2573:
generally left to make their own way back to India. On the journey back, the most difficult actions involved crossing back over the
Irrawaddy River. The Japanese had observers and patrols all along the river bank and could quickly concentrate once an attempt at a crossing was detected. Gradually, all the columns broke up into small groups. Wingate's headquarters returned to India on its own ahead of most of the columns. Through the spring and even into the autumn of 1943, individual groups of men from the Chindits made their way back to India. The army did what they could for the men. In one case, an aeroplane was landed in an open area and wounded men were evacuated by air. Part of one column made it to China. Another body of men escaped into the far north of Burma. Others were captured or died.
3321:, originally an enthusiastic supporter of Wingate, later came to feel that Wingate lacked both consistency and flexibility in his plans, which contributed to Fergusson's long, pointless march from Ledo and his defeat at Indaw. John Masters, who was a friend of Lentaigne, felt that the Chindits' mobility was sacrificed in holding fixed defensive positions or attacking strong Japanese positions, without the necessary support. In criticism of the whole Chindit concept, he pointed out that the Chindit force had the infantry strength of two and a half line divisions but without supporting arms, had the fighting strength of less than one. Michael Calvert, who was closest to Wingate, remained a defender of Wingate and his methods.
2729:(an organisation set up to liaise with resistance forces in Japanese-occupied countries), which was concerned that a premature uprising of the Kachins without a permanent British military presence would lead to their slaughter by the Japanese at the end of operations. Force 136 also had their own plans for a rising to be coordinated with the arrival of the regular army in Burma. Wingate was eventually convinced to scale back his original plans. Further complicating relations between the organisations were orders issued by Wingate to the commander of Dah Force (a British-led force of Kachin irregulars attached to the Chindits) not to coordinate operations with Force 136 for security reasons.
2960:
reinstated Indaw as the target. The brigade was already exhausted from its long march, and there was no time to properly reconnoitre the objective. The units were dismayed to find that the
Japanese controlled the only water sources. Fergusson expected that 14th Brigade would cooperate in the attack, but they moved west instead. Japanese reinforcements had also moved into Indaw, which was a major road and rail centre. Fergusson's battalions, attacking separately, were each repulsed. Calvert later commented "They had attacked as clutching fingers from all sides, and not as a fist". After this, most of the tired 16th Brigade were flown out.
2984:, had led a Gurkha battalion with distinction during the gruelling retreat from Burma in 1942 and had commanded a Chindit brigade in the field (albeit for only a few weeks, but none of the other brigade commanders had more experience). As an officer of Gurkha troops, he had a similar outlook and background to Slim. The other Chindit brigade commanders were unknown quantities, mostly without staff qualifications, some of whom had never even commanded a battalion-sized unit in combat before 1944, and Wingate's staff officers lacked the necessary combat experience. The force's second-in-command, Major General
2807:
3310:
were cut off by the enemy, or were operating independently of road or rail lines of communication. Conversely, it has been argued that the apparent success of the
Chindits led some Japanese commanders to believe that they could employ their own incursion tactics on a much larger scale, and that when they came to implement such tactics during the Chindwin offensive of early 1944, lacking the necessary air support that had enabled the Allies to be successful, the result was disastrous and ultimately led to defeat at both Kohima and Imphal, and later on the plains of Burma in 1945.
144:
3290:"Anything, whatever the short cuts to victory it may promise, which thus weakens the Army spirit is dangerous". To underline his point he suggests that "This cult of special forces is as sensible as to form a Royal Corps of Tree Climbers and say that no soldier, who does not wear its green hat with a bunch of oak leaves stuck in it should be expected to climb a tree". He does acknowledge the need for small units to stir up trouble in the enemy's rear area but does not make it clear if he is talking about
176:
3218:
3285:"... the Chindits, gave a splendid example of courage and hardihood. Yet I came firmly to the conclusion that such formations, trained, equipped and mentally adjusted for one kind of operation were wasteful. They did not give, militarily, a worth-while return for the resources in men, materiel and time that they absorbed. ... were usually formed by attracting the best men ... The result of these methods was undoubtedly to lower the quality of the rest of the Army".
3105:
33:
2762:
could otherwise be used to aid the
Northern Front. As the Japanese launched their own attack on the Central Front this advance did not take place, but it still meant that most Japanese forces were engaged on the Central Front and were not available to reinforce the Japanese 18th Division on the Northern Front. The Japanese offensive on the Central Front resulted in further proposals and refinements of the plans for the Chindits.
2625:
to implement far more ambitious plans for the second expedition, which required that the force be greatly expanded to a strength of six brigades. Wingate refused to use Indian Army units in this force, because he maintained that their training in long-range penetration techniques would take longer and their maintenance by air would be difficult due to the varied dietary requirements of different Gurkha and Indian
2506:
2714:'s assurance that he could transport both troops and supplies by glider, Wingate arranged for the bulk of the force to enter Burma by air, greatly accelerating the force's ability to reach its target objectives. Advance units would land in gliders in preselected open fields in Burma, and prepare them for large-scale landings by transport aircraft. The lavish air support provided by Colonels Cochran and
2698:. Calvert and Fergusson, both newly promoted to Brigadier, took command of two of the brigades, and were responsible for much of the training program and the development of tactical planning. Wingate himself was absent for much of the training period, first being out of the country to attend the Quebec Conference and then struck ill with typhoid from drinking bad water in North Africa on his return.
318:
3257:. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides of the monument. Non-infantry units are mentioned by their parent formations only. No distinction is made between those units that took part in 1943 versus those of 1944. The rear of the monument is exclusively dedicated to Orde Wingate and also mentions his contributions to Israel. The memorial is a 4 metre (13 ft) high
2988:, was bypassed by Slim and formally protested and asked to be relieved. In selecting Lentaigne, Slim did not take into account the tensions between those Chindit commanders and staff who were closely associated with Wingate, and Lentaigne, who had a classical "line" officer's background and had been critical of Wingate's methods and techniques.
3301:, an ex-Chindit, have asserted that the idea behind the Chindits was a sound one but that they were just badly handled and used in operations for which they were not properly equipped or trained, for example in static defence. A third view is that, despite the relatively insignificant losses that the Chindits were able to inflict, their
2526:
attacks on
Japanese targets to support the deception. These columns were to swing east at the beginning of March and attack the main north-south railway in areas south of the main force. One column successfully carried out demolitions along the railway, but the other column was ambushed. Half of the ambushed column returned to India.
2537:, proceeded towards the main north-south railway in Burma. On 4 March, Calvert's column reached the valley and demolished the railway in 70 places. Fergusson arrived two days later to do the same. Despite these successes, however, the railway was only temporarily disabled, and resumed operation shortly afterwards.
