2023:
57:
860:
840:
1175:
1336:
56:
3960:
3848:
504:
9090:
707:
9100:
2700:) in the Chinese scholarship, often inextricable from debates on the exact nature of the so-called "White Lotus" tradition."; p. 14: "The local and anthropological focus of these studies, and their undermining of rigid distinctions between "sectarian" groups and other forms of local religiosity, tends to draw them into the category of "popular religion"
1352:, and they deeply penetrated local society; secondly, northern provinces are characterised by social mobility around the capital and weak traditional social structure, thus folk religious movements of salvation fulfill the demand of individual searching for new forms of community and social network.
1314:
taken together. Scholars and government officials have been discussing to systematise and unify this large base of religious organisations; in 2004 the State
Administration of Religious Affairs created a department for the management of folk religions. In the late 2015 a step was made at least for
1355:
According to the
Chinese General Social Survey of 2012, approximately 2.2% of the population of China, which is around 30 million people, claim to be members of folk religious sects. The actual number of followers may be higher, about the same as the number of members of the five state-sanctioned
1322:
Many of the movements of salvation of the 20th and 21st century aspire to become the repository of the entirety of the
Chinese tradition in the face of Western modernism and materialism, advocating an "Eastern solution to the problems of the modern world", or even interacting with the modern
1158:) to distinguish the peasant "secret societies" with a positive dimension of the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods, from the negatively viewed "secret societies" of the early republic that became instruments of anti-revolutionary forces (the
2022:
1002:
consisting in the worship of gods and ancestors, although in
English language there is a terminological confusion between the two. The 20th-century expression for these salvationist religious movements has been "redemptive societies"
1347:
since the 16th century. The northern provinces have been a fertile ground for the movements of salvation for a number of reasons: firstly, popular religious movements were active in the region already in the
1302:
The founding of the People's
Republic in 1949 saw them suppressed once again, although since the 1990s and 2000s the climate was relaxed and some of them have received some form of official recognition. In
959:
of the individual and the society, in other words the moral fulfillment of individuals in reconstructed communities of sense. Chinese scholars traditionally describe them as "folk religious sects" (
3632:
1295:). With the collapse of the Qing state in 1911 the sects enjoyed an unprecedented period of freedom and thrived, and many of them were officially recognised as religious groups by the
1310:
Folk religious movements began to rapidly revive in mainland China in the 1980s, and now if conceptualised as a single group they are said to have the same number of followers of the
2966:
2772:. § 2: "Western scholars cast Chinese sects in the role of Protestant dissenters and celebrate (or occasionally condemn) their willingness to challenge the status quo."
2727:. The immediate association this term caused in the minds of many Taiwanese and practically all mainland Chinese participants in the conference was of popular sects (
2565:
1343:
The
Chinese folk religious movements of salvation are mostly concentrated in northern and northeastern China, although with a significant influence reaching the
595:
803:
Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great
Chinese religious category alongside the well-established
1133:
and secretive character, including rural militias and fraternal organisations which became very popular in the early republican period, and often labeled as "
1943:
1763:
915:
609:
5557:
3647:
8043:
7892:
737:
305:
8949:
1713:, "Way of the Return to the One"), best known by its corporate name of School of the Way of the Return to the One or simply School of the Way (
3793:
Smith, S.A. (2015). "Redemptive
Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.).
17:
8901:
6254:
3836:
3601:
3454:
7937:
7864:
5082:
4183:
3094:
1825:
602:
3012:
2718:, p. 393. Quote: " The problem started when the Taiwanese translator of my paper chose to render "popular religion" literally as
7742:
4161:
8188:
3814:
1174:
859:
8028:
7902:
7887:
9124:
2482:
3679:
8048:
2989:
1488:, "Luo (Menghong)'s tradition"): Patriarch Luo was reportedly polemical towards the Bailian, Maitreyan, and Huangtian sects
8513:
5552:
3455:"Syncretic Sects and Redemptive Societies. Toward a New Understanding of "Sectarianism" in the Study of Chinese Religions"
503:
8631:
7912:
7513:
730:
8841:
8571:
8453:
7907:
6492:
4446:
3804:
3783:
3524:
1852:
9129:
8891:
7717:
4967:
4101:
3878:
457:
839:
8944:
6502:
4128:
181:
8906:
8801:
7927:
7922:
7878:
7508:
6352:
5611:
4601:
3959:
3829:
1643:
1296:
381:
9134:
8761:
8586:
7859:
6878:
6819:
6706:
6585:
6517:
4583:
4502:
3716:
1551:
1316:
914:), that is a cosmological definition of the state of things prior to creation, in unity with God; it regards ②
723:
402:
35:
6998:
6873:
826:), represented as either male, female, or genderless, and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God.
9149:
8911:
8326:
8063:
7727:
7576:
7498:
6920:
5962:
5515:
4154:
2522:
1571:
409:
3974:
3680:"Recomposition des faits religieux et tension identitaires. L'exemple de la " nouvelle religion " Yiguandao"
2553:
1095:
8969:
8771:
5984:
4734:
4096:
4004:
3873:
3747:
2492:
2467:
1506:
1356:
religions of China if counted together. In Taiwan, recognised folk religious movements of salvation gather
416:
286:
7008:
9144:
8979:
8691:
8686:
8458:
6981:
6942:
6497:
6411:
5979:
4351:
4070:
3660:"Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?"
1335:
7013:
7003:
9139:
7757:
7702:
7398:
6138:
5655:
4346:
4288:
4075:
3932:
3822:
3082:
374:
338:
279:
160:
5736:
9004:
8793:
8651:
8103:
6991:
6770:
6401:
6031:
5596:
4728:
4480:
4317:
4272:
4116:
4111:
3844:
3498:
2673:, p. 12: "Chinese sectarianism, millennialism and heterodoxy, called "popular religious sects" (
432:
7109:
892:
focusing on personal salvation through inner work, considers itself the most valid "Way of Heaven" (
8508:
8468:
8423:
8213:
8203:
8008:
7762:
7587:
7523:
7493:
7383:
7148:
7057:
7025:
6986:
6898:
5805:
5062:
4998:
4468:
4453:
4147:
3085:
2012. Reported and compared with
Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in
670:
5505:
3659:
1111:
A category overlapping with that of the salvationist movements is that of the "secret societies" (
27:
Chinese religious tradition characterised by a concern for salvation of the person and the society
8959:
8896:
8846:
8806:
8751:
8386:
8381:
8271:
8218:
8108:
8038:
7834:
7645:
7560:
6765:
6743:
6542:
6364:
5889:
5547:
5474:
5158:
4529:
4329:
4238:
4122:
4029:
3937:
3748:"The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan"
1958:
94:
87:
8826:
8721:
8681:
8661:
8518:
8493:
8398:
8371:
8321:
8291:
8281:
8198:
8163:
8148:
8133:
8088:
8023:
7697:
7628:
7533:
7528:
7269:
7192:
6954:
6836:
6760:
6557:
6547:
6406:
6374:
6312:
6283:
5800:
5795:
5492:
5452:
5237:
4578:
4573:
4553:
4549:
3927:
3499:"Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China"
2517:
2506:
1915:"Community of the Pure Heart")—another organisation of Kang Youwei's idea of a Confucian church
464:
254:
9067:
9012:
8929:
8881:
8856:
8656:
8478:
8473:
8341:
8331:
8153:
7829:
7772:
7592:
7538:
6959:
6937:
6856:
6797:
6463:
5902:
5763:
4925:
4524:
4436:
4060:
3922:
3868:
2477:
1286:
many folk religious movements were outlawed by the imperial authorities as "evil religions" (
1220:
tradition ("Chinese
Maternism", as mentioned by Philip Clart) that was already active in the
1019:
A collective name that has been in use possibly since the latter part of the Qing dynasty is
999:
816:
588:
174:
135:
46:
5783:
5731:
3108:
9057:
9047:
9032:
8939:
8866:
8836:
8811:
8776:
8736:
8731:
8706:
8576:
8498:
8448:
8428:
8418:
8306:
8253:
8228:
8078:
8073:
8053:
8018:
8003:
7947:
7722:
7655:
7623:
7503:
7438:
7304:
7182:
7035:
6915:
6814:
6726:
6694:
6689:
6537:
6269:
5564:
5148:
4908:
4519:
4463:
4414:
4399:
4252:
3627:, edited by Vincent Goossaert, Jan Kiely and John Lagerwey, Leiden: Brill, vol. 2, 685–727.
3022:
691:
388:
99:
4761:
2736:), rather than the local and communal religious life that was the main focus of my paper."
