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center, space, ballistic missile, and space functions, developed using new software technology and designed for computers with large processing capacity. There were three major segments of the 427M system: the
Communication System Segment (CSS), NORAD Computer System (NCS), and Space Computational Center (SCC). The 425L Command and Control System, Display Information Processor, Command Center Processing System, and other hardware were replaced by the NORAD Computer System (NCS). The new system was designed to centralize several databases, improve on-line display capabilities, and consolidate mission warning information processing and transmission. It was intended to have greater reliability and quicker early warning capability. The Command Center Processing System's
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were removed to
Peterson Air Force Base. The complex is maintained by the 21st Mission Support Group which provides support and maintenance for the 'NORAD/USNORTHCOM's training, exercise and alternate command center functions, U.S. Strategic Command's Missile Warning Center, Detachment 2 of the 17th Test Squadron, Air Force Technical Applications Center's research laboratory, the Defense Intelligence Agency's Western Continental United States Regional Service Center'.
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processed without error. An off-site testing facility was established in
Colorado Springs by NORAD in late 1979 or early 1980 so that system changes could be tested off-line before they were moved into production. Following another failure in 1980, a bad computer chip was updated, and staff and commander processes were improved to better respond to warnings.
621:(SPADOC), established on October 1, 1979, consolidated United States Air Force satellite survivability, space surveillance, and US ASAT operations into one wartime space activities hub at the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex. Space surveillance and missile warning functions were performed by the Core Processing Segment (CPS) using
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organizations in the bunker became a specified command when the major command ended in 1980; e.g., the J31 unit of HQ NORAD/ADCOM subsequently manned the Space
Surveillance Center in the same room as the Missile Warning Center (separated by partitions). The "HQ Cheyenne Mountain Support Group ... was
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had been contracted for
Cheyenne Mountain, and the planned 18 month Cheyenne Mountain Realignment to move Command Center operations to Peterson AFB was complete by May 13, 2008. On August 3, 2011, a ribbon cutting was held for the January 2010 – June 30, 2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded
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The
Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) of November 1988, designed to consolidate five improvement programs, was not installed because it was not compatible with other systems at Cheyenne Mountain and it did not meet the defined specifications according to deficiencies identified during testing. The five
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CTA, Inc., Rockville, Md., $ 19 million (Estimated) indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract for a maximum of 416,000 direct labor hours in support of the
Granite Sentry Program, which will provide various software, hardware, and facility improvements to the NORAD Command Center, Air Defense
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By 1978, five operating centers and a command post resided within the NORAD Combat
Operations Center. The Space Computational Center catalogued and tracked space objects. The Intelligence Center analyzed intelligence data. Data was consolidated and displayed in the Command Post by the System Center.
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updated Air
Defense Command satellite information processing systems for $ 15,850,542 on January 19, 1973. The improvements were primarily to the Space Computational Center's displays and application software, which was updated to provide real-time positioning of orbiting space systems for the NORAD
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is owned and operated by Air Force Space
Command. NORAD and USNORTHCOM now use just under 30% of the floor space within the complex and comprise approximately 5% of the daily population at Cheyenne Mountain. The Cheyenne Mountain Complex serves as NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Alternate Command Center and
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Since 2002, the complex has been classed as Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and has been used in crew qualification training, while the former command function has been redesignated as the "NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center" since 2008 after all the original functions of the complex
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In 1979 and 1980, there were a few instances when false missile warnings were generated by the Cheyenne Mountain complex systems. For instance, a computer chip "went haywire" and issued false missile warnings, which raised the possibility that a nuclear war could be started accidentally, based upon
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The complex was built under 2,000 feet (610 metres) of granite on five acres (2 hectares). Fifteen three-story buildings are protected from movement, e.g., earthquake or explosion, by a system of giant springs that the buildings sit on and flexible pipe connectors to limit the operational effect of
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and its spin-offs, Cheyenne Mountain houses "Stargate Command", a top-secret unit of the United States Air Force that uses the titular Stargate to explore other planets. In recognition of the series' close relationship with the real-life Air Force, there is now a broom closet in the real Cheyenne
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On the fiftieth anniversary of the NORAD agreement—May 12, 2008—the Command Center located within Cheyenne Mountain Complex was officially re-designated as the NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center. The Cheyenne Mountain Division of NORAD and USNORTHCOM was re-designated as the J36 branch
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In June 1993, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Operations Center had the USSPACE and NORAD Command Center, NORAD Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC), NORAD/USSPACECOM Combined Intelligence Watch Center (CIWC), USSPACECOM Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC), USSPACECOM Space Surveillance Center
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NORAD had a series of warning and assessment systems that were not fully automated in the Cheyenne Mountain complex into the 1970s. In 1979, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program 427M system became fully operational. It was a consolidated Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade program for command
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There is more water produced by mountain springs than the base requires, and a 1,500,000-gallon (5,678,118-litre) reservoir ensures that even in event of fire, there is enough water to meet the facility's needs. A reservoir of 4,500,000 gallons (17,034,353 litres) of water is used as a heat sink.
