2773:
2101:
2511:
2562:
343:, Henan province. Bronze Jin, cast using traditional piece-mould techniques, is further embellished by adding prefabricated ornate open worked handles, which are produced through a lost wax process and then attached. Lost wax was eventually introduced to China from the ancient Near East as far west as possible, and the process has an early and long history in the region, but exactly when and how it was introduced is unclear. The dewaxing process is more suitable for casting decorations with deep undercuts and openwork designs than the moulding process, which complicates the removal of moulded parts from the model. Although lost-wax casting was never used to make large vessels, it became more and more popular between the late Eastern Zhou and Han dynasties. The lost-wax casting process for casting small parts was more economical than the mould-making process because the amount of metal used was easier to control.
4287:
61:. Documented excavations have found over 200 pieces in a single royal tomb. They were produced for an individual or social group to use in making ritual offerings of food and drink to his or their ancestors and other deities or spirits. Such ceremonies generally took place in family temples or ceremonial halls over tombs. These ceremonies can be seen as ritual banquets in which both living and dead members of a family were supposed to participate. Details of these ritual ceremonies are preserved through early literary records. On the death of the owner of a ritual bronze, it would often be placed in his tomb, so that he could continue to pay his respects in the afterlife; other examples were cast specifically as grave goods. Indeed, many surviving examples have been excavated from graves.
281:
cast and then removed in sections. In the second approach, no model is required. Instead, create a mould inside a clay-lined container and stamp it with the desired finish. In both methods, mould parts are fired and then reassembled. Clay castings are then made, and parts removed. The resulting clay casting looks like a finished product, is allowed to dry, and then filed flat to form a core. This establishes the casting space, which determines the thickness of the finished product. The parts are then reassembled around the core, and the parts are cast. The clay moulds are then broken up, and the finished castings are removed and polished with abrasives to obtain a shiny finish. The number of parts the mould is cut into depends entirely on the shape and design of the object to be cast.
2545:
2872:
1321:
835:
267:
803:
2798:
2620:
1285:
819:
2494:
1221:
855:
2603:
2757:
1260:
1241:
2739:
1308:
791:
2584:
2850:
771:
2451:
model. Unlike the raised surfaces, the sunken lines are all of the same width, suggesting that they were carved on the model with a particular tool. It was at this time that
Central Plains bronze techniques spread over a wide area, and new regional styles emerged in the Yangtze valley. The style became fully developed in the period between the Erligang culture and the Late Shang. Late Style III objects introduced undulating relief to make the elaborate designs more readable.
204:, an unusually powerful Shang queen, contained her set of ritual vessels, numbering over two hundred, which are also far larger than the twenty-four vessels in the tomb of a contemporary nobleman. Her higher status would have been clear not only to her contemporaries, but also, it was believed, to her ancestors and other spirits. Many of the pieces were cast with inscriptions using the posthumous form of her name, indicating they were made especially for burial in the tomb.
242:
locations, but pockets of radiogenic lead in the same common lead deposit. A recent compositional analysis has proposed that the metals used to manufacture the
Chinese ritual bronzes derived from mining progressively deeper ores in deposits close to where many of these bronzes were unearthed, and calls into question interpretations of social, cultural and technological change during the Chinese Bronze Age predicated on the acquisition of metals from disparate regions.
304:
2528:
543:
113:
2832:
2814:
2637:
2329:
752:
31:
3127:
313:
80:
217:. Pre-Shang bronzes do not contain the radiogenic lead isotopes. Scholars have sought to determine the source of the ores been based on lead content and trace isotope analysis. In the case of Shang period bronzes, various sites, from early to late Shang period, numerous samples of the bronze alloy are characterized by high
2374:, consists of a pair of eyes with some subsidiary lines stretching to the left and right. The motif was soon elaborated as a frontal view of a face with oval eyes and mouth, continuing on each side into a side view of a body. It reached its full development as a monster mask at around the time of king
2450:
Style III began as a smooth development from Style II, with no clear separation. The patterns increased in complexity and spread over more of the vessel's surface. Many new designs and variations of relief were introduced. As the designs became more elaborate, they were carried out exclusively on the
2724:
New types of vessel began to be introduced during the early 9th century BC, initially in western
Shaanxi, then quickly spreading to the central part of the province. These new types, which were grouped in large sets, possibly corresponding to a change in Zhou ritual practice. Animal decorations
346:
In the lost wax process, the object to be cast is first modeled. Wax, which is easy to shape and carve and which melts away under the proper conditions, has been the most commonly used material for this purpose since antiquity. The wax model is then coated with clay to form the mould. The first coat
2430:
In Loehr's Style I, vessels were decorated with lines carved into the mould, which the piece-mould process made accessible. This produced thin raised lines on the cast object. Because the design was carved on the pieces of the mould, it was naturally divided into sections. Subdivision of the design
289:
Casting is an ancient
Chinese casting technique used to attach prefabricated handles and other small accessories to larger bronze objects. This technique has been in use as early as the Bronze Age, first in the South and then in the Shanghe region of the Central Plains. The importance of casting in
64:
The bronzes were likely not used for normal eating and drinking; they represent larger, more elaborate versions of the types of vessels used for this, and made in precious materials. Many of the shapes also survive in pottery, and pottery versions continued to be made in an antiquarian spirit until
2389:
pattern is usually interpreted as a full-face round-eyed animal face ("mask"), with sharp teeth and horns, although the degree to which this was the intended meaning is sometimes disputed. In all of these patterns, the eyes are always the focus. The huge eyes leave an awesome impression on viewers
280:
From the Bronze Age to the Han
