303:, Hilaria Cruz, Eric Campbell, Justin McIntosh, Jeffrey Rasch, Ryan Sullivant, Stéphanie Villard, and Tony Woodbury. They began the Chatino Documentation Project in the summer of 2003 hoping to document and preserve the Chatino Language and its dialects. Using audio and video recordings they have been able to document the language during everyday life interactions. Up until 2003, Chatino was an oral language, with no written form. After beginning the Chatino Documentation project, the team began to create a written form of the Chatino Language. This transition has created more resources for revitalization projects. They hope the resources they have made will soon be used to create educational materials like books to help the Chatino people be able to read and write their language.
151:
226:
no evidence for subgrouping or further division based on shared innovations. This division mirrors the divisions reported by Boas (1913), based on speaker comments, that
Chatino comprised three "dialects" with limited mutual intelligibility. Sullivant (2016) finds that Teojomulco is the most divergent variety.
218:
criterion.) These were
Tataltepec, Zacatepec, Panixtlahuaca, and the Highlands dialects, with Zenzontepec not tested but based on other studies believed to be completely unintelligible with the rest of the Chatino languages. The Highlands dialects fall into three groups, largely foreshadowing the divisions in
553:
There is also a morphological causative in
Chatino, expressed by the causative prefix /x-/, /xa-/, /y/, or by the palatalization of the first consonant. The choice of prefix appears to be partially determined by the first consonant of the verb, though there are some irregular cases. The prefix /x/
225:
Campbell (2013), in a study based on shared innovations rather than mutual intelligibility, first divides
Chatino into two groups: Zenzontepec and Coastal Chatino. He then divides Coastal Chatino into Tataltepec and Eastern Chatino. His Eastern Chatino contains all the other varieties, and he finds
212:
The
Chatino languages are a group of three languages: Zenzontepec Chatino, spoken in about 10 communities in the district of Sola de Vega; Tataltepec Chatino, spoken in Tataltepec de Valdés; and a group of dialects collectively called the Eastern Chatino language, spoken in about 15–17 communities.
1170:
had trained medical interpreters bilingual in
Chatino as well as in Spanish; in March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including
217:
tests on the basis of which they concluded that four varieties of
Chatino could be considered separate languages with respect to mutual intelligibility, with 80% intelligibility being needed for varieties to be considered part of the same language. (The same count resulted from a looser 70%
271:
The
Mexican Secretariat of Education uses a four risk scale to measure endangered languages. The lowest is no immediate risk of disappearance, then medium risk, high risk, and lastly very high risk of disappearance. Currently, Chatino dialects vary from high risk of disappearance
1426:
339:
Chatino languages have some regular alternations between transitive and intransitive verbs. In general this change is shown by altering the first consonant of the root, as in the following examples from
Tataltepec Chatino:
917:
This aspect is indicated by palatalization in the first consonant of the potential form of the verb. If the potential is already a palatalized consonant, the imperative is the same, e.g.:
1434:
827:
Roots that take /n-/ or /nd-/ in the habitual have the same in the continuative plus palatalization; roots that have /n-/ plus palatalization in the habitual have /ndya-/, e.g.
1144:
299:
In an effort to help revitalize the
Chatino language, a team of linguists and professors came together to make The Chatino Language Documentation Project. The team included
1246:
Pride, Leslie and Kitty. 1970. Vocabulario Chatino de Tataltepec. Serie de vocabularios indigenas mariano silva y aceves, no. 15. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1509:
1537:
1382:
1237:
3156:
1501:
2570:
1347:"Cuadro 9: Variantes linguĂsticas segĂşn riesgo de desapariciĂłn" [Table 9: Linguistic variants according to risk of disappearance].
1212:
Campbell, Eric. 2013. "The Internal Diversification and Subgrouping of Chatino," International Journal of American Linguistics 79:395–420.