8:
9062:
9037:
9017:
8994:
8921:
8871:
8851:
8766:
8756:
8711:
8671:
8626:
8621:
8611:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8581:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8523:
8433:
8408:
8286:
8276:
8238:
8208:
8193:
8178:
8168:
8158:
8123:
8118:
8068:
8013:
7988:
7932:
7789:
7777:
7665:
7660:
7650:
7518:
7319:
7232:
7177:
7153:
7040:
6925:
6883:
6678:
6527:
6155:
5947:
5832:
5628:
5430:
5315:
5243:
5133:
5054:
4881:
4534:
4358:
4204:
4106:
4034:
4014:
2487:
1918:
1344:
1264:
677:
333:
9042:
9022:
8989:
8886:
8876:
8821:
8816:
8746:
8726:
8716:
8701:
8696:
8676:
8646:
8641:
8616:
8606:
8538:
8503:
8488:
8393:
8366:
8356:
8316:
8301:
8296:
8248:
8243:
8183:
8138:
8098:
7993:
7980:
7767:
7692:
7565:
7388:
7062:
7020:
6861:
6829:
6804:
6731:
6711:
6532:
6480:
6468:
6446:
6038:
5996:
5869:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5525:
5309:
5285:
4664:
4588:
4336:
4282:
4019:
3915:
3583:
3575:
3485:
3477:
3099:[Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data]
2512:
1393:
1357:
1039:"church, society, association, congregation"; when referring to their corporate form),
663:
537:
445:
6150:
5709:
5337:
5067:
2636:
9099:
9093:
9027:
8984:
8974:
8964:
8954:
8861:
8781:
8741:
8666:
8636:
8528:
8483:
8463:
8438:
8413:
8376:
8361:
8336:
8311:
8223:
8173:
8128:
8113:
8093:
8083:
8058:
7998:
7942:
7707:
7483:
7079:
7050:
6974:
6969:
6930:
6868:
6824:
6809:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6721:
6456:
6342:
6108:
6078:
6058:
5879:
5684:
5665:
5660:
5606:
5569:
5290:
5205:
5128:
5026:
5016:
4984:
4972:
4940:
4917:
4899:
4795:
4650:
4558:
4544:
4507:
4495:
4324:
4243:
4195:
4080:
4065:
4044:
3999:
3900:
3860:
3852:
3800:
3779:
3727:
3712:
3699:
3587:
3520:
3489:
2981:
1636:
1311:
1272:
770:
684:
614:
478:
471:
323:
167:
6562:
6160:
5820:
5574:
9052:
8934:
8831:
8443:
8403:
8351:
8346:
8263:
8233:
8143:
8033:
7897:
7849:
7844:
7408:
7373:
7346:
7104:
7089:
6964:
6888:
6738:
6716:
6624:
6485:
6264:
6227:
6083:
6068:
6016:
5810:
5790:
5758:
5753:
5724:
5719:
5643:
5633:
5462:
5426:
5418:
5389:
5302:
5222:
5217:
5180:
5170:
5096:
5034:
4876:
4713:
4563:
4221:
4039:
4009:
3910:
3905:
3762:
3691:
3610:
3567:
3544:
3469:
2501:
2472:
2051:
1867:
1228:
legacy and are based on the recovery of ancient scriptures attributed to important
955:
category and gives prominence to folk religious sects' central pursuit that is the
808:
580:
549:
544:
353:
298:
153:
6701:
9103:
7732:
7712:
7202:
7094:
7084:
6753:
6421:
6212:
6192:
6123:
6088:
6021:
5741:
5714:
5689:
5638:
5616:
5409:
5352:
5123:
4640:
4441:
4367:
4307:
4262:
4231:
3794:
3514:
2364:
2027:
1013:
711:
497:
348:
3548:
7854:
7747:
7687:
7403:
7378:
7163:
7067:
6949:
6893:
6846:
6259:
6207:
6103:
6073:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6026:
5922:
5842:
5825:
5778:
5768:
4812:
4475:
4458:
4277:
4257:
4226:
3944:
3766:
2531:
1650:
1620:
782:
766:
568:
556:
328:
293:
5815:
5077:
9118:
7782:
7336:
7217:
6609:
6604:
6552:
6389:
6327:
6222:
6113:
6011:
5942:
5874:
5864:
5837:
5773:
5670:
5648:
5586:
5482:
5445:
5364:
5272:
4723:
4674:
4379:
4024:
3516:
Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners
2985:
2006:
1260:
1237:
1229:
1083:
765:(moral fulfillment) of the person and the society. They are distinguished by
758:
343:
193:
6451:
3695:
3506:
Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji
1233:
7917:
7819:
7680:
7368:
7363:
7341:
7331:
7212:
6644:
6579:
6522:
6507:
6473:
6098:
6006:
5044:
4935:
4930:
4781:
4751:
4625:
4593:
4341:
4312:
4299:
3890:
2497:
2433:
2334:
2043:
1476:
1458:
1414:
1410:
1370:
1283:
1279:
1247:
1221:
804:
797:
792:
through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through
621:
532:
428:
106:
6145:
4832:
1029:"churches, ways and gates"), as their names interchangeably use the terms
7839:
7814:
7638:
7606:
7597:
7543:
7473:
7458:
7351:
7242:
6903:
6851:
6639:
6357:
6337:
6177:
6118:
5856:
5852:
5675:
5195:
5143:
5113:
4950:
4804:
4696:
4620:
4485:
4421:
4372:
3623:
Ownby, David (2016). “Redemptive Societies in the Twentieth Century.” In
3558:
Ownby, David (1995). "The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion".
3535:"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC".
2577:
2536:
1931:
1904:
1882:
1674:
1531:
1519:
1378:
1349:
1217:
902:
785:
561:
520:
247:
7158:
7099:
6202:
5623:
5457:
5006:
3799:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364.
3796:
Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism
3597:"Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience"
1629:"Three-One"), founded by Lin Zhao'en on the base of Confucian principles
1339:
Geographic distribution of influence of China's popular religious sects.
918:, a cluster of churches which focus on social morality through refined (
7805:
7800:
7675:
7670:
7633:
7611:
7468:
7448:
7443:
7284:
7274:
7237:
6841:
6619:
6567:
6307:
5952:
5932:
5510:
5435:
5374:
5138:
5118:
5039:
4691:
4659:
4630:
4409:
4404:
4389:
3949:
3615:
3579:
3481:
2193:
2172:
1840:
1541:
1159:
1130:
793:
525:
205:
6649:
5530:
927:) Confucian ritual to worship the gods, as the "Way of Later Heaven" (
7752:
7548:
7463:
7453:
7324:
7279:
7264:
7197:
7045:
6512:
6434:
6394:
6384:
6347:
6322:
6302:
6197:
6063:
5917:
5907:
5679:
5537:
5347:
5332:
5297:
5280:
5262:
5175:
4955:
4871:
4850:
4845:
4822:
4817:
4776:
4771:
4708:
4645:
4568:
4539:
4490:
4431:
4384:
3994:
3979:
3021:(500). Pu Shi Institute for Social Science. July 2014. Archived from
2057:
1985:
1787:
1749:
1725:
1599:
1319:
which aims to unite in a single body all Confucian religious groups.
1197:
1103:
emerged from the same tradition of Chinese folk religious movements.
956:
952:
889:
850:
778:
762:
656:
639:
395:
235:
228:
5227:
4756:
3571:
3473:
1315:
those of them with a Confucian identity, with the foundation of the
7555:
7299:
7289:
7144:
6634:
6614:
6441:
6317:
6172:
5746:
5500:
5440:
5359:
5267:
5254:
5232:
5212:
5190:
5185:
5165:
5105:
5072:
5011:
4855:
4840:
4718:
4679:
4635:
4426:
4363:
4267:
4170:
2548:
2010:
1737:
1704:
1686:
1422:
1201:
1100:
875:
789:
774:
706:
223:
130:
118:
3709:
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
1816:"Life Healing") sect, also known by its corporate name Wushanshe (
7824:
7428:
7393:
7314:
7227:
7168:
7072:
6775:
6629:
6379:
6332:
6217:
6093:
5912:
5379:
5342:
5153:
4703:
4669:
4512:
4213:
3984:
3633:"State Dominance and Peasant Resistance in Post-1949 South China"
1307:
all the still existing restrictions were rescinded in the 1980s.
1205:
1090:
823:
788:
and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the
644:
490:
261:
240:
198:
123:
75:
1695:"Holy Way"), best known by its incorporate name of Tongshanshe (
7737:
7616:
7601:
7420:
7309:
7294:
7252:
7030:
6908:
6182:
5937:
5927:
5581:
5542:
5384:
4992:
4962:
4686:
3895:
3728:"Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?"
3596:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
2527:
1973:
1564:
1304:
1268:
1242:
1225:
1134:
879:
812:
573:
438:
111:
6128:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3401:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
1149:
Recent scholarship has begun to use the label "secret sects" (
1082:"altar"). Western scholars often mistakenly identify them as "
7433:
7207:
7187:
7172:
6748:
6574:
6369:
6232:
6187:
6167:
5369:
4766:
4612:
4394:
3847:
2599:
2597:
2047:
2035:
1590:
This sect has many schools, one of them is Xiao Yao Pai (逍遥派
1209:
1163:
1062:
Their congregations and points of worship are usually called
846:
7358:
7247:
5200:
4139:
3413:
3398:
3294:
2031:
1324:
71:
2594:
7257:
7222:
5897:
5276:
3989:
3504:. In Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.).