2617:, the brigade was raised by General Wavell without the knowledge of Wingate, who was still in Burma and who was known to have a strong dislike for the Indian Army, its diverse troop formations, and its British officers in particular. Wavell personally selected the commander of 111th Brigade, Brigadier
3197:
The healthy men were sent to training camps to await new operations. However, when the army command evaluated the men and equipment required to return the
Chindits to operational status, it was decided to transform the force into an Airborne Division in India. Beyond direct replacements, it was known
2473:
were attached to the column headquarters. The heavy weapons, radios, reserve ammunition, and rations and other stores were carried on mules, which would also provide an emergency source of food once their loads had been depleted. With 57 mule handlers, each
British column numbered 306 men (the Gurkha
2375:
in New Delhi â requested the services of
Wingate in Burma. It was intended that he would raise irregular forces to operate behind the Japanese lines, in a manner similar to Gideon Force. Wingate arrived in Burma in March 1942 and for two months, as Japanese forces advanced rapidly, toured the country
3367:
See
British National Archives HS1/2 â Most Secret & personal from head of SOE India to 'P' Division SEAC & GHQ India March 10, 1944 â Military Operations in the Dilwyn Area B/B.100 to head of SOE India March 11, 1944. For the Chindit side see the Operational Report of Dah Force (Imperial War
3184:
23rd
Brigade, which had been diverted from the main Chindit campaign, nevertheless acted as a long range penetration unit behind the Japanese fighting at Kohima. From April to June 1944, they marched long distances through the Naga hills, mostly in monsoon weather which made movement very difficult.
3162:
to Myitkyina. They had then attempted to complete the encirclement of Myitkyina. Stilwell was angered that they were unable to do so but Slim pointed out that Stilwell's Chinese troops (numbering 5,500) had also failed. By 14 July, Morris Force was down to three platoons. A week later, they only had
2852:
to be covered with logs, making landing impossible. In some accounts of the incident, Wingate insisted that the operation had been betrayed and that the other landing zones would be ambushed. To proceed would be "murder". Slim accepted the responsibility of ordering a willing Calvert to proceed with
2761:
and re-establish an overland supply route to China, by mounting a long range penetration operation behind the Japanese opposing his forces on the Northern Front. It had originally been intended that the IV Corps would attack on the Central Front and cross the Chindwin to tie up Japanese forces which
2444:
Wingate trained this force as long-range penetration units that were to be supplied by stores parachuted or dropped from transport aircraft and were to use close air support as a substitute for heavy artillery. They would penetrate the jungle on foot, essentially relying on surprise through mobility
3309:
It has also been argued that the Chindits contributed to the overall success of the Allied armies in Burma through the innovations in air supply techniques and organisation that their operations required. The Allied air forces were later to use these tactics to supply increasingly large forces that
2979:
Slim, the commander of the Fourteenth Army which had loose operational control over Special Force, selected Brigadier Lentaigne to be Wingate's replacement after conferring with Brigadier Derek Tulloch, Wingate's Chief of Staff. Lentaigne was judged to be the most balanced and experienced commander
2745:
and although other offensives in Burma were scaled back or cancelled, Stilwell's Northern Front offensive with the Chindits' participation survived the cuts. The uncertainty of the plans nevertheless meant that the plans and contingency plans for the use of the Chindits repeatedly changed up to the
2624:
Wavell intended to use two Chindit brigades alternately during 1944. While one brigade was operating behind Japanese lines for two to three months at a time, the other would be resting in India, while training for and planning the next operation. However, Wingate returned from Quebec with authority
3115:
On 17 May, Slim had formally handed control of the Chindits to Stilwell. Stilwell insisted that the Chindits capture several well-defended Japanese positions. The Chindits had no support from tanks or artillery and this led to heavier casualties than before. According to David Rooney, the Chindits
2589:
Wingate wrote an operations report on returning to India, which was controversial for many reasons, including attacks on officers under his command. The report had a tendency to excuse any mistakes made by its author (Wingate), while making vicious attacks on other officers, often based on limited
2576:
By the end of April, after a three-month mission, the majority of the surviving Chindits had crossed the Chindwin river, having marched between 750â1,000 miles. Of the 3,000 men that had begun the operation, a third (818 men) had been killed, taken prisoner or died of disease, and of the 2,182 men
2525:
on 13 February and faced the first Japanese troops two days later. Two columns marched to the south and received their air supply drops in broad daylight to create an impression that they were the main attack. They even had a man impersonating a British general along with them. The RAF mounted air
2959:
However, a setback occurred when Fergusson's brigade tried to capture Indaw on 24 March. The original intention had been to seize the town and its airfields on 15 March but Fergusson had to report that this was impossible. Wingate appeared ready to change the brigade's mission but on 20 March, he
3269:
Military historians disagree on the Chindits' military significance. The debate is part of the ongoing one of whether the deployment of special forces are a net asset to a campaign or whether the investment in time, material and men that such operations demand outweigh the advantages gained. For
2901:
managed to get airborne, with both shooting down one 'Oscar' each. Whitamore was shot down and killed but Peart survived for over half an hour, holding off over 20 enemy fighters. The remaining Spitfires were destroyed on the ground for the loss of another pilot, F/Lt Coulter. Peart flew back to
2572:
In late March, Wingate made the decision to withdraw the majority of the force, but sent orders to one of the columns to continue eastward. The operations had reached the range limit of air supply and prospects for new successful operations were low, given the Japanese pressure. The columns were
2709:
The methods of the new Long Range Penetration force in 1944 differed from those of 1943. Wingate had decided on a strategy of creating fortified bases behind the Japanese lines, which would then send out raiding columns over short distances. This change was in part forced on him by strengthened
2540:
On many occasions, the Chindits could not take their wounded with them; some were left behind in villages. Wingate had, in fact, issued specific orders to leave behind all wounded, but these orders were not strictly followed. Since there were often no established paths in the jungle along their
3305:
value in 1943, at a time when the Army was on the defensive, was a morale boost to the people of India and Britain, and helping to dispel the image of Japanese invincibility. It has been hard to reach a consensus on any of these issues due to the partisan nature of the discussions surrounding
2564:
Once in Burma, Wingate repeatedly changed his plans, sometimes without informing all the column commanders. The majority of two of the columns marched back to India after being ambushed by the Japanese in separate actions. After the railway attacks, Wingate decided to cross his force over the
3289:
He makes several other arguments against special forces, about the danger of ordinary battalions thinking that some tasks could only be performed by special forces, and that special forces can only stay in the field for relatively short periods compared to regular battalions. He sums up that
3270:
example, it is questioned whether the interdiction of Japanese supply lines during Operation Thursday by the Chindits contributed more to Stilwell's advance than if the resources committed to the operation had been used to provide Stilwell with another regular division to fight alongside his
2577:
who returned, about 600 were too debilitated from their wounds or disease to return to active service. Of the remaining men, Wingate practically hand picked those few he would retain, while the rest were put back under the normal army command structure as part of their original battalions.
3193:
The Chindits had suffered heavy casualties: 1,396 killed and 2,434 wounded. Over half had to be confined to hospital and prescribed a special nutritional diet whilst hospitalised. As bad as the casualty figures may seem, those suffered by the force in 1943 were proportionally much higher.
3278:, later stated that Operation Thursday had a significant effect on the campaign, saying "The Chindit invasion ... had a decisive effect on these operations ... they drew off the whole of 53 Division and parts of 15 Division, one regiment of which would have turned the scales at Kohima."
2896:
was held with a garrison which included field artillery, anti-aircraft guns and even a detachment of six Mk.VIII Spitfires of No.81 Squadron RAF from 12 March to 17 March. On 17 March they were attacked during take-off by Japanese Ki-43 'Oscars'. S/L William 'Babe' Whitamore and F/O
2585:
Although British Army officers in India criticised the effectiveness of the Chindits (Japanese railway communications had been out of commission for less than a week), their effect on the morale of the Allied troops in India was refreshing, and they were given plenty of publicity.