1505:
1502:
Audio recordings of narratives, ceremonies, conversations, music, etc. in Amialtepec, San Juan Quiahije, Yolotepec, and Zacatepec Chatino
865:
This is indicated with the prefix /ngu-/, and verbs that start with /cu-, cui-, qui-/ change to /ngu-/ and /ngĂĽi-/ in the completive:
322:
Tone letters in many varieties of Western Highlands Chatino are capital letters A through L. These have dedicated Unicode characters (
1226:: The story and methods of the Chatino Language Documentation Project. Language Documentation & Conservation 8: 490—524.
3151:
1348:
1491:
1333:
1360:
1530:
1751:
163:
2362:
1255:
Villard S. Grammatical sketch of Zacatepec Chatino. Master's thesis, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. 2008.
2524:
1252:
Sullivant, J. Ryan. 2016. "Reintroducing Teojomulco Chatino," International Journal of American Linguistics 82:393–423.
753:
This is indicated by the prefixes /n-, nd-, l-/ and /n-/ with palatalization of the first consonant of the root, e.g.:
1351:[Mexico. National indigenous languages at risk of disappearance: Linguistic variants by degree of risk. 2000]
2563:
1397:
554:
occurs before some roots that start with one of the following consonants: /c, qu, ty/ or with the vowels /u,a/, e.g.
2192:
3146:
1523:
1349:
MĂ©xico. Lenguas indĂgenas nacionales en riesgo de desapariciĂłn: Variantes lingĂĽĂsticas por grado de riesgo. 2000
2519:
2885:
1427:"Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business"
1456:
2556:
2412:
238:
1249:
Rasch, Jeffrey Walker. 2002. The basic morpho-syntax of Yaitepec Chatino. Ph.D. thesis. Rice University.
323:
3106:
1756:
246:
230:
725:
3141:
255:
1209:
Boas, Franz. 1913. "Notes on the Chatino language of Mexico," American Anthropologist, n.s., 15:78–86.
2835:
2447:
2377:
1761:
1724:
961:
This aspect is indicated by the particle /cua/, which is written as a separate word in Pride (1965).
1647:
3096:
3020:
2924:
2810:
2787:
1894:
1791:
1196:
1163:
2387:
1776:
2865:
1771:
1355:(Report) (in Spanish). MĂ©xico D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Lenguas IndĂgenas. 2012. p. 113.
2855:
2462:
2114:
1672:
1546:
316:
214:
171:
2707:
2182:
1215:
Cruz, Emiliana. 2004. The phonological patterns and orthography of San Juan Quiahije Chatino.
3111:
3091:
3015:
2895:
2712:
2664:
2614:
1738:
1295:
1192:
2684:
2487:
2119:
1317:
1240:: Resultado de algunos sondeos. Mexico City: Instituto LingĂĽĂstico de Verano (1983 reprint).
1038:
Chatino languages usually have VSO as their predominant order, as in the following example:
2875:
1808:
1685:
1561:
1288:
2742:
747:
The majority of the verbs have no potential prefix, and its absence indicates this aspect.
8:
3101:
3010:
2910:
2825:
2757:
2702:
2649:
2644:
2579:
2452:
2372:
2166:
2098:
1911:
1901:
1889:
1871:
1786:
1167:
1152:
167:
120:
84:
2965:
2950:
2273:
2088:
2083:
2905:
2850:
2629:
2397:
2334:
2316:
2286:
2228:
2187:
2161:
2124:
2078:
1842:
1833:
1781:
125:
115:
2940:
2205:
2046:
2025:
1968:
1963:
1642:
141:
3050:
2980:
2945:
2930:
2870:
2860:
2840:
2792:
2767:
2679:
2634:
2477:
2467:
2392:
2342:
2243:
2238:
1936:
1823:
1817:
1680:
1570:
1488:
1356:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1180:
200:
form the other branch of the Zapotecan language family. Chatinos call their language
110:
2654:
2437:
2093:
1989:
1958:
3070:
3065:
3030:
3000:
2935:
2890:
2830:
2722:
2674:
2659:
2624:
2619:
2492:
2482:
2422:
2407:
2352:
2281:
2248:
2210:
2073:
2020:
2015:
1973:
1884:
1766:
1699:
1657:
1592:
1587:
1579:
729:
197:
105:
2030:
3123:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
3075:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3005:
2970:
2915:
2845:
2820:
2747:
2732:
2717:
2604:
2499:
2457:
2442:
2417:
2382:
2347:
2324:
2298:
2268:
2200:
2010:
1879:
1849:
1796:
1617:
1611:
1495:
1176:
1172:
251:
174:
74:
2472:
2427:
3060:
2960:
2900:
2777:
2762:
2669:
2639:
2539:
2402:
2291:
2156:
2151:
1632:
1627:
1602:
193:
178:
41:
1482:
3135:
2955:
2880:
2815:
2782:
2752:
2737:
2367:
2357:
2233:
1994:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1662:
1652:
1637:
300:
182:
2920:
2772:
2432:
1622:
319:'ꞌ'. The last can be confused with the tone letter '' in a non-serif font.