1671:"Community for the Study of the Way and its Virtue")—1916
1563:), a western branch of Luoism founded by Zhang Baotai in
888:
Two influential and competing folk sectarian currents: ①
819:
651:
3163:
3161:
3066:
3064:
1409:
1368:
1250:
and advocate the realisation of a "great commonwealth" (
815:. Generally these religions focus on the worship of the
1503:"Sudden Stillness") sect, the eastern branch of Luoism
82:
4182:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3051:
3049:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2869:
2867:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
1363:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3158:
3061:
2780:
2778:
3337:
3017:[Mainland folk religion management change].
2069:, "Only Heart") or "Holy Church of the Heart-Only" (
1764:
Dragon Flower Church of the Heart-bound Heavenly Way
1642:
936:), that is the cosmological state of created things.
769:, a founding charismatic person often informed by a
3388:
3386:
3384:
3197:
3119:
3046:
3029:
2910:
The Influence of Mo-school on Chinese Popular Sects
2864:
2852:
2817:
761:religious tradition characterised by a concern for
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3273:
3240:
2775:
2624:
1822:"Community of the Awakening to the Goodness")—1919
1758:"Great Way of Maitreya")—branched out in the 1980s
3216:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2807:
2805:
2763:
2034:, is the headquarters of the Weixinist Church in
9116:
1746:"Way of the Children")—branched out in the 1980s
1240:, and have contributed to the popularisation of
3667:Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore
3361:
2967:"Religions & Christianity in Today's China"
1955:)—started in 1853, formally established in 1979
1940:"Way of the Mysterious Origin")—founded in 1952
3000:
2802:
2373:"Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
4155:
3830:
3088:
2731:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2446:
2437:
2422:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2382:"Way of the Endless Whole" or "Surefire Way")
2377:
2368:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2185:
2176:
2161:
2149:
2140:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2091:Church of Maitreya the King of the Universe (
2070:
2061:
2000:
1989:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1935:
1910:
1895:
1886:
1871:
1864:)—early form of Tiandiism, recognised in 1930
1856:
1844:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1800:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1575:
1555:
1535:
1523:
1510:
1498:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1397:
1382:
1287:
1254:
1188:
1179:
1150:
1138:
1121:
1112:
1077:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1004:
987:
978:
969:
960:
943:
928:
919:
906:
893:
866:
829:
731:
3512:
3436:
3407:
3331:
2974:Religion & Christianity in Today's China
2509:, some of which are related to Chinese sects
3602:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
4162:
4148:
3837:
3823:
1921:—rural secret society and millenarian sect
1826:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
1330:
1263:. Some scholars even find influences from
1216:Many of these religions are traced to the
951:) is a contemporary neologism coined as a
738:
724:
603:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
3741:. University of Missouri-Columbia: Brill.
3677:
3614:
1970:)—branch of Tiandiism established in 1979
1662:, "Abiding Principle")—registered in 1913
6677:
2021:
1334:
1312:five state-sanctioned religions of China
1259:) on a world scale, as dreamt of in the
1173:
7969:
3706:
3678:Micollier, Évelyne (July–August 1998).
3234:
3179:
3167:
3152:
3070:
2483:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
2403:, "True School of the Mysterious Gate")
2005:) — led by the self-proclaimed emperor
1544:in the 1870s, renamed Yiguandao in 1905
14:
9117:
3773:
3657:
3513:Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994).
3462:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
3355:
3288:
3267:
3255:
3210:
3191:
3140:
3055:
3040:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2830:
2811:
2796:
2784:
2757:
2745:
2670:
2658:
2618:
2603:
7968:
7126:
6676:
4181:
4143:
3818:
3792:
3745:
3725:
3594:
3557:
3496:
3343:
3222:
2842:
2769:
2715:
2642:
2310:"Way of the Sages and the Immortals")
1734:"Consistent Way")—registered in 1947
1683:"Way of the Former Heaven") networks
1587:, the "Gate of the Highest Supreme")
1528:"Black Lotus") sect during the Qing
1431:"Way of the Eight Trigrams") networks
1169:
3625:Modern Chinese Religion II 1850–2015
3537:Chinese Sociology & Anthropology
3452:
3086:
2858:
2630:
1925:
1467:"Way of the Yellow Sky") or Xuangu (
3508:. Taipei: Boyang. pp. 391–412.
2451:"Heavenly House of Filial Loyalty")
2292:"Way of Men Learning the Goodness")
2271:, "Universal Judgement"), Pududao (
1617:"Gate of the Heaven and the Earth")
1540:"Final Salvation") sect founded by
1364:Chronological record of major sects
1358:approximately 10% of the population
1106:
24:
7938:Religions and spiritual traditions
4184:Religious groups and denominations
2148:Holy Church of the Middle Flower (
1994:"Cultivation of the Wheel of Law")
1853:Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue
1600:Church of the Heaven and the Earth
1327:-centered universal civilisation.
942:"Chinese salvationist religions" (
502:
25:
9161:
4102:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
3774:Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011).
3630:
3392:
2328:"Way of the Four Manifestations")
2145:"Way of the Kneeling to Incense")
2026:The City of the Eight Symbols in
2009:, the sect ruled a small area in
1891:"Way of the True Emptiness")—1948
1849:, "Way of the Nine Palaces")—1926
1701:"Community of the Goodness")—1917
1644:Mainland Republican Era (1912–49)
306:Chinese Folk Temples' Association
9098:
9089:
9088:
8902:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
8044:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4129:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
3958:
3846:
3707:Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003).
3096:卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据
2277:"Way of the Universal Judgment")
1805:"Way of the Return to the Root")
858:
838:
705:
287:Lineage associations or churches
182:Chinese spiritual world concepts
55:
7509:Evolutionary origin of religion
3349:
3261:
3228:
3185:
3173:
3146:
3076:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2902:
2891:
2879:
2836:
2790:
2566:Confucian Religion in Indonesia
2250:"Gate of the Universal Change")
2017:
1246:; other ones are distinctively
1178:Temple of the Founding Father (
382:Chinese communal deity religion
9125:Chinese salvationist religions
7860:Separation of church and state
6518:Polytheistic reconstructionism
3884:Chinese salvationist religions
3776:Popular Religion and Shamanism
2751:
2739:
2709:
2664:
2652:
2612:
2220:"Way of the Venerable Master")
2118:"Church of the Great Harmony")
2082:
1552:Dacheng teaching of Mount Jizu
1317:Holy Confucian Church of China
865:② The Luanist Rebirth Church (
751:Chinese salvationist religions
423:Main philosophical traditions:
403:Chinese mother goddess worship
13:
1:
5516:Traditional Sabahan religions
2583:
2523:Northeast China folk religion
2361:"Way of the Heavenly Bright")
2352:"Way of the Heavenly Flower")
2202:"Way of Flowers and Fasting")
2190:"Way of the Yellow Immortal")
1982:"Cultivation of the Spirit")
1572:Church of the Highest Supreme
1497:"Great Vehicle") or Yuandun (
1455:"Original Undetermined") sect
1187:) of the principal holy see (
410:Northeast China folk religion
18:Chinese salvationist religion
4169:
4097:Freedom of religion in China
3755:Journal of Chinese Religions
3560:The Journal of Asian Studies
2588:
2493:Chinese religions of fasting
2468:Ancestor veneration in China
2394:"Church of the Small Sword")
2343:"Way of the Heavenly Light")
2259:"Way of the Universal Help")
1129:), religious communities of
755:Chinese folk religious sects
513:Salvation churches and sects
417:Traditional Chinese Medicine
7:
7718:National religiosity levels
6943:Nauruan Indigenous religion
6498:Hellenism (modern religion)
3549:10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102
2461:
2457:Zishenguo ("Zishen nation")
2418:"Gate of the Jade Vacuity")
2229:"Way of the Venerable Men")
2181:"Way of the Imperial Pole")
1784:"Way of the Bright Circle")
1297:early republican government
998:They are distinct from the
845:① A church of Yiguandao in
596:Indonesian Confucian Church
458:Folk ritual masters' orders
10:
9166:
7127:
3767:10.1179/073776997805306959
3646:(9): 55–89. Archived from
3445:
3437:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3408:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3332:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3083:China Family Panel Studies
2980:(1). China Zentrum. 2014.