2865:
had to be selected from the results of aerial reconnaissance. It turned out to be a poor landing ground and there were many casualties in crash landings, but Calvert's men were just able to make the strip fit to take transport aircraft the next day. Chindit gliders also landed on
2569:. However, the area on the other side of the river turned out to be inhospitable to operations. Water was difficult to obtain and the combination of rivers with a good system of roads in the area allowed the Japanese to force the Chindits into a progressively smaller "box".
3185:
They contributed in large measure to the starvation of the Japanese at Kohima, the decisive factor in that battle. Although not engaged in major battles, they accounted for large numbers of Japanese stragglers and foragers, suffering 158 battle casualties themselves.
3008:. Those Chindits already operating in Burma were formally subordinated to General Joseph Stilwell, who ordered the Chindits to abandon their dispersed operations around Indaw, and concentrate on interdicting the supply lines to the Japanese forces opposing his
3089:
on 25 May, because the men were exhausted after 17 days of continual combat. Nineteen Allied soldiers, who were so badly injured as to be beyond hope of recovery and could not be moved, were shot by the medical orderlies and hidden in heavy stands of bamboo.
3151:, doctors examined the brigade. Of the 2,200 men present from four and a half battalions, only 119 were declared fit. The brigade was evacuated, although Masters sarcastically kept the fit men, "111 Company", in the field until 1 August.
2496:
Shortly before the first operation, one column was broken up to bring the remaining seven up to full strength. Two or more columns were commanded by a group headquarters, which in turn was commanded by the brigade headquarters.
2513:
The original intent had been to use the Chindits as a part of a larger offensive. When this offensive was cancelled, Wingate convinced General Wavell to send the Chindits into Burma anyway. Accordingly, on 8 February 1943,
2732:
During the last months of 1943, planning was conducted to carry out the strategy for India as originally determined at the Quebec Conference. In November, the overall plan for the dry season campaign of 1944 determined by
2464:
and two light anti-aircraft guns); a reconnaissance platoon from the Burma Rifles; and a sabotage group from 142 Commando Company. Small detachments from the Royal Air Force (equipped with radios to call in air support),
3119:
Over the period from 6 June to 27 June, Calvert's 77th Brigade took Mogaung and suffered 800 casualties â 50 per cent of the brigade's men involved in the operation. Fearing that they would then be ordered to join the
4727:
3237:. The memorial was unveiled on 16 October 1990 by the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The front of the monument is in memory of the Chindits and also mentions the four men of the Chindits awarded the
3132:, where Stilwell had his headquarters. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, and Stilwell finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating.
2477:
Each man carried more than 72 pounds (33 kg) of equipment, which was proportionally more than the mules carrying the support weapons and other stores. This included a personal weapon, such as the
2629:
and religions, although he had little choice but to accept 111th Brigade, and two Gurkha battalions in 77th brigade. Since large numbers of trained British infantry were required, three brigades (the
2493:
knife, seven days' rations, groundsheet, change of uniform and other assorted items. Much of this load was carried in an Everest carrier, which was essentially a metal rucksack frame without a pack.
3201:
During the early months of 1945, several of the brigade headquarters and many of the veterans of the Chindit operations were reformed into the 14th and 77th Infantry Brigades and merged into the
2664:
aircraft. The Chindits were greatly encouraged by having aircraft on which they could call immediately for supply drops, casualty evacuation and air support. Other welcome American aid was the
2649:
and other commanders, who wished to use the division in a conventional role. A sixth brigade was added to the force by taking a brigade (the 3rd (West African) Infantry Brigade) from the
3085:
Because the monsoon had broken and heavy rain made movement in the jungle very difficult, neither Calvert nor Brodie's 14th Brigade could help Masters. Finally, Masters had to abandon
3317:(two of whom had also served in the first Chindit expedition) subsequently wrote autobiographies, which contained their comments on the Chindits' concept and practice of operations.
1745:
2925:, astride the main railway and road leading to the Japanese northern front. 111 Brigade set up ambushes and roadblocks south of Indaw (although part of the brigade which landed at
2448:
The standard brigade and battalion structures were abandoned. The force was instead formed into eight columns, each of which was organised as: an infantry rifle company (with nine
4424:
3135:
111 Brigade, after resting, was ordered to capture a hill south west of Mogaung, known as Point 2171. It did so but was now utterly exhausted. Most of the men were suffering from
3066:
had been deep in the Japanese rear, its defenders had had plenty of time to prepare their defences and its attackers had been a mixed bag of detachments from several formations,
4722:
4712:
2825:
for Burma. They avoided Japanese forces by traversing exceptionally difficult terrain. The rest of the Brigades were brought in by air to create fortified bases with airstrips.
2434:
609:
2598:. His concepts for long-range penetration operations behind Japanese lines received official backing at high level, and he obtained substantial US support for his force. The
4732:
3043:
would allow Japanese reinforcements to move north. However, Lentaigne insisted that the Chindit brigades were too far apart to support each other, and that the airstrips at
3170:
in its advance down the "Railway Valley" south of Mogaung. Finally, they were relieved and withdrawn, starting on 17 August. The last Chindit left Burma on 27 August 1944.
3039:
and move north to support Masters. Calvert was opposed to this, as his brigade had successfully held these two strongholds for months. Stilwell also feared that abandoning
4717:
4451:
3070:
was close to the Japanese northern front, and was immediately attacked by Japanese troops with heavy artillery support. As Calvert and Stilwell had feared, abandoning
2877:
had been placed there to dry by Burmese teak loggers. The real problem was the failure to maintain continuous observation of the landing zones (e.g. by high-flying
2773:, commander of Eastern Air Command, issued a joint directive to General Wingate and Cols. Cochran and Alison of the 1st Air Commando Group, to march and fly into
3381:
changed some of the original plans, but did not affect the plans to use the Chindits to interdict the Japanese 18th Division's supply lines (Slim 1956, p. 214).
2429:(nominally a second-line battalion, which contained a large number of older men) and men from the former Bush Warfare School in Burma, who were formed into 142
1637:
2095:
1738:
2445:
to target enemy lines of communication (a tactic that the Japanese had previously used in 1942 to great effect against British forces in Malaya and Burma).
350:
2668:
pack which, although it provided insufficient calories for prolonged active operations, was far better than the equivalent British or Indian ration pack.
4408:
2710:
Japanese patrols along the Burmese frontier, making a repeat of the successful infiltration in 1943 unlikely. In an imaginative move prompted by Colonel
1552:
3281:
The views of the majority of the post-war British military establishment were made succinctly by Slim (commander of the Fourteenth Army), when he wrote
3951:
Anglim, Simon (2009). "Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II". Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project.
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1830:
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that the British element of the Chindits would be decimated in 1945 by the need to repatriate personnel who had served more than four years overseas.
1224:
4387:
3148:
1731:
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bomber in which he was flying is believed to have flown into a thunderstorm and crashed in the jungle-covered mountains. All aboard were killed.
1159:
544:
4215:. Official History of Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War. Calcutta: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan).
4444:
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Their operations featured long marches through extremely difficult terrain, undertaken by underfed troops often weakened by diseases such as
595:
3274:. However, the Japanese subsequently admitted that the Chindits had disrupted their plans for the first half of 1943. Japanese commander,
1620:
518:
2345:
2049:
1977:
1469:
1319:
919:
4437:
1613:
3116:
were misused under Stillwell's command and suffered heavy casualties undertaking roles that they were not trained or equipped for.