Dynasty, the main technique used in ancient China to cast ritual vessels, weapons and other utensils was the piece-mould casting. In the piece-mould process, a section mould can be formed in two ways. First, a clay mould is formed around the model of the object to be
241:
The pattern of metal circulation revealed by the existence of highly radiogenic lead remains controversial, partly because radiogenic lead sources may not be as rare in China as initially thought but also because different lead isotope signatures do not necessarily signify different geographical
212:
The origin of the ores or metals used for Shang and other early
Chinese bronze is a current (2018) topic of research. As with other early civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus), Shang settlement was centered on river valleys, and driven in part by the introduction of intensive agriculture. In
184:
The majority of surviving
Chinese ancient bronze artefacts are ritual forms rather than their equivalents made for practical use, either as tools or weapons. Weapons like daggers and axes had a sacrificial meaning, symbolizing the heavenly power of the ruler. The strong religious associations of
2454:
Style IV represents an abrupt switch to a new method to make the design intelligible. Instead of carving the whole design with uniform grooves of consistent density, motifs are represented with a low density of lines, contrasting with a high density of thinner lines representing the ground. The
2882:
For the first century of the Spring and Autumn period, designs largely followed those of the late
Western Zhou. Over time, vessels became wider and shorter, and dragon decorations began to appear. Several innovations in the fabrication process were adopted around the middle of the period,
2394:
pattern features rich variations from one bronze piece to another because one ceramic mould could only cast one bronze work in the early days of casting. The patterns are normally symmetrical around the vertical axis, and the lower jaw area is missing. The most obvious difference between
1191:). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late Zhou, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from
2772:
351:
and the wax melts (thus "lost wax"). Molten metal is then poured into the clay mould to replace the burnt wax model. After the metal cools, the fired-clay model is opened to reveal the finished product. The resulting cast object is a metal replica of the original wax model.
2473:
Style V built on Style IV, raising the motif in high relief to further emphasize the contrast with the ground. Raised flanges were used to mark subdivisions of the design. The bronze vessels recovered from the tomb of Fu Hao, consort of the Late Shang king
4156:
2442:
In Style II, the thickness of the raised lines is varied. This could have been achieved either by painting the pattern on the mould and carving out the ink-covered areas, or by painting on the model and carving the areas between. In addition to the
2423:), the only site that had been excavated by that time. When subsequent excavations at various sites yielded vessels with archaeological context, his sequence was confirmed. However, the timescale was longer than he had envisaged, beginning in the
2883:
contributing to revitalized designs with more intricate forms. The body and attachments of a vessel could be cast separately and welded together to complete the shape. Reusable pattern blocks made production faster and cheaper.
592:). Later examples became larger and larger and were considered a measure of power. It is considered the single most important class of Chinese bronzeware in terms of its cultural importance. There is a variation called a
744:): Sacrificial vessel. Two forms: A. Large squat round pot with two handles; B. Tall box-like container, the base narrower than the mouth with a roof-like lid. Later became a generic name for all sacrificial vessels.
237:
area, and south-west China; the possibility that ore or metal was imported from Africa in this period has been proposed, based on potential isotopic matches, but challenged and rejected by other researchers.
894:): Wine vessel often elongated and carved in the shape of an animal. There is always a cover and the mouth of the vessel usually covers the length of the vessel. This is not a classification used in the
98:
At least initially, the production of bronze was probably controlled by the ruler, who gave unformed metal to his nobility as a sign of favour. The technology of bronze production was described in the
2411:
identified a developmental sequence of five decorative styles found on pre-Zhou bronze vessels. The vessels Loehr worked with were unprovenanced, but he assumed that they had all originated from the
2659:
Western Zhou vessels may be divided into early, middle and late periods based on their form, decoration and the types of vessels preferred. The most common vessels throughout the period were the
2447:, a second motif used was a one-eyed animal seen in profile, usually identified as a dragon. The Erligang period is characterized by Style II, along with late Style I and early Style III.
2435:. Loehr identified this style as the first because he found it used on the crudest vessels. This style accounts for all the decorated bronzes found at Erlitou and some from the succeeding
200:
vessels, a duke was allowed to use 7 dings and 6 guis, a baron could use 5 dings and 3 guis, a nobleman was allowed to use 3 dings and 2 guis. Turning to actual archaeological finds, the
2725:
were replaced by geometric forms such as ribbing and bands of lozenge shapes. Conversely, legs and handles became larger and more elaborate, and were often topped with animal heads.
2510:
818:
65:
modern times. Apart from table vessels, weapons and some other objects were made in special ritual forms. Another class of ritual objects are those, also including weapons, made in
690:) dynasty, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from gōng (
841:
834:
825:
809:
213:
China such areas lacked ore deposits and required the import of metallurgical material. Typical Shang period bronzes contain over 2% lead, unlike contemporary coppers of the
1226:
2431:
would persist through the later styles, even when carving the design on the model made it no longer a technical necessity. The principal motif used with this style was the
528:
The most highly prized are generally the sacrificial and wine vessels, which form the majority of most collections. Often these vessels are elaborately decorated with
2100:
802:
2670:
Vessels of the early
Western Zhou were elaborations of Late Shang designs, featuring high-relief decor, often with pronounced flanges, and made extensive use of the
2561:
185:
bronze objects brought up a great number of vessel types and shapes which became regarded as classic and totemic and were copied, often in other media such as
4150:
1220:
2399:
patterns are the "horns", if that is what indeed they are. Some have shapes interpreted as ox horns, some sheep horns, and some have tiger's ears.