2914:Studies in World Religions
2427:"Way of the Middle Abode")
2109:"Church of the Big Sword")
830:Terminology and definition
507:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
375:Chinese ancestral religion
280:Associations of good-doing
161:Chinese gods and immortals
9084:
9003:
8920:
8792:
8537:
8262:
7979:
7975:
7964:
7873:
7798:
7574:
7482:
7419:
7137:
7133:
7122:
6685:
6672:
6597:
6420:
6402:Transcendental Meditation
6295:
6282:
6247:
5995:
5972:
5961:
5888:
5851:
5595:
5491:
5473:
5417:
5408:
5325:
5253:
5104:
5095:
5053:
5025:
4983:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4864:
4831:
4803:
4794:
4744:
4611:
4298:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4177:
4117:Ghosts in Chinese culture
4112:Regional Religious System
4089:
4053:
3967:
3956:
3859:
3533:List first published in:
3089:
2732:
2723:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2447:
2442:"Way of the Golden Mean")
2438:
2423:
2414:
2399:
2390:
2378:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2301:"Way of the Three Peaks")
2297:
2288:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2186:
2177:
2162:
2150:
2141:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2093:
2071:
2062:
2001:
1990:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1944:Confucian Way of the Gods
1936:
1911:
1896:
1887:
1872:
1857:
1845:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1796:"Way of the Jasper Lake")
1792:
1780:
1773:Yīxīn Tiāndào Lónghuá Huì
1768:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1625:
1613:
1604:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1524:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1451:
1449:"Great Sun") or Hunyuan (
1445:
1436:
1427:
1398:
1383:
1288:
1255:
1189:
1180:
1151:
1139:
1122:
1113:
1078:
1068:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1005:
988:
979:
970:
961:
944:
929:
920:
907:
894:
867:
9130:Chinese secret societies
8029:Central African Republic
5063:Vietnamese folk religion
4454:Charismatic Christianity
3861:Major religions in China
3105:World Religious Cultures
3095:
3013:
2319:"Way of the Godly Gate")
2211:"Way of the Old Source")
671:Vietnamese folk religion
274:Institutions and temples
7923:New religious movements
7561:Theories about religion
7514:Evolutionary psychology
6543:Modern Finnish paganism
4530:Independent Catholicism
4123:Three Persian religions
4030:Mongolian folk religion
3696:10.3406/perch.1998.2315
2645:, pp. 12-13 &
1959:Lord of Universe Church
1507:Sects requiring fasting
1440:"Flower of Light") sect
1331:Geography and diffusion
8572:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6558:Erzyan native religion
6407:Unitarian Universalism
5796:Native American Church
4574:Oneness Pentecostalism
3879:Folk ritual ministries
3746:Clart, Philip (1997).
3726:Clart, Philip (2003).
3684:Perspectives Chinoises
3658:Palmer, D. A. (2011).
3519:. Human Rights Watch.
3497:Clart, Philip (2014).
3453:Broy, Nikolas (2015).
2918:Shijie Zongjiao Yanjiu
2518:New religious movement
2507:Japanese new religions
2098:Yǔzhòu mílè huáng jiào
2039:
1340:
1213:
508:
485:Devotional traditions:
9135:Chinese folk religion
8892:Saint Kitts and Nevis
8189:São Tomé and Príncipe
8049:Republic of the Congo
6255:Aboriginal Australian
4926:Chinese folk religion
3869:Chinese folk religion
3595:Ownby, David (2008).
2478:Chinese folk religion
2130:, "Great Simplicity")
2025:
1522:dubbed the Qinglian (
1369:Earliest influences (
1360:as of the mid-2000s.
1338:
1177:
1012:), coined by scholar
1000:Chinese folk religion
986:) or "folk beliefs" (
589:Holy Confucian Church
506:
175:Chinese creation myth
48:Chinese folk religion
9150:East Asian religions
8514:United Arab Emirates
7305:Religious experience
6679:Historical religions
5083:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
4415:Schwenkfelder Church
3640:Issues & Studies
3543:(4): 103–104. 1989.
2232:Mount Li Maternism (
2046:religious groups in
1583:; also known as 太上门
1561:Jīzúshān dàchéngjiào
903:Way of Former Heaven
692:Zhuang folk religion
389:Chinese food therapy
370:Major cultural forms
8907:Trinidad and Tobago
8802:Antigua and Barbuda
7970:Religion by country
7031:Cult of Magna Mater
5553:Philippine Dayawism
5134:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4882:Chinese Manichaeism
4554:Jehovah's Witnesses
4359:Proto-Protestantism
4107:Irreligion in China
4035:Qiang folk religion
3874:Ancestor veneration
3107:(1). Archived from
2920:), 27 (2): 123-127.
2488:Chinese Manichaeism
2430:Zhongjiao Daoyi Hui
1919:Yellow Sand Society
1345:Yangtze River Delta
1273:shamanic traditions
1072:"church, hall") or
712:Religion portal
678:Qiang folk religion
366:Internal traditions
9145:Religion in Taiwan
8842:Dominican Republic
7888:Abrahamic prophets
6982:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5526:Aliran Kepercayaan
4729:Non-denominational
4651:Modernist Salafism
4337:Oriental Orthodoxy
4020:Miao folk religion
3916:Theravada Buddhism
3616:10.4000/assr.17633
3194:, pp. 173–175
3192:Ma & Meng 2011
2898:Ma & Meng 2011
2513:Maitreya teachings
2445:Zhongxiao Tianfu (
2397:Xuanmen Zhenzong (
2155:Zhōnghuá shèngjiào
2052:Confucian churches
2040:
1894:Confucian Church (
1394:Maitreya teachings
1341:
1214:
1170:Origin and history
664:Miao folk religion
581:Confucian churches
538:Maitreya teachings
509:
452:Ritual traditions:
9140:Religion in China
9112:
9111:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9075:
8064:Equatorial Guinea
7960:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7499:Cognitive science
7118:
7117:
7051:Mysteries of Isis
6825:Frankish paganism
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6412:White Brotherhood
6278:
6277:
6243:
6242:
5587:Sundanese Wiwitan
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5129:Brahma Sampradaya
5091:
5090:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4872:Assianism/Uatsdin
4790:
4789:
4559:British Israelism
4545:Nontrinitarianism
4508:Plymouth Brethren
4503:Nondenominational
4437:Congregationalism
4325:Eastern Orthodoxy
4273:Reconstructionist
4137:
4136:
4045:Yao folk religion
3853:Religion in China
3114:on 9 August 2014.
2995:on 27 April 2017.
2956:, pp. 13, 23
2239:Líshān Lǎomǔ jiào
2013:from 1981 to 1986
1926:Late 20th century
1879:)—started in 1945
1637:Taiping rebellion
1473:"Dark Drum") sect
1224:; others claim a
1200:sect, related to
901:) and its own a "
771:divine revelation
748:
747:
685:Yao folk religion
634:Related religions
479:Chinese shamanism
472:Nuo folk religion
465:Jitong mediumship
255:Jitong mediumship
168:Chinese mythology
16:(Redirected from
9157:
9102:
9092:
9091:
8970:Papua New Guinea
8945:Marshall Islands
8772:Northern Ireland
7977:
7976:
7966:
7965:
7850:Secular theology
7845:Secular humanism
7135:
7134:
7124:
7123:
6999:Ancestral Pueblo
6674:
6673:
6293:
6292:
5970:
5969:
5415:
5414:
5171:Shaiva Siddhanta
5102:
5101:
5035:Korean shamanism
4914:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4801:
4800:
4714:Mahdawi movement
4584:Swedenborgianism
4564:Christadelphians
4210:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4010:Manchu shamanism
3962:
3911:Tibetan Buddhism
3906:Chinese Buddhism
3851:
3850:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3789:
3770:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3703:
3698:. Archived from
3674:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3637:
3631:I, Yuan (1995).
3620:
3618:
3591:
3566:(4): 1023–1046.
3552:
3530:
3509:
3503:
3493:
3459:
3440:
3434:
3411:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3292:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3025:on 4 March 2016.
3009:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2988:. Archived from
2971:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2799:, pp. 12–13
2794:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2748:, pp. 19–20
2743:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2720:minjian zongjiao
2713:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2675:minjian zongjiao
2668:
2662:
2661:, pp. 17–18
2656:
2650:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2502:Confucian church
2473:Chinese Buddhism
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2076:Wéixīn Shèngjiào
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1868:Church of Virtue
1862:Tiāndé shèngjiào
1860:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1657:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1611:) or Tiandimen (
1607:
1606:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1558:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1413:(1367–1644) and
1401:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1323:discourse of an
1291:
1290:
1258:
1257:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:Secret religions
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1008:
1007:
991:
990:
982:
981:
973:
972:
966:mínjiān zōngjiào
964:
963:
947:
946:
932:
931:
923:
922:
910:
909:
897:
896:
870:
869:
862:
842:
740:
733:
726:
710:
709:
610:Phoenix churches
550:Tianxian miaodao
545:Tiandi teachings
396:Chinese geomancy
299:Ancestral shrine
262:Precious scrolls
154:Chinese theology
59:
49:
41:
38:
30:
29:
21:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9072:
8999:
8980:Solomon Islands
8916:
8788:
8692:North Macedonia
8533:
8258:
7971:
7952:
7913:Mass gatherings
7881:
7876:
7869:
7808:
7803:
7794:
7733:Religiocentrism
7713:National church
7581:
7578:
7570:
7485:
7478:
7415:
7337:Bodies of water
7129:
7114:
6899:Jamaican Maroon
6681:
6656:
6593:
6423:
6416:
6287:
6285:
6274:
6239:
6213:Trinidad Orisha
5998:
5991:
5964:
5957:
5884:
5847:
5598:
5591:
5487:
5469:
5396:
5370:Srilankan Vedda
5321:
5249:
5124:Sri Vaishnavism
5087:
5049:
5021:
4979:
4886:
4860:
4827:
4786:
4740:
4665:Twelver Shi'ism
4607:
4469:Neo-charismatic
4442:Presbyterianism
4294:
4186:
4173:
4168:
4138:
4133:
4085:
4049:
3968:Other religions
3963:
3954:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3813:
3807:
3786:
3750:
3730:
3719:
3662:
3650:
3635:
3572:10.2307/2059958
3534:
3527:
3501:
3474:10.2307/2059958
3457:
3448:
3443:
3435:
3414:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3295:
3287:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3120:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2729:minjian jiaopai
2714:
2710:
2693:minjian jiaopai
2684:minjian jiaomen
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2464:
2365:Tianxianmiaodao
2085:
2020:
1999:Zishen Nation (
1953:Rúzōng Shénjiào
1928:
1835:Wànguó Dàodéhuì
1647:
1419:
1375:
1366:
1333:
1172:
1144:zōngjiào yìduān
1109:
1059:"gate, door").