79:
1405:
258:, Lachao-Yolotepec, Yaitepec, Panixtlahuaca, Quiahije and Nopala dialects)
2975:
1515:
1243:
Pride, Kitty. 1965. Chatino syntax. SIL Publications in Linguistics #12.
150:
2548:
1231:
Linguistic poetic and rhetoric of Eastern Chatino of San Juan Quiahije
671:
The prefix /xa/ is put before certain roots that begin with /t/, e.g.
311:
The glottal stop is variously written as a 'q' (as here), a '7', IPA '
1746:
287:
chatino oriental alto, chatino oriental bajo, chatino occidental alto
135:
1238:
La inteligibilidad interdialectal de las lenguas indĂgenas de MĂ©xico
1223:
2609:
181:, whose communities are located in the southern portion of the
3040:
1236:
Egland, Steven, Doris Bartholomew & SaĂşl Cruz Ramos. 1978.
1156:
186:
57:
53:
700:
Palatalization occurs in some roots that begin with /t/, e.g.
192:
The Chatinos have close cultural and linguistic ties with the
1329:
1148:
1498:
at the website of the Chatino Language Documentation Project
1398:"Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters"
1383:"Sobre el Proyecto de la documentaciĂłn del idioma chatino"
1275:
means 'word', but Chatinos do not agree on the meaning of
312:
204:. Chatino is recognized as a national language in Mexico.
1457:"Indigenous Interpreting Program Aims to be Far Reaching"
1385:. Chatino Language Documentation Project. 16 August 2021.
1021:
1003:
985:
975:
965:
947:
939:
929:
921:
901:
891:
879:
869:
851:
841:
831:
811:
801:
789:
779:
767:
757:
740:
Pride (1965) reports eight aspects in Yaitepec Chatino.
712:
704:
687:
677:
658:
648:
636:
626:
614:
604:
592:
582:
570:
560:
538:
531:
519:
512:
500:
493:
481:
474:
462:
455:
443:
436:
424:
417:
405:
398:
386:
379:
367:
360:
334:
1131:-give the dog lazy one tortilla Spanish to the coyote
1287:
it means 'spicy'. Its meaning is not recoverable in
1318:
Lenguas indĂgenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
3133:
1143:Chatino-language programming is carried by the
1134:'The lazy dog gave a sweetbread to the coyote.'
166:languages. These languages are a branch of the
1395:
724:The alternations seen here are similar to the
2564:
1531:
1233:(Ph.D thesis, University of Texas at Austin).
1224:Finding a way into a family of tone languages
1222:Cruz, Emiliana and Anthony C Woodbury. 2014.
1199:villages of San Juan Quiahije and Cieneguilla
291:
285:
279:
273:
857:'The people of this town are sowing chile.'
16:Indigenous Mesoamerican languages of Mexico
2571:
2557:
1545:
1538:
1524:
1320:INEGI. Censo de PoblaciĂłn y Vivienda 2020.
1279:. For communities such as Zenzontepec, in
1217:University of Texas Masters Thesis. Austin
213:Egland & Bartholomew (1983) conducted
1125:N-da nu xniq ndaha ska ha xtlya qi nu qo.
548:
1454:
2578:
3134:
1569:
847:'The people of this town are grazing.'