2332:. Controversy persists over the extremely high casualty-rate and the debatable military value of the achievements of the Chindits.
2088:
2061:
1508:
1433:
1360:
619:
343:
3398:
would fly into the captured airfields, even though this division was already heavily engaged in the Arakan (Bidwell 1979, p. 138).
4607:
3167:
2922:
2184:
3075:
1890:
707:
4043:
3158:, after its commander, Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. "Jumbo" Morris. They had spent several months harassing Japanese traffic from
2956:
for several nights before the attack was repulsed with flown-in artillery and the aid of locally recruited Kachin irregulars.
4276:
4146:
3271:
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1280:
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pillar mounted on three steps, on which is a statue by Frank Forster of the chinthe, after which the Chindits are named.
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Several major changes were made at the highest level. Much of the air support was diverted to the critical battles of
4366:
4347:
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4298:
4237:
4190:
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3004:, where troops were cut off and could only be resupplied by air. 23rd Brigade, yet to fly in, was also despatched to
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1883:
1045:
421:
116:
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2441:(a composite unit formed from several depleted battalions of Burmese troops that had retreated into India in 1942).
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Kangla the same day in his damaged Spitfire (FL-E JF818) and reported the action. The detachment was duly ended by
2618:
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by cutting the communications of the Japanese 18th Division, harassing its rear, and preventing its reinforcement.
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As the members of the first expedition were making their way back to India, a second long range penetration unit,
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2013:
1962:
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focused on the use of the Chindits in the reconquest of northern Burma. These plans were approved by the
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was repulsed on 17 May, but a second attack on 24 May captured vital positions inside the defences.
4429:
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2590:
information. Eventually, through his political allies in London, a copy of the report was given to
2545:
and kukris (and on one occasion, a commandeered elephant). Supply was delivered by air using three
2470:
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1008:
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670:
571:
384:
210:
3448:
3166:
The 14th Brigade and the 3rd West African Brigade remained in action, assisting the newly arrived
1842:
4737:
3378:
3015:
In April, Lentaigne ordered the main body of 111 Brigade west of the Irrawaddy, now commanded by
2766:
2742:
2734:
2595:
2076:
1935:
1790:
1785:
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1678:
1498:
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17:
1957:
3573:
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At Quebec, Wingate had also succeeded in obtaining a "private" air force for the Chindits, the
2603:
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2314:
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1253:
1050:
981:
903:
871:
841:
836:
426:
230:
218:
3328:, raised in 2015 to engage in propaganda for the army, was named in tribute to the Chindits.
3125:
2770:
2255:
1697:
1457:
1300:
1086:
1055:
1003:
856:
846:
751:
462:
431:
379:
4399:
Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History: Book 4, With Wingate's Chindits
2806:
1723:
3250:
2985:
2878:
2457:
2417:
in the summer of 1942. Wingate took charge of the training of the troops in the jungles of
2211:
1642:
1630:
1518:
1324:
1140:
951:
946:
924:
898:
736:
525:
3221:
Badge of the Chindits on their memorial outside the Ministry of Defence building in London
956:
8:
3337:
3242:
3226:
3206:
3163:
25 men fit for duty. Morris Force was evacuated about the same time as the 77th Brigade.
2861:
had already been used to evacuate casualties during the first Chindit operation in 1943,
2554:
2515:
2461:
2349:
2294:
2265:
2152:
1795:
1513:
1387:
813:
808:
489:
2797:(iii) Inflicting the greatest possible damage and confusion on the enemy in North Burma.
3121:
2376:
developing his theories of long-range penetration, during the two months preceding the
2352:â had begun to explore guerilla tactics, when he created and commanded a unit known as
2286:
1925:
1805:
1671:
1664:
1603:
1593:
1567:
1419:
1341:
1164:
1130:
1113:
1018:
941:
645:
549:
506:
394:
226:
4162:
Special Operations Combat Medical Course: SOF Medicine Module: Mogadishu Raid Exercise
3390:
Shelford Bidwell speculated that Wingate had revived at short notice a plan codenamed
2371:
In 1942, after the disbandment of Gideon Force, Wavell â who had since been appointed
143:
90:
4362:
4343:
4313:
4294:
4272:
4255:
4233:
4216:
4186:
4142:
4114:
4097:
4078:
3994:
3984:
3934:
3924:
3785:
3760:
3735:
3099:
2777:
and from there under the command of the Fourteenth Army carry out the objectives of:
2591:
2534:
2478:
2157:
1996:
1972:
1825:
1704:
1657:
1562:
1407:
1392:
1336:
1179:
1135:
1038:
1028:
936:
763:
717:
662:
564:
511:
414:
404:
4210:
3179:
3001:
2997:
2811:
2566:
2430:
2390:
2365:
1967:
1945:
1598:
1426:
1412:
1382:
1295:
1275:
1123:
1108:
1033:
783:
758:
731:
690:
499:
484:
409:
4414:
G. V. Faulkner, MD, MC. Medical Report on Operations, 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
3641:
1818:
4405:
3275:
3246:
2903:
2750:
2546:
2135:
2056:
1800:
1756:
1528:
1503:
1372:
861:
823:
798:
741:
726:
712:
640:
222:
4383:
Material on Wingate's Burma Campaign (histories, personal accounts, biographies)
2725:
population of Northern Burma. He fought over these plans with the leadership of
3258:
3254:
3238:
2718:
of the 1st Air Commando Group proved critical to the success of the operation.
2715:
2711:
2522:
2518:
commenced and 3,000 Chindits, Wingate with them, began their march into Burma.
2298:
2071:
2066:
1586:
1440:
1348:
1270:
1103:
1013:
989:
746:
479:
389:
360:
313:
Formation sign of the Chindits (also known as the 3rd Indian Infantry Division)
279:
267:
214:
200:
3998:
3899:
3225:
There is a memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits on the north side of the
4701:
4220:
4209:
Prasad, S. N.; Bhargava, K.D.; Khera, P.N. (1958). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.).
4101:
2885:
2815:
2792:
2722:
2453:
2418:
190:
3938:
2433:
Company. The other portion of the force consisted of the 3rd Battalion, the
1875:
4259:
4247:
4178:
4048:
3978:
3144:
3108:
3016:
2530:
2438:
2353:
2306:
2302:
2290:
1908:
1769:
1577:
1572:
1486:
587:
296:
3217:
4335:
3918:
3343:
2822:
2695:
2691:
2032:
1950:
1864:
1263:
1234:
180:
175:
4413:
4382:
3205:, while the force headquarters and signals units formed the core of the
3062:
on 8 May and was almost immediately engaged in fierce fighting. Whereas
2706:
The plans for the second Chindit operation went through many revisions.
2437:(a battalion that had only just been raised) and the 2nd Battalion, the
3302:
2898:
2758:
1940:
1930:
4393:
3104:
2972:
to confer with air force commanders. On the return journey, the USAAF
2848:
on the night of 5 March. A last-minute aerial reconnaissance revealed
3140:
2841:
2782:
2754:
2726:
2505:
2329:
1686:
149:
4459:
2952:. On 27 March, after days of aircraft attack, the Japanese attacked
2929:
was delayed in crossing the Irrawaddy River), before moving west to
32:
4728:
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
3759:. Wellington, New Zealand: Ventura Publishing. pp. 45, 54â56.
