1475:(1858–1861) fought between Liberals, who favored federalism and sought economic development, decreased power of the Roman Catholic Church, and Mexican army, and Conservatives, who favored centralized autocratic government, retention of elite privileges, did not lead to any military battles in the state. Despite that it strongly affected Chiapas politics. In Chiapas, the Liberal-Conservative division had its own twist. Much of the division between the highland and lowland ruling families was for whom the Indians should work for and for how long as the main shortage was of labor. These families split into Liberals in the lowlands, who wanted further reform and Conservatives in the highlands who still wanted to keep some of the traditional colonial and church privileges. For most of the early and mid 19th century, Conservatives held most of the power and were concentrated in the larger cities of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapa (de Corzo), Tuxtla and Comitán. As Liberals gained the upper hand nationally in the mid-19th century, one Liberal politician Ángel Albino Corzo gained control of the state. Corzo became the primary exponent of Liberal ideas in the southeast of Mexico and defended the Palenque and
3989:. Today, there are about 500,000 Tzeltal Indians in Chiapas. Tzeltal Mayan, part of the Mayan language family, today is spoken by about 375,000 people making it the fourth-largest language group in Mexico. There are two main dialects; highland (or Oxchuc) and lowland (or Bachajonteco). This language, along with Tzotzil, is from the Tzeltalan subdivision of the Mayan language family. Lexico-statistical studies indicate that these two languages probably became differentiated from one another around 1200 Most children are bilingual in the language and Spanish although many of their grandparents are monolingual Tzeltal speakers. Each Tzeltal community constitutes a distinct social and cultural unit with its own well-defined lands, wearing apparel, kinship system, politico-religious organization, economic resources, crafts, and other cultural features. Women are distinguished by a black skirt with a wool belt and an undyed cotton bloused embroidered with flowers. Their hair is tied with ribbons and covered with a cloth. Most men do not use traditional attire. Agriculture is the basic economic activity of the Tzeltal people. Traditional
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ethnicities speak the language and that there is a high rate of monolingualism in it. It is used in over 80% of homes. Zoque is considered to be of medium-vitality with a rate of bilingualism of over 70% and home use somewhere between 65% and 80%. Maya is considered to be of low-vitality with almost all of its speakers bilingual with
Spanish. The most spoken indigenous languages as of 2010 are Tzeltal with 461,236 speakers, Tzotzil with 417,462, Ch’ol with 191,947 and Zoque with 53,839. In total, there are 1,141,499 who speak an indigenous language or 27% of the total population. Of these, 14% do not speak Spanish. Studies done between 1930 and 2000 have indicated that Spanish is not dramatically displacing these languages. In raw number, speakers of these languages are increasing, especially among groups with a long history of resistance to Spanish/Mexican domination. Language maintenance has been strongest in areas related to where the Zapatista uprising took place such as the municipalities of Altamirano, Chamula,
3731:. Today, there are an estimated fifty-six linguistic groups. As of the 2005 Census, there were 957,255 people who spoke an indigenous language out of a total population of about 3.5 million. Of this one million, one third do not speak Spanish. Out of Chiapas's 111 municipios, 99 have majority indigenous populations. 22 municipalities have indigenous populations over 90%, and 36 municipalities have native populations exceeding 50%. However, despite population growth in indigenous villages, the percentage of indigenous to non indigenous continues to fall with less than 35% indigenous. Indian populations are concentrated in a few areas, with the largest concentration of indigenous-language-speaking individuals is living in 5 of Chiapas's 9 economic regions: Los Altos, Selva, Norte, Fronteriza, and Sierra. The remaining three regions, Soconusco, Centro and Costa, have populations that are considered to be predominantly
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Diocese) who tend to oppose it. This is particularly significant problem among the
Tzeltals and Tzotzils. Starting in the 1970s, traditional leaders in San Juan Chamula began expelling dissidents from their homes and land, amounting to about 20,000 indigenous forced to leave over a thirty-year period. It continues to be a serious social problem although authorities downplay it. Recently there has been political, social and ethnic conflict between the Tzotzil who are more urbanized and have a significant number of Protestant practitioners and the Tzeltal who are predominantly Catholic and live in smaller farming communities. Many Protestant Tzotzil have accused the Tzeltal of ethnic discrimination and intimidation due to their religious beliefs and the Tzeltal have in return accused the Tzotzil of singling them out for discrimination.
4708:, Playa Linda, Playa Aventuras, Playa Azul and Santa Brigida. Others are based on the state's lakes and rivers. Laguna Verde is a lake in the Coapilla municipality. The lake is generally green but its tones constantly change through the day depending on how the sun strikes it. In the early morning and evening hours there can also be blue and ochre tones as well. The El Chiflón Waterfall is part of an ecotourism center located in a valley with reeds, sugarcane, mountains and rainforest. It is formed by the San Vicente River and has pools of water at the bottom popular for swimming. The Las Nubes Ecotourism center is located in the Las Margaritas municipality near the Guatemalan border. The area features a number of turquoise blue waterfalls with bridges and lookout points set up to see them up close.
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relieved when the rainforest to the east was subject to land reform. Cattle ranchers, loggers, and subsistence farmers migrated to the rain forest area. The population of the
Lacandon was only one thousand people in 1950, but by the mid-1990s this had increased to 200 thousand. As of 2010, 78% lives in urban communities with 22% in rural communities. While birthrates are still high in the state, they have come down in recent decades from 7.4 per woman in 1950. However, these rates still mean significant population growth in raw numbers. About half of the state's population is under age 20, with an average age of 19. In 2005, there were 924,967 households, 81% headed by men and the rest by women. Most households were nuclear families (70.7%) with 22.1% consisting of extended families.
4857:. In the pre-Hispanic period, indigenous peoples had already been producing music with wooden instruments. The marimba was introduced by African slaves brought to Chiapas by the Spanish. However, it achieved its widespread popularity in the early 20th century due to the formation of the Cuarteto Marimbistico de los Hermanos Gómez in 1918, who popularized the instrument and the popular music that it plays not only in Chiapas but in various parts of Mexico and into the United States. Along with Cuban Juan Arozamena, they composed the piece "Las chiapanecas" considered to be the unofficial anthem of the state. In the 1940s, they were also featured in a number of Mexican films. Marimbas are constructed in Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas de Corzo and Tuxtla Gutiérrez.
2700:. It covers an area of 2,580 ha (6,400 acres) of rainforest and pine-oak forest, centered on the waterfalls it is named after. It is located in an area locally called the "Mountains of Water", as many rivers flow through there on their way to the Gulf of Mexico. The rugged terrain encourages waterfalls with large pools at the bottom, that the falling water has carved into the sedimentary rock and limestone. Agua Azul is one of the best known in the state. The waters of the Agua Azul River emerge from a cave that forms a natural bridge of thirty meters and five small waterfalls in succession, all with pools of water at the bottom. In addition to Agua Azul, the area has other attractions—such as the Shumuljá River, which contains rapids and waterfalls, the
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Trinitaria, Altamirano and La
Independencia. This area is filled with rolling hills with a temperate and moist climate. There are fast moving rivers and jungle vegetation. Tojolabal is related to Kanjobal, but also to Tzeltal and Tzotzil. However, most of the youngest of this ethnicity speak Spanish. Women dress traditionally from childhood with brightly colored skirts decorated with lace or ribbons and a blouse decorated with small ribbons, and they cover their heads with kerchiefs. They embroider many of their own clothes but do not sell them. Married women arrange their hair in two braids and single women wear it loose decorated with ribbons. Men no longer wear traditional garb daily as it is considered too expensive to make.
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Guatemalan army conducted raids into camps on
Mexican territories with significant casualties, terrifying the refugees and local populations. From within Mexico, refugees faced threats by local governments who threatened to deport them, legally or not, and local paramilitary groups funded by those worried about the political situation in Central America spilling over into the state. The official government response was to militarize the areas around the camps, which limited international access and migration into Mexico from Central America was restricted. By 1990, it was estimated that there were over 200,000 Guatemalans and half a million from El Salvador, almost all peasant farmers and most under age twenty.
1912:, and the Diocese of Chiapas reacted by offering to mediate between the rebels and authorities. However, because of this diocese's activism since the 1960s, authorities accused the clergy of being involved with the rebels. There was some ambiguity about the relationship between Ruiz and Marcos and it was a constant feature of news coverage, with many in official circles using such to discredit Ruiz. Eventually, the activities of the Zapatistas began to worry the Roman Catholic Church in general and to upstage the diocese's attempts to re establish itself among Chiapan indigenous communities against Protestant evangelization. This would lead to a breach between the Church and the Zapatistas.
1799:(communal land organizations) joined to form the Union of Ejidal Unions and United Peasants of Chiapas, generally called the Union of Unions, or UU. It had a membership of 12,000 families from over 180 communities. By 1988, this organization joined with other to form the ARIC-Union of Unions (ARIC-UU) and took over much of the Lacandon Jungle portion of the state. Most of the members of these organization were from Protestant and Evangelical sects as well as "Word of God" Catholics affiliated with the political movements of the Diocese of Chiapas. What they held in common was indigenous identity vis-à-vis the non-indigenous, using the old 19th century "caste war" word "Ladino" for them.
3907:. The most numerous indigenous communities are the Tzeltal and Tzotzil peoples, who number about 400,000 each, together accounting for about half of the state's indigenous population. The next most numerous are the Ch’ol with about 200,000 people and the Tojolabal and Zoques, who number about 50,000 each. The top 3 municipalities in Chiapas with indigenous language speakers three years of age and older are: Ocosingo (133,811), Chilon (96,567), and San Juan Chamula (69,475). These 3 municipalities accounted for 24.8% (299,853) of all indigenous language speakers three years or older in the state of Chiapas, out of a total of 1,209,057 indigenous language speakers three years or older.
4067:, with an estimated population of about 115,000 people. The Ch’ol language belongs to the Maya family and is related to Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Lacandon, Tojolabal, and Yucatec Mayan. There are three varieties of Chol (spoken in Tila, Tumbalá, and Sabanilla), all mutually intelligible. Over half of speakers are monolingual in the Chol language. Women wear a long navy blue or black skirt with a white blouse heavily embroidered with bright colors and a sash with a red ribbon. The men only occasionally use traditional dress for events such as the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe. This dress usually includes pants, shirts and huipils made of undyed cotton, with leather
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4489:, rings and necklaces. Colors vary from white to yellow/orange to a deep red, but there are also green and pink tones as well. Since pre-Hispanic times, native peoples have believed amber to have healing and protective qualities. The largest amber mine is in Simojovel, a small village 130 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, which produces 95% of Chiapas's amber. Other mines are found in Huitiupán, Totolapa, El Bosque, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Pantelhó and San Andrés Duraznal. According to the Museum of Amber in San Cristóbal, almost 300 kg of amber is extracted per month from the state. Prices vary depending on quality and color.
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4433:. One reason for this is its many indigenous ethnicities who produce traditional items out of identity as well as commercial reasons. One commercial reason is the market for crafts provided by the tourism industry. Another is that most indigenous communities can no longer provide for their own needs through agriculture. The need to generate outside income has led to many indigenous women producing crafts communally, which has not only had economic benefits but also involved them in the political process as well. Unlike many other states, Chiapas has a wide variety of wood resources such as
2242:, one of the most important rainforests in Mexico. The Northern Mountains (Montañas del Norte) are in the north of the state. They separate the flatlands of the Gulf Coast Plains from the Central Depression. Its rock is mostly limestone. These mountains also receive large amounts of rainfall with moisture from the Gulf of Mexico giving it a mostly hot and humid climate with rains year round. In the highest elevations around 1,800 m (5,900 ft), temperatures are somewhat cooler and do experience a winter. The terrain is rugged with small valleys whose natural vegetation is
4212:. The primary sector, agriculture, produces 15.2% of the state's GDP. The secondary sector, mostly energy production, but also commerce, services and tourism, accounts for 21.8%. The share of the GDP coming from services is rising while that of agriculture is falling. The state is divided into nine economic regions. These regions were established in the 1980s in order to facilitate statewide economic planning. Many of these regions are based on state and federal highway systems. These include Centro, Altos, Fronteriza, Frailesca, Norte, Selva, Sierra, Soconusco and Istmo-Costa.
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5419:. It faces 3,361 m (11,027 ft) of ocean, with 3,060 m (32,900 sq ft) of warehouse space. Next to it there is an industrial park that covers 2,340,000 m (25,200,000 sq ft; 234 ha; 580 acres). Puerto Chiapas has 60,000 m (650,000 sq ft) of area with a capacity to receive 1,800 containers as well as refrigerated containers. The port serves the state of Chiapas and northern Guatemala. Puerto Chiapas serves to import and export products across the Pacific to Asia, the United States, Canada and
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4693:, a port with modern infrastructure for shipping exports and receiving international cruises. The route visits a number of coffee plantations, such as Hamburgo, Chiripa, Violetas, Santa Rita, Lindavista, Perú-París, San Antonio Chicarras and Rancho Alegre. These haciendas provide visitors with the opportunity to see how coffee is grown and initially processed on these farms. They also offer a number of ecotourism activities such as mountain climbing, rafting, rappelling and mountain biking. There are also tours into the jungle vegetation and the
3931:" or mixed indigenous European heritage became important to Mexico's identity by the time of Independence, but Chiapas has kept its indigenous identity to the present day. Since the 1970s, this has been supported by the Mexican government as it has shifted from cultural policies that favor a "multicultural" identity for the country. One major exception to the separatist, indigenous identity has been the case of the Chiapa people, from whom the state's name comes, who have mostly been assimilated and intermarried into the mestizo population.
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century, establishing scattered settlements. In the 1960s, several hundred migrated to the
Lacandon rain forest near the confluence of the Santo Domingo and Jataté Rivers. Those who live in Chiapas are referred to locally as the "Mexican Mam (or Mame)" to differentiate them from those in Guatemala. Most live around the Tacaná volcano, which the Mams call "our mother" as it is considered to be the source of the fertility of the area's fields. The masculine deity is the Tajumulco volcano, which is in Guatemala.
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1568:, limited public schooling, sanitation and road construction, including a route from San Cristóbal to Tuxtla then Oaxaca, which signaled the beginning of favoritism of development in the central valley over the highlands. He also changed state policies to favor foreign investment, favored large land mass consolidation for the production of cash crops such as henequen, rubber, guayule, cochineal and coffee. Agricultural production boomed, especially coffee, which induced the construction of port facilities in
4352:, with around six thousand producers. It also includes organic coffee producers with 18 million tons grown annually 60,000 producers. One third of these producers are indigenous women and other peasant farmers who grow the coffee under the shade of native trees without the use of agro chemicals. Some of this coffee is even grown in environmentally protected areas such as the El Triunfo reserve, where ejidos with 14,000 people grow the coffee and sell it to cooperativers who sell it to companies such as
4310:. These crops take up 95% of the cultivated land in the state and 90% of the agricultural production. Only four percent of fields are irrigated with the rest dependent on rainfall either seasonally or year round. Chiapas ranks second among the Mexican states in the production of cacao, the product used to make chocolate, and is responsible for about 60 percent of Mexico's total coffee output. The production of bananas, cacao and corn make Chiapas Mexico's second largest agricultural producer overall.
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Tourism has become important in some areas of the state, especially in San Cristóbal de las Casas and
Palenque. Its economy is important to Mexico as a whole as well, producing coffee, corn, cacao, tobacco, sugar, fruit, vegetables and honey for export. It is also a key state for the nation's petrochemical and hydroelectric industries. A significant percentage of PEMEX's drilling and refining takes place in Chiapas and Tabasco, and Chiapas produces fifty-five percent of Mexico's hydroelectric energy.
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CONAFE. Middle school is divided into technical, telesecundaria (distance education) and classes for working adults. About 98% of the student population of the state is in state schools. Higher levels of education include "professional medio" (vocational training), general high school and technology-focused high school. At this level, 89% of students are in public schools. There are 105 universities and similar institutions with 58 public and 47 private serving over 60,500 students.
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2289:. This area contains as much as 25% of Mexico's total species diversity, most of which has not been researched. It has a predominantly hot and humid climate (Am w" i g) with most rain falling from summer to part of fall, with an average of between 2300 and 2600 mm per year. There is a short dry season from March to May. The predominant wild vegetation is perennial high rainforest. The Lacandon comprises a biosphere reserve (Montes Azules); four natural protected areas (
1159:, social organization of the region fragmented into much smaller units and social structure became much less complex. There was some influence from the rising powers of central Mexico but two main indigenous groups emerged during this time, the Zoques and the various Mayan descendants. The Chiapans, for whom the state is named, migrated into the center of the state during this time and settled around Chiapa de Corzo, the old Mixe–Zoque stronghold. There is evidence that the
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lands fell into the hands of large landholders who when made the local Indian population work for three to five days a week just for the right to continue to cultivate the lands. This requirement caused many to leave and look for employment elsewhere. Most became "free" workers on other farms, but they were often paid only with food and basic necessities from the farm shop. If this was not enough, these workers became indebted to these same shops and then unable to leave.
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to new lands has pitted migrants against each other, the native
Lacandon people, and the various ecological reserves for land. It is estimated that only ten percent of the original Lacandon rainforest in Mexico remains, with the rest strip-mined, logged and farmed. It once stretched over a large part of eastern Chiapas but all that remains is along the northern edge of the Guatemalan border. Of this remaining portion, Mexico is losing over five percent each year.
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from indigenous communities. An Indian army gathered at
Zontehuitz then attacked various villages and haciendas. By the following June the city of San Cristóbal was surrounded by several thousand Indians, who offered the exchanged of several Ladino captives for their religious leaders and stones. Chiapas governor Dominguéz came to San Cristóbal with about three hundred heavily armed men, who then attacked the Indian force armed only with sticks and
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adults were illiterate. Chiapas is still considered isolated and distant from the rest of Mexico, both culturally and geographically. It has significantly underdeveloped infrastructure compared to the rest of the country, and its significant indigenous population with isolationist tendencies keep the state distinct culturally. Cultural stratification, neglect and lack of investment by the
Mexican federal government has exacerbated this problem.
1650:, tried to regain the state's capital but the effort failed. San Cristóbal de las Casas, which had a very limited budget, to the extent that it had to ally with San Juan Chamula challenged Tuxtla Gutierrez which, with only a small ragtag army overwhelmingly defeated the army helped by chamulas from San Cristóbal. There were three years of peace after that until troops allied with the "First Chief" of the revolutionary Constitutionalist forces,
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peak in the 1990s with a large number of people injured during open clashes. In the 1970s, caciques began to expel dissidents from their communities for challenging their power, initially with the use of violence. By 2000, more than 20,000 people had been displaced, but state and federal authorities did not act to stop the expulsions. Today, the situation has quieted but the tension remains, especially in very isolated communities.
4891:, the large anise-scented leaves used in much of southern Mexican cuisine. Chiapan dishes do not incorporate many chili peppers as part of their dishes. Rather, chili peppers are most often found in the condiments. One reason for that is that a local chili pepper, called the simojovel, is far too hot to use except very sparingly. Chiapan cuisine tends to rely more on slightly sweet seasonings in their main dishes such as cinnamon,
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the state, especially in agriculture, but it had the effect of deforesting many areas, especially the Lacandon. Added to this was there were still serf like conditions for many workers and insufficient educational infrastructure. Population continued to increase faster than the economy could absorb. There were some attempts to resettle peasant farmers onto non cultivated lands, but they were met with resistance. President
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5412:. These are used for domestic flights with the airports in Palenque and Tapachula providing international service into Guatemala. There are 22 other airfields in twelve other municipalities. Rail lines extend over 547.8 km. There are two major lines: one in the north of the state that links the center and southeast of the country, and the Costa Panamericana route, which runs from Oaxaca to the Guatemalan border.
2114:. These include the Pacific Coast Plains, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Central Depression, the Central Highlands, the Eastern Mountains, the Northern Mountains and the Gulf Coast Plains. The Pacific Coast Plains is a strip of land parallel to the ocean. It is composed mostly of sediment from the mountains that border it on the northern side. It is uniformly flat, and stretches from the Bernal Mountain south to
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1943:, so its legitimacy has been questioned. Zapatista declarations since the mid-1990s have called for a new constitution. As of 1999 the government had not found a solution to this problem. The revolt also pressed the government to institute anti-poverty programs such as "Progresa" (later called "Oportunidades") and the "Puebla-Panama Plan" – aiming to increase trade between southern Mexico and Central America.
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4628:. It developed between 350 and 810 CE. Bonampak is known for its well preserved murals. These Mayan sites have made the state an attraction for international tourism. These sites contain a large number of structures, most of which date back thousands of years, especially to the sixth century. In addition to the sites on the Mayan Route, there are others within the state away from the border such as
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2583:. In total, the state has 110,000 ha (270,000 acres) of surface waters, 260 km (160 mi) of coastline, control of 96,000 km (37,000 sq mi) of ocean, 75,230 ha (185,900 acres) of estuaries and ten lake systems. Laguna Miramar is a lake in the Montes Azules reserve and the largest in the Lacandon Jungle at 40 km in diameter. The color of its waters varies from
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5338:. It contains ancient cave paintings depicting warriors, animals and more. It is best known as a breeding area for parrots, thousands of which leave the area at once at dawn and return at dusk. The state as its Museo Regional de Antropologia e Historia located in Tuxtla Gutiérrez focusing on the pre Hispanic peoples of the state with a room dedicated to its history from the colonial period.
4998:. Evangelization focused on grouping indigenous peoples into communities centered on a church. This bishop not only graciously evangelized the people in their own language, he worked to introduce many of the crafts still practiced today. While still a majority, only 53.9% percent of Chiapas residents profess the Catholic faith as of 2020, compared to 78.6% of the total national population.
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1683:' social and economic policies including persecution of the Catholic Church. These policies would have some success in redistributing lands and organizing indigenous workers but the state would remain relatively isolated for the rest of the 20th century. The territory was reorganized into municipalities in 1916. The current state constitution was written in 1921.
4465:, most of which is cloth woven on a backstrap loom. Indigenous girls often learn how to sew and embroider before they learn how to speak Spanish. They are also taught how to make natural dyes from insects, and weaving techniques. Many of the items produced are still for day-to-day use, often dyed in bright colors with intricate embroidery. They include skirts, belts,
1892:, actively supported the rebels. These factors encouraged the rebellion to go national. Many blamed the unrest on infiltration of leftists among the large Central American refugee population in Chiapas, and the rebellion opened up splits in the countryside between those supporting and opposing the EZLN. Zapatista sympathizers have included mostly Protestants and
1560:, bolstered by a wave of Spanish and mestizo farmers who migrated to the state and added to the elite group of wealthy landowning families. There was some technological progress such as a highway from San Cristóbal to the Oaxaca border and the first telephone line in the 1880s, but Porfirian era economic reforms would not begin until 1891 with Governor
1695:. The Cristobal Colon highway linked Tuxtla to the Guatemalan border. Other highways included El Escopetazo to Pichucalco, a highway between San Cristóbal and Palenque with branches to Cuxtepeques and La Frailesca. This helped to integrate the state's economy, but it also permitted the political rise of communal land owners called ejidatarios.