1259:
192:
The ritual books of old China minutely describe who was allowed to use what kinds of sacrificial vessels and how much. The king of Zhou used 9
4183:
2079:). Circular coins with a hole in the middle, usually made of copper or bronze; what most Westerners think of as 'Chinese money'. Also see
3098:
Wood, J. R.; Liu, Y. (2022), "A Multivariate
Approach to Investigate Metallurgical Technology: The Case of the Chinese Ritual Bronzes",
2797:
2705:
had been replaced by pairs of long-tailed birds facing each other. Vessels shrank, and their profile became simpler. New types were the
3984:
Sun, Yan (2020), "Bronze vessels: style, assemblages, and innovations of the Western Zhou period", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.),
1572:): Water container for an ink stone; often in the shape of an animal with a long thin dropper to control the amount of water dispensed.
2359:
2968:
4047:
2619:
2544:
2202:): A brazier. These are a nebulously classified group of bronze vessels and there are a number of forms: A. It may similar to a
3884:
3780:
4103:
4028:
4001:
3974:
3943:
3921:
3902:
3862:
3798:
3720:
2756:
17:
347:
of clay is usually carefully brushed to prevent trapping of air bubbles; subsequent coats may be rougher. Then, the clay is
3052:
Cannon, R. S. J.; Pierce, A. P.; Delevaux, M. H. (1963), "Lead isotope variation with growth zoning in a galena crystal",
3000:
770:
790:
678:). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late
2738:
4011:
Wu, Xiolong (2020), "Cultures and styles during the Springs and Autumns period", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.),
3761:
3742:
2849:
2188:
by the learned." Only the bronze heads of the two examples survive, because the wooden handles have long rotted away.
1203:) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the
696:) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the
69:, which was probably the most highly valued of all, and which had been long used for ritual tools and weapons, since
162:), and bronze ritual containers form the bulk of collections of Chinese antiquities, reaching its zenith during the
4507:
4176:
2493:
360:
The appreciation, creation and collection of Chinese bronzes as pieces of art and not as ritual items began in the
2288:): Paper weight. Usually solid bronze, moulded in the shape of a reclining or crouching animal (three recorded in
4405:
2871:
4075:
2897:
2602:
147:, warranting an entire separate catalogue in the Imperial art collections. The Chinese Bronze Age began in the
3808:
Kesner, Ladislav (1991), "The Taotie Reconsidered: Meaning and Functions of the Shang Theriomorphic Imagery",
2349:
pattern was a popular bronze-ware decorative design in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, named by scholars of the
1320:
2306:): A vessel with two ears and lid, serving as a food container (may not appear in the "Imperial Collection").
325:, and are great examples of lost-wax casting, without which such intricate designs are impossible to achieve.
2583:
1558:): Round mouthed, round bellied jar with no foot for holding water or wine. Now commonly used to hold ashes.
4537:
4522:
4113:
4527:
4517:
4464:
4169:
2892:
1284:
1240:
266:
4479:
1272:
322:
39:
2831:
2813:
4110:(with chapters by Sarah Allan, Jeffrey Moser, Su Rongyu, Zhixin Sun, Zhou Ya, Liu Yu and Lu Zhang)
1378:): Covered pot with a single looping handle attached on opposite sides of the mouth of the vessel.
854:
644:): Rectangular dish, triangular in vertical cross-section. Always with a lid shaped like the dish.
4532:
3008:
1300:
290:
the manufacture of personal ornaments is that it is used to create the connecting bronze chains.
2478:, are decorated in Style V. Some traditions from the Yangtze region feature high relief without
610:
contains over two hundred examples, and this is the most highly regarded of all Chinese bronzes.
3202:
1079:): Vessel for wine with a round body, a neck, a cover and a handle on either side of the mouth.
2152:): Refers to two different objects: either a tall, broad bronze dish for water, or a circular
3931:
3880:
3776:
1296:
4020:
3993:
4512:
4325:
3733:(1980), "The Appearance and Growth of Regional Bronze-using Cultures", in Fong, Wen (ed.),
3057:
2589:
2527:
1793:): Bronze decoration for the end of a spear or halberd handle; often with an animal motif.
604:) which has a square bowl and four legs at each corner. There exist rare forms with lids.
8:
1362:): Round curved dish for food. May have no legs, or it may have three or four short legs.
1329:
1288:
229:
decay), unlike most known native Chinese lead ores. Potential sources of the ore include
3061:
2916:
1348:): Spherical dish with a cover to protect its contents from dust and other contaminants.
1307:
4064:
3841:
3817:
3117:
3081:
3024:
Liu, S.; Chen, K.L.; Rehren, Th.; Mei, J.J.; Chen, J. L.; Liu, Y.; Killick, D. (2018),
58:
2127:) Cylindrical container with added animal motif. There are only three examples in the
4099:
4071:
4024:
3997:
3970:
3939:
3917:
3898:
3858:
3794:
3757:
3738:
3716:
3121:
3073:
2686:
wine vessels continued to be produced, but would largely disappear in later periods.