2665:
2558:
2482:
2361:
1074:
450:
2380:. After returning to Delhi, he presented his proposals to Wavell.
4171:
Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire
3291:
3147:. On 8 July, at the insistence of the Supreme Commander, Admiral
3136:
3129:
3052:
3028:
2945:
2930:
2687:
2599:
2542:
2486:
2385:
2325:
328:
2980:
in the force; he had been an instructor at the Staff College at
2881:
photo-reconnaissance aircraft) before the forces were deployed.
3234:
3154:
The portion of 111 Brigade east of the Irrawaddy were known as
3005:
2981:
2969:
2949:
2888:
transport aircraft transferred 9,000 men to the landing zones.
2788:
2414:
248:
2944:. At times, British and Japanese troops were in close combat,
2765:
On 4 February 1944, Lieutenant General Slim, commander of the
1202:
148:
A Chindit column crosses a river in Burma; men suffering from
3488:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3.
3159:
3024:
2774:
2749:
The Chindits were assigned the task of helping the forces of
2626:
2490:
2425:. Half of the Chindits were British: the 13th Battalion, the
2357:
1753:
153:
2917:
was flown. Calvert's brigade established yet another, named
2641:) were added to the Chindits by breaking up the experienced
317:
2840:, were selected. Calvert's 77th Brigade prepared to fly by
2550:
2398:
4419:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
2602:
also began its own plans for the group that later became
2364:, as well as Ethiopean partisans. Gideon Force disrupted
4230:
Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima, March 1944 to May 1945
3670:
3209:. The Chindits were finally disbanded in February 1945.
2671:
The forces for the second Chindit operation were called
131:
Long-range raiding force of the Army of India during WW2
3954:
3420:
3418:
4723:
Military units and formations of India in World War II
4713:
Military units and formations of Burma in World War II
4291:
Make for the hills : memories of Far Eastern wars
4212:
The Reconquest of Burma, volume 1: June 1942-June 1944
3920:
Wingate and the Chindits : redressing the balance
3515:
3513:
3019:, to move north and build a new stronghold, codenamed
4141:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military.
2721:
Wingate also had plans for a general uprising of the
2683:, but the nickname, the Chindits, had already stuck.
2594:, who was impressed and took Wingate with him to the
2529:
Five other columns proceeded eastward. Two, those of
4733:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
3415:
2781:(i) Helping the advance of Stilwell's Ledo force on
2541:
routes, many times they had to clear their own with
4208:
4094:
The Chindit war : the campaigns in Burma, 1944
3734:. London: William Kimber & Co. pp. 28â35.
3510:
2814:, 3rd West African Brigade (Thunder), board an RAF
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3694:Prasad, Bhargava & Khera 1958, pp. 318â320.(?)
2821:On 5 February 1944, Fergusson's 16th Brigade left
4718:Military units and formations established in 1942
4390:Engineers with the Chindits (archived 3 May 2009)
3078:to move north from Indaw. A heavy attack against
3023:, which would block the railway and main road at
2892:was abandoned once the fly-in was completed, but
4699:
4044:"British army creates team of Facebook warriors"
2645:, much against the wishes of Lieutenant General
2456:); a support group with the heavy weapons (four
2297:armies which saw action in 1943â1944 during the
2474:columns were slightly stronger, with 369 men).
4041:
2909:Fergusson's brigade set up another base named
4445:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3483:
2787:(ii) Creating a favourable situation for the
1905:
1891:
1739:
1218:
603:
519:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943â1945)
344:
137:Chindits (Long Range Penetration Groups)
4356:
4019:
4017:
3574:"In 1944 â The Second & Last Expedition"
3536:
3534:
2686:The new Chindit force commenced training in
2404:
617:
4199:
4156:Cloonan, Colonel (US MC) Cliff (May 1999).
3676:
3434:
3432:
3430:
2757:through northern Burma to link up with the
2335:
4452:
4438:
4111:The British Army 1939-45 (3): The Far East
4035:
3543:
3111:giving orders after the capture of Mogaung
2413:, was gradually formed in the area around
1898:
1884:
1746:
1732:
1225:
1211:
610:
596:
351:
337:
4324:Autobiography by Wingate's Chief of Staff
4014:
3531:
3453:Chindit Chasing, Operation Longcloth 1943
2383:The name Chindits is a corrupted form of
2368:supply lines and collected intelligence.
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4285:
4266:
4136:
4127:
3976:
3687:
3685:
3639:
3427:
3216:
3128:, shut down his radios and retreated to
3103:
2936:Ferocious jungle fighting ensued around
2805:
2504:
1850:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931â1936)
1791:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894â1895)
4334:
4307:
4177:
4155:
4108:
4091:
3805:
3779:
3754:
2873:It was later revealed that the logs on
2690:. Men were trained in crossing rivers,
14:
4700:
4227:
3916:
3900:"Chindit Memorial (www.chindits.info)"
3804:Allen 1984, pp. 348â351; summary from
3729:
3725:
3723:
2500:
708:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
373:Japanese invasion of Burma (1941â1942)
4433:
4164:. www.brooksidepress.org. p. 52.
4072:
3682:
2801:
2613:was being formed. Popularly known as
1879:
1727:
1206:
591:
332:
4246:
4168:
2963:
2344:of 1940â41, Wingate â under General
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
3720:
3469:. Yangon, Burma: Department of the
3467:MyanmarâEnglish Official Dictionary
3313:Three of the Brigade commanders on
3093:
2884:Over the next week, 600 sorties by
2651:British 81st (West Africa) Division
24:
4425:Chindit: Special Force, Burma 1944
4328:
4096:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
4042:Ewan MacAskill (31 January 2015).
3264:
3212:
2870:the next day, without opposition.
2356:, composed of regular troops from
358:
25:
4749:
4418:Chindit Special Force Burma 1944
4376:
4204:. Imperial War Museum. p. 1.
3477:
3124:, Calvert handed Mogaung over to
3031:. Calvert was ordered to abandon
3027:, 30 miles (48 km) south of
2991:
4173:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
3484:United States, Congress (1945).
1831:German Pacific possesions (1914)
316:
174:
142:
31:
4462:Indian Army during World War II
4202:Operational Report of Dah Force
4026:
4005:
3970:
3945:
3923:. London: Cassell. p. 99.
3910:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3798:
3773:
3748:
3711:
3702:
3691:Planning of Operation Thursday
3661:
3652:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3612:Rooney 1992, pp. 110 & 115.
3606:
3597:
3594:Rooney 1992, pp. 112 & 116.
3588:
3566:
3557:
3522:
3384:
3371:
3361:
3349:Order of Battle of the Chindits
2828:Three landing zones, codenamed
1806:Manchuria and Korea (1904â1905)
1232:
42:needs additional citations for
4357:Rhodes-James, Richard (1980).
4075:Burma: The longest War 1941-45
3642:"The Air Commando Association"
3576:. Hermes' wings. 16 April 2011
3501:
3492:
3459:
3441:
3406:
3203:44th Airborne Division (India)
2643:British 70th Infantry Division
1093:
469:
13:
1:
4066:
3396:Indian 26th Infantry Division
3294:or the actions of Force 136.