4957:, originally the name for a fermented corn dough. This dough has its origins in the pre-Hispanic period. To make the beverage, the dough is dissolved in water and usually flavored with cocoa and sugar, but sometimes it is left to ferment further. It is then served very cold with much ice. Taxcalate is a drink made from a powder of toasted corn,
1639:(hook), where recruiters would lure workers with advanced pay and other incentives such as alcohol and then trap them with debts for travel and other items to be worked off. This practice would lead to a kind of indentured servitude and uprisings in areas of the state, although they never led to large rebel armies as in other parts of Mexico.
1960:, as much of the Lacandon Jungle had been destroyed or severely damaged. While armed resistance has wound down, the Zapatistas have remained a strong political force, especially around San Cristóbal and the Lacandon Jungle, its traditional bases. Since the Accords, they have shifted focus in gaining autonomy for the communities they control.
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Most of the political struggles were between the last two groups especially over who would control the indigenous labor force. Economically, the state lost one of its main crops, indigo, to synthetic dyes. There was a small experiment with democracy in the form of "open city councils" but it was short-lived because voting was heavily rigged.
1972:. Environmental groups state that the settlements pose grave risks to what remains of the Lacandon, while the Zapatistas accuse them of being fronts for the government, which wants to open the rainforest up to multinational corporations. Added to this is the possibility that significant oil and gas deposits exist under this area.
4845:, both from prominent Chiapan families. The first was a merchant and diplomat and the second was a teacher, diplomat, theatre director and the director of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista. Jaime Sabines is widely regarded as Mexico's most influential contemporary poet. His work celebrates everyday people in common settings.
4071:, a carrying sack and a hat. The fundamental economic activity of the Ch’ols is agriculture. They primarily cultivate corn and beans, as well as sugar cane, rice, coffee, and some fruits. They have Catholic beliefs strongly influenced by native ones. Harvests are celebrated on the Feast of Saint Rose on 30 August.
4223:, lags behind the rest of the country in almost all socioeconomic indicators. As of 2005, there were 889,420 residential units; 71% had running water, 77.3% sewerage, and 93.6% electricity. Construction of these units varies from modern construction of block and concrete to those constructed of wood and laminate.
3691:. These are the descendants of slaves brought to the state in the 16th century. There are also those with predominantly European features who are the descendants of the original Spanish colonizers as well as later immigrants to Mexico. The latter mostly came at the end of the 19th and early 20th century under the
1770:, were in the midst of violent political turmoil. The Chiapas/Guatemala border had been relatively porous with people traveling back and forth easily in the 19th and 20th centuries, much like the Mexico/U.S. border around the same time. This is in spite of tensions caused by Mexico's annexation of the
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The city of Bonampak features some of the finest remaining Maya murals. The realistically rendered paintings depict human sacrifices, musicians and scenes of the royal court. In fact the name means “painted murals.” It is centered on a large plaza and has a stairway that leads to the Acropolis. There
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The churches and former monasteries of Santo Domingo, La Merced and San Francisco have ornamentation similar to that of the cathedral. The main structures in Chiapa de Corzo are the Santo Domingo monastery and the La Pila fountain. Santo Domingo has indigenous decorative details such as double headed
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designs. It is centered on a main plaza surrounded by the cathedral, the municipal palace, the Portales commercial area and the San Nicolás church. In addition, it has museums dedicated to the state's indigenous cultures, one to amber and one to jade, both of which have been mined in the state. Other
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Ranching occupies about three million hectares of natural and induced pasture, with about 52% of all pasture induced. Most livestock is done by families using traditional methods. Most important are meat and dairy cattle, followed by pigs and domestic fowl. These three account for 93% of the value of
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to the population. The Kanjobal mainly live along the border between Chiapas and Guatemala, with almost 5,800 speakers of the language tallied in the 2000 census. It is believed that a significant number of these Kanjobal-speakers may have been born in Guatemala and immigrated to Chiapas, maintaining
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having been ranked above it between 1930 and the present. These indigenous peoples have been historically resistant to assimilation into the broader Mexican society, with it best seen in the retention rates of indigenous languages and the historic demands for autonomy over geographic areas as well as
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Chiapas is located in the tropical belt of the planet, but the climate is moderated in many areas by altitude. For this reason, there are hot, semi-hot, temperate and even cold climates. Some areas have abundant rainfall year-round and others receive most of their rain between May and October, with a
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indigenous peoples along with mestizos, Guatemalan refugees and others. Most of these migrants are peasant farmers, who cut forest to plant crops. However, the soil of this area cannot support annual crop farming for more than three or four harvests. The increase in population and the need to move on
1967:
has significantly increased, involving illegal settlements and cutting in the protected biosphere reserve. The Zapatistas support these actions as part of indigenous rights, but that has put them in conflict with international environmental groups and with the indigenous inhabitants of the rainforest
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plotted to kill the new mestizos in their midst, but this plan was discovered, and was punished by the removal of large number of the community's male members. The changing social order had severe negative effects on the indigenous population with alcoholism spreading, leading to more debts as it was
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spanning the temple doorways. Over 120 inscriptions have been identified on the various monuments from the site. The major groups are the Central Acropolis, the West Acropolis and the South Acropolis. The South Acropolis occupies the highest part of the site. The site is aligned with relation to the
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Yaxchilan flourished in the 8th and 9th centuries. The site contains impressive ruins, with palaces and temples bordering a large plaza upon a terrace above the Usumacinta River. The architectural remains extend across the higher terraces and the hills to the south of the river, overlooking both the
5024:
The growing number of Protestants, Evangelicals and Word of God Catholics challenging traditional authority has caused religious strife in a number of indigenous communities. Tensions have been strong, at times, especially in rural areas such as San Juan Chamula. Tension among the groups reached its
5013:
attracted a large number of converts, with percentages of Protestants in the state rising from five percent in 1970 to twenty-one percent in 2000. This shift has had a political component as well, with those making the switch tending to identify across ethnic boundaries, especially across indigenous
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San Cristóbal de las Casas and San Juan Chamula maintain a strong indigenous identity. On market day, many indigenous people from rural areas come into San Cristóbal to buy and sell mostly items for everyday use such as fruit, vegetables, animals, cloth, consumer goods and tools. San Juan Chamula is
3641:
As of 2010, the population is 4,796,580, the eighth most populous state in Mexico. The 20th century saw large population growth in Chiapas. From fewer than one million inhabitants in 1940, the state had about two million in 1980, and over 4 million in 2005. Overcrowded land in the highlands was
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Chiapas's rainforests are home to thousands of animals and plants, some of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Natural vegetation varies from lowland to highland tropical forest, pine and oak forests in the highest altitudes and plains area with some grassland. Chiapas is ranked second
1845:
character. However, the movement was an economic one as well. Although the area has extensive resources, much of the local population of the state, especially in rural areas, did not benefit from this bounty. In the 1990s, two thirds of the state's residents did not have sewage service, only a third
1721:
awarded a land grant to the town of Venustiano Carranza in 1967, but that land was already being used by cattle-ranchers who refused to leave. The peasants tried to take over the land anyway, but when violence broke out, they were forcibly removed. In Chiapas poor farmland and severe poverty afflict
1686:
There was political stability from the 1940s to the early 1970s; however, regionalism regained with people thinking of themselves as from their local city or municipality over the state. This regionalism impeded the economy as local authorities restrained outside goods. For this reason, construction
1455:
In the decades after the official end of the war, the provinces of Chiapas and Soconusco unified, with power concentrated in San Cristóbal de las Casas. The state's society evolved into three distinct spheres: indigenous peoples, mestizos from the farms and haciendas and the Spanish colonial cities.
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From the colonial period Chiapas was relatively isolated from the colonial authorities in Mexico City and regional authorities in Guatemala. One reason for this was the rugged terrain. Another was that much of Chiapas was not attractive to the Spanish. It lacked mineral wealth, large areas of arable
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Some indigenous people mix Christianity with Indian beliefs. One particular area where this is strong is the central highlands in small communities such as San Juan Chamula. In one church in San Cristobal, Mayan rites including the sacrifice of animals is permitted inside the church to ask for good
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usually served in a sauce. Pepita con tasajo is a common dish at festivals especially in Chiapa de Corzo. It consists of a squash seed based sauced over reconstituted and shredded dried beef. As a cattle raising area, beef dishes in Palenque are particularly good. Pux-Xaxé is a stew with beef organ
4473:
and shoulder wraps called chals. Designs are in red, yellow, turquoise blue, purple, pink, green and various pastels and decorated with designs such as flowers, butterflies, and birds, all based on local flora and fauna. Commercially, indigenous textiles are most often found in San Cristóbal de las
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Forestry is mostly based on conifers and common tropical species producing 186,858 m per year at a value of 54,511,000 pesos. Exploited non-wood species include the Camedor palm tree for its fronds. The fishing industry is underdeveloped but includes the capture of wild species as well as fish
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municipality as local land did not produce sufficiently to support families. In the 1970s, cuts in the price of corn forced many large landowners to convert their fields into pasture for cattle, displacing many hired laborers, cattle required less work. These agricultural laborers began to work for
4243:
Although until the 1960s, many indigenous communities were considered by scholars to be autonomous and economically isolated, this was never the case. Economic conditions began forcing many to migrate to work, especially in agriculture for non-indigenous. However, unlike many other migrant workers,
3926:
The state's rich indigenous tradition along with its associated political uprisings, especially that of 1994, has great interest from other parts of Mexico and abroad. It has been especially appealing to a variety of academics including many anthropologists, archeologists, historians, psychologists
2490:
is one of the last major tropical rainforests in the northern hemisphere with an extension of 600,000 ha (1,500,000 acres). It contains about sixty percent of Mexico's tropical tree species, 3,500 species of plants, 1,157 species of invertebrates and over 500 of vertebrate species. Chiapas has
1930:
Despite this, the armed conflict was brief, mostly because the Zapatistas, unlike many other guerilla movements, did not try to gain traditional political power. It focused more on trying to manipulate public opinion in order to obtain concessions from the government. This has linked the Zapatistas
1885:
Although it has been estimated as having no more than 300 armed guerrilla members, the EZLN paralyzed the Mexican government, which balked at the political risks of direct confrontation. The major reason for this was that the rebellion caught the attention of the national and world press, as Marcos
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These still required cheap and steady labor to be provided by the indigenous population. By the end of the 19th century, the four main indigenous groups, Tzeltals, Tzotzils, Tojolabals and Ch’ols were living in "reducciones" or reservations, isolated from one another. Conditions on the farms of the
1494:
in order to sell them into private hands. This was not only motivated by ideology, but also due to the need to raise money. However, many of these lands had been in a kind of "trust" with the local indigenous populations, who worked them. Liberal reforms took away this arrangement and many of these
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Tourism brings large numbers of visitors to the state each year. Most of Chiapas's tourism is based on its culture, colonial cities and ecology. The state has a total of 491 ranked hotels with 12,122 rooms. There are also 780 other establishments catering primarily to tourism, such as services and
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Coffee is the state's most important cash crop with a history from the 19th century. The crop was introduced in 1846 by Jeronimo Manchinelli who brought 1,500 seedlings from Guatemala on his farm La Chacara. This was followed by a number of other farms as well. Coffee production intensified during
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Because of its high rate of economic marginalization, more people migrate from Chiapas than migrate to it. Most of its socioeconomic indicators are the lowest in the country including income, education, health and housing. It has a significantly higher percentage of illiteracy than the rest of the
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The Totolabals are estimated at 35,000 in the highlands. According to oral tradition, the Tojolabales came north from Guatemala. The largest community is Ingeniero González de León in the La Cañada region, an hour outside the municipal seat of Las Margaritas. Tojolabales are also found in Comitán,
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Tzotzil speakers number just slightly less than theTzeltals at 226,000, although those of the ethnicity are probably higher. Tzotzils are found in the highlands or Los Altos and spread out towards the northeast near the border with Tabasco. However, Tzotzil communities can be found in almost every
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Clothing, especially women's clothing, varies by indigenous group. For example, women in Ocosingo tend to wear a blouse with a round collar embroidered with flowers and a black skirt decorated with ribbons and tied with a cloth belt. The Lacandon people tend to wear a simple white tunic. They also
2164:
The Central Depression is in the center of the state. It is an extensive semi flat area bordered by the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Central Highlands and the Northern Mountains. Within the depression there are a number of distinct valleys. The climate here can be very hot and humid in the summer,
1716:
with the populations of Altamirano, Las Margaritas, Ocosingo and Palenque rising from less than 11,000 in 1920 to over 376,000 in 2000. These migrants came to the jungle area to clear forest and grow crops and raise livestock, especially cattle. Economic development in general raised the output of
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Although the Liberals had mostly triumphed in the state and the rest of the country by the 1860s, Conservatives still held considerable power in Chiapas. Liberal politicians sought to solidify their power among the indigenous groups by weakening the Roman Catholic Church. The more radical of these
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The state has approximately 22,517 km (13,991 mi) of highway with 10,857 federally maintained and 11,660 maintained by the state. Almost all of these kilometers are paved. Major highways include the Las Choapas-Raudales-Ocozocoautla, which links the state to Oaxaca, Veracruz, Puebla and
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The average number of years of schooling is 6.7, which is the beginning of middle school, compared to the Mexico average of 8.6. 16.5% have no schooling at all, 59.6% have only primary school/secondary school, 13.7% finish high school or technical school and 9.8% go to university. Eighteen out of
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sauce. In Chiapa de Corzo, their version is cochito horneado, which is a roast suckling pig flavored with adobo. Seafood is a strong component in many dishes along the coast. Turula is dried shrimp with tomatoes. Sausages, ham and other cold cuts are most often made and consumed in the highlands.
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to use in the decoration of wooden and other items goes back to the colonial period. The best-known area for this type of work, called "laca" is Chiapa de Corzo, which has a museum dedicated to it. One reason this type of decoration became popular in the state was that it protected items from the
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and Amatenango in the southeastern Sierra Madre of Chiapas. The Mame language is one of the most ancient Mayan languages with 5,450 Mame speakers were tallied in Chiapas in the 2000 census. These people first migrated to the border region between Chiapas and Guatemala at the end of the nineteenth
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Chiapas has about thirty percent of Mexico's fresh water resources. The Sierra Madre divides them into those that flow to the Pacific and those that flow to the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the first are short rivers and streams; most longer ones flow to the Gulf. Most Pacific side rivers do not drain
1946:
As of the first decade of the 2000s the Zapatista movement remained popular in many indigenous communities. The uprising gave indigenous peoples a more active role in the state's politics. However, it did not solve the economic issues that many peasant farmers face, especially the lack of land to
1840:
in the 1990s. Although the Zapatista movement couched its demands and cast its role in response to contemporary issues, especially in its opposition to neoliberalism, it operates in the tradition of a long line of peasant and indigenous uprisings that have occurred in the state since the colonial
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This led to the arrest of Checheb and Cuzcat in December 1868. This caused resentment among the Tzotzils. Although the Liberals had earlier supported the cult, Liberal landowners had also lost control of much of their Indian labor and Liberal politicians were having a harder time collecting taxes
1527:
was a girl tending her father's sheep when three stones fell from the sky. Collecting them, she put them on her father's altar and soon claimed that the stone communicated with her. Word of this soon spread and the "talking stones" of Tzajahemel soon became a local indigenous pilgrimage site. The
1451:
occupied the area, and declared it reincorporated into Mexico. Elites of the area would not accept this until 1844. Guatemala would not recognize Mexico's annexation of the Soconusco region until 1895, even though the border between Chiapas and Guatemala had been agreed upon in 1882. The State of
1442:
decreed that Chiapas was part of Mexico. In 1823, the Junta General de Gobierno was held and Chiapas declared independence again. In July 1824, the Soconusco District of southwestern Chiapas split off from Chiapas, announcing that it would join the Central American Federation. In September of the
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are a major part of the diet and often include chipilín mixed into the dough and hoja santa, within the tamale itself or used to wrap it. One tamale native to the state is the "picte", a fresh sweet corn tamale. Tamales juacanes are filled with a mixture of black beans, dried shrimp, and pumpkin
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The Zoques are found in 3,000 square kilometers the center and west of the state scattered among hundreds of communities. These were one of the first native peoples of Chiapas, with archeological ruins tied to them dating back as far as 3500 BCE. Their language is not Mayan but rather related to
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The Gulf Coast Plains (Llanura Costera del Golfo) stretch into Chiapas from the state of Tabasco, which gives it the alternate name of the Tabasqueña Plains. These plains are found only in the extreme north of the state. The terrain is flat and prone to flooding during the rainy season as it was
2172:
The Central Highlands, also referred to as Los Altos, are mountains oriented from northwest to southeast with altitudes ranging from one thousand two hundred to one thousand six hundred m (3,900 to 5,200 ft) above sea level. The western highlands are displaced faults, while the eastern
1985:
However, Chiapas remains one of the poorest states in Mexico. Ninety-four of its 111 municipalities have a large percentage of the population living in poverty. In areas such as Ocosingo, Altamirano and Las Margaritas, the towns where the Zapatistas first came into prominence in 1994, 48% of the
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region. One reason for this push in this area was that Mexico was still working to strengthen its claim on the area against Guatemala's claims on the region. The land reforms brought colonists from other areas of the country as well as foreigners from England, the United States and France. These
1320:
and beans. Livestock such as cattle, horses and sheep were introduced as well. Regions would specialize in certain crops and animals depending on local conditions and for many of these regions, communication and travel were difficult. Most Europeans and their descendants tended to concentrate in
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There are an estimated 1.4 million students in the state from preschool on up. The state has about 61,000 teachers and just over 17,000 centers of educations. Preschool and primary schools are divided into modalities called general, indigenous, private and community educations sponsored by
5219:
reliefs the Mayans ever produced. The history of the Palenque site begins in 431 with its height under Pakal I (615–683), Chan-Bahlum II (684–702) and Kan-Xul who reigned between 702 and 721. However, the power of Palenque would be lost by the end of the century. Pakal's tomb was not discovered
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sites, which can best be seen in the detailed sculpting and novel construction techniques, including structures of four stories in height. Mayan sites are not only noted for large numbers of structures, but also for glyphs, other inscriptions, and artwork that has provided a relatively complete
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used to transport water and other liquids. Many pieces created from this clay are ornamental as well as traditional pieces for everyday use such as comals, dishes, storage containers and flowerpots. All pieces here are made by hand using techniques that go back centuries. Other communities that
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had negative effects on the economy, particularly by lowering prices for agricultural products. It made the southern states of Mexico poorer in comparison to those in the north, with over 90% of the poorest municipalities in the south of the country. As of 2006, 31.8% work in communal services,
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in the 1990s, there has been inter-indigenous conflict as well. Much of this has been based on religion, pitting those of the traditional Catholic/indigenous beliefs who support the traditional power structure against Protestants, Evangelicals and Word of God Catholics (directly allied with the
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in 1946. Through that alliance, they could block land reform in this way as well. The Mapaches were first defeated in 1925 when an alliance of socialists and former Carranza loyalists had Carlos A. Vidal selected as governor, although he was assassinated two years later. The last of the Mapache
998:
grows." After the Spanish arrived (1522), they established two cities called Chiapas de los Indios and Chiapas de los Españoles (1528), with the name of Provincia de Chiapas for the area around the cities. The first coat of arms of the region dates from 1535 as that of the Ciudad Real
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The main colonial structures are the cathedral and Santo Domingo church of San Cristóbal, the Santo Domingo monastery and La Pila in Chiapa de Corzo. The San Cristóbal cathedral has a Baroque facade that was begun in the 16th century but by the time it was finished in the 17th, it had a mix of
1981:
and other commonly-owned land. There have been some other gains economically as well. In the last decades of the 20th century, Chiapas's traditional agricultural economy has diversified somewhat with the construction of more roads and better infrastructure by the federal and state governments.
1114:
Mayan civilization in the Lacandon area is marked by rising exploitation of rain forest resources, rigid social stratification, fervent local identity, waging war against neighboring peoples. At its height, it had large cities, a writing system, and development of scientific knowledge, such as
4809:
murals to have been preserved for over 1500 years. In general, Mayan artwork stands out for its precise depiction of faces and its narrative form. Indigenous forms derive from this background and continue into the colonial period with the use of indigenous color schemes in churches and modern
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is located in the interior of the Lacandon Jungle and a major Lacandon people community. It has some activities associated with ecotourism such as mountain biking, hiking and cabins. The Grutas de Rancho Nuevo Ecotourism Center is centered on a set of caves in which appear capricious forms of
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and Reforma in the north of the state with 116 wells accounting for about 6.5% of the country's oil production. It also provides about a quarter of the country's natural gas. This production equals 6,313.6 m (222,960 cu ft) of natural gas and 17,565,000 barrels of oil per year.
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and local lore states that the gods resided here when they lived on Earth. They inhabit about a million hectares of rainforest but from the 16th century to the present, migrants have taken over the area, most of which are indigenous from other areas of Chiapas. This dramatically altered their
3952:'s dominance to visit here during election campaigns and dress in indigenous clothing and carry a carved walking stick, a traditional sign of power. Relations between the indigenous ethnic groups is complicated. While there has been inter-ethnic political activism such as that promoted by the
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for refinement into biodiesel and ethanol for automobile fuel. The raising of livestock, particularly chicken and turkey and to a lesser extent beef and farmed fish is also a major economic activity. Many indigenous people, in particular the Maya, are employed in the production of traditional
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to the east. It has a territory of 74,415 km, the eighth largest state in Mexico. The state consists of 118 municipalities organized into nine political regions called Center, Altos, Fronteriza, Frailesca, Norte, Selva, Sierra, Soconusco and Istmo-Costa. There are 18 cities, twelve towns
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alone. The Mexican government resisted direct international intervention in the camps, but eventually relented somewhat because of finances. By 1984, there were 92 camps with 46,000 refugees in Chiapas, concentrated in three areas, mostly near the Guatemalan border. To make matters worse, the
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The opening up of these lands also allowed many whites and mestizos (often called Ladinos in Chiapas) to encroach on what had been exclusively indigenous communities in the state. These communities had had almost no contact with the Ladino world, except for a priest. The new Ladino landowners
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The state's abundant rivers and streams have been dammed to provide about fifty-five percent of the country's hydroelectric energy. Much of this is sent to other states accounting for over six percent of all of Mexico's energy output. Main power stations are located at Malpaso, La Angostura,
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Although most indigenous language speakers are bilingual, especially in the younger generations, many of these languages have shown resilience. Four of Chiapas's indigenous languages, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tojolabal and Chol, are high-vitality languages, meaning that a high percentage of these
4945:
Cheese making is important, especially in the municipalities of Ocosingo, Rayon and Pijijiapan. Ocosingo has its own self-named variety, which is shipped to restaurants and gourmet shops in various parts of the country. Regional sweets include crystallized fruit, coconut candies, flan and
1658:(Workers' Law) to address injustices against the state's mostly indigenous workers. Conservatives responded violently months later when they were certain the Carranza forces would take their lands. This was mostly by way of guerrilla actions headed by farm owners who called themselves the
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at 4,060 m (13,320 ft) above sea level. In accordance with an 1882 treaty, the dividing line between Mexico and Guatemala goes right over the summit of this volcano. The climate is tropical, with a number of rivers and evergreen forests in the mountains. This is Chiapas's major
2364:
government, which the government later nationalized. However, this nationalization and conversion into a reserve has made it one of the most contested lands in Chiapas, with the already existing ejidos and other settlements within the park along with new arrivals squatting on the land.