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contract "to upgrade all of the mission systems within Cheyenne Mountain, which included the space surveillance systems" for delivery in 2006. The portion of CCIC2S modernizing "attack warning systems within Cheyenne Mountain cost more than $ 700 million from fiscal years 2000 to 2006", and the
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of the Air Force stated that "his primary responsibility is to provide Washington with what he calls 'timely, unambiguous, reliable warning' that a raid on North America has begun." He explained that there are about 6,700 messages generated on average each hour in 1979 and 1980 and all had been
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The entire installation at Cheyenne Mountain was designated the Cheyenne Mountain Air Station by February 1995. In 2000, the installation was renamed Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station. That year all Air Force Space Command Air Stations in the United States have been redesignated as Air Force
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moved to Cheyenne Mountain that month. The following systems or commands became operational between May and October, 1966: The NORAD Attack Warning System, Combat Operations Command, and Delta I computer system, which recorded and monitored every detected space system. By January 4, 1967, the
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Outside of the military complex are the parking lots, a fire station, and outdoor recreational facilities. The recreational amenities include Mountain Man Park, picnic areas, a racquetball facility, softball field, sand volleyball court, basketball court, a putting green, and horseshoe area.
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ensures there is a 99.999% degree of reliability of its electricity, water, air conditioning, power, and other support systems. The threats, in descending order of likelihood, that the complex may face are "medical emergencies, natural disasters, civil disorder, a conventional attack, an
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and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America.
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as close as 1.2 miles (1.9 km). Within a mountain tunnel are sets of 25-ton blast doors and another for the civil engineering department. The doors were built so that they can always be opened when needed. Should a nuclear blast hit the building, they are designed to withstand a
384:(gray grid) for the centers (dark green buildings are 3 story) with 3 tunnels 45 feet (14 m) wide, 60.5 feet (18.4 m) high, and 588 feet (179 m) long intersected by 4 cross tunnels 32 feet (9.8 m) wide, 56 feet (17 m) high and 335 feet (102 m) long.
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and designed so that the senior military staff could facilitate further military operations. Four years later, construction at Cheyenne Mountain was started to create a similar protection for the NORAD command post. Cheyenne Mountain was excavated under the supervision of the
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Plans to house the USSPACECOM and NORAD command centers in the same location began by July 1994. A $ 450 million upgrade was made to the missile warning center beginning in February 1995. The effort was part of a $ 1.7 billion renovation program for Cheyenne Mountain.
710:(SCIS) to communicate missile warning messages simultaneously over many forms of media, but it was subject to delays and cost overruns. By 1992, the project was estimated to be delayed to 1995 and cost projected to increase from $ 142 million to $ 234 million.
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became the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Management Office (CMCMO) in 1963, the year the Chidlaw Combined Operations Center began operations; and on February 15, 1980, ESD Detachment 2 was established at the "Cheyenne Mountain Complex" (Det 2 became the
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included the facility as having been repurposed as Skynet's primary base of operations, something which was alluded to in the films. By the end of the game, the base is heavily damaged when the Resistance use the Time Displacement chamber to send
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electromagnetic pulse attack, a cyber or information attack, chemical or biological or radiological attack, an improvised nuclear attack, a limited nuclear attack, a general nuclear attack." The least likely events are the most hazardous.
402:(EMP). There are a large quantity of cots for most of the personnel, including suites for high-ranking officers within the bunker. Amenities include a medical facility, store, cafeteria, and fitness centers inside and outside the mountain.
625:'s Honeywell H6080 computers at the SPADOC Computational Center (SCC) and NORAD Computer System (NCS). A third computer was operational backup for SCC or NCS. By 1981, the H6080 failed to meet the requirements for timely computations.
757:'Granite Sentry' was an improvement program for the complex. It aimed "to provide a Message Processing Subsystem and a Video Distribution Subsystem, and the NORAD Computer System display capability and four major centers: (1) the
908:. According to Gortney, "because of the very nature of the way that Cheyenne Mountain's built, it's EMP-hardened. And so, there's a lot of movement to put capability into Cheyenne Mountain and to be able to communicate in there".
308:(USSC) and NORAD, the Complex monitored the airspace of Canada and the United States for missiles, space systems, and foreign aircraft through its worldwide early-warning system. Since 2008, NORAD and the USSC have been based at
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data provided from the Integrated Correlation and Display System." For $ 230 million the program was also to "replace display screens of the Attack Warning and Attack Assessment System." It was delayed from 1993 to 1996.
499:) and United States air defense command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958. In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a
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Cheyenne Mountain operations center" by March 1995. On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Realignment redesignated the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate to the Cheyenne Mountain Division. Circa 2004 the bunker included the
694:(JSS), developed under an agreement with the Canadian government, became fully operational in seven Region Operations Control Centers (ROCCs) on December 23, 1983. The Joint Surveillance System was implemented to replace
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command and control system, operated by the commander, communicated warnings, observation data, and attack assessment to the Combat Operations Center. It was also designed to release nuclear weapons.