3051:would be unusable during the
2968:On 24 March, Wingate flew to
2681:Long Range Penetration Groups
2611:111th Indian Infantry Brigade
2283:Long Range Penetration Groups
2096:Mediterranean and Middle East
3188:
3109:Brigadier "Mad" Mike Calvert
3058:Masters's force established
3010:Northern Combat Area Command
2791:Chinese forces to cross the
2677:3rd Indian Infantry Division
2580:
2411:77th Indian Infantry Brigade
2409:The first Chindit unit, the
2348:, Commander-in-Chief of the
2321:deep behind Japanese lines.
2077:Manchuria and Northern Korea
1679:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
3853:Masters (1961), pp. 258â259
3471:Myanmar Language Commission
3331:
2913:north of Indaw, into which
2906:, the CO of No. 221 Group.
1477:Dutch East Indies (1941â42)
1434:Strategic bombing (1944â45)
10:
4754:
4271:. North Sydney: Heineman.
4158:"The Dark Side of Command"
4130:Wingate in Burma 1942-1945
4092:Bidwell, Shelford (1979).
3757:Classic Warbirds Volume 12
3667:Masters 2002, pp. 146â147.
3177:
3097:
2746:very start of operations.
2378:Japanese conquest of Burma
1755:Military campaigns of the
1626:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
1148:Burma campaign (1944â1945)
1063:Burma campaign (1942â1943)
997:Japanese invasion of Burma
533:Burma campaign (1944â1945)
463:Burma campaign (1943â1944)
439:Burma campaign (1942â1943)
4679:
4658:
4637:
4621:
4520:
4489:
4468:
4137:Chinnery, Philip (2010).
3977:Thompson, Robert (2022).
3780:Calvert, Michael (1971).
3646:www.specialoperations.net
3621:Rooney 1992, pp. 116â117.
3173:
2521:The Chindits crossed the
2427:King's Liverpool Regiment
2405:Organisation and training
2394:
2373:Commander-in-Chief, India
1916:
1796:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
1766:
1242:
629:
368:
312:
307:
290:
285:
278:Four members awarded the
274:
263:
255:
244:
236:
206:
196:
186:
169:
161:
141:
136:
4340:Burma: The Forgotten War
4310:Wingate in Peace and War
4267:Thompson, Peter (2008).
4132:. London: Davis-Poynter.
4109:Brayley, Martin (2002).
4077:. J.M. Dent & Sons.
4011:Brayley 2002, pp. 19â20.
3817:Allen 1984, pp. 350â351.
3528:Brayley 2002, pp. 18â19.
3354:
2739:Combined Chiefs of Staff
2701:
2471:Royal Army Medical Corps
2336:Background and formation
2082:pre-war border conflicts
1865:Asia-Pacific (1941â1945)
1713:Second Sino-Japanese War
1553:Estevan Point Lighthouse
1308:Indian Ocean (1941â1945)
1259:MarshallsâGilberts raids
621:South-East Asian Theater
4308:Tulloch, Derek (1972).
3967:Slim 1956, pp. 546â549.
3755:Malcolm, Laird (2010).
3730:Franks, Norman (1985).
3717:Slim 1956, pp. 257â259.
2767:British Fourteenth Army
2735:South East Asia Command
2660:, mainly consisting of
2450:Bren light machine guns
2317:, especially attacking
2313:operations against the
1860:French Indochina (1940)
1315:Japanese merchant raids
1155:Meiktila & Mandalay
4708:Groups of World War II
4622:Long-range Penetration
4388:Royal Engineers Museum
4293:. London: Leo Cooper.
4228:Rooney, David (1992).
4183:The Road Past Mandalay
4139:Wingate's lost Brigade
4032:Masters (1961), p. 140
3917:Rooney, D. D. (2000).
3784:. Cooper. p. 95.
3732:Air Battle over Imphal
3603:Masters (1961), p. 139
3563:Callahan 1978, p. 101.
3507:Thompson 1989, p. 375.
3449:"History and Overview"
3424:Thompson 2008, p. 374.
3287:
3222:
3168:36th Infantry Division
3112:
3076:Japanese 53rd Division
2818:
2799:
2658:1st Air Commando Group
2510:
2509:Brigadier Orde Wingate
2489:, a machete or Gurkha
2467:Royal Corps of Signals
2319:lines of communication
2315:Imperial Japanese Army
2311:long-range penetration
2281:, officially known as
1614:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1458:Burma and India (1944)
1281:Gilberts and Marshalls
990:Burma, India and China
231:Special reconnaissance
219:Long-range penetration
4312:. London: Macdonald.
4169:Cole, Howard (1973).
4128:Callahan, R. (1978).
4113:. Osprey Publishing.
4073:Allen, Louis (1984).
3658:Masters 2002, p. 172.
3554:Masters 2002, p. 135.
3519:Chinnery 2010, p. 24.
3283:
3220:
3107:
3098:Further information:
2853:the operation, using
2809:
2779:
2771:George E. Stratemeyer
2508:
2458:Boys anti-tank rifles
2397:), Burmese word for "
2342:East African Campaign
2007:Yugoslavian Partisans
1524:Philippines (1944â45)
1482:Philippines (1941â42)
1087:Burma campaign (1944)
752:Parit Sulong Massacre
540:Meiktila and Mandalay
4023:Brayley 2002, p. 20.
3889:Brayley 2002, p. 22.
3862:Rooney 1992, p. 137.
3540:Brayley 2002, p. 19.
3498:Allen (1984), p. 121
3438:Brayley 2002, p. 18.
3251:George Albert Cairns
2986:George William Symes
2769:, and USAAF General
2462:Vickers machine guns
1325:Homfreyganj massacre
952:Cocos Islands mutiny
925:Homfreyganj massacre
691:Malaya and Singapore
259:9 Gorkha ho ki hoina
51:improve this article
4254:. London: Cassell.
4252:Defeat Into Victory
4232:. London: Cassell.
3880:Allen 1984, p. 362.
3871:Allen 1984, p. 375.
3844:Allen 1984, p. 360.
3835:Allen 1984, p. 355.
3826:Allen 1984, p. 122.
3473:. 1993. p. 79.
3338:Denis Edward Arnold
3243:Frank Gerald Blaker
3231:Ministry of Defence
3227:Victoria Embankment
2948:and kukris against
2904:AVM Stanley Vincent
2604:Merrill's Marauders
2561:in eastern Bengal.
2516:Operation Longcloth
2501:Operation Longcloth
2350:Middle East Command
1836:Siberia (1918â1922)
920:Andaman and Nicobar
4613:1st Burma Division
4404:2010-12-04 at the
4185:. London: Cassel.
3980:Make For The Hills
3708:Slim 1956, p. 259.
3697:Slim 1956, p. 204.
3630:Slim 1956, p. 219.
3315:Operation Thursday
3223:
3207:Indian XXXIV Corps
3122:siege of Myitkyina
3113:
2819:
2802:Operation Thursday
2511:
2287:special operations
2202:French West Africa
2050:South West Pacific
1958:Denmark and Norway
1672:Japanese surrender
1638:Naval bombardments
1568:Fire balloon bombs
1291:Volcano and Ryukyu
1286:Marianas and Palau
942:Easter Sunday Raid
227:Special operations
4695:
4694:
4460:Divisions of the
4278:978-1-74166-708-0
4200:Captain Herring.