1014:Prasenjit Duara
993:mínjiān xìnyǎng
984:mínjiān jiàopài
975:mínjiān jiàomén
940:
939:
938:
937:
885:
884:
883:
863:
855:
854:
843:
832:
744:
704:
697:
696:
635:
627:
626:
498:Wang Ye worship
367:
359:
358:
319:
311:
310:
275:
267:
266:
219:
211:
210:
188:Model humanity:
149:
141:
140:
67:
47:
36:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9163:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9096:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9009:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8762:United Kingdom
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8543:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7973:
7972:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7855:Secularization
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7835:Deconstruction
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7688:Fundamentalism
7685:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7166:
7164:Call to prayer
7161:
7156:
7151:
7149:Disaffiliation
7141:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6847:Greco-Buddhism
6844:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6428:
6426:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6290:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Tambor de Mina
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5985:Guanche church
5976:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5890:Tibeto-Burmese
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5813:
5808:
5806:Nuu-chah-nulth
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Muscogee Creek
5712:
5707:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5582:Sumbese Marapu
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5503:
5501:Batak Parmalim
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
4809:
4807:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:Bible Students
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Restorationism
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Evangelicalism
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4076:Inner Mongolia
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3933:Roman Catholic
3930:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3806:978-0674287204
3805:
3790:
3785:978-9004174559
3784:
3771:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3704:
3702:on 2014-08-26.
3675:
3655:
3653:on 2015-07-21.
3628:
3621:
3592:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3526:978-1564321053
3525:
3510:
3494:
3468:(4): 145–185.
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3439:, p. 271.
3412:
3410:, p. 269.
3397:
3360:
3348:
3346:, p. 358.
3336:
3334:, p. 270.
3293:
3272:
3270:, pp. 4–5
3260:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3157:
3145:
3118:
3087:Lu 卢, Yunfeng
3075:
3060:
3045:
3028:
3019:Phoenix Weekly
2999:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2901:
2890:
2878:
2863:
2861:, p. 158.
2851:
2835:
2816:
2801:
2789:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2708:
2663:
2651:
2635:
2633:, p. 146.
2623:
2611:
2606:, p. 19;
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2572:In Philippines
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2532:Taoist schools
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2443:
2431:
2428:
2421:Zhongfangdao (
2419:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2332:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2304:Shengxiandao (
2302:
2293:
2286:Renxuehaodao (
2284:
2281:
2278:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2191:
2184:Huangxiandao (
2182:
2170:
2169:, "Red Three")
2158:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1971:
1956:
1941:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1785:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1723:
1702:
1672:
1665:Daode Xueshe (
1663:
1651:Zaili teaching
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1621:Sanyi teaching
1618:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1474:
1456:
1441:
1432:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1332:
1329:
1284:Qing dynasties
1171:
1168:
1108:
1105:
949:jiùdù zōngjiào
887:
886:
872:Chóngshēngtáng
864:
857:
856:
844:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:
828:
767:egalitarianism
746:
745:
743:
742:
735:
728:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
699:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
667:
666:
660:
659:
654:
648:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
612:
606:
605:
599:
598:
592:
591:
577:
576:
571:
569:Zaili teaching
565:
564:
559:
553:
552:
547:
541:
540:
535:
529:
528:
523:
501:
500:
494:
493:
482:
481:
475:
474:
468:
467:
461:
460:
449:
448:
442:
441:
436:
420:
419:
413:
412:
406:
405:
399:
398:
392:
391:
385:
384:
378:
377:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
302:
301:
296:
294:Chinese temple
290:
289:
283:
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
251:
250:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
171:
170:
164:
163:
157:
156:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9162:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9005:South America
9002:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8912:United States
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8794:North America
8791:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8652:Liechtenstein
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8104:Guinea-Bissau
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7967:
7963:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7928:Organizations
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7758:Vegetarianism
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:Homosexuality
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7573:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7524:Neurotheology
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7218:Folk religion
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Imperial cult
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:Discordianism
6608:
6606:
6605:Anthroposophy
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Mari religion
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Neo-Theosophy
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:New Acropolis
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:North African
5971:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Kwakwakaʼwakw
5735:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5475:Austroasiatic
5472:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:Vattisen Yaly
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Kirat Mundhum
5363:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Milah Abraham
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:Protestantism
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3395:, p. 32.
3394:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3237:, p. 343
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3211:Palmer (2011)
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3182:, p. 217
3181:
3176:
3170:, p. 270
3169:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3084:
3079:
3073:, p. 318
3072:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:Lu, Yunfeng.
2905:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2409:Yuanshuai Hui
2408:
2406:Yinjiezhi Hui
2405:
2396:
2388:Xiaodao Hui (
2387:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2355:Tianmingdao (
2354:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2139:Guixiangdao (
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2007:Li Guangchang
1998:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1903:)—founded by
1902:
1893:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1824:
1809:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1778:Yuanmingdao (
1777:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1706:
1703:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1518:), including
1517:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1475:
1460:
1457:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Book of Rites
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:Zhang Sanfeng
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:religions of
1092:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:jiùshì tuántǐ
1001:
996:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
954:
950:
935:
926:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
881:
877:
873:
861:
852:
848:
841:
827:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:, a specific
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
702:
701:
700:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
604:
601:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
582:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
514:
505:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
447:
446:Other schools
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
363:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
315:
314:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
45:
44:
39:
32:
31:
19:
8509:Turkmenistan
8469:Saudi Arabia
8214:South Africa
8204:Sierra Leone
8009:Burkina Faso
7918:Names of God
7865:Unaffiliated
7820:Antireligion
7681:Universalism
7629:Assimilation
7494:Anthropology
7369:Supernatural
7364:Spirituality
7332:Sacred space
7320:Purification
7193:Denomination
7147: /
6955:Paleo-Balkan
6921:Mesopotamian
6761:Cook Islands
6732:Old Prussian
6645:UFO religion
6584:
6580:Zalmoxianism
6508:Neoshamanism
6365:Spiritualism
6248:Other ethnic
6137:
5963:Traditional
5923:Bongthingism
5821:Acoma Pueblo
5764:Mesoamerican
5493:Austronesian
5314:
5310:Neo-Buddhism
5242:
5238:Neo-Hinduism
5159:Swaminarayan
4997:
4946:Salvationist
4945:
4931:Confucianism
4782:Samaritanism
4752:Ali-Illahism
4733:
4600:
4594:Unitarianism
4535:Old Catholic
4342:Nestorianism
4300:Christianity
4287:
4253:Conservative
4121:
3975:Baháʼí Faith
3923:Christianity
3891:Confucianism
3883:
3795:
3775:
3758:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3708:
3700:the original
3687:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3648:the original
3643:
3639:
3624:
3606:
3600:
3563:
3559:
3540:
3536:
3515:
3505:
3465:
3461:
3351:
3344:Smith (2015)
3339:
3263:
3235:Seiwert 2003
3230:
3223:Ownby (1995)
3218:
3213:, p. 4.