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1063:, Cheyenne Mountain is known as All-Mother Mountain, and the Complex has been retrofitted as a Cradle facility prior to the apocalypse. The protagonist, Aloy, was found inside the facility.
960:– Cheyenne Mountain Operations organization was brought online to take responsibility for the installation", Brig. Gen. Donald Peterson was the commander of the JTF, which was renamed the "
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improvement programs were the CCPDS Replacement (CCPDS-R), CSS Replacement (CSS-R), Granite Sentry upgrade, SCIS, and SPADOC 4. SPADOC 4 was for upgrading the SCC with primary and backup
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Combat Operation Center. The first phase, which established a system integrator and modernized the communications to a major data processing system, was completed in October 1972.
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Defense Acquisitions: Further Management and Oversight Changes Needed for Efforts to Modernize Cheyenne Mountain Attack Warning Systems (GAO-06-666) (Report). GAO. July 6, 2006.
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at Cheyenne Mountain AFB...Amn. Steven H. Leser ... is currently working a "pet project" that offers engineers a three-dimensional drawing of Cheyenne Mountain's interior.
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By 1995 a "missile operations section" supported the missile warning center, and in 2001 the 1989 1CACS at the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station was renamed the
550:. The electronics and communications system centralized and automated the instantaneous (one-millionth of a second) evaluation of aerospace surveillance data. The
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movement. A total of more than 1,000 springs are designed to prevent any of the 15 buildings from shifting more than one inch. The complex is the only underground
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Fennessy, D (January 12, 1983). Analysis of Cosmos 1220 and Cosmos 1306 Fragments (Secret) – Report AH-23 (Report). Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado: FTD/OLAI.
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The Weather Support Unit monitored local and global weather patterns. The NORAD Commander's wartime staff reported to the Battle Staff Support Center.
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646:. The 427M system, intended to modernize systems and improve performance, was initially "wholly ineffective" and resulted in several failures of the
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852:. Northern Command and Space Command and Canadian military defense partners relocated at Peterson. The Cheyenne Mountain complex is maintained by a
526:" (or formally as the 8th AF "Post-Attack Command and Control System Facility, Hadley") and was hardened to protect it from the effects of a nearby
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as a training site for crew qualification. Day-to-day crew operations for NORAD and USNORTHCOM typically take place at Peterson Air Force Base.
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incorrect data. Staff analyzed the data and found that the warnings were erroneous, and the systems were updated to identify false alarms. Gen.
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761:, (2) the NORAD Command Center, (3) the Battle Staff Support Center, and (4) the Weather Support Unit." It was also to process and display "
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Methods and costs of constructing the underground facility of North American Air Defense Command at Cheyenne Mountain, El Paso County, Colo
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is the main entrance to another blast door (background) beyond which the side tunnel branches into access tunnels to the main chambers.
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2879:"Defense Infrastructure: Full Costs and Security Implications of Cheyenne Mountain Realignment Have Not Been Determined GAO-07-803R"
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to the complex in 1965. The NORAD Combat Operations Center was fully operational April 20, 1966 and The Space Defense Command's
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Air Force" Space Command's headquarters building ... received the prestigious Secretary of Defense Blue Seal Award...May 13
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on February 6, 1967. The total cost was $ 142.4 million. Its systems included a command-and-control system developed by
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Defense Infrastructure: Full Costs and Security Implications of Cheyenne Mountain Realignment Have Not Been Determined
596:(BMDC) BW 1.2 release was installed in February 1974 in the Combat Operations Center, under the command of CONAD. The
3180:(additional article in March 1992 p. 13 identifies the "47th Communications Group, Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base")
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1047:. Here, the bunker is depicted as an Earth Federation base and used as firing control for the Gryps 2 colony laser.
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Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD),
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738:(Globus II) radar in California had been upgraded to "relay data to Cheyenne Mountain", and by October 1995 the
671:(IOC) in April 1989. The CSS-R "first element" achieved IOC on April 12, 1991; and the 427M system was replaced
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678:. The CSSR, SCIS, Granite Sentry, CCPDS-R, and their interfaces were tested in 1997. Testing of Granite Sentry
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Operations Center, the Battle Staff Support Center, and other agencies located at Cheyenne Mountain AFB, Colo.
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Bontrager, Capt. Mark D (August 1, 1993). "Chapter14: Cheyenne Mountain Complex Operations Center Overview".
1337:. Retrieved December 10, 2017. This shows the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station as outside the city limits.
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There is a "massive" reservoir for diesel fuel and a "huge" battery bank with redundant power generators.
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The exterior North Portal protects the eastward tunnel opening. The south opening has a concrete abutment.