4741:
Architecture in the state begins with the archeological sites of the Mayans and other groups who established color schemes and other details that echo in later structures. After the Spanish subdued the area, the building of Spanish style cities began, especially in the highland areas.
2579:, with both part of the same system. The Grijalva has four dams built on it the Belisario Dominguez (La Angostura); Manuel Moreno Torres (Chicoasén); Nezahualcóyotl (Malpaso); and Angel Albino Corzo (Peñitas). The Usumacinta divides the state from Guatemala and is the longest river in
1532:, who also claimed to be able to communicate with the stones, and had knowledge of Catholic ritual, becoming a kind of priest. However, this challenged the traditional Catholic faith and non Indians began to denounce the cult. Stories about the cult include embellishments such as the
2551:, with many species in danger of extinction or endangered as they are endemic only to this area. The total biodiversity of the state is estimated at over 50,000 species of plants and animals. The diversity of species is not limited to the hot lowlands. The higher altitudes also have
1590:
to Mexico began in 1897 when the first thirty five migrants arrived in Chiapas to work on coffee farms, so that Mexico was the first Latin American country to receive organized Japanese immigration. Although this colony ultimately failed, there remains a small Japanese community in
4457:
and several types of clay and animals for the production of leather, dyes from various insects used to create the colors associated with the region. Items include various types of handcrafted clothing, dishes, jars, furniture, roof tiles, toys, musical instruments, tools and more.
1504:
expensive. The struggles between Conservatives and Liberals nationally disrupted commerce and confused power relations between Indian communities and Ladino authorities. It also resulted in some brief respites for Indians during times when the instability led to uncollected taxes.
1443:
same year, a referendum was held on whether the intendencia would join Central America or Mexico, with many of the elite endorsing union with Mexico. This referendum ended in favor of incorporation with Mexico (allegedly through manipulation of the elite in the highlands), but the
1435:, which united to form a federal republic that would last from 1823 to 1839. With the exception of the pro-Mexican Ciudad Real (San Cristóbal) and some others, many Chiapanecan towns and villages favored a Chiapas independent of Mexico and some favored unification with Guatemala.
1835:
by the Mexican federal government clashed with the leftist political ideals of these groups, notably as the reforms were believed to have begun to have negative economic effects on poor farmers, especially small-scale indigenous coffee-growers. Opposition would coalesce into the
1881:
and three others. They read their proclamation of revolt to the world and then laid siege to a nearby military base, capturing weapons and releasing many prisoners from the jails. This action followed previous protests in the state in opposition to neoliberal economic policies.
4757:, and this was incorporated into the colonial architecture of Chiapas, especially in structures dating from the 16th to 18th centuries. However, there are a number of architectural styles and influences present in Chiapas colonial structures, including colors and patterns from
8684:
2423:. Most producers are small with plots of land under five ha (12 acres). From November to January, the annual crop is harvested and processed employing thousands of seasonal workers. Lately, a number of coffee haciendas have been developing tourism infrastructure as well.
1564:. This governor took on the local and regional caciques and centralized power into the state capital, which he moved from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Tuxtla in 1892. He modernized public administration, transportation and promoted education. Rabasa also introduced the
4360:
production. Annual milk production in Chiapas totals about 180 million liters per year. The state's cattle production, along with timber from the Lacandon Jungle and energy output gives it a certain amount of economic clouts compared to other states in the region.
4323:
region. Since then coffee production has grown and diversified to include large plantations, the use and free and forced labor and a significant sector of small producers. While most coffee is grown in the Soconusco, other areas grow it, including the municipalities of
1419:, it was unclear what new political arrangements would emerge. The isolation of Chiapas from centers of power, along with the strong internal divisions in the intendencia caused a political crisis after the royal government collapsed in Mexico City in 1821, ending the
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every 100 people 15 years or older cannot read or write, compared to 7/100 nationally. Most of Chiapas's illiterate population are indigenous women, who are often prevented from going to school. School absenteeism and dropout rates are highest among indigenous girls.
2217:
system for Mexico is humid temperate C(m) and subhumid temperate C (w 2 ) (w). This climate exhibits a summer rainy season and a dry winter, with possibilities of frost from December to March. The Central Highlands have been the population center of Chiapas since the
2233:
The Eastern Mountains (Montañas del Oriente) are in the east of the state, formed by various parallel mountain chains mostly made of limestone and sandstone. Its altitude varies from 500 to 1,500 m (1,600 to 4,900 ft). This area receives moisture from the
4639:
The Colonial Route is mostly in the central highlands with a significant number of churches, monasteries and other structures from the colonial period along with some from the 19th century and even into the early 20th. The most important city on this route is
4026:
and Lacandon. Men dress in short pants tied with a red cotton belt and a shirt that hangs down to their knees. They also wear leather huaraches and a hat decorated with ribbons. The women wear a red or blue skirt, a short huipil as a blouse, and use a chal or
2398:
feathers used by the nobility. It would become the first area to produce coffee, introduced by an Italian entrepreneur on the La Chacara farm. Coffee is cultivated on the slopes of these mountains mostly between 600 and 1,200 m (2,000 and 3,900 ft)
1687:
of highways and communications were pushed to help with economic development. Most of the work was done around Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Tapachula. This included the Sureste railroad connecting northern municipalities such as Pichucalco, Salto de Agua, Palenque,
1206:
sent tax collectors to the area after Aztec Empire was subdued. The first military incursion was headed by Luis Marín, who arrived in 1523. After three years, Marín was able to subjugate a number of the local peoples, but met with fierce resistance from the
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in Mexico. It integrated older schools such as the Escuela de Derecho (Law School), which originated in 1679; the Escuela de Ingeniería Civil (School of Civil Engineering), founded in 1966; and the Escuela de Comercio y Administración, which was located in
2799:
is centered on the archaeological site of the same name and was decreed in 1981. It is located in the municipality of Palenque where the Northern Mountains meet the Gulf Coast Plain. It extends over 1,381 ha (3,410 acres) of tropical rainforest. The
1292:. However, the use and misuse of Indian labor remained a large part of Chiapas politics into modern times. Maltreatment and tribute payments created an undercurrent of resentment in the indigenous population that passed on from generation to generation.
1947:
cultivate. This problem has been at crisis proportions since the 1970s, and the government's reaction has been to encourage peasant farmers—mostly indigenous—to migrate into the sparsely populated Lacandon Jungle, a trend since earlier in the century.
1956:, or communal land-holding organizations. These migrants included Tzeltals, Tojolabals, Ch'ols and mestizos, mostly farming corn and beans and raising livestock. However, the government changed policies in the late 1980s with the establishment of the
1711:
In the mid-20th century, the state experienced a significant rise in population, which outstripped local resources, especially land in the highland areas. Since the 1930s, many indigenous and mestizos have migrated from the highland areas into the
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social services and personal services. 18.4% work in financial services, insurance and real estate, 10.7% work in commerce, restaurants and hotels, 9.8% work in construction, 8.9% in utilities, 7.8% in transportation, 3.4% in industry (excluding
4542:
constant humidity of the climate. Much of the laca in Chiapa de Corzo is made in the traditional way with natural pigments and sands to cover gourds, dipping spoons, chests, niches and furniture. It is also used to create the Parachicos masks.
1544:. The indigenous force was quickly dispersed and routed with government troops pursuing pockets of guerrilla resistance in the mountains until 1870. The event effectively returned control of the indigenous workforce back to the highland elite.
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Chiapas is rich in petroleum reserves. Oil production began during the 1980s and Chiapas has become the fourth largest producer of crude oil and natural gas among the Mexican states. Many reserves are yet untapped, but between 1984 and 1992,
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the government on infrastructure projects financed by oil revenue. It is estimated that in the 1980s to 1990s as many as 100,000 indigenous people moved from the mountain areas into cities in Chiapas, with some moving out of the state to
2272:
The Lacandon Jungle is situated in north eastern Chiapas, centered on a series of canyonlike valleys called the Cañadas, between smaller mountain ridges oriented from northwest to southeast. The ecosystem covers an area of approximately
1163:
appeared in the center of the state around Chiapa de Corza in the 15th century, but were unable to displace the native Chiapa tribe. However, they had enough influence so that the name of this area and of the state would come from
3940:
clothing, fabrics, textiles, wood items, artworks and traditional goods such as jade and amber works. Tourism has provided a number of a these communities with markets for their handcrafts and works, some of which are very profitable.
1296:
against high tribute payments occurred in the Tzeltal communities in the Los Alto region in 1712. Soon, the Tzoltzils and Ch'ols joined the Tzeltales in rebellion, but within a year the government was able to extinguish the rebellion.
8688:
5272:’ (an Ancient Maya kingdom) now named Lacanja Tzeltal, was revealed by researchers led by associate anthropology professor Charles Golden and bioarchaeologist Andrew Scherer in the Chiapas in the backyard of a Mexican farmer in 2020.
1512:
foreign immigrants would introduce coffee production to the areas, as well as modern machinery and professional administration of coffee plantations. Eventually, this production of coffee would become the state's most important crop.
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Most Indigenous communities have economies based primarily on traditional agriculture such as the cultivation and processing of corn, beans and coffee as a cash crop and in the last decade, many have begun producing sugarcane and
2141:, which rises 4,093 m (13,428 ft) above sea level. Most of these mountains are volcanic in origin although the nucleus is metamorphic rock. It has a wide range of climates but little arable land. It is mostly covered in
1778:
The arrival of thousands of refugees from Central America stressed Mexico's relationship with Guatemala, at one point coming close to war as well as a politically destabilized Chiapas. Although Mexico is not a signatory to the UN
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organization. One reason for the Church's efforts to reach out to the indigenous population was that starting in the 1970s, a shift began from traditional Catholic affiliation to Protestant, Evangelical and other Christian sects.
5264:
with its main features being the Casa de Piedra (House of Stone) and Acropolis. The latter is a series of seven platforms with various temples and steles. This site was a ceremonial center that flourished between 600 and 900 CE.
4520:
Wood crafts in the state center on furniture, brightly painted sculptures and toys. The Tzotzils of San Juan de Chamula are known for their sculptures as well as for their sturdy furniture. Sculptures are made from woods such as
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Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishing employ over 53% of the state's population; however, its productivity is considered to be low. Agriculture includes both seasonal and perennial plants. Major crops include corn, beans,
2456:
dry season from November to April. The mountain areas affect wind and moisture flow over the state, concentrating moisture in certain areas of the state. They also are responsible for some cloud-covered rainforest areas in the
5323:. These sites contain numerous embankments and foundations that once lay beneath pyramids and other buildings. Some of these buildings have disappeared and others have been covered by jungle for about 3,000 years, unexplored.
4227:
country, although that situation has improved since the 1970s when over 45% were illiterate and 1980s, about 32%. The tropical climate presents health challenges, with most illnesses related to the gastro-intestinal tract and
1366:
in 1790 as an administrative region under the name of Chiapas. However, within this intendencia, the division between Chiapas and Soconusco regions would remain strong and have consequences at the end of the colonial period.
4926:
In addition to meat dishes, there is chirmol, a cooked tomato sauced flavored with chili pepper, onion and cilantro and zats, butterfly caterpillars from the Altos de Chiapas that are boiled in salted water, then sautéed in
4318:
and the Europeans who came to own many of the large farms in the area. By 1892, there were 22 coffee farms in the region, among them Nueva Alemania, Hamburgo, Chiripa, Irlanda, Argovia, San Francisco, and Linda Vista in the
1669:
The Mapaches continued to fight against socialists and communists in Mexico from 1920 to 1936, to maintain their control over the state. In general, elite landowners also allied with the nationally dominant party founded by
1774:
region in the 19th century. The border between Mexico and Guatemala had been traditionally poorly guarded, due to diplomatic considerations, lack of resources and pressure from landowners who need cheap labor sources.
5365:(UNACH). It was begun when an organization to establish a state level institution was formed in 1965, with the university itself opening its doors ten years later in 1975. The university project was partially supported by
1846:
had electricity and half did not have potable water. Over half of the schools offered education only to the third grade and most pupils dropped out by the end of first grade. Grievances, strongest in the San Cristóbal and
4117:
The Lacandons are one of the smallest native indigenous groups of the state with a population estimated between 600 and 1,000. They are mostly located in the communities of Lacanjá Chansayab, Najá, and Mensabak in the
1095:(300–900 CE). Development of this culture was agricultural villages during the pre-Classic period with city building during the Classic as social stratification became more complex. The Mayans built cities on the
4152:
and Belisario Dominguez. The name "Mochó" comes from a response many gave the Spanish whom they could not understand and means "I don't know." This community is in the process of disappearing as their numbers shrink.
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one of the greatest diversities in wildlife in the Americas. There are more than 100 species of amphibians, 700 species of birds, fifty of mammals and just over 200 species of reptiles. In the hot lowlands, there are
3810:
12 of Mexico's officially recognized native peoples living in the state have conserved their language, customs, history, dress and traditions to a significant degree. The primary groups include the Tzeltal, Tzotzil,
1896:
Catholics, opposing those "traditionalist" Catholics who practiced a syncretic form of Catholicism and indigenous beliefs. This split had existed in Chiapas since the 1970s, with the latter group supported by the
4681:
to see such features such as caves (La Cueva del Hombre, La Cueva del Silencio) and the Christmas Tree, which is a rock and plant formation on the side of one of the canyon walls created by a seasonal waterfall.
1750:. This congress was the first of its kind with the goal of uniting the indigenous peoples politically. These efforts were also supported by leftist organizations from outside Mexico, especially to form unions of
2603:
and it is surrounded by rainforest. Fishing on this lake is an ancient tradition and the lake has an annual bass fishing tournament. The Welib Já Waterfall is located on the road between Palenque and Bonampak.
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winning a battle with the passing of a law in 1542 for their protection. This order also worked to make sure that communities would keep their indigenous name with a saint's prefix leading to names such as
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and more. Other wooden items include masks, cooking utensils, and tools. One famous toy is the "muñecos zapatistas" (Zapatista dolls), which are based on the revolutionary group that emerged in the 1990s.
1729:
These events began to lead to political crises in the 1970s, with more frequent land invasions and takeovers of municipal halls. This was the beginning of a process that would lead to the emergence of the
4143:
on the Guatemalan border. According to anthropologists, these people are an "urban" ethnicity as they are mostly found in the neighborhoods of the municipal seat. Other communities can be found near the
1151:
feathers. It is not known what ended the civilization but theories range from over population size, natural disasters, disease, and loss of natural resources through over exploitation or climate change.
5171:
traveled though the sites in Chiapas and other Mayan areas and published their writings and illustrations. This led to serious work on the culture including the deciphering of its hieroglyphic writing.
4364:
farming. Fish production is generated both from the ocean as well as the many freshwater rivers and lakes. In 2002, 28,582 tons of fish valued at 441.2 million pesos was produced. Species include
509:
1027:
Hunter gatherers began to occupy the central valley of the state around 7000 BCE, but little is known about them. The oldest archaeological remains in the seat are located at the Santa Elena Ranch in
4178:
In the last decades of the 20th century, Chiapas received a large number of indigenous refugees, especially from Guatemala, many of whom remain in the state. These have added ethnicities such as the
1050:, migrating across the Grijalva Valley and onto the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico to the north, which was Olmec territory. One of these people's ancient cities is now the archeological site of
2704:
Waterfall with a thirty-meter drop, the Bolón Ajau Waterfall with a fourteen-meter drop, the Gallito Copetón rapids, the Blacquiazules Waterfalls, and a section of calm water called the Agua Clara.
5021:
Both Protestants and Catholics tend to oppose traditional cacique leadership and often worked to prohibit the sale of alcohol. The latter had the effect of attracting many women to both movements.
4918:
made with tomato, chili bolita and corn flour. Tzispolá is a beef broth with chunks of meat, chickpeas, cabbage and various types of chili peppers. Pork dishes include cochito, which is pork in an
2619:
was decreed in 1980 with an extension of 21,789 ha (53,840 acres). It extends over two of the regions of the state, the Central Depression and the Central Highlands over the municipalities of
1886:
made full use of the then-new Internet to get the group's message out, putting the spotlight on indigenous issues in Mexico in general. Furthermore, the opposition press in Mexico City, especially
4485:. Chiapan amber has a number of unique qualities, including much that is clear all the way through and some with fossilized insects and plants. Most Chiapan amber is worked into jewelry including
4031:
to carry babies and bundles. Tzotzil communities are governed by a katinab who is selected for life by the leaders of each neighborhood. The Tzotzils are also known for their continued use of the
1486:
Liberal land reforms would have negative effects on the state's indigenous population unlike in other areas of the country. Liberal governments expropriated lands that were previously held by the
1431:
and the highlands annexation to Mexico. In 1821, a number of cities in Chiapas, starting in Comitán, declared the state's separation from the Spanish empire. In 1823, Guatemala became part of the
1348:
Initially, "Chiapas" referred to the first two cities established by the Spanish in what is now the center of the state and the area surrounding them. Two other regions were also established, the
4905:
Meats are centered on the European introduced beef, pork and chicken as many native game animals are in danger of extinction. Meat dishes are frequently accompanied by vegetables such as squash,
4624:, Misol-Há Waterfall, and the Catazajá Lake. Palenque is the most important of these sites, and one of the most important tourist destinations in the state. Yaxchilan was a Mayan city along the
455:
2385:
region encompasses a coastal plain and a mountain range with elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea levels paralleling the Pacific Coast. The highest peak in Chiapas is the
1304:
described Chiapas as "the metropolis of the original Mexicans," with a population of approximately 20,000, and consisting mainly of indigenous peoples. The Spanish introduced new crops such as
9506:
5275:
Multiple domestic constructions used by the population for religious purposes. “Plaza Muk’ul Ton” or Monuments Plaza where people used to gather for ceremonies was also unearthed by the team.
814:
9727:[Puerto Chiapas consolidates its tourism and cargo sectors] (Press release) (in Spanish). Administración Portuaria Integral de Puerto Madero, SA de CV. March 29, 2011. Archived from
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site, the Coffee Route, the city of Tapachula, Pozuelos Lake and an Artesanal Chocolate Tour. Principal exports through the port include banana and banana trees, corn, fertilizer and tuna.
1783:, international pressure forced the government to grant official protection to at least some of the refugees. Camps were established in Chiapas and other southern states, and mostly housed
9134:
2801:
1226:
Indigenous resistance was weakened by continual warfare with the Spaniards and disease. By 1530 almost all of the indigenous peoples of the area had been subdued with the exception of the
2118:. It has deep salty soils due to its proximity to the sea. It has mostly deciduous rainforest although most has been converted to pasture for cattle and fields for crops. It has numerous
5355:
3847:. Most indigenous communities are found in the municipalities of the Centro, Altos, Norte and Selva regions, with many having indigenous populations of over fifty percent. These include
1256:
system was introduced, which reduced most of the indigenous population to serfdom and many even as slaves as a form of tribute and way of locking in a labor supply for tax payments. The
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1260:
brought previously unknown diseases. This, as well as overwork on plantations, dramatically decreased the indigenous population. The Spanish also established missions, mostly under the
9476:
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most indigenous in Chiapas have remained strongly tied to their home communities. A study as early as the 1970s showed that 77 percent of heads of household migrated outside of the
9565:
7945:
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The Tzeltals call themselves Winik atel, which means "working men." This is the largest ethnicity in the state, mostly living southeast of San Cristóbal with the largest number in
1077:
were exported to Olmec lands. The Olmecs came to what is now the northwest of the state looking for amber with one of the main pieces of evidence for this called the Simojovel Ax.
1516:
even allowed indigenous groups the religious freedoms to return to a number of native rituals and beliefs such as pilgrimages to natural shrines such as mountains and waterfalls.
1046:, which were cultivating corn and living in houses as early as 1500 BCE, making them one of the oldest in Mesoamerica. There is speculation that these were the forefathers of the
491:
8288:
1746:. In 1974, he organized a statewide "Indian Congress" with representatives from the Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tojolabal and Ch'ol peoples from 327 communities as well as Marists and the
9649:[Puerto Chiapas realizes export operations] (Press release) (in Spanish). Administración Portuaria Integral de Puerto Madero, SA de CV. February 18, 2011. Archived from
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The indigenous people are broken up in to 10 different ethnic groups: the Tzeltales, Tzotziles, Choles, Lacandones, Zoques, Tojolabales, Mames, Chujes, Ceckchiqueles and Mochos.
4961:, cinnamon and sugar prepared with milk or water. Pumbo is a beverage made with pineapple, club soda, vodka, sugar syrup and much ice. Pox is a drink distilled from sugar cane.
4585:, three wholesale food markets and 173 large vendors of staple products. The service sector is the most important to the economy, with mostly commerce, warehousing and tourism.
2651:
Indians. Many Chiapanecans chose to throw themselves from the high edges of the canyon rather than be defeated by Spanish forces. Today, the canyon is a popular destination for
8023:
7533:"A cup of Chiapas culture: in addition to its colorful history and an abundance of natural resources, this region of Mexico also produces a wide variety of eco-friendly coffee"
5861:
5714:
8687:[Organic coffee from Chiapas grows counter to trends and without incentive] (Press release) (in Spanish). El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. March 22, 2011. Archived from
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became president of Mexico. This allowed the Mapaches to gain political power in the state and effectively stop many of the social reforms occurring in other parts of Mexico.
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4231:. As of 2005, the state has 1,138 medical facilities: 1098 outpatient and 40 inpatient. Most are run by IMSS and ISSSTE and other government agencies. The implementation of
4819:
5326:
Pijijiapan and Izapa are on the Pacific coast and were the most important pre Hispanic cities for about 1,000 years, as the most important commercial centers between the
5228:
and one of the best-known sites in Mexico. The similarly aged site (750/700–600) of Pampa el Pajón preserves burials and cultural items, including cranial modifications.
4101:. By the time the Spanish arrived, they had been reduced in number and territory. Their ancient capital was Quechula, which was covered with water by the creation of the
2682:
for its global biological and cultural significance. In 1992, the 61,874 ha (152,890-acre) Lacantun Reserve, which includes the Classic Maya archaeological sites of
545:
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401:
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mathematics and astronomy. Cities were centered on large political and ceremonial structures elaborately decorated with murals and inscriptions. Among these cities are
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5922:
1215:. Mazariegos had more success than his predecessor, but many natives preferred to commit suicide rather than submit to the Spanish. One famous example of this is the
307:
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lifestyle and worldview. Traditional Lacandon shelters are huts made with fonds and wood with an earthen floor, but this has mostly given way to modern structures.
4831:
4549:
1004:
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4823:
4413:, bricks and other construction materials, sugar mills, furniture making, textiles, printing and the production of handcrafts. The two largest enterprises is the
8920:
Santos Pruneda, Beatriz (October 2008). "Chiapas, el sueño de los trotamundos de buen apetito" [Chiapas, the dream of globetrotters with good appetite].
1787:. However, most Central American refugees from that time never received any official status, estimated by church and charity groups at about half a million from
527:
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1902:
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1995:
1423:. During this war, a group of influential Chiapas merchants and ranchers sought the establishment of the Free State of Chiapas. This group became known as the
1020:
4827:
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1529:
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1216:
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2647:. The canyon is emblematic for the state as it is featured in the state seal. The Sumidero Canyon was once the site of a battle between the Spaniards and
11138:
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4815:
3759:
in 1994. Most of Chiapas's indigenous groups are descended from the Mayans, speaking languages that are closely related to one another, belonging to the
3721:
9535:
7852:
2201:
allowing for a number of formations such as caves and sinkholes. There are also some isolated pockets of volcanic rock with the tallest peaks being the
5005:
Starting in the 1970s, there has been a shift away from traditional Catholic affiliation to Protestant, Evangelical and other Christian denominations.