4148:978-1-84884-054-6
3904:www.chindits.info
3782:Prisoners of Hope
3319:Bernard Fergusson
3297:Others, like Sir
3149:Louis Mountbatten
3100:Battle of Mogaung
2964:Change of command
2596:Quebec Conference
2592:Winston Churchill
2535:Bernard Fergusson
2435:2nd Gurkha Rifles
2274:
2273:
2195:Strategic bombing
2118:Mediterranean Sea
1873:
1872:
1801:China (1899â1901)
1721:
1720:
1563:Lookout Air Raids
1470:Southwest Pacific
1200:
1199:
1024:Yunnan-Burma Road
772:Dutch East Indies
663:August Revolution
585:
584:
400:Yunnan-Burma Road
324:
323:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4372:
4353:
4323:
4304:
4287:Thompson, Robert
4282:
4263:
4243:
4224:
4205:
4196:
4174:
4165:
4152:
4133:
4124:
4105:
4088:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
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3520:
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3499:
3496:
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3489:
3481:
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3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3425:
3422:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3392:Operation Tarzan
3388:
3382:
3379:Cairo Conference
3375:
3369:
3365:
3233:headquarters in
3180:Battle of Kohima
3094:Final operations
3074:had allowed the
2812:Nigeria Regiment
2795:and enter Burma.
2743:Cairo Conference
2396:
2346:Archibald Wavell
2309:formed them for
2261:French Indochina
1911:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1693:Manchuria (1945)
1548:Aleutian Islands
1398:Indochina (1945)
1368:Indochina (1940)
1354:2nd Indian Ocean
1337:1st Indian Ocean
1332:Christmas Island
1237:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1203:
977:2nd Indian Ocean
972:14 February 1944
962:13 November 1943
937:1st Indian Ocean
932:Christmas Island
915:Japanese raiders
894:27 February 1941
634:French Indochina
624:
622:
612:
605:
598:
589:
588:
363:
353:
346:
339:
330:
329:
320:
179:
178:
146:
134:
133:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4675:
4659:Deception / LoC
4654:
4633:
4617:
4516:
4485:
4464:
4458:
4406:Wayback Machine
4379:
4369:
4350:
4342:. John Murray.
4331:
4329:Further reading
4320:
4301:
4279:
4240:
4193:
4149:
4121:
4085:
4069:
4064:
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3792:
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3767:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3683:
3677:Captain Herring
3675:
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3666:
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3657:
3653:
3638:
3634:
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3616:
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3437:
3428:
3423:
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3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3394:, by which the
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3334:
3299:Robert Thompson
3276:Mutaguchi Renya
3267:
3265:Military legacy
3249:and Lieutenant
3247:Michael Allmand
3215:
3213:London memorial
3191:
3182:
3176:
3102:
3096:
2994:
2966:
2857:instead. While
2804:
2796:
2786:
2751:Joseph Stilwell
2704:
2583:
2567:Irrawaddy River
2557:operating from
2531:Michael Calvert
2503:
2407:
2338:
2275:
2270:
2164:Other campaigns
2158:Southern France
2067:Burma and India
2062:South-East Asia
2057:Franco-Thai War
1912:
1906:
1904:
1874:
1869:
1855:China (1937â45)
1826:Tsingtao (1914)
1813:
1762:
1758:Empire of Japan
1757:
1754:
1752:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1621:Mariana Islands
1494:Solomon Islands
1463:Burma (1944â45)
1453:Burma (1942â43)
1448:Burma (1941â42)
1441:Burma and India
1373:Franco-Thai War
1320:Andaman Islands
1247:Central Pacific
1238:
1233:
1231:
1201:
1196:
986:
967:11 January 1944
883:
804:Makassar Strait
768:
687:
667:
641:Franco-Thai War
625:
620:
618:
616:
586:
581:
364:
359:
357:
327:
302:"Joe" Lentaigne
300:
292:
270:of World War II
240:9,000 to 12,000
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
173:
157:
132:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4738:Burma campaign
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
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4668:
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4422:
4416:
4411:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4377:External links
4375:
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4013:
4004:
3990:978-1473816114
3989:
3983:. p. 76.
3969:
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3909:
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3864:
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3797:
3791:978-0850520644
3790:
3772:
3766:978-0986465307
3765:
3747:
3741:978-0718305529
3740:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3681:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3640:Phil Cochran.
3632:
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3333:
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3266:
3263:
3259:Portland stone
3255:Tulbahadur Pun
3239:Victoria Cross
3214:
3211:
3190:
3187:
3178:Main article:
3175:
3172:
3095:
3092:
2993:
2992:The move north
2990:
2965:
2962:
2810:Troops of the
2803:
2800:
2712:Philip Cochran
2703:
2700:
2582:
2579:
2523:Chindwin River
2502:
2499:
2485:, ammunition,
2454:2-inch mortars
2406:
2403:
2337:
2334:
2299:Burma Campaign
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Baltic Nations
2217:
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2016:
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1781:Ganghwa (1875)
1778:
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1648:South Sakhalin
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1403:Malacca Strait
1400:
1395:
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1375:
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1364:
1363:
1361:Southeast Asia
1357:
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1344:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Doolittle Raid
1268:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:Elephant Point
1184:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
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1144:
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1133:
1128:
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1016:
1011:
1009:Sittang Bridge
1006:
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572:Elephant Point
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385:Sittang Bridge
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361:Burma campaign
356:
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268:Burma Campaign
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215:Jungle warfare
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201:Special forces
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4368:0-7195-3746-0
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4349:0-7195-6576-6
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4280:
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4248:Slim, William
4245:
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4239:0-304-35457-0
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4192:0-304-36157-7
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4179:Masters, John
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3300:
3295:
3293:
3286:
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3277:
3273:
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3260:
3256:
3253:and Rifleman
3252:
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3228:
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3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
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2674:
2673:Special Force
2669:
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2640:
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2628:
2622:
2620:
2619:Joe Lentaigne
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:, two medium
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:central India
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:units of the
2288:
2284:
2280:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:SyriaâLebanon
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:Pacific Ocean
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Eastern Front
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:Western Front
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1907:Campaigns of
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:TaishĆ period
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Ryukyu (1879)
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Taiwan (1874)
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:Kuril Islands
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:North America
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:Borneo (1945)
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Bay of Bengal
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:Tanlwe Chaung
1173:
1171:
1170:Ramree Island
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Chindits (II)
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:
906:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
885:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Badung Strait
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:2nd Singapore
762:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:1st Singapore
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:Tanlwe Chaung
558:
556:
555:Ramree Island
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Chindits (II)
468:
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
367:
362:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
334:
331:
326:Military unit
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Direct action
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:Army of India
189:
185:
182:
181:British India
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
145:
140:
135:
129:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: â
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
4629:3 (Chindits)
4628:
4394:The Chindits
4361:. J Murray.
4358:
4339:
4336:Latimer, Jon
4309:
4290:
4269:Pacific Fury
4268:
4251:
4229:
4211:
4201:
4182:
4170:
4161:
4138:
4129:
4110:
4093:
4074:
4053:. Retrieved
4049:The Guardian
4047:
4037:
4028:
4007:
3979:
3972:
3947:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3806:Tulloch 1972
3800:
3781:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3731:
3713:
3704:
3679:, p. 1.