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1816:. Office of History, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). December 31, 2012. Archived from
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The Combatant Commander's Integrated Command and Control System (CCIC2S) program began in 2000 with a
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2592:"From Satellite Tracking to Space Situational Awareness: The USAF and Space Surveillance, 1957-2007"
1503:"North American Aerospace Defense Command > About NORAD > Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station"
750:(SSC), AFSPACECOM Weather Operations Center, and the AFSPACECOM Systems Center within its facility.
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The Cold War: National security policy planning from Truman to Reagan and from Stalin to Gorbachev
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2198:"Computer Systems and Algorithms for Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development"
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The Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was previously called the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center.
837:. The Unified Space Vault and the Space Control Center were moved from Cheyenne Mountain to the
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defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers, ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack.
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Computer Systems and Algorithms for Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development
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642:, re-purposed for Mission Essential Back-up Capability (MEBU), was upgraded to the more robust
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1907:"WestoverYesterday.com: "The Notch and Grayson: Eighth Air Force's alternative command posts""
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operated the Cheyenne Mountain Training System (CMTS), and in 2011 the installation's 721st
2442:(Report). Attack Warning. U.S. Government Accountability Office (IMTEC-89-26). July 7, 1989
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289:, which hosts the activities of several tenant units. Also located in Colorado Springs is
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2106:"NORAD's Information Processing Improvement Program: Will It Enhance Mission Capability?"
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for the construction of the NORAD Combat Operations Center beginning on May 18, 1961, by
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Peckham, Guyton, Albers and Viets, Inc. ... ground breaking ceremony on August 28, 1985
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Stations. The Space Force Station is the site of NORAD's Air Defense Operations Center.
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was deactivated about 1980, although some of its logic continued on in SPADOC systems.
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The complex has its own power plant, heating and cooling system, and water supply. The
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Space and Time: Essays on Visions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy Television
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interfaces were tested in 1997, and Granite Sentry's processing regarding "simulated
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1000:(1983) is set partly at the command center, where it was codenamed "Crystal Palace."
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In 2006, NORAD relocated to a basement in the Peterson No. 2 building at the nearby
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The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the
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basis. The complex is on "warm standby", meaning it is only staffed when required.
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The Emancipation of the Soul: Memes of Destiny in American Mythological Television
1439:. North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). April 26, 2013. Archived from
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delayed CCIC2S upgrades for space surveillance were superseded by systems for the
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2010:(Report). Air Force Historical Research Agency. September 6, 2012. Archived from
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Space Trace: The Air Force Space Command Magazine ... funded Air Force newspaper
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station, is used for crew training and as a back-up command center if required.
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The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness
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The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness
1008:(2014) has NASA's main command center within the bunker at Cheyenne Mountain.
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had an operating location at the bunker and in 1992, an airman of the "1010th
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Space Surveillance Center (SSC) was the data analysis and tracking center for
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On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was re-designated as the
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on September 12, 1957. The Command is a binational organization of Canadian (
434:. There is a network of blast valves with unique filters to capture airborne
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In 1957, the Strategic Air Command began construction in New England inside
2545:(Report). Attack Warning. Defense Technical Information Center. July 1992.
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activated at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex" in October 1981 to support the
892:, commander of NORAD and NORTHCOM, announced a $ 700 million contract with
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331:(FEMA). The complex's communication center is also used by the nearby U.S.
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The military complex has included, in the past, many units of NORAD, USSC,
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2797:(Report). Congressional Research Service. January 28, 2008. Archived from
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3348:"United States Air Force – Fiscal Year 2011 Force Structure Announcement"
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Center for International Studies: Soviet Security Studies Working Group.
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Homeland Security: Roles and Missions for United States Northern Command
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1981:. Colorado Springs, Colorado. July 28, 1961. p. 1:4. Archived from
1691:"The Underground City Inside of Colorado's 9,570-foot Cheyenne Mountain"
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data to the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center's space control center.
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3411:"From 'War Games' to 'Interstellar': NORAD's bunker is a film favorite"
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2639:(Third ed.). Peterson AFB: 21st Crew Training Squadron. p. 1.
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Office of Public Affairs (1992). "Space Control: Space Surveillance".
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2859:. Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group (CSMNG). August 17, 2011
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Better Management Required to Resolve NORAD Integration Deficiencies
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Costs to Modernize NORAD's Computer System Significantly Understated
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1299:
A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986
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69:
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2760:"Near Term Command and Control of Homeland Air and Missile Defense"
2319:"Nuclear Missiles: Warning System and the Question of When to Fire"
1938:. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. pp. iii, 5, 68.
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The Space Defense Center and the Combat Operations Center achieved
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365:(right) with North and South openings at the mountain's east slope,
1972:"Burroughs Corporation of Detroit to supply NORAD control system"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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934:'s operation of the NORAD combat operations center". In 1983 the
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3045:"US aerospace command moving comms gear back to Cold War bunker"
2905:(Report). United States General Accounting Office (GAO—07-803R)
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ISCOPS 12th International Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies
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Remembering the Cold War: Global Contest and National Stories
2272:(Report). U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 15, 1981
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2857:"Cheyenne Mountain unveils renovated Missile Warning Center"
2723:(TheLivingMoon.com mirror webpage of former "Official Site")
2130:
Maj. Michael Muolo; Maj. Richard A. Hand (October 1, 1994).
