927:
764:377 BC–1017
592:
591:
549:Pagan (1164â1165)
474:
473:
390:
389:
352:Anuradhapura Army
113:
112:
78:destroyed by the
16:(Redirected from
3380:
3338:Overseas empires
3300:
3299:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3224:Tantric Buddhism
3092:
3091:
3072:MoggallÄna Thera
3053:Notable figures
2911:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2783:Ruhuna Rebellion
2768:Velakkara revolt
2760:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2673:
2665:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2555:Tantric Buddhism
2198:
2197:(691–1017)
2172:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2039:377 BC â 1017 AD
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1942:
1928:
1907:
1898:
1877:
1856:
1837:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:Gunawardena 2005
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1457:
1454:
1266:
1206:Rajendra Chola I
1143:
1140:Rajendra Chola I
1131:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1085:
1081:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1010:
1009:
1008:
881:Buddhist revival
877:Matale rebellion
810:VijayabÄ Kollaya
733:543–377 BC
718:Pre Anuradhapura
679:
678:
620:
595:
594:
529:Velakkara (1084)
514:
511:
501:
494:
487:
478:
477:
429:
426:
416:
409:
402:
393:
392:
359:
350:
340:
331:
316:
309:
302:
292:
276:
260:
252:
238:
225:
217:Rajendra Chola I
215:
194:
186:Rajendra Chola I
184:
176:Rajaraja Chola I
174:
149:
138:
127:
41:
40:
32:
31:
21:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3264:
3260:Popular culture
3238:
3200:
3170:
3083:
3077:SÄriputta Thera
3032:
2992:
2948:
2912:
2909:
2900:
2883:Parakrama Pandu
2852:
2849:
2827:
2761:
2758:
2749:
2733:
2730:
2714:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2634:
2604:
2599:
2561:
2535:Popular culture
2482:
2463:Port of Gokanna
2412:
2320:
2286:
2215:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2173:
2171:(463–691)
2170:
2163:
2144:Beminitiya Seya
2095:
2092:
2078:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2012:
1982:
1960:10.2307/2053272
1925:
1895:
1874:
1853:
1834:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1775:
1768:
1756:, p. 301,
1750:
1746:
1738:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:, p. 195â.
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1561:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1424:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1359:
1287:
1267:
1264:
1216:inscription of
1194:
1188:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1062:
1033:
1006:
1004:
998:
921:
920:
914:
897:1815–1948
894:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:Great rebellion
858:1597–1815
855:
854:
851:
847:
843:
826:1232–1597
823:
822:
816:
812:
795:1017–1232
792:
791:
785:
781:
761:
760:
754:
750:
730:
729:
709:
705:
704:
698:
694:
668:
604:
593:
588:
559:Rajarata (1168)
515:
509:
507:
505:
475:
470:
430:
424:
422:
420:
354:
335:
312:
304:
298:
282:
280:
265:
263:
228:
220:
204:
189:
179:
93:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3159:Rankoth Vehera
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Jetavanaramaya
3141:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2865:Mahalana-Kitti
2862:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:Chola conquest
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:Chola conquest
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:Middle period
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1954:(3): 405â419.
1943:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1832:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1808:, p. 418.
1795:
1787:
1766:
1744:
1742:, p. 417.
1723:
1721:, p. 200.
1711:
1696:
1684:
1682:, p. 416.
1669:
1654:
1652:, p. 173.
1642:
1640:, p. 411.
1630:
1628:, p. 71â.
1618:
1606:
1604:, p. 7â9.
1594:
1577:
1548:
1546:, p. 409.
1533:
1526:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1361:In 1070, when
1358:
1355:
1308:Mahalana-Kitti
1286:
1283:
1262:
1187:
1184:
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1099:by Chola king
1097:Pandya Kingdom
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
944:
938:
935:
934:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
918:
908:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
891:
869:
866:British Ceylon
863:
860:
859:
856:
853:
852:
837:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
820:
806:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
789:
779:Chola conquest
775:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
758:
744:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:
721:
715:
712:
711:
706:
703:
702:
688:
682:
675:
674:
670:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
613:
612:
606:
605:
598:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
517:
516:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
472:
471:
469:
468:
466:Chola conquest
463:
458:
453:
448:
447:
446:
435:
432:
431:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
388:
387:
384:
380:
379:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
362:
361:
344:
324:
323:
322:Units involved
319:
318:
240:
161:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
151:Pandyan Allies
131:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
65:
61:
60:
55:
53:
49:
48:
47:992 ADâ1017 AD
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Constructions
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2942:Kalinga Magha
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:Vikrama Pandu
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Constructions
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:Lambakanna II
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2090:Early period
2088:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1833:81-206-0946-8
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1788:0-646-42546-3
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1667:, p. 51.