751:
726:): Flat rectangular platform with square legs at each corner. Not represented in the
186:
1606:): Basin for water. May have up to four decorative handles around the edge; no brim.
4016:
3989:
3962:
3890:
3786:
3107:
3085:
3065:
3033:
2156:, usually with intricate ornamentation on the back. The modern meaning is a mirror.
580:). The Shang prototype has a round bowl, wider than it is tall, set on three legs (
369:
332:
4136:
The Intersection of Past And Present: The Qianlong Emperor and His Ancient Bronzes
3966:
3894:
3790:
3025:
2636:
4429:
4365:
4333:
4221:
3069:
3004:
2436:
2371:
1717:): A small bell (as might be hung from ribbons). This item is not represented in
214:
4066:
The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China
3735:
The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China
388:). Within those two catalogues, the bronzeware is categorized according to use:
4474:
4421:
4413:
4231:
3872:
3131:
3112:
2997:
2424:
875:
340:
201:
117:
4501:
4485:
4437:
4389:
4373:
4211:
3954:
3876:
3772:
3730:
2855:
2667:
cauldron. They were also the vessels most likely to carry long inscriptions.
2153:
2108:
897:
760:
557:
374:
193:
163:
4357:
4349:
4286:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4236:
4216:
4089:. Pelican History of Art (3rd ed.). Penguin (now Yale History of Art).
3077:
2350:
1365:
1249:
1068:
1034:
974:
933:
547:
365:
361:
197:
178:
35:
2484:, suggesting that they represent independent developments from Style III.
997:) except the body is taller than it is broad, and it may have two sticks (
4381:
4261:
4241:
4226:
4161:
3708:
1979:), usually with an incantation on the obverse and picture on the reverse.
1577:
1475:
1029:, except the spout and brim extension are identical and there is a cover.
958:): A wine vessel shaped like a tea pot with three legs. It has a handle (
917:
909:
336:
148:
144:
100:
54:
3845:
3198:
303:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4276:
3821:
3038:
2837:
2819:
2642:
2412:
2379:
630:) that was originally a food vessel. Flat, covered bowl on a long stem.
218:
1324:
Covered Food Container (dou), 6th Century B.C. The Walters Art Museum.
542:
372:, whose massive collection is recorded in the catalogues known as the
355:
4206:
3829:
2408:
1105:) except the legs blend into the body or have large swellings on top.
2698:
were elevated on a base. Over time, vessels became less flamboyant.
112:
4445:
4055:
Ancient & Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research
3832:(1953), "The Bronze Styles of the Anyang Period (1300–1028 B.C.)",
2470:
and dragon were joined by images of birds and animals from nature.
1506:): Tall vase with a long slender neck opening up to a narrow mouth.
84:
4134:
2407:
Beginning in the 1930s and culminating in 1953, the art historian
4397:
4053:. In Scott, David A.; Podany, Jerry; Considine, Brian B. (eds.).
3161:
Adornment for Eternity : Status and Rank in Chinese Ornament
2969:"Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese text"
2475:
2375:
928:): Tall wine cup with no handles, the mouth larger than its base.
348:
234:
230:
226:
222:
4048:"Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination, and Corrosion"
2328:
1474:): A vase with two handles. Vessels of this type are classed as
104:, compiled some time between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC.
4469:
4341:
2744:
2488:
Examples of Loehr's developmental sequence of decorative styles
2455:
ground areas were eventually filled with fine spirals known as
2420:
2345:
2323:
2182:"According to the Shouwen it is a large hoe, that is called a
2170:): Farming implement shaped like a pickaxe, but used as a hoe.
781:
530:
30:
3737:, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 111–133,
3637:
3577:
3541:
79:
4096:
Mirroring China's past: emperors, scholars, and their bronzes
3713:
The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
3531:
3529:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3130:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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in China was found in the 6th century BC, at the cemetery of
3394:
3392:
3961:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–351,
2701:
By the mid-10th century BC (middle Western Zhou), the
1589:
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66:
3565:
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3526:
3493:
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1825:): Crossbow mechanism. There are only two examples in the
312:
4271:
3953:——— (1999), "Western Zhou history", in
3936:
Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels
3754:
Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections
3464:
3452:
3389:
3365:
3341:
3317:
3293:
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and reaching his Style V early in the Late Shang period.
1162:
824:
Zhou dynasty bronze sculpture of a dragon highlighted in
777:
647:
246:
53:, elaborately decorated bronze vessels were deposited as
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3440:
3026:"Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?"
1890:): A wine vessel and also a measuring container. Like a
1003:) sticking straight up from the brim, acting as handles.
3416:
1592:
with a spout; May be elaborately shaped like an animal.
1131:): Wine vessel, and also a measuring container. Like a
574:), originally a cauldron for cooking and storing meat (
3855:
Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process
3771:——— (1999), "Shang archaeology", in
3377:
3353:
3329:
3281:
3257:
3163:. Denver Art Museum in Association with the Woods Pub.
3132:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2945:
2930:
2466:. The motifs now had a clear shape, and the imaginary
969:) and a straight spout that points diagonally upwards.
4085:
Sickman, Laurence C. S.; Soper, Alexander C. (1971).
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Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection
143:) are some of the most important pieces of ancient
4063:
3649:
3625:
3601:
3589:
3245:
3056:, vol. 142, no. 3592, pp. 574–576,
27:Chinese decorated bronzes deposited as grave goods
3685:
2694:were usually cast in matching sets. The earliest
2402:
1941:). Rectangular with two legs and a head. Type of
1646:): Small cup with no handles. Not represented in
245:The bronzes typically contain between 5% and 30%
4499:
4057:. Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 85–117.