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ABM R & D at Bell Laboratories: Project History, Part II
1749:"Cheyenne Mountain NORAD Air Force Station Fire Department"
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within the NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Operations Directorates.
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Installations of the United States Space Force in Colorado
2543:
Status of the Survivable Communications Integration System
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Orban, Staff Sgt. Brian (February 1995). "The trip wire".
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682:(NUDET) data processing system found it to be inadequate.
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for a hardened bunker to contain the command post for the
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Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987).
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facility certified to be able to sustain a high-altitude
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1369:. Colorado Springs, CO. February 5, 2000. Archived from
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David C. Wright, Jr.; Allan W. Austin (April 6, 2010).
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Hall, SSgt Jesse (April 1991). "Mapping the mountain".
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2207:. Advances in the Astronautical Sciences. pp. 3–4
1633:"America's Fortress: Cheyenne Mountain, NORAD live on"
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Migration of NORAD communications to Cheyenne Mountain
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Orban, SSgt. Brian (February 1995). "The trip wire".
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Price, SSgt Elton (October 1995). "Space insurance".
2385:(also available at www.gao.gov/assets/220/211682.pdf)
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model of the bunker "to zoom in on a specific room".
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Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program (427M)
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Diagram of tunnels to buildings within the mountain:
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Brian C. Weeden; Paul J. Cefola (December 1, 2010).
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Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS)
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1594:"721st MSG activates squadron, appoints leadership"
925:focal point during the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade.)
896:to move systems into the complex to shield it from
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2373:(Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Defense )
1370:
726:images and Cheyenne Mountain was connected to the
612:
257:NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex (January 20, 1965)
3094:"NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker"
3071:"NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker"
973:research laboratory, in 2008 Detachment 1 of the
942:at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base" developed a
150:
120:
90:
3590:
3117:Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense
3063:
2650:Orban, SSgt. Brian (July 1994). "Outstanding!".
2316:
2267:NORAD's Missile Warning System: What Went Wrong?
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1158:Related Colorado Springs military installations
2375:(Report). General Accounting Office. April 1991
2168:United States House Committee on Armed Services
1931:
1784:"721st MSG inactivates, realigns with 21st MSG"
1551:
1549:
1547:
436:chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
2953:"Military to put Cheyenne Mountain on standby"
2897:
2133:Space Handbook: A War Fighter's Guide to Space
2068:"Chapter 12. Ballistic Missile Defense Center"
1878:
1525:"Military to put Cheyenne Mountain on standby"
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1296:
706:In 1986, Congress approved development of the
570:
3639:Continuity of government in the United States
3427:
2884:. Government Accounting Office. May 21, 2007.
2802:(CRS Report for Congress: Order Code RL34342)
2502:
2500:
2498:
1851:
1794:
1474:
1393:
916:Electronic Systems Division Detachment 10 at
648:Worldwide Military Command and Control System
623:Worldwide Military Command and Control System
487:Construction of the Cheyenne Mountain Complex
274:installation and defensive bunker located in
2720:"Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC)"
2676:
2663:
2661:
2637:Space Operations Orientation Course Handbook
2537:
2535:
2348:. DIANE Publishing. 2000. pp. 249–253.
2296:. DIANE Publishing. 2000. pp. 244–246.
1845:
1668:"Peterson Air Force Support Squadron: CMAFS"
1557:"America's Defense Tied to City in Mountain"
1544:
781:Data Distribution Center not adequate...".
708:Survivable Communications Integration System
702:Survivable Communications Integration System
685:
2601:. Vol. 55, no. 4. pp. 4–23.
2259:
2189:
1743:
1741:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1414:
1028:The bunker is also a setting in the series
1025:Mountain Complex called "Stargate Command".
900:attack, with additional work to be done at
603:
522:. This underground facility was nicknamed "
3383:David Lowe; Tony Joel (January 21, 2014).
3114:
3108:
3085:
3001:"North American Aerospace Defense Command"
2893:
2891:
2712:
2495:
2431:
2429:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1708:
1587:
1585:
867:
742:(1CACS) in the bunker was providing space
371:to the main chambers and the support area,
3216:
3183:
2825:"Still Training for the End of the World"
2658:
2643:
2634:
2585:
2583:
2532:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2155:
2153:
2111:. Comptroller General. September 21, 1978
2031:
2029:
1662:
1660:
1518:
1516:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
3629:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3258:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3246:
3151:
2473:. Air Force Space Command: 5. June 1991.
2403:
1885:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 86–87.
1763:United States Department of the Interior
1738:
1608:
1470:
1468:
1139:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1103:– a potential Soviet/Russian counterpart
1097:– a potential Soviet/Russian counterpart
728:AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network
445:
409:
295:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3624:National air defence operations centres
3303:webpage at www.cheyennemountain.af.mil)
2888:
2849:
2822:
2469:"New communications system operating".