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
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1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1527:9781317321279
1523:
1520:. Routledge.
1519:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:Kalinga Magha
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:much easier.
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:accession of
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1202:Chola dynasty
1198:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1098:
1093:
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1079:
1075:
1071:
1059:
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1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
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1017:
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992:
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987:
985:
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977:
975:
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923:
917:
913:
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901:
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890:
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878:
874:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
861:
857:
850:
846:
842:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
829:
825:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
805:
804:
799:
798:
794:
788:
784:
780:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
767:
763:
757:
753:
749:
746:
745:
743:
742:
737:
736:
732:
726:
723:
722:
720:
719:
714:
713:
710:–543 BC
707:
701:
697:
693:
690:
689:
687:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
671:
665:
664:
660:
658:
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653:
651:
650:
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
636:
632:
631:
629:
628:
624:
623:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
596:
585:
584:1215 invasion
582:
580:
579:1212 invasion
577:
575:
574:1209 invasion
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Ruhuna (1160)
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
512:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
479:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
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445:
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437:
436:
433:
427:
417:
412:
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405:
403:
398:
397:
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372:
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368:
363:
358:
353:
349:
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343:
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334:
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325:
320:
317:
315:
308:
303:
301:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
279:
275:
270:
269:
264:
261:
255:
251:
246:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
224:
218:
214:
209:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
187:
183:
177:
173:
168:
167:
163:
162:
157:
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148:
144:
143:
142:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
108:
106:
102:
100:
96:
91:
90:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3228:Monasteries
3196:in Sinhalese
3096:Architecture
3044:Caste system
2988:Capital city
2739:
2726:
2695:Bibliography
2661:
2523:in Sinhalese
2501:Caste system
2496:Architecture
2282:Capital city
2248:Lambakanna I
2210:
2194:Late period
2059:Bibliography
1951:
1947:
1937:
1933:Sastri, K. A
1913:
1903:
1883:
1862:
1842:
1823:
1815:Bibliography
1806:Spencer 1976
1778:
1753:
1747:
1740:Spencer 1976
1714:
1692:Spencer 1976
1687:
1680:Spencer 1976
1665:Dehejia 1990
1645:
1638:Spencer 1976
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1564:
1544:Spencer 1976
1516:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1476:
1452:
1403:Anuradhapura
1400:
1381:in 1076â77.
1375:
1371:
1363:Kulottunga I
1360:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:Dakkhinadesa
1322:
1312:
1296:
1276:
1269:
1259:
1222:Anuradhapura
1213:
1211:
1179:Anuradhapura
1176:
1152:Prince Kitti
1136:Chola empire
1128:Chola Empire
1113:
1094:
1090:Vijayabahu I
1078:Chola Empire
1069:
1067:
1019:Bibliography
1003:
947:Armed Forces
903:
889:Independence
885:World War II
864:
832:
803:Transitional
801:
778:
770:
741:Anuradhapura
739:
716:
683:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
465:
313:
299:
284:
283:
271:
267:
266:
247:
244:(992â993 CE)
243:
242:
230:
229:
210:
206:
205:
169:
166:(992â993 CE)
165:
164:
133:
129:Chola Empire
118:Belligerents
103:
97:
76:Anuradhapura
67:
29:
3302:WikiProject
3049:Immigration
3011:Malaya Rata
2897:(1054â1055)
2895:Kassapa VII
2891:(1048â1054)
2885:(1046â1048)
2879:(1043â1046)
2873:(1042â1043)
2867:(1040â1042)
2861:(1029â1040)
2672:1055 â 1232
2664:1017 â 1070
2595:WikiProject
2515:Literature
2511:Immigration
2391:Atamasthana
2366:Polonnaruwa
2339:Malaya Rata
2316:Sanghamitta
1719:Sastri 2000
1707:Sastri 2000
1650:Sastri 2000
1590:Sastri 2000
1502:Sastri 2000
1407:Polonnaruwa
1379:Polonnaruwa
1242:Polonnaruwa
1208:in 1030 A.D
1101:Parantaka I
942:Agriculture
772:Polonnaruwa
99:Polonnaruwa
92:Territorial
3317:Categories
3219:Brahmanism
3176:Literature
3134:Gal Vihara
3057:Gurulugomi
2983:Rajakariya
2919:Vijayabahu
2877:Jagatipala
2859:Kassapa VI
2837:Government
2682:Background
2550:Brahmanism
2478:Rajakariya
2294:and people
2225:Government
2046:Background
1464:References
1395:See also:
1314:Vijayabahu
1304:Kassapa VI
1285:Resistance
1218:Rajaraja I
1190:See also:
1167:Background
1124:Rajaraja I
708:300,000 BP
696:Bronze Age
685:Prehistory
663:Pujavaliya
656:Rajavaliya
625:Chronicles
342:Chola Army
333:Chola Navy
294:Kassapa VI
278:Kassapa VI
3016:Maya Rata
2998:Geography
2932:Lokissara
2344:Maya Rata
2326:Geography
2180:Mahavamsa
2154:Dipavamsa
2134:Tripiáčaka
1976:154741845
1938:The CĆÄ»as
1935:(2000) .