3889:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 352–449,
3785:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–231,
3179:
3023:
189:, throughout subsequent periods of Chinese art.
57:in the tombs of royalty and nobility during the
2176:contains only two examples; the rubric states:
3834:Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America
3032:, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 105–117,
4177:
4015:, Oxford University Press, pp. 528–578,
3988:, Oxford University Press, pp. 451–470,
2461:
2357:vessels with a head but no body mentioned in
2301:
2283:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2122:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1974:
1962:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1918:
1897:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1852:
1838:
1820:
1807:): A sword. There are only three examples in
1802:
1782:
1761:
1747:
1731:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1666:
1641:
1627:
1620:): Broad-mouthed vase, similar in shape to a
1615:
1601:
1583:
1567:
1553:
1547:
1533:
1515:
1501:
1483:
1469:
1447:
1435:
1414:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1357:
1337:
1208:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1152:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1100:
1088:
1074:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1024:
1012:
998:
992:
980:
964:
953:
939:
923:
903:
883:
739:
721:
707:
691:
685:
673:
667:
661:
655:
639:
625:
619:
605:
599:
587:
586:); there are two short handles on each side (
581:
575:
569:
563:
513:
498:
483:
468:
453:
438:
423:
408:
393:
383:
4070:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2721:vessels of this period tend to have covers.
3952:
3930:
3643:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3499:
3487:
3158:
3100:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
2866:
2111:from the Warring States period (475–221 BC)
1766:): A large bell, as might stand in a tower.
840:Shang dynasty ritual vessel highlighted in
34:A variety of wine vessels around an altar,
4191:
4184:
4170:
2578:Vessels from Hunan, 13th–11th centuries BC
2310:
1967:): Taoist amulet minted in the shape of a
1093:): Cauldron with three legs. Similar to a
4098:. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago.
3159:White, Julia M.; Bunker, Emma C. (1994).
3111:
3037:
1057:) diametrically opposite, plus a handle (
902:; objects of this type are classed under
2870:
2370:on bronzeware, dating from early in the
2327:
2099:
1407:. Has no separate category in 西清古鑑: see
1319:
1306:
1283:
1045:): A wine cup with three legs, a spout (
853:
541:
331:The earliest archaeological evidence of
265:
221:lead isotope content (derived from both
207:
111:
78:
29:
3875:(1999), "Western Zhou archaeology", in
3097:
1861:
1460:斗: Scoop. Tall bowl with a long handle.
1185:): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (
985:): A cauldron for warming wine. Like a
672:): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (
550:, the largest ancient bronze ever found
321:The items above are unearthed from the
139:
14:
4500:
3959:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
3916:(2nd ed.), British Museum Press,
3914:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
3911:
3886:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
3871:
3807:
3782:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
3770:
3751:
3729:
3715:, State University of New York Press,
3619:
3520:
3470:
3458:
3434:
3410:
3398:
3371:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3275:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3148:. Editura meridiane. p. 67 și 68.
3143:
3019:
3017:
2985:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2939:
2654:
1654:
537:
261:
4165:
4021:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.25
3994:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.21
3828:
3707:
3446:
3422:
3383:
3359:
3335:
3311:
3287:
3263:
3215:
1295:vessel with geometric cloud pattern,
256:
3852:
3185:
3173:
2966:
2360:Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals
2214:) with very short legs sitting on a
1316:food vessel, here in a legless style
1233:), Indianapolis Museum of Art, 60.43
4139:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
3983:
3655:
3631:
3607:
3595:
3014:
2998:"Excavations at the Tomb of Fu Hao"
2957:
2353:(960–1279) after a monster on Zhou
1671:): Cymbals. Not represented in the
293:
24:
4039:
4013:The Oxford Handbook of Early China
4010:
3986:The Oxford Handbook of Early China
3938:, University of California Press,
3691:
3679:
3667:
2875:
2857:
2839:
2821:
2804:
2789:
2779:
2763:
2746:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
808:Han dynasty bronze highlighted in
25:
4549:
4144:
4087:The Art and Architecture of China
3957:; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.),
2878:, early Spring and Autumns period
1157:): A wine vessel with no handles.
1051:) with a pointed brim extension (
4285:
3146:Lumea chineză (the first volume)
3125:
2919:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2848:
2830:
2812:
2796:
2771:
2755:
2737:
2635:
2618:
2601:
2582:
2560:
2543:
2526:
2509:
2492:
2095:
1906:
1423:
1392:): A rice pot; referred to as a
1258:
1239:
1219:
833:
817:
801:
789:
769:
750:
311:
302:
3191:
3152:
3137:
2967:Pare, Sascha (10 August 2022).
1736:): Cymbals. Not represented in
1279:
849:
796:Later zun in the shape of an ox
3752:——— (1987),
3091:
3045:
2991:
2909:
2898:History of Chinese archaeology
2403:Pre-Zhou stylistic development
1902:), except shorter and broader.
1143:), except shorter and broader.