2426:
2091:
1591:
1582:
825:Peterson and Vandenberg Air Force Bases
301:(USNORTHCOM) headquarters are located.
14:
3609:Government buildings completed in 1965
3591:
3466:
3276:
3174:"CES airmen is first termer of year".
3133:from the original on December 24, 2013
3073:. Sightline Media Group. April 8, 2015
2772:from the original on December 24, 2013
2580:
2388:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2177:from the original on December 24, 2013
2150:
2026:
1996:– via Pikes Peak Public Library.
1657:
1522:
1513:
1311:from the original on December 24, 2013
1271:
795:Integrated Space Situational Awareness
537:Utah Construction & Mining Company
3614:History of Colorado Springs, Colorado
3421:
2672:. Air Force Space Command. p. 6.
2667:
2649:
2619:
2613:
2037:"Hanscom group awards NORAD contract"
1925:
1858:. World Almanac Library. p. 37.
1688:
1465:
1346:
984:
802:Ground-Based Mid-Course Defense (GMD)
576:Air Defense Command satellite systems
565:National Civil Defense Warning Center
481:Construction and systems installation
312:and the complex, re-designated as an
287:Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station
49:Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station
3634:Nuclear bunkers in the United States
3376:
3162:
3115:Lepingwell, John W. R. (June 1986).
3092:Weisgerber, Marcus (April 7, 2015).
2215:– via Secure World Foundation.
1355:
422:The bunker is built to deflect a 30
3316:"Schriever Air Force Base Brochure"
2975:"Cheyenne Mountain – HowStuffWorks"
2898:D'Agostino, Davi M (May 21, 2007).
2871:
2549:from the original on April 13, 2015
2219:
2008:1 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)
1942:
1754:Geographic Names Information System
1523:Finley, Bruce (December 26, 2006).
1162:Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station
877:Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station
329:Federal Emergency Management Agency
24:
3456:"Cheyenne Mountain Nuclear Bunker"
3321:. Schriever.af.mil. Archived from
3191:"1 Space Control Squadron (AFSPC)"
2590:Rick W. Sturdevant (Winter 2008).
1570:. Lewiston, Maine. January 4, 1967
1475:Joseph Angelo (October 31, 2013).
1394:Joseph Angelo (October 31, 2013).
25:
3650:
3569:landform viewed from Ent AFB site
3496:
2458:Homeland Security Digital Library
2404:Weeden, Brian C; Cefola, Paul J.
2317:Richard Halloran (May 29, 1983).
2238:"Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU)"
1855:The U.S. Homeland Security Forces
1689:McKee, Spencer (April 12, 2019).
696:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
667:), and SPADOC 4 block A achieved
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3521:
3509:
3353:. Public Affairs. Archived from
2136:. DIANE Publishing. p. 39.
1833:
1453:
1123:
1109:
740:1st Command and Control Squadron
713:
594:Ballistic Missile Defense Center
588:Ballistic Missile Defense Center
378:including reservoirs (blue), and
351:
343:
149:
142:
119:
112:
89:
82:
68:
3448:
3403:
3340:
3308:
3231:
3156:
3145:
3037:
3015:
2993:
2967:
2955:. Denverpost.com. July 27, 2006
2945:
2823:Harrell, Eben (June 27, 2008).
2816:
2784:
2752:
2736:
2628:
2561:
2462:
2362:
2336:
2310:
2284:
2123:
2060:
2000:
1964:
1899:
1872:
1776:
1759:United States Geological Survey
1682:
1641:. June 27, 2009. Archived from
1253:
1240:
1206:The fire station is located at
1200:
619:Space Defense Operations Center
613:Space Defense Operations Center
458:
327:, Air Weather Service, and the
243:May 18, 1961 – February 8, 1966
3545:BMDC Operations Room (p. 12-4)
3223:"Joint Task Force activates".
1852:Hunter Keeter (July 1, 2004).
1592:Johnson, Lea (July 30, 2012).
1495:
1478:Dictionary of Space Technology
1397:Dictionary of Space Technology
1387:
1340:
1323:
1190:
1051:
956:. On June 24, 1994, when the "
581:System Development Corporation
560:1st Aerospace Control Squadron
514:, which was located at nearby
405:
299:United States Northern Command
13:
1:
3526:
3297:
3284:"AFSPC Cheyenne Mountain AFS"
3096:. National Journal Group, Inc
2690:. May 4, 1993. Archived from
1351:. Air Force Space Command: 6.
1265:
1012:
839:Joint Space Operations Center
791:Joint Space Operations Center
759:Air Defense Operations Center
730:(GWEN) communication site in
672:
338:
103:Show map of the United States
30:For the mountain itself, see
3619:Military history of Colorado
3120:(Research Report No. 86-2 p)
2242:FY97 DOT&E Annual Report
1068:The Terminator: Dawn of Fate
856:and no longer operates on a
818:U.S. Air Force Space Command
669:initial operating capability
304:Formerly the center for the
7:
3260:. NORAD.mil. Archived from
3254:"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"
2928:"Dangerous move for NORAD?"