3187:
3180:Seiwert 2003
3175:
3168:Seiwert 2003
3155:, p. 20
3153:Seiwert 2003
3148:
3143:, p. 22
3109:the original
3104:
3078:
3071:Seiwert 2003
3058:, p. 10
3043:, p. 29
3023:the original
3018:
2990:the original
2977:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2932:, p. 23
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2893:
2888:, p. 28
2881:
2876:, p. 27
2854:
2846:
2838:
2833:, p. 12
2814:, p. 13
2792:
2770:Ownby (2008)
2765:
2760:, p. 17
2753:
2741:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2654:
2646:
2643:Clart (1997)
2638:
2626:
2621:, p. 19
2614:
2607:
2560:In Indonesia
2498:Confucianism
2434:Zhongyongdao
2376:Wanquandao (
2346:Tianhuadao (
2335:Tianguangdao
2313:Shenmendao (
2295:Sanfengdao (
2268:
2238:
2167:Hóngsān jiào
2166:
2160:Hongsanism (
2154:
2136:Gengshen Hui
2127:
2112:Datong Hui (
2097:
2088:Changshandao
2075:
2066:
2018:21st century
1967:
1952:
1900:
1876:
1861:
1834:
1772:
1719:
1659:
1632:
1608:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1560:
1515:
1485:
1477:Luo teaching
1459:Huangtiandao
1402:
1387:
1373:, 1277–1377)
1354:
1342:
1321:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1277:
1251:
1241:
1222:Song dynasty
1215:
1193:
1184:
1156:mìmì jiàomén
1155:
1148:
1143:
1137:doctrines" (
1126:
1117:
1110:
1094:
1088:
1086:" churches.
1073:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1009:
997:
992:
983:
974:
965:
953:sociological
948:
941:
933:
924:
911:
898:
871:
805:Confucianism
802:
798:philanthropy
754:
750:
749:
622:Taigu school
579:
578:
557:Xia teaching
533:Luo teaching
512:
511:
510:
484:
483:
451:
450:
429:Confucianism
422:
421:
369:
248:Wu shamanism
187:
186:
8960:New Zealand
8897:Saint Lucia
8847:El Salvador
8752:Switzerland
8687:Netherlands
8459:Philippines
8387:South Korea
8382:North Korea
8272:Afghanistan
8219:South Sudan
8109:Ivory Coast
7893:Deification
7840:Objectivism
7815:Agnosticism
7773:Persecution
7763:Video games
7728:Populations
7639:Proselytism
7607:Monasticism
7598:Clericalism
7588:Agriculture
7579:and society
7544:Soteriology
7504:Comparative
7474:Transtheism
7459:Panentheism
7243:Monasticism
7036:Gallo-Roman
6938:Micronesian
6904:Manichaeism
6852:Hermeticism
6820:Continental
6815:Anglo-Saxon
6695:Paleolithic
6690:Prehistoric
6640:Scientology
6503:Italo-Roman
6358:Radha Soami
6338:New Thought
6178:Espiritismo
6119:Waaqeffanna
6059:Fon and Ewe
5997:Sub-Saharan
5880:Satsana Phi
5676:Ghost Dance
5634:Californian
5612:Anishinaabe
5543:Karo Pemena
5522:Indonesian
5196:Lingayatism
5144:Mahanubhava
5114:Vaishnavism
5045:Jeungsanism
4968:Folk Taoism
4951:Xiantiandao
4805:Zoroastrian
4464:Charismatic
4459:Pentecostal
4422:Anglicanism
4373:Waldensians
4308:Catholicism
4015:Manichaeism
3761:(1): 1–32.
3358:, p. 7
3356:Palmer 2011
3291:, p. 5
3289:Palmer 2011
3268:Palmer 2011
3258:, p. 4
3256:Palmer 2011
3141:Palmer 2011
3056:Palmer 2011
3041:Palmer 2011
2954:Palmer 2011
2944:, p. 3
2942:Palmer 2011
2930:Palmer 2011
2886:Palmer 2011
2874:Palmer 2011
2859:Broy (2015)
2831:Palmer 2011
2812:Palmer 2011
2797:Palmer 2011
2787:, p. 6
2785:Palmer 2011
2758:Palmer 2011
2746:Palmer 2011
2671:Palmer 2011
2659:Palmer 2011
2631:Broy (2015)
2619:Palmer 2011
2604:Palmer 2011
2578:Bell Church
2537:White Lotus
2454:Zhutian Hui
2322:Sifangdao (
2223:Laorendao (
2214:Laojundao (
2205:Jiugendao (
2133:Dongyue Hui
2103:Dadao Hui (
2083:Other sects
1932:Xuanyuandao
1905:Kang Youwei
1901:Kǒngjiàohuì
1883:Zhenkongdao
1799:Guigendao (
1675:Xiantiandao
1592:Xiāoyáo Pài
1585:Tàishàngmén
1581:Tàishànghuì
1532:Mohou Yizhu
1520:Xiantiandao
1417:(1644–1911)
1388:Báiliánjiào
1379:White Lotus
1350:Han dynasty
1265:Manichaeism
1218:White Lotus
1198:Plum Flower
1127:mìmì jiéshè
1118:mìmì shèhuì
912:Xiāntiāndào
786:eschatology
783:millenarian
777:written in
615:Xuanyuanism
562:Xiantiandao
521:De teaching
433:state rites
9119:Categories
8950:Micronesia
8827:Costa Rica
8722:San Marino
8682:Montenegro
8662:Luxembourg
8519:Uzbekistan
8494:Tajikistan
8399:Kyrgyzstan
8372:Kazakhstan
8322:East Timor
8292:Bangladesh
8282:Azerbaijan
8199:Seychelles
8164:Mozambique
8149:Mauritania
8134:Madagascar
8024:Cape Verde
7806:irreligion
7801:Secularism
7708:Minorities
7676:Toleration
7671:Syncretism
7656:Fanaticism
7646:Disability
7634:Missionary
7624:Conversion
7612:Ordination
7534:Psychology
7529:Philosophy
7469:Polytheism
7449:Monotheism
7444:Henotheism
7285:Orthopraxy
7275:Ordination
7238:Meditation
7233:Indigenous
7198:Entheogens
7183:Conversion
7009:Pueblo III
6926:Babylonian
6916:Melanesian
6842:Gnosticism
6727:Lithuanian
6620:Fourth Way
6474:Circassian
6452:Dievturība
6375:Tensegrity
6308:Falun Gong
5953:Sanamahism
5933:Donyi-Polo
5565:Polynesian
5511:Kaharingan
5436:Burkhanism
5375:Ravidassia
5353:Śvetāmbara
5139:Pushtimarg
5119:Krishnaism
5055:Vietnamese
5040:Cheondoism
4973:Yao Taoism
4909:East Asian
4675:Isma'ilism
4631:Maturidism
4410:Mennonites
4405:Hutterites
4390:Anabaptism
4283:Humanistic
3950:Falun Gong
3928:Protestant
3735:T'oung Pao
3718:9004131469
3014:大陆民间宗教管理变局
2997:pp. 22–23.
2843:Clart 1997
2716:Clart 2014
2584:References
2543:In Vietnam
2385:Wugong Hui
2331:Suibiandao
2283:Qiugongdao
2244:Puhuamen (
2194:Huazhaidao
2173:Huangjidao
2067:Wéixīnjiào
2050:mainland (
1968:Tiāndìjiào
1909:Xixinshe (
1841:Jiugongdao
1542:Wang Jueyi
1443:Hongyang (
1234:Lü Dongbin
1160:Guomindang
1131:initiatory
1091:Vietnamese
1084:Protestant
1049:"way") or
934:Hòutiāndào
794:evangelism
779:holy texts
583:and sects:
526:Jiugongdao
339:Jiuhuangye
206:Wen and wu
9068:Venezuela
9013:Argentina
8930:Australia
8882:Nicaragua
8857:Guatemala
8657:Lithuania
8479:Sri Lanka
8474:Singapore
8454:Palestine
8342:Indonesia
8332:Hong Kong
8154:Mauritius
7875:Overviews
7830:Criticism
7778:Terrorism
7753:Theocracy
7698:Happiness
7666:Pluralism
7651:Education
7577:Religion
7549:Salvation
7539:Sociology
7484:Religious
7464:Pantheism
7454:Nontheism
7347:Mountains
7325:Sacrifice
7280:Orthodoxy
7270:Mythology
7265:Mysticism
7154:Behaviour
7063:Canaanite
7046:Mithraism
7014:Pueblo IV
7004:Pueblo II
6909:Mazdakism
6884:Hungarian
6857:Mysteries
6766:Dravidian
6548:Hungarian
6464:Caucasian
6435:Godianism
6395:Agni Yoga
6385:Theosophy
6348:Rastafari
6323:Modekngei
6303:Brahmoism
6296:Syncretic
6288:movements
6286:religious
6198:Quimbanda
6146:Candomblé
6139:Diasporic
5918:Bathouism
5908:Benzhuism
5833:Tsimshian
5784:Purépecha
5705:Longhouse
5680:Sun Dance
5629:Blackfoot
5548:Malaysian
5538:Kapitayan
5348:Digambara
5333:Ayyavazhi
5298:Vajrayana
5263:Theravada
5176:Ganapatya
5149:Ramanandi
5078:Hoahaoism
4956:Yiguandao
4851:Yarsanism
4846:Shabakism
4833:Yazdânism
4823:Zurvanism
4818:Mazdaznan
4777:Rastafari
4772:Mandaeism
4646:Wahhabism
4626:Ash'arism
4589:Tolstoyan
4579:Spiritual
4569:Mormonism
4540:Judaizers
4513:Quakerism
4491:Methodist
4481:Irvingism
4432:Calvinism
4385:Adventism
4368:Moravians
4205:Abrahamic
4071:Northeast
4061:Hong Kong
4054:By region
3995:Dongbaism
3980:Benzhuism
3778:. Brill.