364:and reached its zenith in the
133:
128:
124:
13:
1:
3967:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.007
3912:Rawson, Jessica, ed. (2007),
3895:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.008
3791:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005
3700:
284:
271:
167:
152:
88:
70:
47:
3756:, Harvard University Press,
3070:10.1126/science.142.3592.574
870:, all from the Shang dynasty
177:) and the early part of the
7:
4465:Chinese bronze inscriptions
3007:, accessed August 4, 2007,
2893:Chinese bronze inscriptions
2886:
2645:
2626:
2610:
2592:
2568:
2551:
2534:
2517:
2500:
2480:
2457:
2296:
2278:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2184:
2160:
2136:
2129:
2117:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
1983:
1969:
1957:
1943:
1925:
1913:
1892:
1868:
1847:
1833:
1815:
1797:
1789:
1777:
1756:
1742:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1673:
1661:
1636:
1622:
1610:
1596:
1576:
1562:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1510:
1496:
1477:
1464:
1456:
1442:
1430:
1409:
1399:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1344:
1331:
1312:
1290:
1267:
1248:
1229:
1193:
1161:
1147:
1133:
1109:
1095:
1083:
1067:
1033:
1023:): A wine cup similar to a
1019:
1007:
987:
973:
960:
948:
944:): A bowl with two handles.
932:
916:
896:
890:
877:
866:
860:
759:
734:
716:
702:
680:
649:
634:
614:
594:
556:
520:
505:
490:
475:
460:
445:
430:
415:
400:
92: 10th century BC
10:
4554:
4480:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
3113:10.1007/s10816-022-09572-8
2390:even from a distance. The
2321:
1770:
1526:in China): A small bronze
1273:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
323:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
40:Metropolitan Museum of Art
4457:
4294:
4283:
4199:
2462:
2366:The earliest form of the
2315:
2302:
2284:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2123:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2005:; occurs in three types:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1975:
1963:
1949:
1937:
1931:
1919:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1853:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1783:
1762:
1748:
1732:
1713:
1699:
1685:
1667:
1642:
1628:
1616:
1602:
1584:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1534:
1516:
1502:
1484:
1470:
1448:
1436:
1415:
1394:
1388:
1374:
1358:
1338:
1209:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1153:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1101:
1089:
1075:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1025:
1013:
999:
993:
981:
965:
954:
940:
924:
904:
884:
740:
722:
708:
692:
686:
674:
668:
662:
656:
640:
626:
620:
606:
600:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
514:
499:
484:
469:
454:
439:
424:
409:
394:
384:
4125:
3199:"Covered Food Container"
2903:
2867:Spring and Autumn period
368:during the reign of the
4508:Visual arts terminology
4157:Frick Collection ARCADE
4094:Wang, Tao, ed. (2018).
4062:Fong, Wen, ed. (1980).
3144:Gernet, Jaques (1987).
3009:National Gallery of Art
2630:in the shape of a tiger
2339:from late Shang dynasty
2311:Patterns and decoration
1999:). Well represented in
1632:), but with no handles.
1301:Hubei Provincial Museum
624:): Sacrificial vessel (
4193:Chinese ritual bronzes
3932:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
3881:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
3777:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
3203:The Walters Art Museum
2879:
2340:
2112:
1325:
1317:
1304:
871:
568:) Sacrificial vessel (
551:
482:Measuring containers (
277:
270:Shang pottery moulds,
249:and between 2% and 3%
120:
107:
95:
43:
4409:of Marquis Yi of Zeng
4133:Yu, Hui-chun (2007).
4046:Chase, W. T. (1994).
2874:
2843:, middle Western Zhou
2766:, middle Western Zhou
2331:
2103:
1323:
1310:
1297:Warring States period
1287:
857:
545:
452:Musical instruments (
392:Sacrificial vessels (
269:
208:Metallurgy and origin
115:
82:
33:
18:Chinese ritual bronze
4295:Individual artifacts
2825:, early Western Zhou
2807:, early Western Zhou
2750:, early Western Zhou
1862:Measuring containers
1227:Ritual wine server (
864:on either side of a
181:(1045–256 BC).
4538:Bronze Age in China
4523:Chinese iconography
4128:. China. 1749–1755.
3853:Peng, Peng (2020),
3682:, pp. 537–538.
3670:, pp. 563–564.
3646:, pp. 320–322.
3586:, pp. 126–127.
3550:, pp. 129–130.
3473:, pp. 128–129.
3461:, pp. 125–126.
3401:, pp. 153–154.
3374:, pp. 150–153.
3350:, pp. 149–150.
3326:, pp. 148–149.
3302:, pp. 147–148.
3278:, pp. 146–147.
3062:1963Sci...142..574C
2861:, late Western Zhou
2782:, late Western Zhou
2655:Western Zhou styles
1843:): A type of sword.
1655:Musical instruments
844:in Lisbon, Portugal
828:in Lisbon, Portugal
812:in Lisbon, Portugal
538:Sacrificial vessels
275: 1200 BC
262:Piece-mould casting
175: 1046 BC
160: 1600 BC
74: 4500 BC
4528:Chinese inventions
4518:Chinese bronzeware
3644:Shaughnessy (1999)
3584:Shaughnessy (1992)
3572:Shaughnessy (1999)
3560:Shaughnessy (1992)
3548:Shaughnessy (1992)
3536:Shaughnessy (1992)
3500:Shaughnessy (1992)
3488:Shaughnessy (1992)
3039:10.1111/arcm.12352
3003:2007-08-18 at the
2880:
2341:
2113:
1993:): Ancient money (
1935:): Ancient money (
1326:
1318:
1305:
1265:Zhou water pourer
1207:, after the dǐng (
872:
552:
278:
257:Casting technology
233:, middle to lower
121:
116:Burial pit at the
96:
59:Chinese Bronze Age
44:
38: –
4495:
4494:
4326:Four-goat Square
4272:Zun (尊) or Yi (彝)
4105:978-0-300-22863-2
4030:978-0-19-932836-9
4003:978-0-19-932836-9
3976:978-0-521-47030-8
3945:978-0-520-07028-8
3923:978-0-7141-2446-9
3904:978-0-521-47030-8
3864:978-1-60497-962-6
3857:, Cambria Press,
3800:978-0-521-47030-8
3731:Bagley, Robert W.