3795:, which have traits in common such as syncretic religious practices, and social structure based on kinship. The most common Western Maya languages are
2624:
2591:
green and in ancient times, there were settlements on its islands and its caves on the shoreline. The Catazajá Lake is 28 km north of the city of
1061:
During the pre Classic era, it is known that most of Chiapas was not Olmec, but had close relations with them, especially the Olmecs of the Isthmus of
333:
8057:
7230:
6739:
5747:
9675:[Hinterland and foreland] (in Spanish). Chiapas: Administración Portuaria Integral de Puerto Madero, SA de CV. August 3, 2010. Archived from
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9004:
5283:
While the Mayan sites are the best-known, there are a number of other important sites in the state, including many older than the Maya civilization.
5128:
and established ties with the CCIM, now following the orthodox Sunni school of Islam. They built the Al-Kausar Mosque in San Cristobal de las Casas.
8367:
5431:
ending at the port proper. Over the past five years the port has grown with its newest addition being a terminal for cruise ships with tours to the
1499:
occupied their acquired lands as well as others, such as shopkeepers, opened up businesses in the center of Indian communities. In 1848, a group of
1288:
The encomienda system that had perpetrated much of the abuse of the indigenous peoples declined by the end of the 16th century, and was replaced by
5120:
and prayed five times a day in the backroom of a residential building, and women in head scarves have become a common sight. Nowadays, most of the
4644:, located in the Los Altos region in the Jovel Valley. The historic center of the city is filled with tiled roofs, patios with flowers, balconies,
4409:
Industry is limited to small and micro enterprises and include auto parts, bottling, fruit packing, coffee and chocolate processing, production of
4385:
on the Grijalva River the most productive in Mexico. All of the hydroelectric plants are owned and operated by the Federal Electricity Commission (
3695:
regime to start plantations. According to the 2020 Census, 1.02% of Chiapas's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican, or of African descent.
2779:
near the Pacific Ocean with 119,177.29 ha (294,493.5 acres). It conserves areas of tropical rainforest and many freshwater systems endemic to
1939:(1996), also known as the Law on Indian Rights and Culture. The Accords appear to grant certain indigenous zones autonomy, but this is against the
1194:
When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they found the indigenous peoples divided into Mayan and non-Mayan, with the latter dominated by the
9245:
1795:
In the 1980s, the politization of the indigenous and rural populations of the state that began in the 1960s and 1970s continued. In 1980, several
917:, rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year. In the past, natural vegetation in this region was lowland, tall perennial
9130:
5121:
2804:
is located in the north west of the state in the municipality of Ocozocoautla. It covers forty-two hectares centered on the Bélgica Lake. The El
2678:. It conserves highland perennial rainforest. The jungle is in the Usumacinta River basin east of the Chiapas Highlands. It is recognized by the
2390:
coffee-producing area, as it has the best soils and climate for coffee. Before the arrival of the Spanish, this area was the principal source of
9758:
7532:
4934:
Sopa de pan consists of layers of bread and vegetables covered with a broth seasoned with saffron and other flavorings. A Comitán speciality is
3676:
is also a small but growing religion due to the Indigenous Muslims as well as Muslim immigrants from Africa continuously rising in numbers. The
9108:
1035:
from 1800 BCE to 300 CE, agricultural villages appeared all over the state although hunter gather groups would persist for long after the era.
8213:
7744:[Zone of influence] (in Spanish). Chiapas: Administración Portuaria Integral de Puerto Madero, SA de CV. July 18, 2010. Archived from
1919:
of forty-five unarmed Tzotzil peasants, mostly women and children, by a government-backed paramilitary in the Zapatista-controlled village of
8108:
7307:
4801:
and the caverns of Rancho Nuevo where human remains and offerings were also found. The best-known pre-Hispanic artwork is the Maya murals of
3738:
The state has about 13.5% of all of Mexico's indigenous population, and it has been ranked among the ten "most indianized" states, with only
2648:
2202:
1780:
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Casas, San Juan Chamula and Zinacantán. The best textiles are considered to be from Magdalenas, Larráinzar, Venustiano Carranza and Sibaca.
4329:
1924:
1459:
The Universidad Pontificia y Literaria de Chiapas was founded in 1826, with Mexico's second teacher's college founded in the state in 1828.
11153:
9788:
8814:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
8628:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
8585:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
8555:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
7989:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
7400:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
6088:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
5984:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal/ SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
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4496:, with its barro blanco (white clay) pottery. The most traditional ceramic in Amatenango and Aguacatenango is a type of large jar called a
2010:
will remain open to locals but remain closed to outsiders, and the previous MAREZ system will be reorganized into a new autonomous system.
1238:, in 1528. It was one of two settlements initially called Villa Real de Chiapa de los Españoles and the other called Chiapa de los Indios.
634:
9701:[Connectivity] (in Spanish). Chiapas: Administración Portuaria Integral de Puerto Madero, SA de CV. August 3, 2010. Archived from
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5640:
5474:
There are thirty-six AM radio stations and sixteen FM stations. There are thirty-seven local television stations and sixty-six repeaters.
4793:
Art in Chiapas is based on the use of color and has strong indigenous influence. This dates back to cave paintings such as those found in
1452:
Chiapas was officially declared in 1824, with its first constitution in 1826. Ciudad Real was renamed San Cristóbal de las Casas in 1828.
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vegetation such as cactus can be found. The river below, which has cut the canyon over the course of twelve million years, is called the
5902:
5462:
5397:
4600:
There are three main tourist routes: the Maya Route, the Colonial Route and the Coffee Route. The Maya Route runs along the border with
1584:. While this coming event would affect the state, Chiapas did not follow the uprisings in other areas that would end the Porfirian era.
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9987:
9065:
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7067:
5843:
4700:
The state has a large number of ecological attractions most of which are connected to water. The main beaches on the coastline include
1734:
in the 1990s. Another important factor to this movement would be the role of the Catholic Church from the 1960s to the 1980s. In 1960,
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477:
9724:
9646:
9590:
3672:
While Catholics remain the majority, their numbers have dropped as many have converted to Protestant denominations in recent decades.
2615:
The state has thirty-six protected areas at the state and federal levels along with 67 areas protected by various municipalities. The
166:
8015:
6135:[The Olmecs in Chiapas] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Arqueología Mexicana magazine Editorial Raíces S.A. de C.V. Archived from
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5718:
4719:, which is in danger of extinction. The Tziscao Ecotourism Center is centered on a lake with various tones. It is located inside the
4510:
2639:
has steep and vertical sides that rise to up to 1000 meters from the river below with mostly tropical rainforest but some areas with
1999:
549:
459:
387:
7873:
6368:
The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
4781:
structures can be found in San Cristóbal and Tapachula in public buildings as well as a number of rural coffee plantations from the
4063:. Chiapas Ch’ols are closely related to the Chontal in Tabasco as well. Choles are found in Tila, Tumbalá, Sabanilla, Palenque, and
8651:
8432:
8389:
1927:
municipality just north of San Cristóbal. This allowed many media outlets in Mexico to step up their criticisms of the government.
1054:, in which was found the oldest calendar known on a piece of ceramic with a date of 36 BCE. This is three hundred years before the
531:
495:
441:
405:
369:
8971:
2655:. Visitors can take boat trips down the river that runs through the canyon and see the area's many birds and abundant vegetation.
921:, but this vegetation has been almost completely cleared to allow agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the
9698:
8407:
Martín Morita (August 8, 2010). "Pierde San Cristóbal sus cerros y bosques" [San Cristóbal loses its hills and forests].
6659:
4814:. Since the colonial period, the state has produced a large number of painters and sculptors. Noted 20th-century artists include
4711:
Still others are based on conservation, local culture and other features. The Las Guacamayas Ecotourism Center is located in the
933:
or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, the climate can be quite moderate and foggy, allowing the development of
513:
423:
351:
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river itself and the lowlands beyond. Yaxchilan is known for the large quantity of excellent sculpture at the site, such as the
4421:
refinery. Chiapas opened its first assembly plant in 2002, a fact that highlights the historical lack of industry in this area.
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8621:
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5427:. A marina serves yachts in transit. There is an international airport located eleven km (6.8 mi) away as well as a
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8343:
8238:
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6349:
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4986:. However, Catholic beliefs were mixed with indigenous ones to form what is now called "traditionalist" Catholic belief. The
4883:, the basic diet has been based on corn and Chiapas cooking retains strong indigenous influence. One important ingredient is
4397:
drilled nineteen oil wells in the Lacandona Jungle. Currently, petroleum reserves are found in the municipalities of Juárez,
3957:
2711:
was decreed in 1982 located in the Northern Mountains at the boundary with the Sierra Madre del Sur in the municipalities of
2297:, Chan Kin, and Lacantum); and the communal reserve (La Cojolita), which functions as a biological corridor with the area of
2142:
1723:
1572:. The economic expansion and investment in roads also increased access to tropical commodities such as hardwoods, rubber and
7475:
Ruan-Soto, Felipe; Cifuentes, Joaquín; Mariaca, Ramón; Limón, Fernando; Pérez-Ramírez, Lilia; Sierra, Sigfrido (June 2009).
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4545:
2723:. It has a surface area of 101,288.15 ha (250,288.5 acres) and preserves a rainforest area with karst formations. The
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2219:
1815:
6132:
976:. It is also home to one of the largest indigenous populations in the country, with ten federally recognized ethnicities.
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10796:
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volcanos. There are no significant surface water systems as they are almost all underground. The original vegetation was
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1051:
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and Tenón. The Mayan civilization had extensive trade networks and large markets trading in goods such as animal skins,
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7908:
5918:
5662:
5393:
5155:
The largest and best-known archaeological sites in Chiapas belong to the Mayan civilization. Apart from a few works by
4577:
Ninety-four percent of the state's commercial outlets are small retail stores with about 6% wholesalers. There are 111
2002:
due to the cartel violence generated by Sinaloa Cartel and Jalisco New Generation Cartel and violent border clashes in
1377:
10009:
9444:
9411:
9371:
9323:
8171:[Customs, festivals and traditions (Chiapas)] (in Spanish). Mexico: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 2010-06-21.
7180:
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2727:
was decreed in 1959 and consists of 7,371 ha (18,210 acres) near the Guatemalan border in the municipalities of
2210:
2146:
1675:
1337:. Intermixing of the races was prohibited by colonial law but by the end of the 17th century there was a significant
990:
The official name of the state is Chiapas, which is believed to have come from the ancient city of Chiapan, which in
415:
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8168:
4055:
migrated to the northwest of the state starting about 2,000 years ago, when they were concentrated in Guatemala and
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9620:
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6205:
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facade, while that of Francisco de Montejo, built later in the 18th century has a mix of Baroque and Neoclassical.
4673:
does not have many colonial era structures left, but it lies near the area's most famous natural attraction of the
1662:. This action continued for six years, until President Carranza was assassinated in 1920 and revolutionary general
9189:
8435:[Popular Art in Chiapas, marvelous artisan hands] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine.
7011:
3163:
2305:, considered to be one of the largest rivers in Mexico and seventh largest in the world based on volume of water.
2214:
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10198:
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7338:
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4237:
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1957:
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region of the state indicate that the oldest civilization to appear in what is now modern Chiapas is that of the
559:
523:
505:
269:
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9867:
Contributions to the Sociology of Language: Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
7089:
1635:, the production of coffee was particularly important but labor-intensive. This would lead to a practice called
1580:
Porfirian era was serfdom, as bad if not worse than for other indigenous and mestizo populations leading to the
10867:
10821:
5794:
5456:
4356:, but the main market is Europe. Some growers have created cooperatives of their own to cut out the middleman.
2595:. It is formed by rainwater captured as it makes its way to the Usumacinta River. It contains wildlife such as
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1901:
and others in the traditional power-structure. Protestants and Word of God Catholics (allied directly with the
1353:
595:
316:
312:
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1722:
the Mayan Indians which led to unsuccessful non violent protests and eventually armed struggle started by the
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era at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th was initially thwarted by regional bosses called
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1448:
10223:
9527:
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voiced concerns about the influence of the fundamentalism and possible connections to the Zapatistas and the
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is particularly strong in Chiapas, the state can be described as one of the strongholds of the denomination.
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2189:
where they extend over the border into Guatemala. Its topography is mountainous with many narrow valleys and
1523:
beginning in 1868. The basis of the uprising was the establishment of the "three stones cult" in Tzajahemal.
839:
769:
325:
102:
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10543:
7682:[Archeological zones] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: State of Chiapas. March 2, 2011. Archived from
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5108:
have converted to Islam. In San Cristóbal, the Murabitun established a pizzeria, a carpentry workshop and a
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4982:
Like in the rest of Mexico, Christianity was introduced to the native populations of Chiapas by the Spanish
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3196:
3158:
2832:. The area has large numbers of wildlife including endangered species such as eagles, quetzals and jaguars.
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with some rainforest of middle altitudes and some oaks above 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level.
1950:
From the 1970s on, some 100,000 people set up homes in this rainforest area, with many being recognized as
9012:
7809:[Adventure tourism] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: State of Chiapas. March 2, 2011. Archived from
7479:[Use and handling of wild fungi in two communities of the Lacandona Rainforest, Chiapas, Mexico].
4942:
and Palenque is known for many versions of fried plaintains, including filled with black beans or cheese.
2316:
During the 20th century, the Lacandon has had a dramatic increase in population and along with it, severe
120:
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5207:
Palenque is the most important Mayan and archaeological site. Though much smaller than the huge sites at
4990:
comprises almost the entire state, and centered on San Cristobal de las Casas. It was founded in 1538 by
1479:
areas from annexation by Tabasco. However, Corzo's rule would end in 1875, when he opposed the regime of
1420:
1177:
10558:
10017:
1427:. However, this alliance did not last with the lowlands preferring inclusion among the new republics of
1384:
but incurred no resistance. The only other insurgent activity was the publication of a newspaper called
11062:
10728:
7215:
7175:. Physicians for Human Rights, Human Rights Watch/Americas. Boston: Physicians for Human Rights. 1994.
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5269:
5249:
Usumacinta River, at times causing unconventional orientation of the major structures, such as the two
4773:
eagles as well as a statue of the founding monk. In San Cristóbal, the Diego de Mazariegos house has a
3126:
2828:
and Metzabok. They were established in the 1940s, but the oldest communities in the area belong to the
2708:
1866:
1091:
Mayan civilization began in the pre-Classic period as well, but did not come into prominence until the
793:
a. By the will of the people of Chiapas expressed by direct vote for incorporation into the Federation.
10318:
9979:
Guide to the University of Chicago Department of Anthropology Chiapas Project Records 1942-circa 1990s
9623:[The creation of UNACH] (in Spanish). Chiapas: Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Archived from
8840:[Sun and beach] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: State of Chiapas. March 2, 2011. Archived from
7832:
5100:(ETA), but it appeared that converts had no interest in political extremism. By 2015, many indigenous
1507:
One other effect that Liberal land reforms had was the start of coffee plantations, especially in the
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11158:
11143:
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10363:
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10130:
9750:
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4658:
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4548:, which have all but disappeared in the rest of Mexico, are still readily found here and include the
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runs parallel to the Pacific coastline of the state, northwest to southeast as a continuation of the
2024:
1738:
became the bishop of the Diocese of Chiapas, centered in San Cristóbal. He supported and worked with
1293:
1230:
in the deep jungles who actively resisted until 1695. However, the main two groups, the Tzotzils and
925:, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near
847:
563:
234:
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Ecosystem management and restoration as practiced by the indigenous Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico
7434:
4995:
4161:
The Mams are a Mayan ethnicity that numbers about 20,000 found in thirty municipalities, especially
2165:
especially due to the large volume of rain received in July and August. The original vegetation was
1827:
An EZLN mural in Chiapas, Mexico depicting a story about Compañero José written in Spanish and Mayan
1273:
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10483:
10308:
10258:
10193:
5569:
5125:
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While Chiapas is known for good coffee, there are a number of other local beverages. The oldest is
4769:
Spanish, Arabic, and indigenous influences. It is one of the most elaborately decorated in Mexico.
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Boats at the docks of Frontera Corozal, which mostly serves the nearby Yaxchilan archeological site
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movements that arose in the late-20th century. The main concession that the group received was the
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397:
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216:
9914:
Whitmeyer, Joseph M. and Hopcroft, Rosemary L. "Community, Capitalism, and Rebellion in Chiapas."
9816:
Benjamin, Thomas. "A Time of Reconquest: History, the Maya Revival, and the Zapatista Rebellion."
8104:
2555:
forests, oak/pine forests in the Los Altos, Northern Mountains and Sierra Madre and the extensive
1671:
10458:
10423:
10158:
10138:
10115:
9347:
8779:[Location] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: State of Chiapas. March 2, 2011. Archived from
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5510:
4697:. In addition to coffee, the region also produces most of Chiapas's soybeans, bananas and cacao.
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2756:
2744:
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1975:
The Zapatista movement has had some successes. The agricultural sector of the economy now favors
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1832:
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resistance was overcome in the early 1930s by Governor Victorico Grajales, who pursued President
1376:
land, and easy access to markets. This isolation spared it from battles related to Independence.
1092:
1032:
754:
419:
31:
17:
9436:
9428:
7923:
Benjamin, Thomas. A Time of Reconquest: History, the Maya Revival, and the Zapatista Rebellion.
5080:. The group, characterized as anti-capitalistic, entered an ideological pact with the socialist
3680:
has a large following in Chiapas; some estimate that 40% of the population are followers of the
913:
In general, Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the northern area bordering Tabasco, near
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1940:
1807:
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of the central highlands were subdued enough to establish the first Spanish city, today called
1031:
whose finds include tools and weapons made of stone and bone. It also includes burials. In the
985:
664:
10578:
10428:
10163:
9363:
9356:
8335:
7511:
Role of Tao (Belotia mexicana) in the traditional Lacandon Maya shifting cultivation ecosystem
5601:
5152:
appeared, going back to 5500 BC. This was the oldest Mesoamerican culture discovered to date.
4418:
2820:. It extends over 617.49 km (238.41 sq mi) and in 2010, it was included in the
1439:
1285:. He also advocated adapting the teaching of Christianity to indigenous language and culture.
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10588:
10503:
10338:
10298:
10002:
7477:"Uso y manejo de hongos silvestres en dos comunidades de la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México"
5574:
5245:
5095:
4909:
and carrots. Black beans are the favored type. Beef is favored, especially a thin cut called
4179:
4060:
4023:
3804:
2760:
2735:. It contains two of the most threatened ecosystems in Mexico the "cloud rainforest" and the
2732:
2632:
1272:. The Dominican evangelizers became early advocates of the indigenous' people's plight, with
899:
10178:
7745:
7059:
6691:
6333:
5559:
2752:
1936:
1718:
11100:
11088:
10748:
10538:
10408:
10183:
10173:
9728:
9650:
9315:
9305:
5441:
5331:
5168:
5032:
4887:, a fragrant and strongly flavored herb that is used on most of the indigenous plates and
4794:
4754:
4653:
4645:
4493:
4481:, much of which is 25 million years old, with quality comparable to that found in the
4381:
Chicoasén and Peñitas, which produce about eight percent of Mexico's hydroelectric energy.
4187:
3986:
3726:
2905:
2792:
2134:
1851:
1692:
1680:
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following the assassination of president-elect Obregón in 1928; that party was renamed the
1603:
1065:. Olmec-influenced sculpture can be found in Chiapas and products from the state including
946:
10806:
10738:
10368:
9969:"Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition"
7710:
Toussaint, Alejandro (February 2010). "Café del Soconusco" [Coffee of Soconusco].
5564:
2809:
2282:
1096:
891:
137:
8:
10904:
10073:
10068:
7259:"Mexico's Zapatista rebel movement says it is dissolving its 'autonomous municipalities'"
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5164:
4842:
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climate, allowing the indigenous peoples in the highlands to retain their large numbers.
1915:
The Zapatista story remained in headlines for a number of years. One reason for this was
1874:
1743:
1663:
1651:
1212:
942:
10713:
10438:
10035:
8393:
7513:(MS thesis). State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
5401:
5371:
5233:
4950:. San Cristobal is noted for its sweets, as well as chocolates, coffee and baked goods.
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4715:
on the edge of the Montes Azules reserve. It is centered on the conservation of the red
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3139:
3121:
2620:
2067:
2051:
1643:
1616:
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279:
222:
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10563:
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10313:
10213:
10143:
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10060:
9429:"Courting in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture"
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6755:
6692:
5896:
4892:
4866:
4694:
4530:
4482:
4462:
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4145:
4022:, and Simojovel. Their language is closely related to Tzeltal and distantly related to
3944:
considered to be a center of indigenous culture, especially its elaborate festivals of
3756:
2979:
2783:. It is home to around 400 species of birds including several rare species such as the
2667:
2386:
2308:
2138:
1859:
Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN)
1632:
1581:
1203:
1199:
1019:
Jaguar sculpture from Cintalapa dating between 1000 and 400 BCE on display at the
914:
11009:
10688:
10398:
9702:
9499:"Archaeology breakthrough: Ancient Maya kingdom discovered in... a rancher's backyard"
6655:
6514:. Athens, OH, USA: Center for International Studies, Ohio University. pp. 62–71.
4506:
4109:. There are still Zoque ruins at Janepaguay, the Ocozocuautla and La Ciénega valleys.
3327:
3322:
2115:
1569:
1438:
Elites in highland cities pushed for incorporation into Mexico. In 1822, then-Emperor
1381:
10919:
10603:
10518:
10507:
10478:
10323:
10188:
10105:
9898:
9884:
9870:
9856:
9842:
9450:
9440:
9407:
9377:
9367:
9358:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
9329:
9319:
8929:
8339:
8328:
7723:
7299:
7186:
7176:
7144:
7017:
6927:
6515:
6345:
6334:
5837:
5605:
5428:
4974:
3896:
3856:
3844:
3812:
3255:
3250:
2891:
2592:
2333:
2063:
1932:
1227:
1156:
953:
10548:
9830:
Collier, George A. "The Rebellion in Chiapas and the Legacy of Energy Development."
7298:(in Spanish) (2). Toluca, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México: 44–49.
