145:
322:
27:
158:
232:
production and increases sensory perception of the food being eaten, controlling when the food is swallowed. Evidence from one study suggests that chewing almonds 25-40 times kept people fuller while also allowing them to get more nutrients out of the almonds. The researchers also suggest that this
282:
Other animals such as cows chew their food for long periods to allow for proper digestion in a process known as rumination. Rumination in cows has been shown by researchers to intensify during the night. They concluded that cows chewed more intently in the night time compared to the morning.
159:
160:
120:, though some later herbivorous dinosaurs, since extinct, had developed chewing too. Nowadays, only mammals chew in the strict sense of the word, though some fishes have a somewhat similar behavior. Neither birds, nor amphibians or any living reptiles chew.
162:
126:
is sometimes performed by human parents for infants who are unable to do so for themselves. The food is masticated in the mouth of the parent into a bolus and then transferred to the infant for consumption (some other animals also premasticate).
204:
as most commonly, the motor program can be excessively engaged during periods of sleep and times of stress. It is also theorized that excessive input to the motor program from myofascial pain or occlusal imbalance can contribute to
104:
continues on to the stomach, where the next step of digestion occurs. Increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones. Studies suggest that chewing may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake.
178:) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input. The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
192:
This motor program continuously adapts to changes in food type or occlusion. This adaptation is a learned skill that may sometimes require relearning to adapt to loss of teeth or to dental appliances such as
803:
Smith, Natalie, Miquel-Kergoat, Sophie, and Thuret, Sandrine. 'The Impact of
Mastication on Cognition: Evidence for Intervention and the Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis'. 1 Jan. 2015 : 115 –
189:
joints govern the creation of neural pathways, which in turn determine duration and force of individual muscle activation (and in some cases muscle fiber groups as in the masseter and temporalis).
309:
period; this advanced, cow-like dentition allowed the creatures to obtain more nutrients from the tough plant life. This may have given them the advantage needed to compete with the formidable
161:
237:
found evidence that chewing can decrease self-reported hunger and therefore food intake. Eating food which does not require chewing, by choice or for medical reasons as
971:
275:
generally chew very little or swallow their food whole or in chunks. This act of gulping food (or medicine pills) without chewing has inspired the
English
843:"Effects of Varying Dietary Forage Particle Size in Two Concentrate Levels on Chewing Activity, Ruminal Mat Characteristics, and Passage in Dairy Cows"
547:
Peyron, Marie-Agnès; Gierczynski, Isabelle; Hartmann, Christoph; Loret, Chrystel; Dardevet, Dominique; Martin, Nathalie; Woda, Alain (27 June 2011).
964:
397:
957:
88:
and opening. As chewing continues, the food is made softer and warmer, and the enzymes in saliva begin to break down
425:
Miquel-Kergoat, Sophie; Azais-Braesco, Veronique; Burton-Freeman, Britt; Hetherington, Marion M. (2015-11-01).
474:
Holmes, Wendy (2007), "Influences on maternal and child nutrition in the highlands of the northern Lao PDR",
614:
Cassady, Bridget A; Hollis, James H; Fulford, Angie D; Considine, Robert V; Mattes, Richard D (2009-03-01).
137:, chew food more than once to extract more nutrients. After the first round of chewing, this food is called
506:
1128:
665:"Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
427:"Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
943:
175:
712:
N'Gom, Papa
Ibrahima; Woda, Alain (June 2002). "Influence of impaired mastication on nutrition".
245:. Such a diet may lead to inadequate nutrition due to a reduction in fruit and vegetable intake.
186:
939:
367:
218:
77:
401:
85:
17:
313:, who depended on their massive gastrointestinal tracts to digest food without grinding it.
116:
Chewing, needing specialized teeth, is mostly a mammalian adaptation that appeared in early
616:"Mastication of almonds: effects of lipid bioaccessibility, appetite, and hormone response"
560:
206:
201:
31:
924:
841:
Zebeli, Q.; Tafaj, M.; Weber, I.; Dijkstra, J.; Steingass, H.; Drochner, W. (April 2007).
8:
1043:
333:
564:
1123:
907:
781:
748:
694:
663:
Miquel-Kergoat, S.; Azais-Braesco, V.; Burton-Freeman, B.; Hetherington, M. M. (2015).
591:
548:
827:
911:
899:
864:
815:
786:
768:
729:
686:
662:
645:
637:
596:
578:
523:
501:
483:
456:
448:
424:
341:
109:
has been around for many centuries; there is evidence that northern
Europeans chewed
93:
698:
1021:
949:
891:
854:
823:
776:
760:
721:
676:
627:
586:
568:
515:
438:
62:
681:
664:
549:"Role of Physical Bolus Properties as Sensory Inputs in the Trigger of Swallowing"
443:
426:
1079:
1016:
1006:
573:
372:
252:
and is necessary to maintain its normal function. Chewing stimulates hippocampal
234:
1102:
1061:
182:
123:
1117:
1089:
772:
641:
582:
452:
298:
167:
89:
895:
882:
Sanders, P. Martin; Clauss, Marcus (10 October 2008). "Sauropod
Gigantism".
