315:
42:'s army, they formed a class of professional soldiers also known for traditional warriorhood practices and a rich cultural background. They were allocated with land grants for their sustainement. Their installation in settlements were instrumental in creating the nucleus of urban centers as well as the land tenure system through Ethiopia and Eritrea. By the early 20th century, scholars could identify 66 villages in Eritrea with a Chewa settlement origin. Multiple locations, such as
392:
71:
58:, Chewa regiments, or legions, formed the backbone of the Empire's military forces. The Ge’ez term for these regiments is ṣewa (ጼዋ) while the Amharic term is č̣äwa (ጨዋ). Earlier Axumite sources refer to sarawit (sing sarwe) as the name for the regiments, each sarawit being headed by a negus (nägästa säräwit). In late sources, from
421:, to whom the Chewa belonged to. An elephant killer would for example hence wear a silver chain around his neck, a gold earring in his right ear. A rhineceros killer would be awarded a cross earring, and a gold chain with silk threads for his neck. Along with these jewellery gifts, prizes of weaponry were also frequent.
353:
agriculturalists by Geʽez-speaking pastoralists. These regiments were instrumental in maintaining
Aksumite sovereignty over the trade routes within its empire; however, due to the decentralized nature of the regiments, chiefs could easily rebel against the king. The regimental system continued
382:
The Zeraf were narrations of accomplishment of a warrior success. Generally given during the course of military banquets, they constituted by both of a self declaration loyalty to ones masters, and ones accomplishments.
410:. Matchlocks, light artillery, being introduced at this period. The Chewa acquired proficiency in weapon use from their young age, being trained from their childhood with games such as Akandura (Darts) and
606:
Ishikawa Hiroki, Changes in the
Military System during the Gondar Period (1632-1769): Their Influence on the Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty, Annales d'Éthiopie Vol. 18, (2002) pp. 215–229,
333:. This practice can be traced back to the beginning of the Aksumite period, when the men of newly subjugated tribes were forced to become soldiers for the king of Aksum, commanded by a
105:. The normal size of a regiment was several thousand men. Each regiment was allocated a fief (Gult), to ensure its upkeep ensured by the land revenue. In 1445, following the
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Hunting (Aden) traditions played an important role in the upbringing of a Chewa warrior. The killings of wild beasts were rewarded by the patron, or
403:), the spear (tor). Distance weaponry such as bows and javelins (armah) were practised. Armour, such as coat of mails, was also well known.
612:
Tewolde Berhan Gebre
Egziabeher, Firearms in rural and traditional Ethiopia and human rights, United Nations University Press, 1993,
418:
354:
through the Middle Ages, but by the Zagwe era they consisted of professional soldiers. In the
Solomonic era, during the reign of
600:
Merid W. Aregay, Military Elites in
Medieval Ethiopia, Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 30, No. 1 (June 1997), pp. 31–73,
503:
Deresse AYENACHEW, Evolution and
Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p.88,
491:
Deresse AYENACHEW, Evolution and
Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p.93,
638:
93:) predate the establishment of Yekuno Amlak's dynasty, their real development occurred mostly under the latter, as well as
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480:
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349:'s linguistic theories, that the origin of Aksumite rule itself may have been through the subjugation of
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109:, the chronicles record that Emperor Zara Yacoq started garrisoning the provinces with Chewa regiments.
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http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu08ie/uu08ie0m.htm#background%20information
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https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49
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https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49
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199:
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59:
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Uoldelul CHELATI, From
Warriors to Urban Dwellers, Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines,
325:
was a highly militaristic nation based on a system of ethnic regiments known as
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The classic weapons of antiquity and medieval
Ethiopia where the curved sword (
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who was likely a local chief. The regiments were given a plot of land called a
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onwards, regional levies under a noble are referred to as wa'alyan of nobles.
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Tsehai
Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood, Boydell & Brewer, p.104)
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https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf
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https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf
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Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as
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Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials
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274:, under azmač who were military officials appointed by the king.
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carried a connotation of slavery which was no longer accurate.
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608:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2002_num_18_1_1022
439:
https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/4717#ftn10
411:
137:
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Although the origins of several Chewa Regiments (such as
449:
Merid W. Aregay, Military Elites, JES Vol. 30, pp. 31-73
38:. Originally recruited and appointed for service in the
406:Firearms became more widespread under the reign of
256:Regiments at the court, under high court officials
620:
46:, were named after prestigious Chewa regiments.
479:Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p.49
467:Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p.51
578:Ayenachew, "Evolution and Organisation", p. 84
414:(ገና, Field hockey) which figurated combats.
358:, this professionalism was reflected in the
291:, in Oromo, lasted, and participated to the
252:Major divisions of the military were :
602:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966063?seq=1
386:
283:One of the Chewa regiments, known as the
34:) were the feudal noble warrior class of
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341:in exchange for their military service.
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54:In medieval Ethiopia, from the reign of
16:Military nobility of pre-modern Ethiopia
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458:Hiroki, Changes in the Military System
318:1907 engraving of an Ethiopian soldier
295:, only to be phased out in the 1920s.
302:, in 1917, with the formation of the
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298:The modern army was created under
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639:Ethiopian military personnel
80:Army of the Ethiopian Empire
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387:Weapons & Education
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306:, the imperial guard.
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181:Eagle of the majesty
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395:"A lancer of Tigre"
345:suggests, based on
300:Ras Tafari Makonnen
221:Spear of the eagle
146:Enemy of the waǧät
629:Combat occupations
542:Ehret, pp. 173-174
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343:Merid Wolde Aregay
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551:Aregay, pp. 37-38
347:Christopher Ehret
323:Medieval Ethiopia
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234:Sword of the foe
115:Name of regiment
36:Imperial Ethiopia
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99:Baeda Maryam I
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634:Noble titles
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268:Bahir Negash
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226:Bäṣär šotäl
213:Bäṣur amora
205:Bahir Negash
151:Säwä Hadari
126:Bäṣär waǧät
121:Translation
95:Amda Seyon I
88:
53:
31:
19:
18:
186:č̣äwa Bale
56:Amde Tseyon
50:Terminology
623:Categories
425:References
419:Mekwuanint
356:Zara Yaqob
310:Philosophy
103:Zara Yaqob
374:Arts and
335:tributary
164:Ǧan amora
91:Jan Amora
44:Jan Amora
408:Dawit II
289:Weregenu
285:Abe Lahm
360:Amharic
173:Tselemt
118:Region
66:History
40:Emperor
24:Amharic
401:shotel
378:poetry
264:Hadiya
198:č̣äwa
169:Dobe'a
134:Dawaro
376:Zeraf
366:, as
364:č̣äwa
362:term
331:Geʽez
243:Damot
230:Damot
177:Gedem
155:Shewa
130:Serae
32:č̣äwa
20:Chewa
412:Gena
368:ṣewa
351:Agaw
339:gult
327:ṣewa
272:Bale
217:Gamo
200:Maya
190:Bale
142:Gamo
138:Menz
101:and
329:in
625::
270:,
266:,
175:,
171:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
97:,
30:;
28:ጨዋ
26::
22:(
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