6289:
5947:
3116:
3009:
1241:
1107:
and Guatemala, near Mayan sites in those entities. Most of this area belongs to the
11128:
11076:
10553:
10433:
10328:
9995:
9839:
Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada
8815:
8629:
8586:
8556:
7990:
7401:
7136:
7132:
6089:
5985:
5334:
is a sinkhole 140 meters deep with a diameter of 160 meters in the municipality of
5299:
5295:
5069:
4969:
4689:
and follows a mountainous road into the Suconusco regopm. The route passes through
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4191:
3800:
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3784:
3053:
2942:
2576:
2349:
2302:
2194:
1823:
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1587:
1211:
in the highlands. The Spanish colonial government then sent a new expedition under
1202:. The first contact between Spaniards and the people of Chiapas came in 1522, when
995:
871:
831:
820:
807:
287:
108:
90:
60:
49:
10233:
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4382:
4349:
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seeds in the Aztec empire, which they used as currency, and for the highly prized
2361:
1553:
1480:
10959:
10949:
10899:
10826:
10593:
10443:
10378:
10243:
10110:
10050:
9934:
7912:
5327:
5196:
5136:
4762:
4746:
4712:
4690:
4674:
4605:
4410:
4119:
4105:, along with the ruins of Guelegas, which was first buried by an eruption of the
4068:
3912:
3864:
3788:
3760:
3658:
3046:
3039:
3032:
2986:
2912:
2829:
2813:
2780:
2663:
2636:
2580:
2487:
2400:
2267:
2239:
2150:
2149:. The mountains partially block rain clouds from the Pacific, a process known as
2095:
1969:
1964:
1916:
1850:
areas, were taken up by a small leftist guerrilla band led by a man called only "
1847:
1763:
1739:
1713:
1491:
1428:
1363:
1261:
1220:
1108:
241:
78:
10468:
8780:
7810:
7683:
7627:
7013:
The Effects of Adult Women Education – Impact Evaluation of a Program in Chiapas
4052:
3776:
2337:
10894:
10816:
9881:
Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Modernist Visions and the Invisible Indian
7906:
Website of the National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Data Processing
7287:
6136:
5291:
5105:
4935:
4705:
4678:
4090:
3820:
3772:
3768:
3708:
Over the history of Chiapas, there have been three main indigenous groups: the
2972:
2884:
2644:
2572:
2345:
2341:
2235:
2110:
The state has a complex geography with seven distinct regions according to the
1989:
1520:
1500:
1301:
1231:
1208:
1155:
Nearly all Mayan cities collapsed around the same time, 900 CE. From then
210:
10373:
10203:
9172:
5064:, and one of its missionaries, Muhammad Nafia (formerly Aureliano Pérez), now
4569:
2854:
2298:
2227:
1399:
1182:
11122:
11112:
10683:
10573:
10383:
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9938:
9869:. Berlin: DEU: Walter de Gruyter & Co. kg Publishers, Berlin, 2009.
9351:
9301:
9035:
8933:
7727:
7303:
6366:
5891:
5420:
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4991:
4838:
4701:
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3876:
3824:
3717:
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2317:
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highlands are mainly folds of sedimentary formations – mainly
2042:
1784:
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1487:
1269:
1055:
934:
922:
907:
181:
168:
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9454:
9381:
9333:
7905:
7190:
6738:. Educators Progress Service. Educators Progress Service. 1997. p. 75.
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4106:
3916:
3888:
1282:
874:. Chiapas is the southernmost state in Mexico, and it borders the states of
150:
11004:
10708:
10628:
10623:
5448:
5424:
5416:
5389:
5335:
5192:
5140:
Olmec style stone sculpture from Tiltepec at the Regional Museum of Chiapas
5010:
4983:
4915:
4258:
4043:
4002:
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3832:
3780:
3747:
3713:
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3681:
3016:
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2935:
2186:
1654:, entered in 1914 taking over the government, with the aim of imposing the
1627:
Sugar cane mill from Tapachula on display at the Regional Museum in Chiapas
1607:
The Palace of Government of Chiapas (Governor's Office) at Tuxtla Gutiérrez
1447:
region maintained a neutral status until 1842, when Oaxacans under General
1356:. Chiapas, Soconusco and Tuxla regions were united to the first time as an
1342:
1257:
1195:
1028:
10999:
10969:
10353:
10343:
10303:
10268:
4677:. This canyon is popular with tourists who take boat tours into it on the
4592:
3763:. The state was part of a large region dominated by the Mayans during the
1103:. In Chiapas, Mayan sites are concentrated along the state's borders with
1015:
961:
10964:
10743:
10333:
10273:
10085:
9103:
8812:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
8626:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
8583:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
8553:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
7987:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
7398:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
7233:[EZLN announces disappearance of its autonomous municipalities].
7170:
7123:
Weinberg, Bill (May–June 2003). "Mexico: Lacandon Selva conflict grows".
6086:
Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Chiapas
5085:
5028:
5014:
ethnic boundaries and being against the traditional power structure. The
4939:
4880:
4806:
4774:
4557:
4291:
4250:
4183:
4102:
4018:
municipality of the state. They are concentrated in Chamula, Zinacantán,
3990:
3709:
3666:
3662:
2784:
2776:
2470:
2404:
2336:
have risen from 11,000 in 1920 to over 376,000 in 2000. Migrants include
1909:
1865:
treaty went into effect) EZLN forces occupied and took over the towns of
1788:
1735:
1623:
1533:
1391:
1358:
1062:
938:
10718:
10668:
10513:
10488:
10253:
10228:
9624:
8841:
8330:
Histories and Stories from Chiapas: Border Identities in Southern Mexico
7834:
Panorama sociodemográfico de Chiapas. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020
6201:
5316:
4534:
4398:
4341:
4149:
4019:
3948:
and Day of Saint John. It was common for politicians, especially during
3645:
More migrate out of Chiapas than migrate in, with emigrants leaving for
2720:
2701:
2662:
was decreed in 1978. It is located in the northeast of the state in the
2547:
and bats. The coastal areas have large quantities of fish, turtles, and
2439:
2250:
built by sediments deposited by rivers and streams heading to the Gulf.
2029:
Chiapas is located in the south east of Mexico, bordering the states of
1819:
Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) graffiti in Chiapas, Mexico
1688:
1058:
developed their calendar. The descendants of Mokaya are the Mixe-Zoque.
11029:
10939:
10533:
10528:
10493:
10463:
10413:
10388:
10148:
6690:
Speed, Shannon; Hernandez Castillo, Aida; Stephen, Lynne, eds. (2006).
5906:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
5320:
5156:
4888:
4884:
4522:
4434:
4402:
4299:
4295:
4269:
4140:
4059:. Those Ch’ols who remained in the south are distinguished by the name
3997:
are the most important, but a variety of other crops, including wheat,
3792:
3597:
3002:
2995:
2768:
2764:
2748:
2652:
2548:
2524:
2479:
2391:
2373:
2281:
10 acres) extending from Chiapas into northern Guatemala and southern
2158:
1888:
1592:
1476:
1472:
1407:
1345:
in the middle of the 16th century due to the loss of native workforce.
1317:
1305:
1253:
1128:
969:
918:
11044:
10753:
10703:
10348:
10293:
9792:
7786:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Corporativeo Mina SA de CV: 33. March 2009.
7771:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Corporativeo Mina SA de CV: 34. March 2009.
7334:
6924:
Mayan Voices for Human Rights: Displaced Catholics in Highland Chiapas
3868:
3807:, Ch’ol, Tojolabal, Chuj, Kanjobal, Acatec, Jacaltec and Motozintlec.
3751:
3219:
2949:
2697:
1611:
1326:
991:
937:
like those of Reserva de la Biosfera El Triunfo, home to a handful of
906:
to the east and southeast. Chiapas has a significant coastline on the
867:
11049:
10841:
10776:
10653:
10613:
10568:
10448:
10283:
10263:
10120:
9982:
8685:"El café orgánico de Chiapas crece a contracorriente y sin incentivo"
7719:
7097:
5553:
5415:
Chiapas's main port is just outside the city of Tapachula called the
5312:
5287:
5159:
friars, knowledge of Maya civilisation largely disappeared after the
5145:
4811:
4686:
4621:
4617:
4601:
4353:
4320:
4162:
4127:
3920:
3860:
3836:
3273:
3268:
3183:
3178:
3131:
2736:
2716:
2693:
2683:
2666:. It covers 331,200 ha (818,000 acres) in the municipalities of
2640:
2552:
2512:
2504:
2492:
2447:
2416:
2382:
2294:
2223:
2198:
2182:
2174:
2154:
2123:
2059:
2046:
2003:
1861:, came to the world's attention when on January 1, 1994 (the day the
1771:
1767:
1565:
1519:
This culminated in the Chiapas "caste war", which was an uprising of
1508:
1444:
1416:
1349:
1124:
1100:
1080:
1070:
1039:
926:
903:
859:
676:
10633:
10618:
10278:
9951:
9131:"Indígenas musulmanes abren plática sobre el Islam en San Cristóbal"
7337:[Location] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: State of Chiapas.
6653:
5663:"Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Chiapas"
5180:
4871:
4629:
4254:
4139:
The Mochós or Motozintlecos are concentrated in the municipality of
3852:
2519:
and many others. In the temperate regions there are species such as
2431:
1698:
1132:
973:
11039:
11034:
10944:
10924:
10909:
10852:
10811:
10781:
10693:
10678:
10663:
10658:
10643:
10638:
10608:
10473:
10453:
10288:
9158:"¿El Islam en Chiapas?: el. EZLN y el Movimiento Mundial Murabitun"
5542:
5261:
5215:, Palenque contains some of the finest architecture, sculpture and
5184:
5176:
4895:, prunes and pineapple are often found in meat and poultry dishes.
4802:
4778:
4633:
4613:
4609:
4582:
4526:
4514:
4446:
4438:
4337:
4307:
4228:
4220:
4123:
4098:
4056:
4032:
3945:
3936:
3892:
3884:
3872:
3739:
3654:
3291:
3286:
2861:
2796:
2772:
2687:
2671:
2560:
2483:
2412:
2329:
2290:
2258:
2238:
with abundant rainfall and exuberant vegetation, which creates the
2206:
2082:
2034:
1878:
1289:
1120:
1116:
1085:
1074:
965:
957:
879:
855:
744:
9811:
A Rich Land, a Poor People: Politics and Society in Modern Chiapas
7460:
A Rich Land, a Poor People: Politics and Society in Modern Chiapas
5862:"En 2018 sí habrá elecciones en nuevos municipios de Chiapas: SGG"
5212:
3755:
cultural domains. Much of the latter has been prominent since the
2928:
2921:
2213:
but these have been heavily damaged. The highlands climate in the
1762:
The 1980s saw a large wave of refugees coming into the state from
11024:
11014:
10979:
10974:
10954:
10934:
10648:
10393:
10358:
10238:
10020:
8360:"Biodiesel, Finally a Reality in Public Transportation in Mexico"
5547:
5113:
5057:
4958:
4947:
4906:
4854:
4750:
4666:
4538:
4497:
4486:
4369:
4283:
4279:
4245:
4006:
3928:
3900:
3732:
3646:
2847:
2817:
2788:
2596:
2588:
2556:
2536:
2500:
2465:
2420:
2395:
2119:
2090:
2030:
1898:
1842:
1557:
1541:
1338:
1316:
as main economic staples along native ones such as corn, cotton,
1278:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1104:
883:
198:
9841:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2006
8325:
7016:. Norderstedt, Germany: Druck and Bindung:Books on Demand GmbH.
4994:
to evangelize the area with its most famous bishop of that time
2185:. These mountains, along the Sierra Madre of Chiapas become the
2102:
11019:
10994:
10989:
10929:
10723:
10498:
10208:
9827:. Oakland: The Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1994.
9300:
9190:"Islam is the new religion in rebellious Mexican state Chiapas"
8326:
Hernández Castilla, Rosalva Aída Marie; Renato Rosaldo (2001).
5537:
5366:
5241:
5216:
5117:
5101:
4910:
4898:
4758:
4728:
stalagmite and stalactites. There is horseback riding as well.
4553:
4470:
4466:
4325:
4287:
4264:
4216:
4094:
4028:
3998:
3974:
3970:
3880:
3848:
3743:
3650:
2875:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2568:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2496:
2408:
2360:. It is centered on what was a commercial logging grant by the
2286:
2137:. This area has the highest altitudes in Chiapas including the
2038:
1920:
1573:
1313:
1309:
1136:
1043:
875:
843:
203:
143:
9469:"Archaeologists discover lost capital of ancient Maya Kingdom"
7474:
6689:
5895:
3969:, decorated with astronomy symbols. In Tenejapa, women wear a
3023:
2464:
in forest resources in Mexico with valued woods such as pine,
2153:, which creates a particularly rich coastal region called the
9943:
9594:
8655:
8284:
8019:
7941:
7877:
6926:. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp. 2–10.
5982:
Enciclopedia de Los pito y Vagina de México Estado de Chiapas
5432:
5305:
5237:
5208:
5200:
5109:
5061:
4954:
4919:
4716:
4478:
4450:
4442:
4429:
Chiapas is one of the states that produces a wide variety of
4394:
4303:
4232:
3966:
3673:
2868:
2190:
2178:
1977:
1952:
1862:
1796:
1754:
organizations. These unions would later form the base of the
1751:
1160:
1140:
1066:
1047:
781:
9725:"Puerto Chiapas se consolida en el sector turístico y carga"
5795:
Constitución Política del Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas
4978:, a monumental cross in Tuxtla Gutiérrez constructed in 2011
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2835:
1990:
Dissolution of the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
7782:"Cascadas de Agua Azul" [Waterfalls of Agua Azul].
5065:
5039:
entered into an alliance with Chiapas Muslims in the 1990s.
4928:
4454:
4365:
2611:
Overlooking part of the Malpaso or Nezahualcoyotl Reservoir
2540:
2262:
Jungle area near Group C at the Palenque archeological site
1858:
1837:
1755:
1731:
9897:. Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV 2009.
9346:
8972:"The Cuisine of Chiapas: Dining in Mexico's Last Frontier"
8928:. Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aereas: 58–66.
8433:"El arte popular en Chiapas, maravillosas manos artesanas"
4492:
The major center for ceramics in the state is the city of
2157:. The main commercial center of the sierra is the town of
2050:(villas) and 111 pueblos (villages). Major cities include
9983:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
8050:"Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions"
7426:
4931:
and eaten with tortillas, limes, and green chili pepper.
4209:
2475:
2377:
View of Sierra Madre de Chiapas from the Soconusco Region
2356:
The best preserved portion of the Lacandon is within the
850:
as of September 2017 and its capital and largest city is
9528:"Ancient Maya kingdom unearthed in a backyard in Mexico"
9246:"See Pictures of the Small Mexican Town Embracing Islam"
7653:(PhD thesis). The Ohio State University. Docket 3226420.
6694:
Dissident Women: Gender and Cultural Politics in Chiapas
6512:
Organic Coffee: Sustainable Development by Mayan Farmers
4564:
3973:
embroidered with Mayan fretwork along with a black wool
2838:
2443:
Usumacinta River and Lacandon Jungle on the Chiapas side
854:. Other important population centers in Chiapas include
9907:
Lowe, G. W., “Chiapas de Corzo”, in Evans, Susan, ed.,
8239:"Día Internacional de la Lengua Materna, datos Chiapas"
7231:"Anuncia EZLN desaparición de sus municipios autónomos"
6340:. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp.
1802:
9426:
9400:
An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico
9310:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California:
8334:. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. p.
7876:[Number of inhabitants] (in Spanish). Mexico:
5388:
Mexico City. Major airports include Llano San Juan in
5144:
The earliest population of Chiapas was in the coastal
3767:. The most numerous of these Mayan groups include the
2197:
or poljés, depending on the size. Most of the rock is
2006:
due to the increasing violence growing on the border.
1646:
and San Cristobal in 1911. San Cristóbal, allied with
1021:
Regional Museum of Anthropology and History of Chiapas
11060:
9823:
Collier, George A, and Elizabeth Lowery Quaratiello.
9362:. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. pp.
9005:"Chiapas, Mexico Offers Ancient, Modern Religion Mix"
7586:
7584:
6130:
4215:
Despite being rich in resources, Chiapas, along with
3863:
to those with over ninety percent indigenous such as
2407:
of green coffee each year, fifth in the world behind
1994:
In early November 2023, a treaty was signed by rebel
9960:
brief history of the conflict in Chiapas (1994–2007)
9895:
Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado
9813:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1996.
8654:[Economic activities] (in Spanish). Mexico:
8624:[Social Infrastructure and Communications].
7462:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1996.
5770:"Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023"
5602:"La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano"
5294:, the oldest ceramic culture of Mesoamerica. Later,
5068:
of the Comunidad Islámica en México, arrived in the
2696:
is in the Northern Mountains in the municipality of
2143:
middle altitude rainforest, high altitude rainforest
1388:
by Matías de Córdova in San Cristóbal de las Casas.
9647:"Puerto Chiapas realiza operaciones de exportación"
9165:
Revista Académica para el Estudio de las Religiones
7290:[Chiapas: Its demographic characteristics]
3977:. Men wear short pants, embroidered at the bottom.
2301:in Guatemala. Flowing within the Rainforest is the
1245:Remnants of frescos at the Saint Mark Cathedral of
9825:Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas
9355:
8708:
8706:
8327:
7767:"El Cañon de Sumidero" [Sumidero Canyon].
7581:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
5921:. Joplin, MO: Missouri Southern State University.
5199:. They are technically more advanced than earlier
5076:uprising and established a commune in the city of
4853:The most important instrument in the state is the
4745:Many of the colonial-era buildings are related to
4665:, along with small indigenous communities such as
2426:
9909:Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America
9820:, Vol. 105, no. 2 (April 2000): pp. 417–450.
9431:. In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (eds.).
8163:
8161:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
2451:Grijalva River flowing through the central region
2320:. The population of municipalities in this area,
2106:Lake at the Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montebello
1905:) tended to oppose traditional power structures.
1702:Area of the Lacandon Jungle burned to plant crops
11120:
9834:, Vol. 10, no. 2 (Summer 1994): pp. 371–382
9435:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp.
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
8679:
8677:
8571:
8392:. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. Archived from
6331:
5868:(in Spanish). September 21, 2017. Archived from
4195:strong cultural ties to the neighboring nation.
9918:Vol. 39, no. 4 (Winter 1996): pp. 517–538.
8965:
8963:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8703:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
7648:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7285:
6509:
6336:Cultural Memory: Resistance, Faith and Identity
6156:
6154:
5846:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3687:There are a number of people in the state with
1395:Comitán's declaration of independence from 1823
9855:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999.
8961:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8919:
8873:
8871:
8861:
8859:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8720:
8718:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8192:
8190:
8158:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8074:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7617:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7057:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6707:
6705:
6631:
6629:
6474:
6287:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
4723:, with kayaking, mountain biking and archery.
2824:. Two main communities in the area are called
2816:whose name means "place of the black lord" in
2571:and estuaries. The two largest rivers are the
2312:Miramar Lake surrounded by the Lacandon Jungle
1341:population. Added to this was a population of
1186:The Royal Crown centered in the main plaza of
10868:
10003:
9691:
9549:
9133:(in Spanish). quadratin.com. 22 August 2015.
9083:
8880:
8674:
8644:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8491:
8406:
8169:"Costumbres, fiestas y tradiciones (Chiapas)"
7977:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7940:[Distribution] (in Spanish). Mexico:
7760:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7286:Pimienta Lastra, Rodrigo (March–April 1994).
7156:
7154:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6967:
6940:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6719:
6717:
6654:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2012).
6510:Martinez-Torres, Rosalva Maria Elena (2006).
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
5311:There are also other ancient sites including
5298:became important. Many of these sites are in
4533:. Another town noted for their sculptures is
4009:, some fruits, other vegetables, and coffee.
2000:the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
1841:era. This is reflected in its indigenous vs.
1781:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1598:
9789:University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries
9717:
9639:
9613:
9420:
9397:
9340:
9033:
8969:
8810:[Cultural and Tourist Attractions].
8795:
8769:
8622:"Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones"
8411:(in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 14.
8303:
8275:
8273:
8149:
8131:
8010:
8008:
7775:
7590:
7253:
7251:
7172:Mexico : waiting for justice in Chiapas
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6638:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6542:
6540:
6440:
6438:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6379:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6151:
5970:
5308:became an important pre-Mayan site as well.
5093:
4837:The two best-known poets from the state are
4265:Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishing
4173:
3923:, San Cristóbal de Las Casas and Simojovel.
1963:Since the 1994 uprising, migration into the
1811:Zapatistas Territory sign in Chiapas, Mexico
1615:Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace) at
1462:
9883:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004,
9665:
8940:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8889:
8868:
8856:
8755:
8739:
8727:
8715:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8500:
8475:
8451:
8415:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8261:
8187:
8071:
8018:[Residences] (in Spanish). Mexico:
7790:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7508:
7353:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7288:"Chiapas:Sus characterísticas Demográficas"
7281:
7279:
7118:
7116:
7114:
6976:
6958:
6768:
6702:
6626:
6585:
6558:
6528:
6456:
5824:. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018
5767:
4810:structures such as the municipal palace in
1998:and EZLN that announced the dissolution of
1766:as a number of these countries, especially
1706:
1219:, where many jumped to their deaths in the
11139:States and territories established in 1824
10875:
10861:
10010:
9996:
9893:Jiménez González, Victor Manuel (Editor).
9781:"Latin American & Mexican Online News"
9593:[Education] (in Spanish). Mexico:
9280:
9271:
9262:
9155:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8514:
8430:
8283:[Diversity] (in Spanish). Mexico:
8122:
7960:
7698:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7151:
7096:. World War 4 Report. 2007. Archived from
6994:
6883:
6863:
6735:Educators Guide to Free Guidance Materials
6714:
6415:
6388:
6332:Rodríguez, Jeanette; Fortier, Ted (2007).
6308:
6163:
6124:
6104:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6000:
5948:"History of Mexico – The State of Chiapas"
5175:In Chiapas, principal Mayan sites include
149:
136:
9973:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
9583:
9393:
9391:
9296:
9294:
9292:
9243:
8830:
8270:
8005:
7784:Insolito – Maravillas Naturales de México
7769:Insolito – Maravillas Naturales de México
7734:
7709:
7591:Roig-Franzia, Manuel (19 November 2007).
7470:
7468:
7248:
7228:
7060:"Unusual battle lines form around jungle"
7042:
6985:
6949:
6917:
6915:
6854:
6845:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6786:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6617:
6603:
6594:
6576:
6567:
6549:
6537:
6465:
6447:
6435:
6397:
6220:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
4765:along with indigenous ones from Chiapas.
4477:One of the main minerals of the state is
1354:regional colonial government of Guatemala
838:), is one of the states that make up the
30:For the water ride at Phantasialand, see
9099:"Islam Is Gaining a Foothold in Chiapas"
9027:
8898:
8601:
8400:
8312:
7930:
7927:, Vol. 105, no. 2 (April 2000): 417–450.
7866:
7657:
7322:
7276:
7122:
7111:
7009:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6795:
6292:. Texas: Houston Institute for Culture.
5890:
5738:
5736:
5463:Ángel Albino Corzo International Airport
5398:Ángel Albino Corzo International Airport
5135:
5027:
4968:
4870:
4591:
4568:
4441:as well as plant species such as reeds,
4268:
4042:
3993:crops such as maize, beans, squash, and
3703:
3698:
2606:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2372:
2307:
2257:
2101:
2089:
2081:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1697:
1622:
1610:
1602:
1547:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1343:African slaves brought in by the Spanish
1240:
1181:
1079:
1014:
9496:
9096:
8990:
8236:
7642:
7611:
7517:
7454:
7452:
7090:"Chiapas: paramilitary resurgence seen"
6364:
6358:
5643:from the original on September 24, 2015
5637:"Senadores por Chiapas LXI Legislatura"
4445:and palm. It also has minerals such as
4208:Chiapas accounts for 1.73% of Mexico's
2403:. Mexico produces about 4 million
2077:
1631:In the early 20th century and into the
587:73,311 km (28,306 sq mi)
14:
11121:
9388:
9289:
8043:
8041:
7569:from the original on February 26, 2011
7530:
7465:
7421:
7419:
6742:from the original on December 14, 2021
6674:
6009:
5919:"Chiapas bases economy on agriculture"
5884:
5842:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5599:
5016:National Presbyterian Church in Mexico
5002:health or to "ward off the evil eye."