725:
632:
615:
500:
Peyron, Marie-Agnès; Olivier Blanc; James P. Lund; Alain Woda (2004-03-09).
23:
Mechanical procedure for crushing the food and its first enzymatic splitting
1026:
1011:
1001:
903:
868:
790:
747:
Chen, Huayue; Iinuma, Mitsuo; Onozuka, Minoru; Kubo, Kin-Ya (9 June 2015).
733:
690:
649:
600:
527:
487:
460:
253:
519:
499:
144:
859:
842:
377:
294:
286:
249:
200:
It is thought that conscious mediation is important in the limitation of
106:
101:
50:
321:
1031:
764:
362:
332:
The process of chewing has, by analogy, been applied to machinery. The
306:
238:
1053:
985:
326:
310:
272:
268:
242:
110:
97:
58:
1038:
345:
290:
194:
134:
117:
26:
302:
357:
265:
229:
130:
73:
546:
68:
During the mastication process, the food is positioned by the
1071:
613:
276:
69:
54:
749:"Chewing Maintains Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Function"
993:
981:
46:
925:
Masticator shown and described at interagency
Inciweb.org
138:
84:
to bring the teeth into intermittent contact, repeatedly
81:
840:
502:"Influence of Age on Adaptability of Human Mastication"
344:) to "chew" through brush and timber in order to clear
297:("duck-bills"), developed teeth analogous to mammalian
746:
979:
92:in the food. After chewing, the food (now called a
1115:
233:is likely to be the case in other foods. A 2015
813:
34:using mastication to process tough plant matter
148:A piece of chewing gum after being trodden on.
965:
881:
816:"Mastication, Food Transport, and Swallowing"
711:
16:"Chew" redirects here. For other uses, see
972:
958:
620:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
942:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
858:
780:
753:International Journal of Medical Sciences
680:
631:
590:
572:
442:
57:. It is the first step in the process of
398:"Prehension, Mastication and Swallowing"
320:
156:
152:
143:
25:
467:
223:
1116:
814:Hiiemae, K.M.; Crompton, A.W. (1985).
473:
61:, allowing a greater surface area for
953:
264:Chewing is largely an adaptation for
174:Chewing is primarily an unconscious (
420:
418:
76:between the teeth for grinding. The
714:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
259:
13:
14:
1140:
933:
828:10.4159/harvard.9780674184404.c14
415:
181:It is thought that feedback from
820:Functional Vertebrate Morphology
918:
875:
834:
807:
797:
316:
133:and some other animals, called
740:
705:
656:
607:
540:
493:
390:
96:) is swallowed. It enters the
1:
682:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.017
444:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.017
574:10.1371/journal.pone.0021167
248:Chewing also stimulates the
7:
351:
10:
1145:
507:Journal of Neurophysiology
348:in advance of a wildfire.
216:
212:
15:
1088:
1070:
1052:
992:
669:Physiology & Behavior
431:Physiology & Behavior
342:forestry mulching machine
256:in both humans and mice.
65:to break down the foods.
944:Medical Subject Headings
847:Journal of Dairy Science
383:
336:uses a machine called a
185:nerves in teeth and the
45:is the process by which
896:10.1126/science.1160904
726:10.1067/mpr.2002.123229
633:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26669
368:Muscles of mastication
329:
219:Muscles of mastication
171:
149:
78:muscles of mastication
35:
520:10.1152/jn.01122.2003
324:
207:parafunctional habits
202:parafunctional habits
165:
153:Chewing motor program
147:
29:
18:Chew (disambiguation)
860:10.3168/jds.2006-354
476:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
224:Nutrition and health
32:stump-tailed macaque
1044:Periosteal reaction
940:Masticatory Muscles
565:2011PLoSO...621167P
334:U.S. Forest Service
279:"wolfing it down".
228:Chewing stimulates
765:10.7150/ijms.11911
330:
325:Masticator on the
172:
150:
113:9,000 years ago.
51:crushed and ground
36:
1111:
1110:
890:(5899): 200–201.
187:temporomandibular
163:
63:digestive enzymes
1136:
1129:Digestive system
1022:Osseointegration
974:
967:
960:
951:
950:
927:
922:
916:
915:
879:
873:
872:
862:
853:(4): 1929–1942.