3722:978-0-7914-9449-3
3386:, pp. 48–49.
3362:, pp. 47–48.
3338:, pp. 46–47.
3290:, pp. 45–46.
3266:, pp. 43–44.
3176:, pp. 23–24.
2954:, pp. 33–34.
2942:, pp. 44–60.
2250:); or C., like a
1857:): An arrow head.
1787:, not pronounced
1342:, not pronounced
1017:, not pronounced
888:, not pronounced
187:Chinese porcelain
140:ch'ing t'ong ch'i
83:Taibao Ding from
16:(Redirected from
4545:
4289:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4140:
4129:
4109:
4090:
4081:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4034:
4007:
3980:
3949:
3927:
3908:
3868:
3849:
3825:
3804:
3767:
3748:
3726:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3021:
3012:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2852:
2834:
2816:
2800:
2775:
2759:
2741:
2648:
2639:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2605:
2595:
2590:Four-ram square
2586:
2571:
2564:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1315:
1293:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
984:
983:
978:
968:
967:
963:
957:
956:
951:
943:
942:
937:
927:
926:
921:
907:
906:
901:
893:
887:
886:
880:
869:
863:
842:The Macau Museum
837:
826:The Macau Museum
821:
810:The Macau Museum
805:
793:
773:
764:
754:
743:
742:
737:
725:
724:
719:
711:
710:
705:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
664:
659:
658:
652:
643:
642:
637:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
523:
517:
516:
508:
502:
501:
493:
487:
486:
478:
472:
471:
463:
457:
456:
448:
442:
441:
433:
427:
426:
418:
412:
411:
403:
397:
396:
387:
386:
370:Qianlong Emperor
333:lost wax casting
315:
306:
294:Lost-wax casting
276:
273:
176:
172:
169:
161:
157:
154:
141:
135:
130:
126:
93:
90:
87:, Western Zhou (
75:
72:
52:
49:
21:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4453:
4290:
4281:
4195:
4190:
4153:from AAT-Taiwan
4147:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4106:
4093:
4084:
4078:
4061:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4040:Further reading
4037:
4031:
4004:
3977:
3946:
3924:
3905:
3873:Rawson, Jessica
3865:
3801:
3764:
3745:
3723:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3142:
3138:
3096:
3092:
3050:
3046:
3022:
3015:
3005:Wayback Machine
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2889:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2587:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2539:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2497:
2437:Erligang period
2405:
2378:, early in the
2372:Erligang period
2326:
2320:
2313:
2098:
2043:): Also called
1909:
1864:
1773:
1657:
1426:
1282:
1275:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1224:
852:
845:
838:
829:
822:
813:
806:
797:
794:
785:
774:
765:
755:
540:
512:Miscellaneous (
497:Ancient money (
437:Water vessels (
358:
329:
328:
327:
326:
318:
317:
316:
308:
307:
296:
287:
274:
264:
259:
215:Eurasian Steppe
210:
174:
170:
159:
155:
110:
91:
73:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4533:Bronze Age art
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4475:Tomb of Fu Hao
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4151:ritual vessels
4146:
4145:External links
4143:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4119:
4115:Xi'an Jiaqiang
4111:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4059:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4008:
4002:
3981:
3975:
3955:Loewe, Michael
3950:
3944:
3928:
3922:
3909:
3903:
3877:Loewe, Michael
3869:
3863:
3850:
3826:
3816:(1/2): 29–53,
3805:
3799:
3773:Loewe, Michael
3768:
3762:
3749:
3743:
3727:
3721:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3694:, p. 538.
3684:
3672:
3660:
3658:, p. 459.
3648:
3636:
3634:, p. 452.
3624:
3622:, p. 393.
3612:
3610:, p. 456.
3600:
3598:, p. 454.
3588:
3576:
3574:, p. 331.
3564:
3562:, p. 130.
3552:
3540:
3538:, p. 128.
3525:
3523:, p. 360.
3504:
3502:, p. 129.
3492:
3490:, p. 126.
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3437:, p. 152.
3427:
3415:
3413:, p. 197.
3403:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3218:, p. 145.
3208:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3151:
3136:
3106:(3): 707–756,
3090:
3044:
3013:
2990:
2978:
2956:
2944:
2929:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2425:Erlitou period
2404:
2401:
2322:Main article:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2293:
2275:
2189:
2157:
2133:
2130:Xiqing gujian.
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2030:
1980:
1954:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1812:
1794:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1723:
1720:Xiqing gujian.
1704:
1690:
1674:Xiqing gujian.