3711:. Brill.
3588:162946271
3490:162946271
2986:2192-9289
2589:Citations
2412:Yuxumen (
2280:Qixingism
2269:Pǔdù jiào
2262:Puduism (
2253:Pujidao (
2128:Dàyì jiào
2121:Dayiism (
2058:Weixinism
2044:Confucian
1986:Falungong
1877:Déjiàohuì
1788:Yaochidao
1750:Miledadao
1726:Yiguandao
1722:)—1921-27
1660:Zàilǐjiào
1609:Tiāndìhuì
1491:Dacheng (
1434:Denghua (
1248:Confucian
1230:immortals
1196:) of the
1185:Shīzǔdiàn
1135:heretical
1021:huìdàomén
957:salvation
890:Yiguandao
851:Indonesia
817:universal
763:salvation
657:Dongbaism
640:Benzhuism
329:Zhongyuan
318:Festivals
236:Feng shui
229:Jingxiang
218:Practices
100:Xian ling
9094:Category
9058:Suriname
9048:Paraguay
9033:Colombia
8940:Kiribati
8867:Honduras
8837:Dominica
8812:Barbados
8777:Scotland
8737:Slovenia
8732:Slovakia
8707:Portugal
8577:Bulgaria
8499:Thailand
8449:Pakistan
8429:Mongolia
8424:Maldives
8419:Malaysia
8307:Cambodia
8254:Zimbabwe
8229:Tanzania
8079:Ethiopia
8074:Eswatini
8054:Djibouti
8019:Cameroon
8004:Botswana
7948:Timeline
7943:Scholars
7903:Founders
7768:Violence
7723:Politics
7593:Business
7556:Theology
7300:Prophecy
7290:Paganism
7178:Covenant
7145:Apostasy
7080:Scythian
7021:Rapa Nui
6975:Thracian
6970:Illyrian
6960:Albanian
6931:Sumerian
6874:Harappan
6810:Germanic
6805:Georgian
6798:Selk'nam
6783:Etruscan
6771:Egyptian
6749:Druidism
6712:Armenian
6635:Satanism
6615:Eckankar
6538:Estonian
6523:Romanian
6513:Ossetian
6493:Germanic
6442:Armenian
6431:African
6424:paganism
6353:Sant Mat
6343:Rajneesh
6318:Meivazhi
6313:Japanese
6270:Siberian
6203:Santería
6173:Convince
6039:Bushongo
5943:Kiratism
5870:Hmongism
5747:Wocekiye
5732:Jivaroan
5700:Iroquois
5695:Ho-Chunk
5656:Cherokee
5599:American
5570:Hawaiian
5483:Sarnaism
5453:Tungusic
5441:Tengrism
5431:Mongolic
5360:Sarnaism
5291:Nichiren
5268:Mahayana
5255:Buddhism
5233:Sant Mat
5223:Sauraism
5218:Smartism
5213:Shaktism
5206:Balinese
5191:Kaumaram
5186:Kapalika
5181:Kashmiri
5166:Shaivism
5106:Hinduism
5073:Caodaism
5017:Ryukyuan
5012:Tenrikyo
5007:Shugendō
4985:Japanese
4856:Yazidism
4841:Ishikism
4719:Quranism
4692:Khawarij
4641:Salafism
4636:Atharism
4525:Esoteric
4496:Holiness
4486:Lutheran
4447:Reformed
4427:Baptists
4400:Brethren
4364:Hussites
4352:Assyrian
4268:Haymanot
4222:Orthodox
4171:Religion
4000:Hinduism
3938:Orthodox
3901:Buddhism
3673:: 21–72.
3393:I (1995)
3093:(2014).
2554:Minh Đạo
2549:Caodaism
2462:See also
2011:Zhejiang
1810:Jiushi (
1738:Haizidao
1705:Guiyidao
1687:Shengdao
1516:zhāijiāo
1423:Baguadao
1403:Mílèjiào
1232:such as
1202:Baguadao
1101:Caodaism
1096:Minh Đạo
876:Taichung
809:Buddhism
790:numinous
775:theology
334:Zhongqiu
324:Qingming
224:Fenxiang
66:Concepts
37:a series
34:Part of
9063:Uruguay
9038:Ecuador
9018:Bolivia
8995:Vanuatu
8922:Oceania
8872:Jamaica
8852:Grenada
8807:Bahamas
8767:England
8757:Ukraine
8712:Romania
8672:Moldova
8632:Ireland
8627:Iceland
8622:Hungary
8612:Germany
8602:Finland
8597:Estonia
8592:Denmark
8587:Czechia
8582:Croatia
8567:Belgium
8562:Belarus
8557:Austria
8552:Andorra
8547:Albania
8524:Vietnam
8434:Myanmar
8409:Lebanon
8327:Georgia
8287:Bahrain
8277:Armenia
8239:Tunisia
8209:Somalia
8194:Senegal
8179:Nigeria
8169:Namibia
8159:Morocco
8124:Liberia
8119:Lesotho
8069:Eritrea
8039:Comoros
8014:Burundi
7989:Algeria
7933:Outline
7898:Deities
7825:Atheism
7743:Science
7661:Freedom
7519:History
7486:studies
7439:Dualism
7429:Animism
7394:Worship
7374:Symbols
7315:Liturgy
7228:Goddess
7188:Deities
7169:Laicism
7159:Beliefs
7138:Aspects
7110:Zapotec
7105:Vainakh
7073:Yahwism
7058:Semitic
6987:Iranian
6889:Hurrian
6879:Hittite
6869:Guanche
6862:Orphism
6793:Fuegian
6788:Finnish
6776:Atenism
6722:Latvian
6707:Arabian
6650:Raëlism
6630:Jediism
6625:Goddess
6598:De novo
6486:Druidry
6380:Thelema
6333:New Age
6218:Umbanda
6109:Tumbuka
6094:Odinala
6079:Lugbara
5999:African
5965:African
5913:Bimoism
5903:Burmese
5759:Mapuche
5725:Wyandot
5685:Guarani
5666:Choctaw
5661:Chilote
5607:Abenaki
5558:Tagalog
5531:Kejawèn
5380:Sikhism
5343:Jainism
5303:Tibetan
5286:Amidism
5154:Warkari
5068:Đạo Mẫu
4918:Chinese
4900:Eastern
4877:Roshani
4796:Iranian
4704:Alevism
4697:Ibadism
4670:Zaydism
4347:Ancient
4318:Eastern
4278:Renewal
4263:Karaite
4244:Zionist
4232:Hasidic
4214:Judaism
4196:Western
4090:Related
4040:Sikhism
4005:Judaism
3985:Bimoism
3609:(144).
3580:2059958
3482:2059958
3446:Sources
1769:一心天道龙华会
1720:Dàoyuàn
1486:Luójiào
1293:xiéjiào
1278:In the
1206:Xingtai
1194:shèngdì
916:Luanism
899:Tiāndào
824:Shangdi
759:Chinese
645:Bimoism
491:Mazuism
241:Miaohui
199:Zhenren
131:Baoying
124:Yuanfen
119:Mingyun
107:Yinyang
76:Shangdi
9104:Portal
9043:Guyana
9023:Brazil
8990:Tuvalu
8887:Panama
8877:Mexico
8822:Canada
8817:Belize
8747:Sweden
8727:Serbia
8717:Russia
8702:Poland
8697:Norway
8677:Monaco
8647:Latvia
8642:Kosovo
8617:Greece
8607:France
8539:Europe
8504:Turkey
8489:Taiwan
8394:Kuwait
8367:Jordan
8357:Israel
8317:Cyprus
8302:Brunei
8297:Bhutan
8249:Zambia
8244:Uganda
8184:Rwanda
8139:Malawi
8099:Guinea
8089:Gambia
7994:Angola
7981:Africa
7790:Wealth
7738:Schism
7693:Growth
7617:Priest
7602:Clergy
7421:Theism
7404:Nature
7399:Astral
7342:Groves
7310:Ritual
7295:Prayer
7253:Novice
7203:Ethnic
7128:Topics
7100:Urartu
7095:Tongan
7090:Somali
7085:Slavic
6965:Dacian
6744:Celtic
6739:Basque
6717:Baltic
6568:Udmurt
6533:Uralic
6528:Slavic
6481:Celtic
6469:Abkhaz
6457:Romuva
6447:Baltic
6422:Modern
6265:Papuan
6228:Voodoo
6183:Kumina
6124:Yoruba
6114:Urhobo
6084:Maasai
6069:Lotuko
6017:Baluba
6007:Akamba
5980:Berber
5938:Heraka
5928:Dongba
5816:Pueblo
5811:Pawnee
5801:Navajo
5791:Muisca
5754:Lenape
5742:Lakota
5720:Seneca
5710:Mohawk
5644:Ohlone
5624:Apache
5617:Ojibwe
5597:Native
5463:Manchu
5458:Evenki
5419:Altaic
5410:Ethnic
5385:Khalsa
5338:Kalash
5228:Śrauta
5097:Indian
5027:Korean
4993:Shinto
4963:Taoism
4936:Luoism
4762:Baháʼí
4757:Bábism
4709:Ahmadi
4687:Sufism
4680:Alawis
4330:Church
4258:Reform
4239:Modern
4227:Haredi
3896:Taoism
3803:
3782:
3739:LXXXIX
3715:
3690:(48).