838:
832:
831:
811:
805:
801:
795:
794:
784:
744:
738:
737:
709:
703:
702:
684:
660:
654:
653:
635:
611:
605:
604:
594:
576:
544:
538:
537:
535:
534:
497:
491:
490:
471:
465:
464:
446:
422:
413:
412:
410:
409:
400:. Archived from
394:
260:In other animals
241:, is known as a
164:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1084:
1080:Range of motion
1066:
1048:
1017:Bone resorption
1007:Bone remodeling
988:
978:
936:
931:
930:
923:
919:
880:
876:
839:
835:
812:
808:
802:
798:
745:
741:
710:
706:
661:
657:
612:
608:
545:
541:
532:
530:
498:
494:
472:
468:
423:
416:
407:
405:
396:
395:
391:
386:
373:Horace Fletcher
354:
340:(also called a
319:
262:
235:systemic review
226:
221:
215:
157:
155:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1103:Cementogenesis
1100:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1062:Chondrogenesis
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
998:
996:
990:
989:
980:Physiology of
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
948:
947:
935:
934:External links
932:
929:
928:
917:
874:
833:
806:
796:
759:(6): 502–509.
739:
720:(6): 667–673.
704:
655:
626:(3): 794–800.
606:
539:
514:(2): 773–779.
492:
482:(3): 537–545,
466:
414:
388:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
353:
350:
318:
315:
293:including the
261:
258:
225:
222:
217:Main article:
214:
211:
183:proprioceptive
176:semi-autonomic
154:
151:
124:Premastication
111:birch bark tar
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
952:
945:
941:
938:
937:
926:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
800:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
559:(6): e21167.
558:
554:
550:
543:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
496:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
404:on 2015-07-15
403:
399:
393:
389:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:, a group of
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
220:
210:
208:
203:
198:
196:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
169:
168:water buffalo
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
119:
114:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:carbohydrates
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
1097:
1027:Ossification
1012:Bone healing
1002:Bone density
920:
887:
883:
877:
850:
846:
836:
819:
809:
799:
756:
752:
742:
717:
713:
707:
672:
668:
658:
623:
619:
609:
556:
552:
542:
531:. Retrieved
511:
505:
495:
479:
475:
469:
434:
430:
406:. Retrieved
402:the original
392:
337:
331:
317:In machinery
295:Hadrosaurids
285:
281:
263:
254:neurogenesis
247:
227:
199:
191:
180:
173:
129:
122:
115:
67:
42:
38:
37:
378:Chewing Gum
305:during the
287:Ornithopods
250:hippocampus
170:chewing cud
107:Chewing gum
102:peristalsis
43:mastication
1118:Categories
1032:Osteolysis
533:2008-07-02
408:2012-05-24
363:Gnathology
338:masticator
307:Cretaceous
273:Carnivores
239:tooth loss
1124:Dentistry
1054:Cartilage
986:cartilage
912:206514245
773:1449-1907
675:: 88–96.
642:0002-9165
583:1932-6203
453:1873-507X
437:: 88–96.
346:firelines
327:Zaca Fire
311:sauropods
291:dinosaurs
269:herbivory
266:mammalian
243:soft diet
135:ruminants
118:Synapsids
98:esophagus
86:occluding
80:move the
59:digestion
1039:Bone age
904:18845734
869:17369233
791:26078711
734:12131890
699:15350810
691:26188140
650:19144727
601:21738616
553:PLOS ONE
528:15277595
488:17704036
461:26188140
352:See also
303:incisors
195:dentures
100:and via
1098:Chewing
884:Science
782:4466515
592:3124480
561:Bibcode
213:Muscles
53:by the
39:Chewing
946:(MeSH)
910:
902:
867:
789:
779:
771:
732:
697:
689:
648:
640:
599:
589:
581:
526:
486:
459:
451:
358:Biting
299:molars
230:saliva
131:Cattle
74:tongue
1090:Teeth
1072:Joint
908:S2CID
695:S2CID
384:Notes
277:idiom
94:bolus
70:cheek
55:teeth
994:Bone
984:and
982:bone
900:PMID
865:PMID
804:123.
787:PMID
769:ISSN
730:PMID
687:PMID
646:PMID
638:ISSN
597:PMID
579:ISSN
524:PMID
484:PMID
457:PMID
449:ISSN
301:and
82:jaws
72:and
47:food
892:doi
888:322
855:doi
824:doi
777:PMC
761:doi
722:doi
677:doi
673:151
628:doi
587:PMC
569:doi
516:doi
439:doi
435:151
139:cud
49:is
41:or
1120::
906:.
898:.
886:.
863:.
851:90
849:.
845:.
822:.
818:.
785:.
775:.
767:.
757:12
755:.
751:.
728:.
718:87
716:.
693:.
685:.
671:.
667:.
644:.
636:.
624:89
622:.
618:.
595:.
585:.
577:.
567:.
555:.
551:.
522:.
512:92
510:.
504:.
480:16
478:,
455:.
447:.
433:.
429:.
417:^
271:.
209:.
197:.
166:A
141:.
30:A
973:e
966:t
959:v
914:.
894::
871:.
857::
830:.
826::
793:.
763::
736:.
724::
701:.
679::
652:.
630::
603:.
571::
563::
557:6
536:.
518::
463:.
441::
411:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