2513:. NORAD.mil. Archived from
1950:"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"
1437:"Cheyenne Mountain Complex"
1154:United States Space Command
1144:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
1088:
936:Foreign Technology Division
777:messages…injected into the
571:Operations and improvements
544:full operational capability
306:United States Space Command
10:
3655:
3557:Space Computational Center
3479:. McFarland. p. 165.
3434:. Peter Lang. p. 78.
2624:. Air Force Space Command.
1811:"A Brief History of NORAD"
1721:(Google-designated summit)
1400:. Routledge. p. 276.
1335:Colorado Springs, Colorado
1044:Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn
954:1st Space Control Squadron
940:Civil Engineering Squadron
831:Cheyenne Mountain Division
800:By 2003, consoles for the
484:
475:
465:21st Mission Support Group
441:
29:
3604:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3520:
3508:
3503:
3389:. Routledge. p. 53.
2490:Visitor's Center in 1988.
1670:. Peterson Air Force Base
1596:. Air Force Space Command
1481:. Routledge. p. 70.
1149:Aerospace Defense Command
989:
927:Aerospace Defense Command
843:Vandenberg Air Force Base
771:Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade
769:Granite Sentry and other
692:Joint Surveillance System
686:Joint Surveillance System
325:Air Force Systems Command
321:Aerospace Defense Command
310:Peterson Space Force Base
291:Peterson Space Force Base
272:United States Space Force
268:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
254:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
247:
239:
234:
224:
219:United States Space Force
214:
209:
172:
163:Show map of North America
157:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
127:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
97:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
76:
67:
54:
46:
42:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
41:
18:Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade
3515:construction scaffolding
3238:"Recognizing its best".
3227:. July 1994. p. 12.
1932:Merwin H. Howes (1966).
1184:
932:Aerospace Defense Center
911:
793:'s Space C2 program and
604:Combat Operations Center
279:El Paso County, Colorado
61:El Paso County, Colorado
27:Space Force installation
3197:.af.mil. Archived from
2747:GAO-07-803R p. 1, ref 4
2574:Air Force Space Command
2245:(webpage transcription)
2040:(NewspaperArchive scan)
1879:Lori Lyn Bogle (2001).
1788:Peterson Air Force Base
1167:Peterson Air Force Base
888:In early 2015, Admiral
868:NORAD Alternate Command
835:Peterson Air Force Base
779:Defense Support Program
533:Army Corps of Engineers
520:Chicopee, Massachusetts
516:Westover Air Force Base
497:1 Canadian Air Division
3581:1970s exterior footage
3428:Philipp Kneis (2010).
1568:The Lewiston Daily Sun
1331:City Council Districts
1225:38.74056°N 104.83972°W
975:392d Training Squadron
814:U.S. Strategic Command
451:
419:
281:, next to the city of
194:38.74250°N 104.84833°W
3364:on September 16, 2012
2014:on September 13, 2011
898:electromagnetic pulse
736:AN/FPS-129 HAVE STARE
548:Burroughs Corporation
449:
413:
400:electromagnetic pulse
396:Department of Defense
3533:Space Defense Center
3204:on December 19, 2014
3051:. AFP. April 7, 2015
2932:The Washington Times
2694:on November 29, 2014
2170:. January 19, 1981.
2109:(Report to Congress)
1988:on February 19, 2015
1913:on November 15, 2017
1695:outtherecolorado.com
1443:on February 20, 2015
1230:38.74056; -104.83972
1037:The base appears in
969:'s Detachment 2 and
845:about October 2007.
665:3090-200J mainframes
640:original UNIVAC 1106
552:Space Defense Center
199:38.74250; -104.84833
133:Show map of Colorado
3296:(mirror website of
2804:on October 10, 2011
1221: /
744:collision avoidance
567:was in the bunker.
190: /
2508:"NORAD Chronology"
2483:in November 1987.
2323:The New York Times
2048:. January 22, 1973
1172:Ent Air Force Base
1060:Horizon: Zero Dawn
985:In popular culture
967:17th Test Squadron
962:U.S. Space Command
890:William E. Gortney
720:U.S. Space Command
680:nuclear detonation
656:James V. Hartinger
493:Ent Air Force Base
452:
420:
229:Space Base Delta 1
225:Controlled by
3587:
3586:
3486:978-0-7864-5634-5
3441:978-3-631-60817-3
3396:978-1-317-91259-0
3202:(USAF Fact Sheet)
3178:: 13. March 1992.
3025:. Mybaseguide.com
2981:. August 28, 2007
2599:Air Power History
2520:on April 20, 2015
2488:Air Force Academy
2355:978-1-4289-9086-9
2303:978-1-4289-9086-9
2143:978-0-7881-1297-3
1892:978-0-8153-3239-8
1865:978-0-8368-5682-8
1823:on April 20, 2015
1717:Cheyenne Mountain
1645:on April 21, 2018
1488:978-1-135-94402-5
1407:978-1-135-94402-5
1375:on March 29, 2015
763:nuclear detection
724:Baker-Nunn camera
650:(WWMCCS) system.
