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production and increases sensory perception of the food being eaten, controlling when the food is swallowed. Evidence from one study suggests that chewing almonds 25-40 times kept people fuller while also allowing them to get more nutrients out of the almonds. The researchers also suggest that this
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Other animals such as cows chew their food for long periods to allow for proper digestion in a process known as rumination. Rumination in cows has been shown by researchers to intensify during the night. They concluded that cows chewed more intently in the night time compared to the morning.
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131:, though some later herbivorous dinosaurs, since extinct, had developed chewing too. Nowadays, only mammals chew in the strict sense of the word, though some fishes have a somewhat similar behavior. Neither birds, nor amphibians or any living reptiles chew.
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is sometimes performed by human parents for infants who are unable to do so for themselves. The food is masticated in the mouth of the parent into a bolus and then transferred to the infant for consumption (some other animals also premasticate).
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as most commonly, the motor program can be excessively engaged during periods of sleep and times of stress. It is also theorized that excessive input to the motor program from myofascial pain or occlusal imbalance can contribute to
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continues on to the stomach, where the next step of digestion occurs. Increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones. Studies suggest that chewing may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake.
189:) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input. The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
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This motor program continuously adapts to changes in food type or occlusion. This adaptation is a learned skill that may sometimes require relearning to adapt to loss of teeth or to dental appliances such as
814:
Smith, Natalie, Miquel-Kergoat, Sophie, and Thuret, Sandrine. 'The Impact of
Mastication on Cognition: Evidence for Intervention and the Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis'. 1 Jan. 2015 : 115 –
200:
joints govern the creation of neural pathways, which in turn determine duration and force of individual muscle activation (and in some cases muscle fiber groups as in the masseter and temporalis).
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period; this advanced, cow-like dentition allowed the creatures to obtain more nutrients from the tough plant life. This may have given them the advantage needed to compete with the formidable
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found evidence that chewing can decrease self-reported hunger and therefore food intake. Eating food which does not require chewing, by choice or for medical reasons as
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generally chew very little or swallow their food whole or in chunks. This act of gulping food (or medicine pills) without chewing has inspired the
English
854:"Effects of Varying Dietary Forage Particle Size in Two Concentrate Levels on Chewing Activity, Ruminal Mat Characteristics, and Passage in Dairy Cows"
558:
Peyron, Marie-Agnès; Gierczynski, Isabelle; Hartmann, Christoph; Loret, Chrystel; Dardevet, Dominique; Martin, Nathalie; Woda, Alain (27 June 2011).
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and opening. As chewing continues, the food is made softer and warmer, and the enzymes in saliva begin to break down
436:
Miquel-Kergoat, Sophie; Azais-Braesco, Veronique; Burton-Freeman, Britt; Hetherington, Marion M. (2015-11-01).
485:
Holmes, Wendy (2007), "Influences on maternal and child nutrition in the highlands of the northern Lao PDR",
625:
Cassady, Bridget A; Hollis, James H; Fulford, Angie D; Considine, Robert V; Mattes, Richard D (2009-03-01).
148:, chew food more than once to extract more nutrients. After the first round of chewing, this food is called
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676:"Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
438:"Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
954:
186:
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N'Gom, Papa
Ibrahima; Woda, Alain (June 2002). "Influence of impaired mastication on nutrition".
256:. Such a diet may lead to inadequate nutrition due to a reduction in fruit and vegetable intake.
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324:, who depended on their massive gastrointestinal tracts to digest food without grinding it.
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Chewing, needing specialized teeth, is mostly a mammalian adaptation that appeared in early
627:"Mastication of almonds: effects of lipid bioaccessibility, appetite, and hormone response"
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Zebeli, Q.; Tafaj, M.; Weber, I.; Dijkstra, J.; Steingass, H.; Drochner, W. (April 2007).
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Miquel-Kergoat, S.; Azais-Braesco, V.; Burton-Freeman, B.; Hetherington, M. M. (2015).
