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just inside the upper jaw. These internal nasal passages evolved while the vertebrates still lived in water. In animals with complete secondary palates (mammals, crocodilians, most skinks) the space between the primary and secondary palates contain the nasal passages, with the choanae located above the posterior end of the secondary palate.
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In all but the most basal (primitive) tetrapodomorphs (or "choanates"), the excurrent nostrils have migrated from the edge of the mouth to the interior of the mouth. In tetrapods that lack a secondary palate (basal tetrapods and amphibians), the choanae are located forward in the roof of the mouth,
271:
Early bony fishes (~420 mya) had two pair of nostrils, one pair for incoming water (known as the anterior or incurrent nostrils), and a second pair for outgoing water (the posterior or excurrent nostrils), with the olfactory apparatus (for sense of smell) in between. In the first
299:
do not have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils: each with two tubes whose frontal openings lie close to the upper jaw, and the posterior openings further behind near the eyes. A 395-million-year-old fossil lobe-finned fish called
276:(~415 mya) the excurrent nostrils migrated to the edge of the mouth, occupying a position between the maxillary and premaxillary bones, directly below the lateral rostral (a bone that vanished in early tetrapods).
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In animals with secondary palates, they allow breathing when the mouth is closed. In tetrapods without secondary palates their function relates primarily to olfaction (sense of smell).
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has something between a choana and the external nostrils seen on other fish. The posterior opening of the external nostrils has migrated into the mouth.
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separates the two halves of the posterior half of the palate, connecting the nasal cavity with the buccal cavity (mouth) and the pharynx (throat).
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shows an intermediate stage between posterior and interior nostril and supports the independent origin of internal nostrils in the lungfish.
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have open canals that leads water from their external nostrils into their mouths and through their gills.
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The choanae (internal nostrils) of a cat, indicated by the dashed lines and bounded by the
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Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. (Choanae visible at center top.)
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In animals with partial secondary palates (most birds and reptiles), the median
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have a single internal nostril that opens inside the mouth cavity, while
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are two openings found at the back of the nasal passage between the
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The term is a latinization from the Greek χοάνη, "choanē" meaning
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It is therefore not a structure but a space bounded as follows:
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In lungfish, the inner nostrils are regarded as an example of
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Each of two openings from the nasal cavity to the throat
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Gaining Ground: The Origin and
Evolution of Tetrapods
178:). They are considered one of the most important
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186:, that allowed the passage from water to land.
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461:Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds
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170:, in humans and other mammals (as well as
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458:(22 October 2013). A. J. Marshall (ed.).
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361:. Indiana University Press. p. 74.
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192:The choanae are separated in two by the
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204:A choana is the opening between the
785:Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
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237:superiorly and posteriorly by the
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464:. Elsevier Science. p. 412.
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427:. JHU Press. pp. 150–1.
396:(2004) "Wandering nostrils".
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33:Lateral wall of nasal cavity.
267:Choanae in different animals
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421:Linzey, Donald W. (2012).
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520:Anatomy of the human nose
156:posterior nasal apertures
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790:Salpingopharyngeal fold
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245:medial pterygoid plates
677:Ethmoidal infundibulum
662:Sphenoethmoidal recess
316:. The fossil lungfish
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110:Anatomical terminology
795:Salpingopalatine fold
638:Inferior nasal concha
628:Superior nasal concha
250:medially by the Vomer
129:
623:Supreme nasal concha
134:(blue gray) and the
838:Otorhinolaryngology
633:Middle nasal concha
753:Sphenoidal sinuses
424:Vertebrate Biology
314:parallel evolution
140:
820:
819:
812:Pharyngeal recess
807:Pharyngeal tonsil
740:Paranasal sinuses
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708:Vomeronasal organ
471:978-1-4832-6379-3
456:Farner, Donald S.
434:978-1-4214-0040-2
394:Janvier, Philippe
368:978-0-253-35675-8
243:laterally by the
160:internal nostrils
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726:Olfactory mucosa
687:Maxillary hiatus
682:Semilunar hiatus
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404:(7013): 23–24.
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353:Clack, Jennifer
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274:tetrapodomorphs
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718:Nasal mucosa
703:Nasal septum
645:Nasal meatus
612:Lateral wall
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578:Nasal cavity
546:Septal nasal
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475:. Retrieved
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438:. Retrieved
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372:. Retrieved
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285:choanal slit
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206:nasal cavity
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172:crocodilians
164:nasal cavity
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79:A02.1.00.096
66:
696:Medial wall
566:Vomeronasal
534:Ala of nose
210:nasopharynx
56:Identifiers
827:Categories
672:Agger nasi
647:: (Supreme
561:Minor alar
556:Major alar
336:References
319:Diabolepis
303:Kenichthys
224:inferiorly
220:anteriorly
200:Boundaries
656:inferior)
330:chimaeras
326:Hagfishes
307:campbelli
255:Etymology
174:and most
650:superior
586:Openings
477:8 August
440:8 August
374:5 August
355:(2012).
208:and the
166:and the
138:(orange)
777:pharynx
598:Nostril
226:by the
168:pharynx
144:choanae
51:Details
653:middle
603:Choana
468:
431:
398:Nature
365:
261:funnel
176:skinks
152:choana
67:choana
22:Choana
833:Skull
295:Most
194:vomer
132:vomer
114:[
103:76585
62:Latin
773:Naso
479:2015
466:ISBN
442:2015
429:ISBN
376:2015
363:ISBN
297:fish
291:Fish
222:and
142:The
74:TA98
406:doi
402:432
230:of
182:of
158:or
154:),
148:sg.
98:FMA
91:501
86:TA2
829::
621::
400:,
384:^
344:^
263:.
212:.
196:.
150::
775:-
512:e
505:t
498:v
481:.
444:.
408::
378:.
247:.
234:,
146:(
118:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