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3524:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3408:
3391:
3386:
3373:
3363:
3326:77th Brigade
3323:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3229:next to the
3224:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3165:
3156:Morris Force
3155:
3153:
3145:malnutrition
3134:
3118:
3114:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3020:
3017:John Masters
3014:
2995:
2978:
2967:
2958:
2953:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2918:
2915:14th Brigade
2910:
2908:
2899:Alan M Peart
2893:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2844:glider into
2837:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2780:
2764:
2748:
2731:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2647:William Slim
2623:
2615:The Leopards
2614:
2608:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2539:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2495:
2476:
2447:
2443:
2439:Burma Rifles
2423:rainy season
2408:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2354:Gideon Force
2339:
2323:
2307:Orde Wingate
2305:. Brigadier
2303:World War II
2282:
2278:
2276:
2219:
2218:
2207:Indian Ocean
2163:
2162:
2132:Middle East
2106:North Africa
2094:
2093:
2033:Asia-Pacific
2031:
2030:
1918:
1909:World War II
1843:ShĆwa period
1841:
1840:
1817:
1816:
1811:Korea (1910)
1770:Meiji period
1768:
1711:
1710:
1685:
1665:
1631:
1578:
1573:Project Hula
1558:Fort Stevens
1487:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1301:Ocean Island
1264:
1254:Pearl Harbor
1192:Sittang Bend
1180:
1119:Tennis Court
1079:
982:17 July 1944
908:
904:
887:Indian Ocean
872:North Borneo
852:2nd Java Sea
842:Sunda Strait
837:1st Java Sea
830:
718:
658:Coup de main
577:Sittang Bend
565:
495:Tennis Court
455:
297:Orde Wingate
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3808:, p. .
3580:27 December
3344:Roland Degg
2927:Chowringhee
2890:Chowringhee
2868:Chowringhee
2838:Chowringhee
2696:bivouacking
2692:demolitions
2555:31 Squadron
2421:during the
2340:During the
2190:Air Warfare
2111:East Africa
1698:Mutanchiang
1519:New Britain
1235:Pacific War
1056:Yenangyaung
1004:Bilin River
857:8 June 1945
432:Yenangyaung
380:Bilin River
275:Decorations
264:Engagements
245:Garrison/HQ
152:often went
4702:Categories
4067:References
4055:31 January
3999:1296662496
3930:030435452X
3412:Cole p. 77
3303:propaganda
3245:, Captain
3072:White City
3064:White City
3045:White City
3041:White City
3033:White City
2942:White City
2919:White City
2875:Piccadilly
2859:Piccadilly
2850:Piccadilly
2846:Piccadilly
2830:Piccadilly
2759:Burma Road
2666:"K" Ration
2549:and three
2479:SMLE rifle
2452:and three
2231:Yugoslavia
2212:Madagascar
2175:Antarctica
2153:Dodecanese
1973:Resistance
1941:Winter War
1931:Phoney War
1643:Sagami Bay
1632:Starvation
1514:New Guinea
1141:Mount Song
947:Madagascar
899:8 May 1941
877:Balikpapan
862:2nd Borneo
794:Balikpapan
779:1st Borneo
737:Slim River
526:Mount Song
293:commanders
286:Commanders
107:April 2022
77:newspapers
66:"Chindits"
4680:Emergency
4221:255287142
4181:(2002) .
4102:221110416
3306:Wingate.
3189:Disbanded
3141:dysentery
3087:Blackpool
3080:Blackpool
3068:Blackpool
3060:Blackpool
3021:Blackpool
2783:Myitkyina
2755:Ledo Road
2753:push the
2727:Force 136
2581:Interlude
2330:dysentery
2089:Australia
1985:Alps 1940
1978:1944â1945
1687:Kantokuen
1594:Air raids
1509:Australia
1499:Coral Sea
1393:Singapore
1388:Hong Kong
1131:Myitkyina
1099:Admin Box
1046:Shwedaung
814:Palembang
683:Air raids
507:Myitkyina
490:Shangshak
475:Admin Box
422:Shwedaung
165:1942â1945
150:dysentery
4638:Training
4521:Infantry
4490:Armoured
4469:Airborne
4402:Archived
4338:(2004).
4289:(1989).
4250:(1956).
3939:43501347
3486:Hearings
3332:See also
3241:: Major
3049:Broadway
3037:Broadway
2954:Broadway
2946:bayonets
2938:Broadway
2911:Aberdeen
2894:Broadway
2879:Spitfire
2863:Broadway
2855:Broadway
2834:Broadway
2559:Agartala
2543:machetes
2487:grenades
2483:Sten Gun
2431:Commando
2395:ááŒááșáčáá±á·
2362:Ethiopia
2279:Chindits
2251:Bulgaria
2180:Atlantic
2170:Americas
2123:Adriatic
1705:Chongjin
1666:Downfall
1604:Yokosuka
1421:Tiderace
1378:Thailand
1165:Hill 170
1114:Sangshak
1080:Chindits
1075:The Hump
1019:Taukkyan
909:Kormoran
698:Invasion
678:Invasion
671:Thailand
653:Invasion
646:Ko Chang
550:Hill 170
456:Chindits
451:The Hump
395:Taukkyan
308:Insignia
256:Motto(s)
4359:Chindit
4260:1296031
3368:Museum)
3292:V Force
3272:X Force
3137:malaria
3130:Kamaing
3126:Force X
3053:monsoon
3029:Mogaung
2950:katanas
2931:Pinlebu
2842:Hadrian
2793:Salween
2741:at the
2688:Gwalior
2600:US Army
2551:Dakotas
2547:Hudsons
2391:Burmese
2386:Chinthe
2366:Italian
2326:malaria
2291:British
2285:, were
2256:Hungary
2246:Romania
2102:Africa
2002:Balkans
1997:Britain
1951:Lapland
1946:Karelia
1936:Finland
1658:Shumshu
1543:Ellwood
1408:Vietnam
1181:Dracula
1160:Pakokku
1136:Mogaung
1039:Toungoo
1029:Tachiao
957:RĂ©union
867:Tarakan
831:Langley
809:Sumatra
789:Tarakan
719:Krohcol
566:Dracula
545:Pakokku
512:Mogaung
415:Toungoo
405:Tachiao
291:Notable
251:, India
223:Raiding
170:Country
91:scholar
18:Chindit
4365:
4346:
4316:
4297:
4275:
4258:
4236:
4219:
4189:
4145:
4117:
4100:
4081:
3997:
3987:
3937:
3927:
3788:
3763:
3738:
3235:London
3174:Kohima
3006:Kohima
3002:Kohima
2998:Imphal
2982:Quetta
2970:Imphal
2886:Dakota
2816:Dakota
2789:Yunnan
2723:Kachin
2716:Alison
2627:castes
2415:Jhansi
2295:Indian
2185:Arctic
2024:Sicily
1926:Poland
1920:Europe
1428:Zipper
1414:Jurist
1383:Malaya
1342:Ceylon
1276:Midway
1124:Kohima
1109:Imphal
1070:Arakan
1034:Oktwin
905:Sydney
784:Manado
732:Kampar
500:Kohima
485:Imphal
446:Arakan
410:Oktwin
249:Jhansi
187:Branch
162:Active
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
4420:index
4409:index
3355:Notes
3160:Bhamo
3025:Hopin
2923:Mawlu
2775:Indaw
2702:Plans
2679:, or
2662:USAAF
2491:kukri
2358:Sudan
2266:Japan
2241:Italy
2220:Coups
2128:Malta
2072:Japan
2040:China
2019:Italy
1599:Tokyo
1587:Japan
1504:Timor
1051:Prome
824:Timor
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759:Endau
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