4620:along with the natural attractions of
4461:Chiapas's most important handcraft is
4375:
4203:
3919:, Las Margaritas, Ocosingo, Palenque,
3678:National Presbyterian Church in Mexico
3358:
2690:, was added to the biosphere reserve.
2018:
1471:, Mexican liberals came to power. The
1370:
789:
10856:
9991:
9952:Zapatista National Army of Liberation
9751:"Publicaciones periódicas en Chiapas"
9218:
9111:from the original on 22 February 2012
8978:from the original on January 18, 2012
7502:
7310:from the original on December 2, 2011
7070:from the original on December 2, 2011
6921:
6892:
6662:from the original on October 11, 2014
5800:(2) (in Spanish). September 6, 2017.
5733:
5278:
5257:are also a number of notable steles.
4788:
4657:attractions along this route include
4565:Tourism and general commerce/services
3339:
2743:, decreed in 1990, is located in the
1724:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
1415:Following the end of Spanish rule in
806:
10882:
9743:
9200:from the original on 8 December 2015
8808:"Atractivos Culturales y Turísticos"
8431:Luna Parra, Georgina (Winter 2002).
7985:[Sociodemographic profile].
7849:"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010"
7449:
7341:from the original on October 2, 2014
7030:from the original on August 22, 2021
6647:
5286:The oldest sites are in the coastal
4755:Arabic influence in its architecture
4035:for hygiene and medicinal purposes.
2680:United Nations Environment Programme
1803:Economic liberalization and the EZLN
1528:cult was taken over by one pilgrim,
1010:
510:María del Carmen Fernández Benavente
11154:Former countries in Central America
8237:Chiapas, CEIEG (21 February 2013).
8038:
7884:from the original on March 24, 2011
7607:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
7593:"Mexicans Ask Where Flood Aid Went"
7555:
7416:
5423:. It also has connections with the
4721:Lagunas de Montebello National Park
2822:World Network of Biosphere Reserves
2725:Lagunas de Montebello National Park
2694:Agua Azul Waterfall Protection Area
2435:View of the waterfalls at Agua Azul
2161:, also near the Guatemalan border.
1433:United Provinces of Central America
1403:Copy of the 1825 state constitution
828:Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas
69:Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas
24:
9832:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
9803:
9761:from the original on July 27, 2020
9757:(in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico.
9601:from the original on July 22, 2011
9137:from the original on 20 March 2017
8662:from the original on July 22, 2011
8390:"Biodiesel Chiapas – Normatividad"
8291:from the original on July 22, 2011
8026:from the original on March 4, 2011
7948:from the original on March 4, 2011
6208:from the original on March 8, 2010
5669:from the original on July 20, 2011
5394:Francisco Sarabia National Airport
3927:and sociologists. The concept of "
3353:
3085:Largest cities or towns in Chiapas
2567:directly into this ocean but into
2253:
1171:
1007:designed the modern coat of arms.
836:Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas
74:Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas
25:
11170:
9922:
9497:Kettley, Sebastian (2020-03-13).
9046:from the original on May 14, 2011
8439:from the original on May 18, 2011
8370:from the original on 25 June 2017
8249:from the original on 23 June 2017
8175:from the original on May 18, 2011
8047:
6296:from the original on May 14, 2011
5958:from the original on 2 March 2017
5916:
5377:
5224:until 1949. Today, Palenque is a
4431:handcrafts and folk art in Mexico
3950:Institutional Revolutionary Party
3558:Religion in Chiapas (2010 census)
3068:
1676:Institutional Revolutionary Party
37:State in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
11106:
11094:
11082:
11070:
10084:
10019:
9928:
9865:Hidalgo, Margarita G. (Editor).
9773:
9568:. Moon Handbooks. Archived from
9558:
9520:
9490:
9473:HeritageDaily - Archaeology News
9461:
9237:
9221:"Inside Mexico's mud-hut mosque"
9212:
9182:
9149:
9123:
9058:
9011:. August 3, 2009. Archived from
8382:
8352:
8230:
8199:
8097:
7618:Melanie Bidiuk (March 1, 2007).
7599:from the original on 1 July 2017
7531:Bianco, Adriana (Nov–Dec 2008).
6656:"Japan-Mexico foreign relations"
6375:from the original on 2014-02-22.
5925:from the original on 31 May 2022
5807:from the original on May 1, 2018
5717:. Cuentame INEGI. Archived from
5691:. Cuentame INEGI. Archived from
5455:
5440:
4517:and San Cristóbal de las Casas.
4415:Comisión Federal de Electricidad
4387:Comisión Federal de Electricidad
3162:
3152:
3125:
3115:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2802:Laguna Bélgica Conservation Zone
2112:Mullerried classification system
1467:With the ouster of conservative
760:
759:
558:
540:
522:
504:
486:
468:
450:
432:
414:
396:
378:
360:
342:
311:
302:
293:
274:
119:
101:
9911:, Taylor & Francis, London.
9755:Sistema de Información Cultural
9538:from the original on 2020-03-15
9509:from the original on 2020-03-15
9479:from the original on 2020-07-27
9427:Scarborough, Vernon L. (1991).
8111:from the original on 2021-01-26
8060:from the original on 2016-03-03
7917:
7896:
7855:from the original on 2013-01-18
7841:
7825:
7491:from the original on 2020-08-09
7437:from the original on 7 May 2015
7222:
7197:from the original on 2022-05-31
7163:
7082:
6922:Kovic, Christine Marie (2005).
6726:
5940:
5910:
5854:
5750:from the original on 2021-07-18
5618:from the original on 2019-06-05
5356:Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas
4736:
4148:, and in the municipalities of
3063:
2660:Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve
2427:Environment and protected areas
2358:Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve
2215:Koeppen modified classification
1958:Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve
986:History of Chiapas (in Spanish)
952:Chiapas is home to the ancient
9818:The American Historical Review
9066:"Diversidad. Estado de México"
7925:The American Historical Review
7229:Henríquez, Elio (2023-11-05).
7137:10.1080/10714839.2003.11724544
6204:. USA: History Channel. 2011.
6131:Thomas A. Lee Whiting (1993).
5787:
5761:
5707:
5681:
5655:
5629:
5593:
5528:
5204:history of many of the sites.
5131:
4122:. They live near the ruins of
2126:and other aquatic vegetation.
1642:A small war broke out between
492:Adriana Bustamante Castellanos
456:Manuel de Jesús Narcía Coutiño
13:
1:
11134:1824 establishments in Mexico
9097:Glüsing, Jens (28 May 2005).
8551:[Economic Activity].
7565:. World Wildlife Fund. 2011.
7481:Revista mexicana de micología
5768:Citibanamex (June 13, 2023).
5586:
5072:of Chiapas shortly after the
4753:. This Spanish city had much
4424:
4074:
3965:make a ceremonial tunic from
2834:
2617:Sumidero Canyon National Park
1742:following an ideology called
605:4,080 m (13,390 ft)
299:Óscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar
9555:Jiménez González, pp. 12–13.
9404:University of Oklahoma Press
8970:Hursh Graber, Karen (2008).
8886:Jiménez González, pp. 14–16.
8497:Jiménez González, pp. 19–21.
8212:(in Spanish). Archived from
7125:NACLA Report on the Americas
7058:Mark Stevenson (July 2002).
6698:. University of Texas Press.
6644:Jiménez González, pp. 32–33.
6385:Jiménez González, pp. 30–31.
6290:"Chiapas-Forever Indigenous"
6160:Jiménez González, pp. 29–30.
5382:
5354:The state university is the
5341:
5054:Comunidad Islámica en España
4240:), and 8.4% in agriculture.
4112:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2741:El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve
2368:
2013:
1857:This small band, called the
7:
9933:Geographic data related to
5600:Benson, Nettie Lee (1994).
5504:
5260:Toniná is near the city of
5163:. In the mid-19th century,
4964:
4685:The Coffee Route begins in
4165:, Motozintla, El Porvenir,
4012:
3980:
3761:Western Maya language group
1469:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1449:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1421:Mexican War of Independence
1178:Spanish conquest of Chiapas
994:means "the place where the
10:
11175:
11149:Former countries of Mexico
10584:San Cristóbal de las Casas
10544:Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán
10199:Benemérito de las Américas
9156:Lara Klahr, Marco (2002).
7620:"The last of the Lacandon"
7537:Americas (English Edition)
6371:. R. Baldwin. p. 27.
5639:. Senado de la Republica.
5410:San Cristóbal de las Casas
5408:(which closed in 2010) in
5290:region. This includes the
4864:
4860:
4731:
4642:San Cristóbal de las Casas
4608:and includes the sites of
4383:Manuel Moreno Torres plant
4198:
3202:San Cristóbal de las Casas
3197:San Cristóbal de las Casas
3159:San Cristóbal de las Casas
3151:
3114:
3076:
2840:Flora and fauna of Chiapas
2709:El Ocote Biosphere Reserve
2563:wetlands along the coast.
2265:
2056:San Cristóbal de las Casas
2022:
1917:the December 1997 massacre
1903:bishopric in San Cristóbal
1867:San Cristobal de las Casas
1599:Early 20th century to 1960
1378:José María Morelos y Pavón
1352:and Tuxtla, all under the
1236:San Cristóbal de las Casas
1175:
1038:Recent excavations in the
1001:San Cristóbal de las Casas
983:
979:
929:. On the several parallel
864:San Cristóbal de las Casas
155:Chiapas and its neighbors.
29:
10890:
10767:
10169:Amatenango de la Frontera
10129:
10093:
10082:
10043:
10033:
9916:Sociological Perspectives
9853:Concise History of Mexico
9621:"La creación de la UNACH"
9433:The Mesoamerican Ballgame
9312:Stanford University Press
9304:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
8974:. MexConnect newsletter.
8054:www.reformiert-online.net
7983:"Perfil Sociodemográfico"
7010:Schuster, Monica (2008).
5116:) where children learned
5094:
4501:produce ceramics include
4261:in search of employment.
4174:Guatemalan migrant groups
4134:
4083:
4047:Tzeltal woman in Palenque
4038:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3371:—
2808:was established in 1980.
2806:Zapotal Ecological Center
2747:in the municipalities of
2147:forests of oaks and pines
2025:Municipalities of Chiapas
1463:Era of the Liberal Reform
788:
776:
753:
743:
675:
663:
655:
651:(US$ 22.7 billion) (2022)
645:
640:
630:
622:
614:
609:
601:
591:
583:
578:
564:Luis Armando Melgar Bravo
323:
285:
267:
262:
250:
240:
228:
209:
197:
162:
133:
115:
100:
67:
58:
42:
10559:Rincón Chamula San Pedro
10484:Ocozocoautla de Espinosa
10224:Capitán Luis Ángel Vidal
9944:Chiapas State Government
9837:García, María Cristina.
9244:@NatGeoUK (2017-11-11).
8895:Jiménez González, p. 16.
8877:Jiménez González, p. 14.
8865:Jiménez González, p. 13.
8766:Jiménez González, p. 12.
8752:Jiménez González, p. 44.
8736:Jiménez González, p. 43.
8724:Jiménez González, p. 42.
8652:"Actividades económicas"
8511:Jiménez González, p. 22.
8488:Jiménez González, p. 21.
8472:Jiménez González, p. 20.
8196:Jiménez González, p. 18.
8094:Jiménez González, p. 19.
7649:Stewart Diemont (2006).
7160:Jiménez González, p. 34.
6432:Jiménez González, p. 32.
6394:Jiménez González, p. 31.
6365:Kitchin, Thomas (1778).
6133:"Los olmecas en Chiapas"
6121:Jiménez González, p. 35.
6006:Jiménez González, p. 29.
5980:[Nomenclature].
5521:
5469:
5406:Corazón de María Airport
5240:and the narrative stone
5043:
4848:
4546:Traditional Mexican toys
3310:Ocozocoautla de Espinosa
3305:Ocozocoautla de Espinosa
2797:Palenque National Forest
2244:high altitude rainforest
2167:lowland deciduous forest
1931:to other indigenous and
1833:liberal economic reforms
1707:Mid-20th century to 1990
438:Jorge Luis Llaven Abarca
280:Rutilio Escandón Cadenas
10459:Montecristo de Guerrero
10116:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
9673:"Hinterland y Foreland"
9171:: 79–91. Archived from
7396:[Environment].
6288:John P. Schmal (2004).
5903:Encyclopædia Britannica
5665:. Camara de Diputados.
5511:2017 Chiapas earthquake
5396:(which was replaced by
5092:terrorist organization
4669:. The state capital of
4156:
2757:Montecristo de Guerrero
2745:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
2131:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
1908:The Bishop of Chiapas,
1740:Marist priests and nuns
1536:of a young Indian boy.
1268:established in 1538 by
656: • Per capita
631: • Rank
546:José Luis Elorza Flores
474:Ismael Brito Mazariegos
420:Yeimi Aguilar Cifuentes
384:Alfredo Vázquez Vázquez
348:Manuela Obrador Narváez
32:Chiapas (Phantasialand)
9566:"Sima de Las Cotorras"
7874:"Número de habitantes"
7563:"The State of Chiapas"
7214:: CS1 maint: others (
6760:: CS1 maint: others (
5952:www.houstonculture.org
5222:Temple of Inscriptions
5141:
5040:
4996:Bartolomé de las Casas
4979:
4876:
4875:Drink called taxcalate
4832:Gabriel Gallegos Ramos
4597:
4574:
4550:cajita de la serpiente
4274:
4048:
2899:Eretmochelys imbricata
2612:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2378:
2313:
2263:
2211:forest of oak and pine
2107:
2099:
2087:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1703:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1525:Agustina Gómez Checheb
1412:
1404:
1396:
1380:did enter the city of
1283:San Lorenzo Zinacantán
1274:Bartolomé de las Casas
1249:
1191:
1088:
1024:
1005:Javier Vargas Ballinas
886:to the north, and the
882:to the northwest, and
835:
804:Spanish pronunciation:
626:76/km (200/sq mi)
602:Highest elevation
87:Tlahtohcayotl chiapan
10797:Lagunas de Montebello
10339:Honduras de la Sierra
9967:Acosta et al., 2018.
9879:Higgins, Nicholas P.
9398:Kelly, Joyce (2001).
9040:Catholic Encyclopedia
9034:Kevin Knight (2009).
8777:"Ciudades coloniales"
8712:Hidalgo, pp. 112–113.
8549:"Actividad Econónica"
7807:"Turismo de aventura"
7680:"Zonas arqueológicas"
6973:Hamnett, pp. 296–298.
6946:Hamnett, pp. 296–297.
5488:El Heraldo de Chiapas
5330:and Central America.
5195:, all or near in the
5139:
5096:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
5031:
4972:
4874:
4820:Ramiro Jiménez Chacón
4805:, which are the only
4595:
4572:
4272:
4046:
3956:in the 1970s and the
3704:Numbers and influence
3699:Indigenous population
3345:Historical population
2610:
2527:, a large red lizard
2450:
2442:
2434:
2376:
2311:
2261:
2226:were hindered by the
2105:
2093:
2085:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1748:Maoist People's Union
1701:
1672:Plutarco Elías Calles
1626:
1614:
1606:
1548:Porfiriato, 1876–1911
1425:La Familia Chiapaneca
1411:1856 map of the state
1410:
1402:
1394:
1244:
1185:
1083:
1018:
984:Further information:
947:azure-rumped tanagers
528:Roberto Rubio Montejo
308:Sasil de León Villard
10777:Cascada de Agua Azul
10174:Amatenango del Valle
9406:. pp. 341–348.
9015:on December 28, 2010
7742:"Zona de Influencia"
7630:on November 27, 2010
7509:Kaity Cheng (2009).
7296:Papeles de Población
6139:on February 27, 2011
5500:Noticias de Chiapas.
5478:of Chiapas include:
5332:Sima de las Cotorras
5169:Frederick Catherwood
5033:Subcomandante Marcos
4795:Sima de las Cotorras
4659:Comitán de Domínguez
4622:Agua Azul Waterfalls
4494:Amatenango del Valle
4093:, which is found in
3215:Comitán de Domínguez
3169:Comitán de Domínguez
2906:Pharomachrus mocinno
2793:azure-rumped tanager
2135:Sierra Madre del Sur
2078:Geographical regions
1996:Subcomandante Moises
1941:Mexican constitution
1852:Subcomandante Marcos
1588:Japanese immigration
943:resplendent quetzals
623: • Density
402:Joaquín Zebadúa Alva
317:Noé Castañón Ramírez
10905:Baja California Sur
10734:Venustiano Carranza
10579:San Andrés Duraznal
10429:Marqués de Comillas
9250:National Geographic
8691:on December 2, 2011
8581:[Regions].
7624:Online Pioneer Plus
6591:Higgens, pp. 91–92.
6564:Higgens, pp. 89–90.
6534:Higgens, pp. 87–88.
6462:Higgens, pp. 82–83.
6084:[History].
5226:World Heritage Site
5165:John Lloyd Stephens
4843:Rosario Castellanos
4824:Héctor Ventura Cruz
4648:facades along with
4632:, near the city of
4419:Petróleos Mexicanos
4376:Industry and energy
4273:Ranch near Palenque
4204:Economic indicators
3346:
2529:Abronia lythrochila
2098:from atop the ridge
2019:Political geography
1744:liberation theology
1652:Venustiano Carranza
1440:Agustín de Iturbide
1371:Era of Independence
1217:Battle of Tepetchia
1213:Diego de Mazariegos
1003:). Chiapas painter
840:32 federal entities
782:Government Web Site
178: /
10419:Maravilla Tenejapa
10179:Ángel Albino Corzo
10101:Chiapas Depression
9851:Hamnett, Brian R.
9809:Benjamin, Thomas.
9219:Arsenault, Chris.
8922:Mexico Desconocido
8048:Fasse, Christoph.
7911:2006-07-20 at the
7458:Benjamin, Thomas.
7066:. Miami, Florida.
5872:on January 6, 2018
5744:"México en cifras"
5721:on August 13, 2010
5496:La Voz del Sureste
5279:Pre-Mayan cultures
5148:region, where the
5142:
5104:and more than 700
5041:
4988:Diocese of Chiapas
4980:
4877:
4867:Cuisine of Chiapas
4789:Art and literature
4598:
4596:Misol-Há Waterfall
4575:
4483:Dominican Republic
4275:
4049:
3958:Zapatista movement
3954:Diocese of Chiapas
3757:Zapatista uprising
3344:
3340:General statistics
2980:Leopardus pardalis
2812:is an area in the
2753:Ángel Albino Corzo
2668:Maravilla Tenejapa
2613:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2379:
2314:
2264:
2193:formations called
2108:
2100:
2088:
1937:San Andrés Accords
1838:Zapatista movement
1829:
1821:
1813:
1732:Zapatista movement
1719:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
1704:
1633:Mexican Revolution
1629:
1621:
1609:
1582:Mexican Revolution
1413:
1405:
1397:
1266:Diocese of Chiapas
1250:
1192:
1089:
1033:pre Classic period
1025:
910:to the southwest.
848:124 municipalities
826:), officially the
808:[ˈtʃjapas]
659:(US$ 3,989) (2022)
646: • Total
615: • Total
584: • Total
366:Adela Ramos Juárez
246:September 14, 1824
11058:
11057:
10850:
10849:
10739:Villa Comaltitlán
10604:Santiago el Pinar
10324:Frontera Comalapa
10189:Bejucal de Ocampo
10106:Chiapas Highlands
9903:978-607-400-059-7
9889:978-0-292-70640-8
9875:978-3-11-018597-3
9861:978-0-521-61802-1
9847:978-0-520-24701-7
9795:on March 7, 2020.
9302:Sharer, Robert J.
9225:www.aljazeera.com
8844:on August 8, 2011
8783:on August 8, 2011
8579:"Regionalización"
8345:978-0-292-73149-3
7813:on March 14, 2011
7686:on March 16, 2011
7094:www.ww4report.com
7023:978-3-640-23874-3
6933:978-0-292-70640-8
6521:978-0-89680-247-6
6351:978-0-292-71663-6
5429:railroad terminal
5084:group. President
4975:Cristo de Chiapas
4879:Like the rest of
4828:Máximo Prado Pozo
4725:Lacanjá Chansayab
4579:municipal markets
4368:, shark, shrimp,
4107:Chichonal volcano
4053:Ch’ols of Chiapas
3637:
3636:
3571:Roman Catholicism
3551:
3550:
3336:
3335:
3060:
3059:
2892:Alouatta palliata
2283:Yucatán Peninsula
2045:to the south and
1933:identity-politics
1726:in January 1994.
1530:Pedro Díaz Cuzcat
1097:Yucatán Peninsula
1011:Pre-Columbian Era
797:
796:
772:
770:Ranked 32nd of 32
16:(Redirected from
11166:
11159:Former republics
11144:States of Mexico
11111:
11110:
11109:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11075:
11074:
11073:
11066:
10884:States of Mexico
10877:
10870:
10863:
10854:
10853:
10714:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
10434:Mazapa de Madero
10364:La Independencia
10329:Frontera Hidalgo
10088:
10036:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
10024:
10023:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9989:
9988:
9964:
9956:
9948:
9932:
9931:
9797:
9796:
9791:. Archived from
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9731:on July 21, 2011
9721:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9705:on July 21, 2011
9695:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9679:on July 21, 2011
9669:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9653:on July 21, 2011
9643:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9562:
9556:
9553:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9543:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9484:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9395:
9386:
9385:
9361:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9307:The Ancient Maya
9298:
9287:
9284:
9278:
9275:
9269:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9241:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9162:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9094:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9009:Voice of America
9001:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8967:
8938:
8937:
8917:
8896:
8893:
8887:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8866:
8863:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8818:on June 16, 2011
8804:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8773:
8767:
8764:
8753:
8750:
8737:
8734:
8725:
8722:
8713:
8710:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8681:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8632:on June 16, 2011
8618:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8589:on June 16, 2011
8575:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8559:on June 16, 2011
8545:
8512:
8509:
8498:
8495:
8489:
8486:
8473:
8470:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8428:
8413:
8412:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8333:
8323:
8310:
8309:Hidalgo, p. 117.
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8277:
8268:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8165:
8156:
8155:Hidalgo, p. 119.
8153:
8147:
8146:Hidalgo, p. 109.
8144:
8129:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8012:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7993:on June 16, 2011
7979:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7934:
7928:
7921:
7915:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7837:(Report). INEGI.
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7803:
7788:
7787:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7748:on July 21, 2011
7738:
7732:
7731:
7707:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7676:
7655:
7654:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7626:. Archived from
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7588:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7539:. Archived from
7528:
7515:
7514:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7472:
7463:
7456:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7423:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7404:on June 16, 2011
7390:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7331:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7293:
7283:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7213:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7149:
7148:
7120:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7064:The Miami Herald
7055:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7007:
6992:
6989:
6983:
6982:Hidalgo, p. 113.
6980:
6974:
6971:
6965:
6964:Hidalgo, p. 112.
6962:
6956:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6919:
6890:
6889:Hamnett, p. 297.