1469:Citations
1338:Chalukyas
1278:Mahavamsa
1238:Culavamsa
1226:Mahinda V
1214:tirumagal
979:Geography
974:Education
957:Air Force
905:Sri Lanka
692:Stone Age
649:CĆ«áž·avaáčsa
642:Mahavamsa
635:Dipavamsa
513:conflicts
428:conflicts
285:(1042 CE)
268:(1017 CE)
254:Mahinda V
231:(1042 CE)
219:(Emperor)
207:(1017 CE)
178:(Emperor)
3282:Category
3250:Perahera
3214:Buddhism
3206:Religion
3139:Hatadage
3021:Rajarata
2978:Kahavanu
2958:Politics
2906:Monarchs
2846:Monarchs
2700:Timeline
2575:Category
2545:Buddhism
2540:Religion
2530:Perahera
2458:Kahavanu
2453:Kahapana
2371:Sigiriya
2349:Rajarata
2292:Politics
2265:Military
2238:Monarchs
2233:Monarchy
2185:Sigiriya
2064:Timeline
1422:See also
1411:Rajarata
1350:Karaiyar
1300:monarchy
1272:Rajarata
1263:â
1029:Timeline
1024:Glossary
984:Politics
933:By Topic
916:Republic
912:Dominion
700:Iron Age
601:a series
599:Part of
365:Strength
188:(Prince)
105:Rajarata
71:Victory
52:Location
3184:in Pali
3088:Culture
3037:Society
2928:Others
2924:Kalinga
2719:History
2690:Outline
2645:topics
2519:in Pali
2418:Economy
2311:Mahinda
2083:History
2054:Outline
2023:topics
1968:2053272
1162:History
1156:Pandyas
1150:led by
1118:in 993
1088:, when
1076:by the
969:Economy
673:Periods
383:Unknown
373:Unknown
314:†
300:†
256: (
200:General
94:changes
82:forces.
3292:Portal
3125:Sites
3026:Ruhuna
2585:Portal
2448:Pearls
2377:Sites
2361:Cities
2354:Ruhuna
2306:Ashoka
2253:Moriya
2243:Vijaya
1974:
1966:
1921:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1830:
1793:p. 249
1785:
1524:
1416:Rohana
1385:Legacy
1234:Rohana
1204:under
603:on the
370:95,000
296:
64:Result
3243:Other
2705:Years
2443:Ivory
2107:Elara
2069:Years
1972:S2CID
1964:JSTOR
1444:Notes
1250:Lanka
1246:Shiva
834:Kandy
80:Chola
69:Chola
2889:Loka
2438:Gems
1919:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1254:Rama
1212:The
1200:The
1068:The
962:Navy
952:Army
44:Date
2277:Law
1956:doi
1758:doi
1569:doi
1302:as
1122:by
259:POW
3319::
2521:,
1970:.
1962:.
1952:35
1950:.
1798:^
1781:.
1769:^
1726:^
1699:^
1672:^
1657:^
1580:^
1551:^
1536:^
1158:.
1144:CE
1132:CE
1120:CE
1109:CE
1105:CE
1086:CE
1082:CE
202:)
2647:â
2640:â
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2025:â
2018:â
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1978:.
1958::
1927:.
1897:.
1876:.
1855:.
1836:.
1791:.
1760::
1571::
1530:.
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
500:e
493:t
486:v
415:e
408:t
401:v
262:)
198:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