427:nuclear explosion
414:The 25-ton North
391:
390:
264:
263:
57:Cheyenne Mountain
32:Cheyenne Mountain
16:(Redirected from
3646:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3531:
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3380:
3374:
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3352:
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3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3328:on June 11, 2014
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:. Energystar.gov
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:on July 26, 2012
3250:
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2869:
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2864:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:on July 29, 2008
2833:. Archived from
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
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2779:
2777:
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2493:
2475:(also on p. 5: "
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2089:
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2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:The Sun (Lowell)
2041:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1946:
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1939:
1929:
1923:
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1920:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1903:
1897:
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1198:
1194:
1177:Chidlaw Building
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
958:Joint Task Force
732:Pueblo, Colorado
677:
674:
355:
348:
347:
335:Warning Center.
283:Colorado Springs
210:Site information
205:
204:
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3504:External images
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2576:. p. 12.
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344:Main chambers
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3368:November 27,
3366:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3310:
3288:. Retrieved
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3257:
3248:
3242:. June 1996.
3239:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3185:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3048:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:
2909:September 9,
2907:. Retrieved
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2799:the original
2786:
2776:November 27,
2774:. Retrieved
2765:. Dtic.mil.
2754:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:
2703:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:the original
2687:
2678:
2669:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2598:
2569:
2563:
2553:November 27,
2551:. Retrieved
2522:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2444:. Retrieved
2418:September 2,
2416:. Retrieved
2379:February 22,
2377:. Retrieved
2364:
2344:
2338:
2328:February 22,
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:September 9,
2249:. Retrieved
2211:February 23,
2209:. Retrieved
2204:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2132:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2081:. Retrieved
2075:
2062:
2052:February 22,
2050:. Retrieved
2043:
2018:February 21,
2016:. Retrieved
2012:the original
2002:
1992:February 18,
1990:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1978:
1966:
1956:February 19,
1954:. Retrieved
1944:
1934:
1927:
1917:November 15,
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1881:
1874:
1854:
1847:
1827:February 11,
1825:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1752:
1728:. Retrieved
1716:
1710:
1700:February 11,
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:
1674:February 20,
1672:. Retrieved
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1636:
1598:. Retrieved
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1534:. Retrieved
1528:
1506:
1497:
1477:
1447:February 20,
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1396:
1389:
1379:February 19,
1377:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1366:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1255:
1242:
1202:
1192:
1082:Sarah Connor
1066:
1058:
1042:
1029:
1019:
1005:Interstellar
1003:
995:
951:
915:
887:
875:
871:
862:
850:Peterson AFB
847:
828:
811:
799:
783:
768:
756:
752:
748:
717:
705:
689:
661:
652:
636:
616:
607:
591:
579:
541:
505:
490:
470:
462:
459:Support area
453:
421:
392:
381:
376:support area
375:
369:side tunnels
368:
362:
318:
303:
297:(NORAD) and
293:, where the
267:
265:
235:Site history
36:
3530: 1972
3332:December 9,
3301: 2004
3290:January 24,
3176:Space Trace
3029:December 9,
3007:December 9,
3003:. Norad.mil
2985:December 9,
2959:December 9,
2937:December 9,
2684:"title tbd"
2471:Space Trace
2454:at hsdl.org
2413:SWFound.org
2164:(ADA095409)
2115:January 24,
1979:The Gazette
1725:Google Maps
1649:January 29,
1562:Google News
1367:The Gazette
1228: /
1216:104°50′23″W
1052:Video games
676: 1992
554:moved from
406:Blast doors
248:In use
197: /
185:104°50′54″W
173:Coordinates
3593:Categories
3122:(Report).
3100:January 8,
3077:January 8,
3049:Yahoo News
2863:October 2,
2745:[cited by
2411:(Report).
2181:August 29,
2166:(Report).
1574:August 29,
1304:(Report).
1266:References
1213:38°44′26″N
1074:Kyle Reese
1013:Television
902:Vandenberg
807:USSTRATCOM
775:detonation
432:blast wave
416:blast door
339:Facilities
182:38°44′33″N
3415:USA Today
2728:August 9,
2276:August 6,
2083:August 6,
1536:August 1,
1039:Episode 7
797:program.
598:Safeguard
524:The Notch
323:(ADCOM),
314:Air Force
285:, at the
3268:July 19,
3240:Guardian
3225:Guardian
3137:July 31,
3128:Archived
3055:April 9,
2841:July 28,
2808:July 22,
2767:Archived
2670:Guardian
2652:Guardian
2622:Guardian
2607:26275054
2547:Archived
2486:was the
2247:(Report)
2172:Archived
1768:July 25,
1730:July 22,
1564:Archive)
1349:Guardian
1315:July 19,
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