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has been around for many centuries; there is evidence that northern
Europeans chewed
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and is necessary to maintain its normal function. Chewing stimulates hippocampal
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Sanders, P. Martin; Clauss, Marcus (10 October 2008). "Sauropod
Gigantism".
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Peyron, Marie-Agnès; Olivier Blanc; James P. Lund; Alain Woda (2004-03-09).
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Mechanical procedure for crushing the food and its first enzymatic splitting
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Chen, Huayue; Iinuma, Mitsuo; Onozuka, Minoru; Kubo, Kin-Ya (9 June 2015).
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It is thought that conscious mediation is important in the limitation of
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The process of chewing has, by analogy, been applied to machinery. The
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During the mastication process, the food is positioned by the
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760:"Chewing Maintains Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Function"
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Masticator shown and described at interagency
Inciweb.org
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to bring the teeth into intermittent contact, repeatedly
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513:"Influence of Age on Adaptability of Human Mastication"
355:) to "chew" through brush and timber in order to clear
308:("duck-bills"), developed teeth analogous to mammalian
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103:in the food. After chewing, the food (now called a
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244:is likely to be the case in other foods. A 2015
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45:using mastication to process tough plant matter
159:A piece of chewing gum after being trodden on.
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827:"Mastication, Food Transport, and Swallowing"
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27:"Chew" redirects here. For other uses, see
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953:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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764:International Journal of Medical Sciences
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68:. It is the first step in the process of
409:"Prehension, Mastication and Swallowing"
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825:Hiiemae, K.M.; Crompton, A.W. (1985).
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72:, allowing a greater surface area for
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275:Chewing is largely an adaptation for
185:Chewing is primarily an unconscious (
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87:between the teeth for grinding. The
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192:It is thought that feedback from
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144:and some other animals, called
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259:Chewing also stimulates the
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359:in advance of a wildfire.
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442:Physiology & Behavior
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267:in both humans and mice.
76:to break down the foods.
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858:Journal of Dairy Science
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347:uses a machine called a
196:nerves in teeth and the
56:is the process by which
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737:10.1067/mpr.2002.123229
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379:Muscles of mastication
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230:Muscles of mastication
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89:muscles of mastication
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218:parafunctional habits
213:parafunctional habits
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164:Chewing motor program
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29:Chew (disambiguation)
871:10.3168/jds.2006-354
487:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
235:Nutrition and health
43:stump-tailed macaque
1055:Periosteal reaction
951:Masticatory Muscles
576:2011PLoSO...621167P
345:U.S. Forest Service
290:"wolfing it down".
239:Chewing stimulates
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336:Masticator on the
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124:9,000 years ago.
62:crushed and ground
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389:Chewing Gum
316:during the
298:Ornithopods
261:hippocampus
181:chewing cud
118:Chewing gum
113:peristalsis
54:mastication
1129:Categories
1043:Osteolysis
544:2008-07-02
419:2012-05-24
374:Gnathology
349:masticator
318:Cretaceous
284:Carnivores
250:tooth loss
1140:Dentistry
1065:Cartilage
997:cartilage
923:206514245
784:1449-1907
686:: 88–96.
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594:1932-6203
464:1873-507X
448:: 88–96.
357:firelines
338:Zaca Fire
322:sauropods
302:dinosaurs
280:herbivory
277:mammalian
254:soft diet
146:ruminants
129:Synapsids
109:esophagus
97:occluding
91:move the
70:digestion
1050:Bone age
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802:26078711
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710:15350810
702:26188140
661:19144727
612:21738616
564:PLOS ONE
539:15277595
499:17704036
472:26188140
363:See also
314:incisors
206:dentures
111:and via
1135:Chewing
1109:Chewing
895:Science
793:4466515
603:3124480
572:Bibcode
224:Muscles
64:by the
50:Chewing
957:(MeSH)
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395:Notes
288:idiom
105:bolus
81:cheek
66:teeth
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995:and
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312:and
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83:and
58:food
18:Chew
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