6887:
6881:
6880:Hamnett, p. 296.
6878:
6861:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6829:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6784:
6783:Hidalgo, p. 108.
6781:
6766:
6765:
6759:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6730:
6724:
6723:Hamnett, p. 264.
6721:
6712:
6711:Hidalgo, p. 106.
6709:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6687:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6636:
6635:Hidalgo, p. 105.
6633:
6624:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6601:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6535:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6507:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6433:
6430:
6413:
6410:
6395:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6339:
6329:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6285:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6198:
6161:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6092:on June 16, 2011
6078:
6007:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5988:on June 16, 2011
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5899:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5746:. January 2016.
5740:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5597:
5580:
5532:
5459:
5444:
5402:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
5372:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
5364:
5300:Mazatan, Chiapas
5296:Paso de la Amada
5161:Spanish Conquest
5150:Chantuto peoples
5099:
5098:
4799:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
4671:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
4667:San Juan Chamula
4626:Usumacinta River
3841:Mochó Cakchiquel
3730:
3689:African features
3663:Federal District
3555:
3554:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3166:
3156:
3145:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
3140:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
3129:
3122:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
3119:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3054:Bursera simaruba
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2836:
2739:rainforest. The
2729:La Independencia
2625:Nuevo Usumacinta
2621:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
2303:Usumacinta River
2280:
2276:
2052:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
1831:The adoption of
1648:San Juan Chamula
1644:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
1617:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
1279:San Juan Chamula
1252:Soon after, the
1247:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
852:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
818:
817:
816:
810:
805:
792:
784:
768:
767:
763:
762:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
373:
364:
355:
346:
334:Federal Deputies
319:
315:
306:
297:
278:
223:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
219:
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
156:
153:
146:
140:
123:
109:Usumacinta River
105:
96:
94:
83:
82:
70:
40:
39:
21:
11174:
11173:
11169:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11095:
11093:
11083:
11081:
11071:
11069:
11061:
11059:
11054:
11010:San Luis Potosí
10900:Baja California
10886:
10881:
10851:
10846:
10827:Sumidero Canyon
10769:Protected areas
10763:
10594:San Juan Cancuc
10309:Emiliano Zapata
10259:Chiapa de Corzo
10125:
10111:Lacandon Forest
10089:
10080:
10039:
10029:
10018:
10016:
9962:
9954:
9946:
9929:
9925:
9806:
9804:Further reading
9801:
9800:
9785:Research Guides
9779:
9778:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9749:
9748:
9744:
9734:
9732:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9708:
9706:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9671:
9670:
9666:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9630:
9628:
9627:on May 17, 2011
9619:
9618:
9614:
9604:
9602:
9589:
9588:
9584:
9575:
9573:
9564:
9563:
9559:
9554:
9550:
9541:
9539:
9526:
9525:
9521:
9512:
9510:
9495:
9491:
9482:
9480:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9447:
9425:
9421:
9414:
9396:
9389:
9374:
9345:
9341:
9326:
9299:
9290:
9286:Hamnett, p. 34.
9285:
9281:
9277:Hamnett, p. 36.
9276:
9272:
9268:Hamnett, p. 32.
9267:
9263:
9254:
9252:
9242:
9238:
9229:
9227:
9217:
9213:
9203:
9201:
9188:
9187:
9183:
9175:
9160:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9112:
9095:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9047:
9032:
9028:
9018:
9016:
9003:
9002:
8991:
8981:
8979:
8968:
8941:
8918:
8899:
8894:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8876:
8869:
8864:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8806:
8805:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8756:
8751:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8683:
8682:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8635:
8633:
8620:
8619:
8602:
8592:
8590:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8562:
8560:
8547:
8546:
8515:
8510:
8501:
8496:
8492:
8487:
8476:
8471:
8452:
8442:
8440:
8429:
8416:
8405:
8401:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8371:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8324:
8313:
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8279:
8278:
8271:
8267:Hidalgo, p. 19.
8266:
8262:
8252:
8250:
8235:
8231:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8178:
8176:
8167:
8166:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8132:
8128:Hamnett, p. 18.
8127:
8123:
8114:
8112:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8093:
8072:
8063:
8061:
8046:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8014:
8013:
8006:
7996:
7994:
7981:
7980:
7961:
7951:
7949:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7922:
7918:
7913:Wayback Machine
7902:
7901:
7897:
7887:
7885:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7858:
7856:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7791:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7751:
7749:
7740:
7739:
7735:
7718:. Mexico City:
7708:
7699:
7689:
7687:
7678:
7677:
7658:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7600:
7589:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7529:
7518:
7507:
7503:
7494:
7492:
7473:
7466:
7457:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7425:
7424:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7392:
7391:
7354:
7344:
7342:
7333:
7332:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7268:
7266:
7257:
7256:
7249:
7240:
7238:
7227:
7223:
7207:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7183:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7152:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7101:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7071:
7056:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7008:
6995:
6991:Hamnett, p. 21.
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6920:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6879:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6769:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6703:
6688:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6623:Higgens, p. 96.
6622:
6618:
6614:Higgens, p. 99.
6613:
6604:
6600:Higgens, p. 98.
6599:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6582:Higgens, p. 91.
6581:
6577:
6573:Higgens, p. 90.
6572:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6555:Higgens, p. 80.
6554:
6550:
6546:Higgens, p. 88.
6545:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6508:
6475:
6471:Higgens, p. 86.
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:Higgens, p. 85.
6452:
6448:
6444:Higgens, p. 84.
6443:
6436:
6431:
6416:
6412:Higgens, p. 81.
6411:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6330:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6286:
6221:
6211:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6164:
6159:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6080:
6079:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5911:
5897:"Chiapas"
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5819:"Archived copy"
5817:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5695:on June 7, 2007
5687:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5621:
5619:
5612:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5507:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5385:
5380:
5358:
5344:
5328:Mexican Plateau
5281:
5268:The capital of
5197:Lacandon Jungle
5134:
5052:community, the
5046:
4967:
4869:
4863:
4851:
4791:
4763:Central America
4739:
4734:
4713:Lacandon Jungle
4675:Sumidero Canyon
4663:Chiapa de Corzo
4606:Lacandon Jungle
4567:
4531:strawberry tree
4503:Chiapa de Corzo
4427:
4378:
4306:, bananas, and
4267:
4206:
4201:
4176:
4159:
4137:
4120:Lacandon Jungle
4115:
4086:
4077:
4041:
4015:
3983:
3865:San Juan Cancuc
3724:
3706:
3701:
3659:State of Mexico
3639:
3638:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3589:
3584:Other Christian
3576:
3342:
3337:
3238:Chiapa de Corzo
3233:Chiapa de Corzo
3167:
3161:
3157:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3047:Cedrela odorata
3040:Abies religiosa
3033:Ceiba pentandra
2987:Boa constrictor
2913:Tapirus bairdii
2830:Lacandon people
2814:Lacandon Forest
2781:Central America
2664:Lacandon Jungle
2629:Chiapa de Corzo
2581:Central America
2488:Lacandon Jungle
2429:
2371:
2278:
2277:10 ha (4.7
2274:
2270:
2268:Lacandon Jungle
2256:
2254:Lacandon Jungle
2240:Lacandon Jungle
2151:Orographic lift
2096:Sumidero Canyon
2080:
2072:Chiapa de Corzo
2027:
2021:
2016:
1992:
1965:Lacandon Jungle
1848:Lacandon Jungle
1805:
1764:Central America
1714:Lacandon Jungle
1709:
1681:Lázaro Cárdenas
1601:
1550:
1492:Catholic Church
1465:
1429:Central America
1373:
1364:Bourbon Reforms
1321:cities such as
1221:Sumidero Canyon
1188:Chiapa de Corzo
1180:
1174:
1172:Colonial period
1109:Lacandon Jungle
1052:Chiapa de Corzo
1013:
988:
982:
902:departments of
846:. It comprises
812:
811:
803:
780:
765:
739:
688:
687:
671:
650:
649:MXN 455 billion
574:
556:
538:
520:
502:
484:
466:
448:
430:
412:
394:
376:
358:
340:
337:
336:
310:
301:
292:
214:
213:
186:
184:
182:16.53°N 92.45°W
180:
177:
172:
169:
167:
165:
164:
158:
157:
154:
147:
141:
129:
128:
127:
126:
111:
88:
85:
84:
76:
72:
71:
68:
63:
54:
45:
38:
35:
28:
27:State of Mexico
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11172:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11116:
11115:
11103:
11091:
11079:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10895:Aguascalientes
10891:
10888:
10887:
10880:
10879:
10872:
10865:
10857:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10817:Selva El Ocote
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10787:La Encrucijada
10784:
10779:
10773:
10771:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10424:Las Margaritas
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10319:Francisco León
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10135:
10133:
10131:Municipalities
10127:
10126:
10124:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10097:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10071:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10040:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10015:
10014:
10007:
10000:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9976:
9965:
9957:
9949:
9941:
9924:
9923:External links
9921:
9920:
9919:
9912:
9905:
9891:
9877:
9863:
9849:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9814:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9772:
9742:
9716:
9699:"Conectividad"
9690:
9664:
9638:
9612:
9582:
9557:
9548:
9519:
9489:
9475:. 2020-03-12.
9460:
9445:
9419:
9412:
9387:
9372:
9339:
9324:
9288:
9279:
9270:
9261:
9236:
9211:
9181:
9178:on 2007-10-24.
9167:(in Spanish).
9148:
9122:
9082:
9057:
9042:. New Advent.
9026:
8989:
8939:
8924:(in Spanish).
8897:
8888:
8879:
8867:
8855:
8829:
8794:
8768:
8754:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8673:
8643:
8600:
8570:
8513:
8499:
8490:
8474:
8450:
8414:
8399:
8396:on 2013-07-03.
8381:
8351:
8344:
8311:
8302:
8269:
8260:
8243:chiapas.gob.mx
8229:
8198:
8186:
8157:
8148:
8130:
8121:
8096:
8070:
8037:
8004:
7959:
7938:"Distribución"
7929:
7916:
7895:
7865:
7840:
7824:
7789:
7774:
7759:
7733:
7714:(in Spanish).
7697:
7656:
7641:
7610:
7580:
7554:
7516:
7501:
7483:(in Spanish).
7464:
7448:
7431:www.cfe.gob.mx
7415:
7394:"Medio Físico"
7352:
7321:
7275:
7247:
7221:
7181:
7162:
7150:
7110:
7081:
7041:
7022:
6993:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6955:García, p. 55.
6948:
6939:
6932:
6891:
6882:
6862:
6860:García, p. 45.
6853:
6851:García, p. 56.
6844:
6842:García, p. 54.
6830:
6828:García, p. 53.
6821:
6819:García, p. 52.
6812:
6810:García, p. 50.
6803:
6794:
6792:García, p. 46.
6785:
6767:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6673:
6646:
6637:
6625:
6616:
6602:
6593:
6584:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6548:
6536:
6527:
6520:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6434:
6414:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6357:
6350:
6307:
6219:
6162:
6150:
6123:
6103:
6008:
5999:
5978:"Nomenclatura"
5969:
5939:
5917:Smith, Netza.
5909:
5894:, ed. (1911).
5892:Chisholm, Hugh
5883:
5853:
5786:
5760:
5732:
5706:
5680:
5654:
5628:
5610:
5604:(in Spanish).
5591:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5516:Ciudad Hidalgo
5513:
5506:
5503:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5439:
5417:Puerto Chiapas
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Infrastructure
5376:
5343:
5340:
5292:Mokaya culture
5280:
5277:
5133:
5130:
5124:have left the
5045:
5042:
4966:
4963:
4936:hearts of palm
4865:Main article:
4862:
4859:
4850:
4847:
4790:
4787:
4749:who came from
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4706:Boca del Cielo
4695:Tacaná Volcano
4691:Puerto Chiapas
4679:Grijalva River
4566:
4563:
4426:
4423:
4377:
4374:
4314:the regime of
4266:
4263:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4175:
4172:
4158:
4155:
4146:Tacaná volcano
4136:
4133:
4114:
4111:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4040:
4037:
4014:
4011:
4003:sweet potatoes
3982:
3979:
3765:Classic period
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Other Religion
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:Largest cities
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2973:Tayassu pecari
2969:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2885:Cuniculus paca
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2676:Las Margaritas
2486:and more. The
2428:
2425:
2387:Tacaná Volcano
2370:
2367:
2326:Las Margaritas
2266:Main article:
2255:
2252:
2236:Gulf of Mexico
2139:Tacaná Volcano
2079:
2076:
2023:Main article:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
1991:
1988:
1871:Las Margaritas
1804:
1801:
1708:
1705:
1664:Álvaro Obregón
1656:Ley de Obreros
1600:
1597:
1549:
1546:
1464:
1461:
1372:
1369:
1302:Thomas Kitchin
1190:built in 1562.
1173:
1170:
1099:and west into
1093:Classic period
1084:The Palace at
1012:
1009:
981:
978:
795:
794:
786:
785:
778:
774:
773:
757:
751:
750:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
683:
682:
681:
679:
673:
672:
669:
667:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
612:
611:
607:
606:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
585:
581:
580:
576:
575:
573:
572:
554:
536:
518:
500:
482:
464:
446:
428:
410:
392:
374:
356:
332:
331:
330:
328:
321:
320:
290:
283:
282:
272:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
232:
230:Municipalities
226:
225:
220:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
160:
159:
148:
135:
134:
131:
130:
124:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
106:
98:
97:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
46:
43:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11171:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11114:
11104:
11102:
11101:Latin America
11092:
11090:
11089:North America
11080:
11078:
11068:
11067:
11064:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10873:
10871:
10866:
10864:
10859:
10858:
10855:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10837:Volcán Tacaná
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10807:Nahá–Metzabok
10805:
10803:
10802:Montes Azules
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10699:La Trinitaria
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
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10574:Salto de Agua
10572:
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10384:Ixtapangajoya
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10250:
10249:Chapultenango
10247:
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10234:Chalchihuitán
10232:
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9939:OpenStreetMap
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9626:
9622:
9616:
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9592:
9586:
9572:on 2012-01-02
9571:
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9537:
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9508:
9504:
9503:Express.co.uk
9500:
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9446:0-8165-1360-0
9442:
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9423:
9415:
9413:0-8061-3349-X
9409:
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9401:
9394:
9392:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9373:0-500-05103-8
9369:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9353:
9352:Nikolai Grube
9349:
9348:Martin, Simon
9343:
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9325:0-8047-4817-9
9321:
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8892:
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8860:
8843:
8839:
8838:"Sol y playa"
8833:
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8364:www.frost.com
8361:
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8316:
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8264:
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8240:
8233:
8219:on 2015-04-12
8215:
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7645:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7585:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7543:on 2011-12-02
7542:
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7184:
7182:1-879707-17-9
7178:
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7166:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7100:on 2007-12-12
7099:
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6857:
6848:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6801:García, p. 9.
6798:
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5617:
5613:
5611:9789681205867
5607:
5603:
5596:
5592:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:Huehuetenango
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
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5527:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:Cuarto Poder
5481:
5477:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5421:South America
5418:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5375:
5373:
5368:
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5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:Mayan Muslims
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:San Cristóbal
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5007:Presbyterians
5003:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:Pope Paul III
4989:
4985:
4984:conquistadors
4977:
4976:
4971:
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4951:
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4890:
4886:
4882:
4873:
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4858:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:Jaime Sabines
4835:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4783:Porfirio Díaz
4780:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:Puerto Arista
4698:
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4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
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4637:
4635:
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4627:
4623:
4619:
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4611:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4589:restaurants.
4586:
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4559:
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4547:
4543:
4540:
4537:. The making
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4400:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
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4361:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:Chalchihuitán
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:Porfirio Díaz
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
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4260:
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4125:
4121:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:Salto de Agua
4062:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4024:Yucatec Mayan
4021:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:chili peppers
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3962:
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3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3905:Chalchihuitán
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
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3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3734:
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3719:
3715:
3711:
3696:
3694:
3693:Porfirio Díaz
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3669:) primarily.
3668:
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3656:
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3648:
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3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
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3392:
3389:
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3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
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3357:
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3348:
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3329:
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3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
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3311:
3308:
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3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
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3290:
3288:
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3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
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3254:
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3249:
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3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
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3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3075:
3056:
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3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2959:Panthera onca
2955:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:Nahá–Metzabok
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:La Trinitaria
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2685:
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2677:
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2669:
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2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2362:Porfirio Díaz
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:deforestation
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2043:Pacific Ocean
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:Mayan peoples
1782:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Emilio Rabasa
1559:
1555:
1554:Porfirio Díaz
1545:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Spanish Crown
1484:
1482:
1481:Porfirio Díaz
1478:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:El Pararrayos
1383:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:Pope Paul III
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:conquistadors
1255:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:Hernán Cortés
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:until 1500 CE
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:cloud forests
932:
928:
924:
923:Pacific Ocean
920:
916:
911:
909:
908:Pacific Ocean
905:
901:
897:
896:Huehuetenango
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:to the west,
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
815:
809:
801:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
758:
756:
752:
748:
746:
745:ISO 3166 code
742:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
686:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
648:
644:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
565:
561:
555:
551:
547:
543:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
421:
417:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
338:
335:
329:
327:
324: •
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
289:
286: •
284:
281:
277:
273:
271:
268: •
266:
261:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
218:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
191:
187:16.53; -92.45
163:Coordinates:
161:
152:
145:
139:
132:
122:
114:
110:
104:
99:
95:
92:
80:
75:
66:
62:
57:
53:
51:
41:
33:
19:
11005:Quintana Roo
10914:
10822:La Sepultura
10729:Unión Juárez
10709:Tuxtla Chico
10629:Solosuchiapa
10624:Socoltenango
10589:San Fernando
10469:Nicolás Ruiz
10299:La Concordia
10026:
9972:
9963:(in English)
9955:(in Spanish)
9947:(in Spanish)
9915:
9908:
9894:
9880:
9866:
9852:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9793:the original
9784:
9775:
9763:. Retrieved
9754:
9745:
9733:. Retrieved
9729:the original
9719:
9707:. Retrieved
9703:the original
9693:
9681:. Retrieved
9677:the original
9667:
9655:. Retrieved
9651:the original
9641:
9629:. Retrieved
9625:the original
9615:
9603:. Retrieved
9585:
9574:. Retrieved
9570:the original
9560:
9551:
9540:. Retrieved
9531:
9522:
9511:. Retrieved
9502:
9492:
9481:. Retrieved
9472:
9463:
9432:
9422:
9399:
9357:
9342:
9306:
9282:
9273:
9264:
9253:. Retrieved
9249:
9239:
9228:. Retrieved
9224:
9214:
9202:. Retrieved
9193:
9184:
9173:the original
9168:
9164:
9151:
9139:. Retrieved
9125:
9113:. Retrieved
9102:
9073:. Retrieved
9069:
9060:
9048:. Retrieved
9039:
9029:
9017:. Retrieved
9013:the original
9008:
8980:. Retrieved
8925:
8921:
8891:
8882:
8846:. Retrieved
8842:the original
8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8816:the original
8811:
8785:. Retrieved
8781:the original
8771:
8693:. Retrieved
8689:the original
8664:. Retrieved
8646:
8634:. Retrieved
8630:the original
8625:
8591:. Retrieved
8587:the original
8582:
8573:
8561:. Retrieved
8557:the original
8552:
8493:
8441:. Retrieved
8408:
8402:
8394:the original
8384:
8372:. Retrieved
8363:
8354:
8329:
8305:
8293:. Retrieved
8281:"Diversidad"
8263:
8251:. Retrieved
8242:
8232:
8221:. Retrieved
8214:the original
8201:
8177:. Retrieved
8151:
8124:
8113:. Retrieved
8099:
8062:. Retrieved
8053:
8028:. Retrieved
7995:. Retrieved
7991:the original
7986:
7950:. Retrieved
7932:
7924:
7919:
7903:(in Spanish)
7898:
7886:. Retrieved
7868:
7857:. Retrieved
7843:
7833:
7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7811:the original
7783:
7777:
7768:
7762:
7750:. Retrieved
7746:the original
7736:
7715:
7712:Mexicanísimo
7711:
7688:. Retrieved
7684:the original
7650:
7644:
7632:. Retrieved
7628:the original
7623:
7613:
7601:. Retrieved
7571:. Retrieved
7557:
7545:. Retrieved
7541:the original
7536:
7510:
7504:
7493:. Retrieved
7484:
7480:
7459:
7439:. Retrieved
7430:
7427:"Portal CFE"
7406:. Retrieved
7402:the original
7397:
7343:. Retrieved
7312:. Retrieved
7295:
7267:. Retrieved
7265:. 2023-11-06
7262:
7239:. Retrieved
7237:(in Spanish)
7234:
7224:
7199:. Retrieved
7171:
7165:
7128:
7124:
7102:. Retrieved
7098:the original
7093:
7084:
7072:. Retrieved
7063:
7032:. Retrieved
7012:
6987:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6942:
6923:
6885:
6856:
6847:
6824:
6815:
6806:
6797:
6788:
6744:. Retrieved
6734:
6728:
6693:
6664:. Retrieved
6649:
6640:
6619:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6560:
6551:
6530:
6511:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6390:
6381:
6367:
6360:
6335:
6298:. Retrieved
6210:. Retrieved
6141:. Retrieved
6137:the original
6126:
6094:. Retrieved
6090:the original
6085:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5986:the original
5981:
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5951:
5942:
5934:
5927:. Retrieved
5912:
5901:
5886:
5874:. Retrieved
5870:the original
5865:
5856:
5826:. Retrieved
5809:. Retrieved
5789:
5777:. Retrieved
5775:(in Spanish)
5763:
5752:. Retrieved
5723:. Retrieved
5719:the original
5709:
5699:February 12,
5697:. Retrieved
5693:the original
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5657:
5645:. Retrieved
5631:
5620:. Retrieved
5595:
5530:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5449:Port Chiapas
5425:Panama Canal
5414:
5390:Ocozocoautla
5386:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5336:Ocozocoautla
5325:
5310:
5304:
5285:
5282:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5230:
5206:
5193:Tenam Puente
5174:
5154:
5143:
5053:
5048:The Spanish
5047:
5023:
5020:
5011:Pentecostals
5004:
5000:
4981:
4973:
4952:
4944:
4933:
4925:
4904:
4897:
4878:
4852:
4836:
4816:Lázaro Gómez
4807:Mesoamerican
4792:
4771:
4767:
4744:
4740:
4737:Architecture
4710:
4699:
4684:
4650:Neoclassical
4638:
4599:
4587:
4576:
4544:
4519:
4491:
4476:
4460:
4428:
4408:
4391:
4379:
4362:
4358:
4312:
4292:sesame seeds
4276:
4259:Villahermosa
4242:
4225:
4214:
4207:
4186:, Kanjobal,
4177:
4160:
4138:
4116:
4087:
4078:
4050:
4016:
3991:Mesoamerican
3984:
3963:
3942:
3933:
3925:
3909:
3809:
3748:Quintana Roo
3737:
3707:
3686:
3682:Presbyterian
3671:
3644:
3640:
3104:Municipality
3064:Demographics
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2966:Ramphastidae
2964:
2957:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2839:
2761:La Concordia
2713:Ocozocoautla
2706:
2692:
2657:
2633:San Fernando
2614:
2565:
2469:
2462:
2458:Sierra Madre
2454:
2380:
2355:
2315:
2271:
2248:
2232:
2187:Cuchumatanes
2171:
2163:
2128:
2109:
2094:View of the
2086:Mount Tacaná
2028:
2007:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1929:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1884:
1856:
1830:
1794:
1777:
1761:
1728:
1710:
1685:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1586:
1578:
1551:
1538:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1485:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1424:
1414:
1385:
1374:
1357:
1347:
1300:As of 1778,
1299:
1294:One uprising
1287:
1251:
1225:
1193:
1154:
1113:
1090:
1060:
1037:
1029:Ocozocoautla
1026:
989:
951:
939:horned guans
930:
912:
827:
823:
799:
798:
790:
665:Postal codes
217:largest city
142:Location in
125:Coat of arms
107:View of the
86:
73:
47:
10965:Mexico City
10749:Villaflores
10744:Villa Corzo
10539:El Porvenir
10409:La Libertad
10374:Ixtacomitán
10334:La Grandeza
10274:Chicomuselo
10204:Berriozábal
10194:Bella Vista
10065:Government
9591:"Educación"
9204:27 November
9115:13 November
9104:Der Spiegel
8207:"Población"
8016:"Viviendas"
7335:"Ubicación"
6666:October 22,
5725:October 20,
5673:October 20,
5480:Chiapas Hoy
5359: [
5220:inside the
5132:Archaeology
5086:Vicente Fox
5056:, based in
4940:vinaigrette
4881:Mesoamerica
4775:Plateresque
4558:ball in cup
4469:, blouses,
4251:Mexico City
4103:Malpaso Dam
3803:along with
3725: [
3667:Mexico City
3612:Unspecified
3598:No religion
2785:horned guan
2777:Villa Corzo
2649:Chiapanecan
2549:crustaceans
2525:salamanders
2471:Liquidambar
2228:tierra fría
2222:. European
2203:Tzontehuitz
1910:Samuel Ruiz
1894:Word of God
1789:El Salvador
1736:Samuel Ruiz
1693:La Libertad
1595:, Chiapas.