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1607:
1593:
1573:
1559:
1539:
1507:
1493:
1461:
1453:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1379:
1363:
1349:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1158:
1144:
1106:
1080:
1064:
1030:
1004:
970:
945:
929:
913:
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
832:
830:
823:
816:
814:
807:
800:
798:
795:
788:
786:
775:
768:
766:
756:
749:
746:
745:
731:
713:
645:
631:
611:
539:
536:
526:
525:
510:
495:
480:
465:
450:
435:
422:Food vessels (
420:
407:Wine vessels (
405:
357:
354:
320:
319:
310:
309:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
295:
292:
286:
283:
263:
260:
258:
255:
209:
206:
202:tomb of Fu Hao
118:Tomb of Fu Hao
109:
106:
51: 1650 BC
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4487:
4486:Xiqing Gujian
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4123:Xiqing Gujian
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:Artibus Asiae
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3763:0-674-80525-9
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3744:0-87099-226-0
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3620:Rawson (1999)
3616:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:Rawson (1999)
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:Bagley (1980)
3467:
3460:
3459:Bagley (1980)
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3435:Bagley (1999)
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3411:Bagley (1999)
3407:
3400:
3399:Bagley (1999)
3395:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3372:Bagley (1999)
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3348:Bagley (1999)
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3324:Bagley (1999)
3320:
3314:, p. 46.
3313:
3308:
3301:
3300:Bagley (1999)
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3276:Bagley (1999)
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3252:Kesner (1991)
3248:
3242:, p. 51.
3241:
3240:Kesner (1991)
3236:
3230:, p. 19.
3229:
3228:Bagley (1987)
3224:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2988:, p. 33.
2987:
2986:Rawson (2007)
2982:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:Rawson (2007)
2948:
2941:
2940:Rawson (2007)
2936:
2934:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:Western Zhou
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2729:Western Zhou
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:Xiqing gujian
2280:
2276:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:按說文大鉏也又博雅斫謂之钁
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:bronze mirror
2138:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:bronze mirror
2107:
2102:
2096:Miscellaneous
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2031:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:Ancient money
1894:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:Xiqing gujian
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:Xiqing gujian
1799:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1738:Xiqing gujian
1728:
1724:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1648:Xiqing gujian
1638:
1634:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:): A bowl or
1580:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1520:, pronounced
1512:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:Xiqing gujian
1481:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:Water vessels
1411:
1406:
1405:Xiqing gujian
1401:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1205:Xiqing gujian
1195:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1009:
1005:
989:
977:
976:
971:
962:
950:
946:
936:
935:
930:
920:
919:
914:
911:
900:
899:
898:Xiqing Gujian
892:
881:
879:
874:
873:
868:
862:
856:
843:
836:
831:
827:
820:
815:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
783:
779:
776:The original
772:
767:
763:
762:
757:A Late Shang
753:
748:
747:
736:
732:
729:
728:Xiqing gujian
718:
714:
704:
699:
698:Xiqing gujian
682:
653:
651:
646:
636:
632:
616:
612:
596:
560:
559:
554:
553:
549:
544:
535:
533:
532:
522:
511:
507:
496:
492:
481:
477:
466:
462:
451:
447:
436:
432:
421:
417:
406:
402:
391:
390:
389:
381:
380:Xiqing jijian
377:
376:
375:Xiqing gujian
371:
367:
363:
353:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
324:
314:
305:
291:
282:
268:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
205:
203:
199:
195:
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362:Song dynasty
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2917:"Altar Set"
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2419:(in modern
1740:. See also
1271:, from the
910:Yi (vessel)
171: 1600
156: 2070
149:Xia dynasty
145:Chinese art
101:Kao Gong Ji
55:grave goods
4502:Categories
4390:Shi Qiang
4277:TLV mirror
4077:0870992260
3830:Loehr, Max
3701:References
3656:Sun (2020)
3632:Sun (2020)
3608:Sun (2020)
3596:Sun (2020)
3449:, Fig. 18.
2923:2017-11-19
2663:basin and
2555:, Style IV
2521:, Style II
2413:Late Shang
2380:Late Shang
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1703:): A drum.
285:Casting-on
219:radiogenic
173: – c.
158: – c.
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4414:Luboshez
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4374:Mao Gong
4358:Kang Hou
4232:Guang (觥)
4207:Bianzhong
3840:: 42–53,
3692:Wu (2020)
3680:Wu (2020)
3668:Wu (2020)
3425:, Fig. 7.
3122:251891306
2856:Mao Gong
2792:cauldrons
2713:bell and
2608:Elephant
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2504:, Style I
2409:Max Loehr
2082:fúyìnqián
1958:Fúyìnqián
1488:) in the
534:designs.
467:Weapons (
123:Bronzes (
4350:Houmuwu
4212:Ding (鼎)
3934:(1992),
3883:(eds.),
3846:20066953
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3711:(1991),
3078:17738562
3001:Archived
2887:See also
2803:Xianhou
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2415:site of
2382:period.
2070:yuánqián
1188:器為盛酒亦祭用也
675:器為盛酒亦祭用也
595:fāngdǐng
378:and the
85:Shandong
4458:Related
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4267:You (卣)
4257:Lei (罍)
4252:Jue (爵)
4247:Jia (斝)
4237:Gui (簋)
4217:Dui (敦)
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3086:6893743
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2376:Wu Ding
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2058:yuánbǎo
1771:Weapons
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491:liángqì
341:Xichuan
235:Yangtze
231:Qinling
227:thorium
223:uranium
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4310:Da Ke
4302:Da He
4262:Yi (匜)
4242:Hu (壺)
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4200:Types
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