3586:
3578:
3523:
3488:
3480:
3116:p. 13.
2984:
2847:passim
2647:passim
2608:passim
2528:Taoism
2094:宇宙弥勒皇教
1974:Qigong
1837:)—1921
1775:)—1932
1565:Yunnan
1557:鸡足山大乘教
1305:Taiwan
1269:Mohism
1252:datong
1243:neidan
1226:Taoist
880:Taiwan
813:Taoism
757:are a
574:Qigong
439:Taoism
349:Duanwu
148:Theory
112:Hundun
9028:Chile
8985:Tonga
8975:Samoa
8965:Palau
8955:Nauru
8862:Haiti
8782:Wales
8742:Spain
8667:Malta
8637:Italy
8529:Yemen
8484:Syria
8464:Qatar
8439:Nepal
8414:Macau
8377:Korea
8362:Japan
8337:India
8312:China
8224:Sudan
8174:Niger
8129:Libya
8114:Kenya
8094:Ghana
8084:Gabon
8059:Egypt
7999:Benin
7908:Index
7879:lists
7748:State
7566:Women
7434:Deism
7409:Place
7389:Water
7384:Truth
7352:Trees
7208:Faith
7173:Laity
7068:Punic
7026:Roman
6992:Vedic
6950:Olmec
6837:Greek
6830:Norse
6754:Irish
6575:Wicca
6370:Subud
6260:Inuit
6233:Winti
6223:Vodou
6188:Obeah
6168:Comfa
6151:Bantu
6104:Serer
6089:Mbuti
6049:Dogon
6044:Dinka
6027:Kongo
6022:Bantu
5948:Qiang
5779:Olmec
5769:Aztec
5690:Haida
5639:Miwok
5575:Māori
5506:Dayak
5427:Turko
5390:Sects
5326:Other
5281:Thiền
4865:Other
4767:Druze
4745:Other
4621:Sunni
4613:Islam
4395:Amish
4313:Latin
4081:Tibet
4066:Macau
3945:Islam
3751:(PDF)
3731:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3651:(PDF)
3636:(PDF)
3584:S2CID
3576:JSTOR
3502:(PDF)
3486:S2CID
3478:JSTOR
3458:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
2993:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2235:骊山老母教
2048:China
2036:Henan
1831:万国道德会
1537:末後一著教
1325:Asian
1210:Hebei
1204:, in
1164:Japan
1120:, or
874:) in
847:Batam
9053:Peru
8935:Fiji
8832:Cuba
8444:Oman
8404:Laos
8352:Iraq
8347:Iran
8264:Asia
8234:Togo
8144:Mali
8034:Chad
7877:and
7804:and
7379:Text
7359:Soul
7248:Monk
7213:Fire
6894:Inca
6702:Ainu
6586:list
6563:Sámi
6193:Palo
6161:Ketu
6156:Jejé
6074:Lozi
6054:Efik
6032:Zulu
6012:Akan
5865:Ahom
5857:Miao
5855:and
5843:Zuni
5826:Hopi
5774:Maya
5671:Crow
5649:Pomo
5316:list
5273:Chan
5244:list
5201:Nath
4999:list
4735:list
4660:Shia
4602:list
4289:list
3801:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3521:ISBN
2982:ISSN
2733:民間教派
2724:民間宗教
2703:民間信仰
2697:民間教派
2688:民間教門
2679:民間宗教
2448:忠孝天府
2400:玄门真宗
2370:天仙庙道
2289:人学好道
2151:中华圣教
2072:唯心聖教
2032:Hebi
1949:儒宗神教
1858:天德圣教
1755:弥勒大道
1668:道德学社
1415:Qing
1411:Ming
1371:Yuan
1282:and
1280:Ming
1271:and
1236:and
1152:秘密教门
1140:宗教异端
1123:秘密结社
1114:秘密社会
1099:and
1089:The
1064:táng
1006:救世团体
989:民间信仰
980:民间教派
971:民间教门
962:民间宗教
945:救度宗教
811:and
796:and
781:, a
354:Nian
344:Qixi
194:Xian
95:Ling
88:Shen
72:Tian
7783:War
7258:Nun
7223:God
6284:New
6129:Ifá
6099:San
5898:Bon
5853:Tai
5838:Ute
5277:Zen
4941:Nuo
3990:Bon
3763:doi
3692:doi
3671:172
3611:doi
3607:144
3568:doi
3545:doi
3470:doi
2439:中庸道
2424:中方道
2415:玉虚门
2391:小刀会
2379:万全道
2358:天明道
2349:天花道
2340:天光道
2325:四方道
2316:神门道
2307:圣仙道
2298:三峰道
2274:普度道
2265:普度教
2256:普济道
2247:普化门
2226:老人道
2217:老君道
2208:旧根道
2199:华斋道
2187:黄仙道
2178:皇极道
2163:红三教
2142:跪香道
2124:大易教
2115:大同会
2106:大刀会
2063:唯心教
2002:子申国
1991:法轮功
1964:天帝教
1937:轩辕道
1912:洗心社
1897:孔教会
1888:真空道
1873:德教会
1846:九宫道
1819:悟善社
1813:救世教
1802:归根道
1793:瑤池道
1781:圆明道
1743:亥子道
1731:一貫道
1710:皈依道
1698:同善社
1680:先天道
1656:在理教
1626:三一教
1614:天地門
1605:天地会
1577:太上会
1525:青莲教
1500:圆顿教
1494:大乘教
1464:黃天道
1437:燈花教
1428:八卦道
1399:弥勒教
1384:白蓮教
1181:师祖殿
1166:).
1162:or
1146:).
1074:tán
1051:mén
1041:dào
1031:huì
1026:会道门
995:).
977:or
930:后天道
908:先天道
905:" (
868:重生堂
820:God
753:or
652:Bon
9121::
7600:/
7171:/
6064:Ik
5875:Mo
4025:Mo
3759:25
3757:.
3753:.
3737:.
3733:.
3688:48
3686:.
3682:.
3669:.
3665:.
3644:31
3642:.
3638:.
3605:.
3599:.
3582:.
3574:.
3564:54
3562:.
3541:21
3539:.
3484:.
3476:.
3464:.
3460:.
3415:^
3400:^
3363:^
3296:^
3275:^
3242:^
3199:^
3160:^
3121:^
3103:.
3090:云峰
3063:^
3048:^
3031:^
3002:^
2978:IV
2976:.
2972:.
2912:.
2866:^
2845:,
2819:^
2804:^
2777:^
2706:."
2691:,
2682:,
2596:^
2030:,
2028:Qi
1979:气功
1716:道院
1692:圣道
1512:斋教
1482:罗教
1470:悬鼓
1452:混元
1446:弘阳
1299:.
1289:邪教
1275:.
1267:,
1256:大同
1208:,
1190:圣地
1016:.
968:,
925:rú
895:天道
878:,
849:,
807:,
800:.
136:Wu
83:Qi
40:on
6141::
5678:/
5429:-
5279:/
5275:/
4552:/
4366:/
4163:e
4156:t
4149:v
3838:e
3831:t
3824:v
3809:.
3788:.
3769:.
3765::
3721:.
3694::
3619:.
3613::
3590:.
3570::
3551:.
3547::
3529:.
3492:.
3472::
3466:2
3225:.
2916:(
2849:.
2649:.
2530:—
2500:—
2436:(
2367:(
2337:(
2241:)
2196:(
2175:(
2157:)
2100:)
2078:)
2060:(
2054:)
2038:.
1988:(
1976:(
1961:(
1946:(
1934:(
1885:(
1870:(
1855:(
1843:(
1828:(
1790:(
1766:(
1752:(
1740:(
1728:(
1707:(
1689:(
1677:(
1653:(
1623:(
1602:(
1594:)
1574:(
1554:(
1534:(
1509:(
1479:(
1461:(
1425:(
1405:)
1396:(
1390:)
1381:(
1212:.
1079:坛
1076:(
1069:堂
1066:(
1056:门
1053:(
1046:道
1043:(
1036:会
1033:(
1023:(
1003:(
921:儒
882:.
853:.
822:(
739:e
732:t
725:v
515::
435:)
431:(
74:—
20:)
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