1534:crucifixion
1362:during the
1359:intendencia
1323:Ciudad Real
1264:, with the
1200:Chiapanecas
1063:Tehuantepec
596:Ranked 10th
185: /
11123:Categories
11030:Tamaulipas
10985:Nuevo León
10940:Guanajuato
10832:El Triunfo
10759:Zinacantán
10534:Pijijiapan
10529:Pichucalco
10494:Osumacinta
10464:Motozintla
10414:Mapastepec
10404:Larráinzar
10389:Jiquipilas
10219:Cacahoatán
10159:Altamirano
10149:Acapetahua
10139:Acacoyagua
9576:2012-02-01
9542:2020-03-16
9513:2020-03-16
9483:2020-03-16
9402:. Norman:
9314:. p.
9255:2022-11-23
9230:2022-11-23
8223:2015-04-05
8115:2021-10-09
8105:"Panorama"
8064:2021-07-26
7859:2013-02-04
7495:2020-11-29
7269:2023-11-09
7241:2023-11-09
7235:La Jornada
7201:2021-03-24
7104:2008-02-29
6082:"Historia"
5876:January 5,
5828:January 6,
5811:January 5,
5779:August 13,
5754:2021-01-26
5622:2016-01-05
5587:References
5575:San Marcos
5476:Newspapers
5321:Pijijiapan
5251:ballcourts
5244:carved on
5234:monolithic
5189:Chinkoltic
5157:Franciscan
5082:Zapatistas
5037:Zapatistas
4916:mole sauce
4914:meats and
4889:hoja santa
4747:Dominicans
4425:Handcrafts
4403:Pichucalco
4372:and crab.
4346:Larráinzar
4300:sugar cane
4294:, coffee,
4238:handcrafts
4167:Cacahoatán
4141:Motozintla
4075:Tojolabals
4005:, cotton,
3987:Amatenango
3917:Larráinzar
3889:Zinacantán
2769:Pijijiapan
2765:Mapastepec
2749:Acacoyagua
2653:ecotourism
2577:Usumacinta
2513:crocodiles
2493:armadillos
2322:Altamirano
2159:Motozintla
1968:area, the
1889:La Jornada
1875:Altamirano
1593:Acacoyagua
1477:Pichucalco
1473:Reform War
1306:sugar cane
1262:Dominicans
1254:encomienda
1176:See also:
1129:Chinkultic
970:Chinkultic
919:rainforest
900:San Marcos
685:Area codes
677:Area codes
610:Population
263:Government
11077:Geography
11050:Zacatecas
11000:Querétaro
10970:Michoacán
10920:Chihuahua
10842:Yaxchilan
10792:Lacan-Tun
10654:Tapachula
10614:Simojovel
10599:San Lucas
10569:Sabanilla
10564:Las Rosas
10524:El Parral
10449:Mezcalapa
10354:Huitiupán
10344:Huehuetán
10314:Escuintla
10304:Copainalá
10284:Cintalapa
10269:Chicoasén
10264:Chiapilla
10214:El Bosque
10121:Soconusco
10074:Governors
10038:(capital)
10025:State of
9765:March 11,
9194:RNW media
9036:"Chiapas"
8934:1870-9397
7851:. INEGI.
7728:2007-0055
7720:CONACULTA
7487:: 61–72.
7304:1405-7425
7210:cite book
7145:185178958
7131:(6): 26.
6756:cite book
6202:"Chiapas"
5866:El Estado
5715:"Relieve"
5689:"Resumen"
5554:Guatemala
5383:Transport
5342:Education
5313:Tapachula
5288:Soconusco
5146:Soconusco
5126:Murabitun
5074:Zapatista
5050:Murabitun
4938:salad in
4893:plantains
4812:Tapachula
4687:Tapachula
4618:Yaxchilan
4602:Guatemala
4354:Starbucks
4334:El Bosque
4321:Soconusco
4229:parasites
4192:Cakchikel
4163:Tapachula
4128:Yaxchilan
4113:Lacandons
4069:huaraches
3921:Sabanilla
3861:Simojovel
3837:Jacalteco
3817:Tojolabal
3785:Tojolabal
3544:5,543,828
3533:5,217,908
3522:4,796,580
3511:4,293,459
3500:3,920,892
3489:3,584,786
3478:3,210,496
3467:2,084,717
3456:1,569,053
3445:1,210,870
3274:Cintalapa
3269:Cintalapa
3184:Tapachula
3179:Tapachula
3132:Tapachula
2737:Soconusco
2717:Cintalapa
2684:Yaxchilan
2641:xerophile
2557:estuaries
2553:mesophile
2505:wild boar
2417:Indonesia
2383:Soconusco
2369:Soconusco
2350:Tojolabal
2295:Yaxchilan
2285:and into
2224:epidemics
2199:limestone
2183:sandstone
2175:limestone
2155:Soconusco
2124:mangroves
2120:estuaries
2060:Tapachula
2047:Guatemala
2041:with the
2014:Geography
2008:Caracoles
2004:Guatemala
1970:Lacandons
1772:Soconusco
1768:Guatemala
1566:telegraph
1509:Soconusco
1445:Soconusco
1417:New Spain
1350:Soconusco
1308:, wheat,
1290:haciendas
1228:Lacandons
1125:Yaxchilan
1101:Guatemala
1071:magnetite
1040:Soconusco
996:chia sage
962:Yaxchilán
956:ruins of
927:Tapachula
904:Guatemala
860:Tapachula
618:5,543,828
242:Admission
48:Chiapan (
11040:Veracruz
11035:Tlaxcala
10945:Guerrero
10925:Coahuila
10910:Campeche
10812:Palenque
10782:Chan-Kin
10719:Tuzantán
10694:Totolapa
10679:Teopisca
10674:Tenejapa
10669:Tecpatán
10664:Tapilula
10659:Tapalapa
10644:Suchiate
10639:Suchiapa
10609:Siltepec
10519:Pantepec
10514:Pantelhó
10508:Palenque
10504:Palenque
10489:Ostuacán
10479:Ocotepec
10474:Ocosingo
10454:Mitontic
10369:Ixhuatán
10289:Coapilla
10254:Chenalhó
10229:Catazajá
10069:Congress
9759:Archived
9599:Archived
9536:Archived
9532:phys.org
9507:Archived
9477:Archived
9455:51873028
9382:47358325
9364:117, 125
9354:(2000).
9334:57577446
9198:Archived
9141:19 March
9135:Archived
9109:Archived
9044:Archived
8976:Archived
8660:Archived
8437:Archived
8409:El Norte
8368:Archived
8289:Archived
8247:Archived
8173:Archived
8109:Archived
8058:Archived
8024:Archived
7946:Archived
7909:Archived
7882:Archived
7853:Archived
7597:Archived
7567:Archived
7489:Archived
7435:Archived
7339:Archived
7308:Archived
7195:Archived
7191:31885135
7068:Archived
7028:Archived
6740:Archived
6660:Archived
6658:. MOFA.
6373:Archived
6294:Archived
6206:Archived
5956:Archived
5929:14 March
5923:Archived
5838:cite web
5802:Archived
5748:Archived
5667:Archived
5647:March 6,
5641:Archived
5616:Archived
5543:Veracruz
5505:See also
5447:View of
5317:Tecpatán
5270:Sak Tz’i
5262:Ocosingo
5185:Bonampak
5177:Palenque
5112:school (
5106:Tzotzils
4965:Religion
4948:compotes
4885:chipilin
4803:Bonampak
4779:Art Deco
4634:Ocosingo
4614:Bonampak
4610:Palenque
4583:tianguis
4535:Tecpatán
4527:mahogany
4515:Suchiapa
4487:pendants
4463:textiles
4447:obsidian
4439:mahogany
4399:Ostuacán
4389:, CFE).
4342:Chenalhó
4338:Tenejapa
4330:Pantheló
4308:palm oil
4284:soybeans
4221:Guerrero
4182:, Chuj,
4150:Tuzantán
4124:Bonampak
4099:Veracruz
4057:Honduras
4033:temazcal
4020:Chenalhó
4013:Tzotzils
3981:Tzeltals
3946:Carnival
3937:jatropha
3897:Ocotepec
3893:Mitontic
3885:Tapalapa
3873:Tenejapa
3857:Pantepec
3845:Lacandon
3829:Kanjobal
3789:Lacandon
3740:Campeche
3720:and the
3684:church.
3661:and the
3655:Veracruz
3292:Ocosingo
3287:Ocosingo
3256:Palenque
3251:Palenque
3224:113,479
3206:183,509
3188:217,550
3149:578,830
2791:and the
2773:Siltepec
2721:Tecpatán
2702:Misol Há
2688:Bonampak
2672:Ocosingo
2645:Grijalva
2597:manatees
2593:Palenque
2575:and the
2573:Grijalva
2561:mangrove
2537:opossums
2501:pelicans
2484:mahogany
2413:Colombia
2334:Palenque
2330:Ocosingo
2291:Bonampak
2220:Conquest
2207:Huitepec
2064:Palenque
2035:Veracruz
1925:Chenhaló
1899:caciques
1879:Ocosingo
1689:Catazajá
1660:Mapaches
1637:enganche
1558:caciques
1542:machetes
1521:Tzotzils
1501:Tzeltals
1232:Tzeltals
1209:Tzotzils
1121:Bonampak
1117:Palenque
1086:Palenque
1075:ilmenite
966:Bonampak
958:Palenque
880:Veracruz
856:Ocosingo
326:Deputies
288:Senators
270:Governor
11129:Chiapas
11063:Portals
11045:Yucatán
11025:Tabasco
11015:Sinaloa
10980:Nayarit
10975:Morelos
10955:Jalisco
10950:Hidalgo
10935:Durango
10915:Chiapas
10754:Yajalón
10704:Tumbalá
10649:Sunuapa
10554:Reforma
10439:Mazatán
10394:Jitotol
10359:Huixtla
10349:Huixtán
10294:Comitán
10239:Chamula
10184:Arriaga
10094:Regions
10061:Cuisine
10027:Chiapas
9981:at the
9935:Chiapas
9735:May 11,
9437:129–144
7722:: 6–8.
7263:AP News
6746:May 17,
5548:Tabasco
5492:El Orbe
5246:lintels
5242:reliefs
5236:carved
5114:madrasa
5110:Quranic
5058:Granada
5035:of the
4959:achiote
4907:chayote
4902:seeds.
4899:Tamales
4861:Cuisine
4855:marimba
4751:Seville
4732:Culture
4654:Moorish
4646:Baroque
4604:in the
4539:lacquer
4511:Ocuilpa
4498:cantaro
4471:huipils
4467:rebozos
4370:mojarra
4288:peanuts
4280:sorghum
4246:Chamula
4199:Economy
4188:K'iche'
4061:Chortís
4007:chayote
3929:mestizo
3901:Chamula
3869:Huixtán
3805:Chontal
3801:Tzotzil
3797:Tzeltal
3773:Tzotzil
3769:Tzeltal
3752:Yucatán
3733:mestizo
3722:Chiapas
3647:Tabasco
3629:
3616:
3603:
3588:
3575:
3434:907,026
3423:679,885
3412:529,983
3401:421,744
3390:438,843
3379:360,799
3368:320,694
3332:38,087
3314:43,247
3296:47,688
3278:49,201
3260:51,797
3242:55,931
3220:Comitán
3089:Source:
2818:Nahuatl
2789:quetzal
2698:Tumbalá
2601:iguanas
2589:emerald
2569:lagoons
2545:ocelots
2533:weasels
2521:bobcats
2517:iguanas
2509:jaguars
2497:monkeys
2466:cypress
2421:Vietnam
2396:quetzal
2346:Tzotzil
2342:Tzeltal
2068:Comitán
2031:Tabasco
1923:in the
1843:Mestizo
1339:mestizo
1327:Comitán
1166:Nahuatl
1149:quetzal
1145:vanilla
1105:Tabasco
992:Náhuatl
980:History
931:sierras
884:Tabasco
872:Arriaga
868:Comitán
832:Spanish
824:Chiapan
821:Nahuatl
800:Chiapas
777:Website
211:Capital
199:Country
173:92°27′W
170:16°32′N
91:Nahuatl
79:Spanish
50:Nahuatl
44:Chiapas
18:Chiapan
11113:Mexico
11020:Sonora
10995:Puebla
10990:Oaxaca
10960:México
10930:Colima
10724:Tzimol
10689:Tonalá
10634:Soyaló
10619:Sitalá
10499:Oxchuc
10444:Metapa
10399:Juárez
10379:Ixtapa
10279:Chilón
10244:Chanal
10209:Bochil
10164:Amatán
10154:Aldama
10051:Anthem
10044:Topics
9901:
9887:
9873:
9859:
9845:
9787:. US:
9709:May 8,
9683:May 8,
9657:May 8,
9631:May 8,
9605:May 8,
9453:
9443:
9410:
9380:
9370:
9332:
9322:
9075:20 May
9050:May 8,
9019:May 8,
8982:May 8,
8932:
8848:May 8,
8822:May 8,
8787:May 8,
8695:May 8,
8666:May 8,
8636:May 8,
8593:May 8,
8563:May 8,
8443:May 8,
8342:
8295:May 8,
8179:May 8,
8030:May 8,
7997:May 8,
7952:May 8,
7888:May 8,
7817:May 8,
7752:May 8,
7726:
7690:May 8,
7634:May 9,
7573:May 8,
7547:May 8,
7408:May 8,
7345:May 8,
7314:May 8,
7302:
7189:
7179:
7143:
7074:May 8,
7034:May 8,
7020:
6930:
6518:
6348:
6344:–114.
6300:May 8,
6212:May 8,
6143:May 8,
6096:May 8,
5992:May 8,
5608:
5565:Quiché
5538:Oaxaca
5498:, and
5367:UNESCO
5319:, and
5302:area.
5238:stelae
5217:stucco
5181:Toniná
5118:Arabic
5102:Mayans
5090:Basque
4911:tasajo
4830:, and
4759:Oaxaca
4630:Toniná
4554:yo yos
4507:Tonalá
4417:and a
4348:, and
4326:Oxchuc
4304:mangos
4255:Cancún
4217:Oaxaca
4180:Kekchi
4135:Mochós
4095:Oaxaca
4084:Zoques
4039:Ch’ols
4029:rebozo
3999:manioc
3975:rebozo
3971:huipil
3913:Chanal
3903:, and
3881:Oxchuc
3853:Sitalá
3849:Bochil
3744:Oaxaca
3716:, the
3714:Zoques
3651:Oaxaca
3525:+11.7%
3492:+11.7%
3481:+54.0%
3470:+32.9%
3459:+29.6%
3448:+33.5%
3437:+33.4%
3426:+28.3%
3415:+25.7%
3393:+21.6%
3382:+12.5%
3328:Tonalá
3323:Tonalá
3081:
3078:
2795:. The
2787:, the
2637:canyon
2635:. The
2585:indigo
2409:Brazil
2287:Belize
2195:uvalas
2181:, and
2145:, and
2116:Tonalá
2070:, and
2039:Oaxaca
1978:ejidos
1953:ejidos
1921:Acteal
1574:chicle
1570:Tonalá
1382:Tonalá
1335:Tuxtla
1331:Chiapa
1314:indigo
1310:barley
1196:Zoques
1161:Aztecs
1137:indigo
1133:Toniná
1073:, and
1056:Mayans
1044:Mokaya
974:Toniná
945:, and
898:, and
892:Quiché
876:Oaxaca
870:, and
844:Mexico
766:medium
764:0.677
749:MX-CHP
592:
204:Mexico
144:Mexico
10549:Rayón
10144:Acala
9595:INEGI
9176:(PDF)
9161:(PDF)
9070:INEGI
8656:INEGI
8374:1 May
8285:INEGI
8253:1 May
8217:(PDF)
8210:(PDF)
8020:INEGI
7942:INEGI
7878:INEGI
7603:1 May
7441:1 May
7292:(PDF)
7141:S2CID
5962:1 May
5822:(PDF)
5805:(PDF)
5798:(PDF)
5773:(PDF)
5560:Petén
5522:Notes
5470:Media
5433:Izapa
5400:) in
5363:]
5306:Izapa
5213:Copán
5209:Tikal
5201:Olmec
5070:state
5062:Spain
5044:Islam
4955:pozol
4920:adobo
4849:Music
4797:near
4785:era.
4717:macaw
4581:, 55
4523:cedar
4479:amber
4451:amber
4443:ixtle
4435:cedar
4395:PEMEX
4296:cacao
4233:NAFTA
3821:Zoque
3813:Ch'ol
3781:Zoque
3777:Ch'ol
3729:]
3718:Mayas
3710:Mixes
3674:Islam
3607:12.1%
3592:27.4%
3579:58.3%
3547:+6.2%
3541:2020
3536:+8.8%
3530:2015
3519:2010
3514:+9.5%
3508:2005
3503:+9.4%
3497:2000
3486:1995
3475:1990
3464:1980
3453:1970
3442:1960
3431:1950
3420:1940
3409:1930
3404:−3.9%
3398:1921
3387:1910
3376:1900
3365:1895
3108:Pop.
3098:Rank
2480:cedar
2405:sacks
2392:cocoa
2338:Ch'ol
2299:Petén
2191:karst
2179:shale
2122:with
1863:NAFTA
1797:ejido
1752:ejido
1318:cacao
1141:amber
1067:amber
1048:Olmec
954:Mayan
915:Teapa
888:Petén
736:• 994
733:• 992
730:• 968
727:• 967
724:• 966
721:• 965
718:• 964
715:• 963
712:• 962
709:• 961
706:• 934
703:• 932
700:• 919
697:• 918
694:• 917
691:• 916
670:29–30
252:Order
61:State
10684:Tila
9899:ISBN
9885:ISBN
9871:ISBN
9857:ISBN
9843:ISBN
9767:2020
9737:2011
9711:2011
9685:2011
9659:2011
9633:2011
9607:2011
9451:OCLC
9441:ISBN
9408:ISBN
9378:OCLC
9368:ISBN
9330:OCLC
9320:ISBN
9206:2015
9143:2017
9117:2011
9077:2023
9052:2011
9021:2011
8984:2011
8930:ISSN
8850:2011
8824:2011
8789:2011
8697:2011
8668:2011
8638:2011
8595:2011
8565:2011
8445:2011
8376:2018
8340:ISBN
8297:2011
8255:2018
8181:2011
8032:2011
7999:2011
7954:2011
7890:2011
7819:2011
7754:2011
7724:ISSN
7692:2011
7636:2011
7605:2018
7575:2011
7549:2011
7443:2018
7410:2011
7347:2011
7316:2011
7300:ISSN
7216:link
7187:OCLC
7177:ISBN
7076:2011
7036:2011
7018:ISBN
6928:ISBN
6762:link
6748:2014
6668:2014
6516:ISBN
6346:ISBN
6302:2011
6214:2011
6145:2011
6098:2011
5994:2011
5964:2018
5931:2022
5878:2018
5848:link
5844:link
5830:2018
5813:2018
5781:2023
5727:2010
5701:2013
5675:2010
5649:2013
5606:ISBN
5404:and
5315:and
5191:and
5167:and
5066:emir
5009:and
4929:lard
4841:and
4761:and
4661:and
4652:and
4529:and
4455:jade
4437:and
4411:lime
4366:tuna
4257:and
4219:and
4190:and
4184:Ixil
4157:Mams
4126:and
4097:and
4091:Mixe
4051:The
3967:bark
3877:Tila
3843:and
3825:Chuj
3799:and
3791:and
3750:and
3633:0.1%
3620:2.1%
3354:Pop.
3350:Year
2826:Nahá
2775:and
2731:and
2719:and
2707:The
2686:and
2674:and
2658:The
2631:and
2599:and
2559:and
2541:deer
2419:and
2381:The
2332:and
2205:and
2129:The
2037:and
1756:EZLN
1691:and
1552:The
1490:and
1333:and
1312:and
1281:and
1198:and
1147:and
972:and
635:15th
579:Area
568:13th
550:12th
532:11th
514:10th
257:19th
215:and
10056:Art
9937:at
9316:435
8926:380
7133:doi
6342:107
5552:In
5211:or
5060:in
4210:GDP
3833:Mam
3793:Mam
2587:to
2476:oak
2401:asl
2273:1.9
1854:."
842:of
755:HDI
641:GDP
496:9th
478:8th
460:7th
442:6th
424:5th
406:4th
388:3rd
370:2nd
352:1st
235:124
11125::
9971:.
9783:.
9753:.
9597:.
9534:.
9530:.
9505:.
9501:.
9471:.
9449:.
9439:.
9390:^
9376:.
9366:.
9350:;
9328:.
9318:.
9291:^
9248:.
9223:.
9196:.
9192:.
9163:.
9107:.
9101:.
9085:^
9068:.
9038:.
9007:.
8992:^
8942:^
8900:^
8870:^
8858:^
8797:^
8757:^
8741:^
8729:^
8717:^
8705:^
8676:^
8658:.
8603:^
8516:^
8502:^
8477:^
8453:^
8417:^
8366:.
8362:.
8338:.
8314:^
8287:.
8272:^
8245:.
8241:.
8189:^
8160:^
8133:^
8107:.
8073:^
8056:.
8052:.
8040:^
8022:.
8007:^
7962:^
7944:.
7880:.
7792:^
7716:24
7700:^
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