2552:
1519:
1506:Chatino Documentation of Hilaria Cruz
177:. They are natively spoken by 45,000
1335:MĂ©xico: Lenguas indĂgenas nacionales
1323:
1128:
1046:
817:'The people of this town sow chile.'
335:Transitive-Intransitive alternations
13:
2525:Classification of Mixtec languages
1489:Resources on the Chatino languages
885:'Someone put the box on the table'
14:
3168:
1476:
837:'is putting the box on the table'
266:
1138:
149:
1455:Almanzan, Krista (2014-03-27).
1203:
795:'The people of this town graze'
3152:Indigenous languages of Mexico
2520:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1448:
1419:
1389:
1375:
1340:
1311:
1266:
306:
1:
3157:Verb–subject–object languages
1396:Melissa Flores (2012-01-23).
1305:
329:
1433:. 2014-03-07. Archived from
853:Ndyata nguq quichi re quiña'
843:Ndyuqni nguq cuqna quichi re
207:
7:
3107:Plains Indian Sign Language
1283:, it means 'low', while in
1186:
791:Nduqni nguq cuqna quichi re
773:'puts the box on the table'
673:
556:
342:
10:
3173:
1009:'The door will be opened.'
813:Ntya nguq quichi re quiña'
713:
705:
688:
678:
659:
649:
637:
627:
615:
605:
593:
583:
571:
561:
539:
532:
520:
513:
501:
494:
482:
475:
463:
456:
444:
437:
425:
418:
406:
399:
387:
380:
368:
361:
3120:
3084:
2993:
2801:
2693:
2595:
2586:
2533:
2512:
2333:
2315:
2261:
2221:
2175:
2144:
2137:
2107:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2003:
1982:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1919:
1910:
1870:
1863:
1832:
1807:
1752:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
1737:
1698:
1671:
1601:
1578:
1560:
1553:
1033:
735:
148:
134:
99:
75:Linguistic classification
73:
69:52,000 (2020 census)
63:
47:
37:
26:
21:
3097:Albarradas Sign Language
2193:Western Tlacolula Valley
1259:
1197:Western Highland Chatino
1164:Natividad Medical Center
907:'The teacher taught it.'
284:) to no immediate risk (
1485:at native-languages.org
1483:Chatino Indian Language
1022:
1004:
986:
976:
966:
948:
940:
930:
922:
902:
892:
881:Ngu-sta chcubi loo mesa
880:
870:
852:
842:
832:
812:
802:
790:
780:
768:
758:
281:chatino occidental bajo
164:indigenous Mesoamerican
3147:Oto-Manguean languages
1648:Estado de MĂ©xico Otomi
1547:Oto-Manguean languages
549:Causative alternations
292:
286:
280:
274:
215:mutual intelligibility
3112:Chatino Sign Language
3092:Mexican Sign Language
2413:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
2363:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
1296:Santa Maria Yolotepec
1229:Cruz, Hilaria. 2015.
1193:Chatino Sign Language
833:Nxtya chcubi loo mesa
726:causative alternation
577:'bathe' (transitive)
769:nsta chcubi loo mesa
728:seen in the related
721:(Pride 1970: 95–96)
694:'to stop something'
567:'bathe' (reflexive)
275:chatino de Zacatepec
3102:Mayan Sign Language
2580:Languages of Mexico
1168:Salinas, California
1153:Santiago Jamiltepec
1027:'The door is open.'
1015:passive completive
121:Zenzontepec Chatino
2713:Chontal de Tabasco
2448:San Miguel Piedras
2378:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
2197:Extended Ocotepec
1494:2015-06-01 at the
903:Nguluqu mstru jiqi
589:'dry' (reflexive)
278:) to medium risk (
170:family within the
126:Teojomulco Chatino
116:Tataltepec Chatino
3142:Chatino languages
3129:
3128:
2989:
2988:
2811:Chontal of Oaxaca
2546:
2545:
2540:extinct languages
2508:
2507:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2257:
2256:
2133:
2132:
2055:
2054:
1859:
1858:
1733:
1732:
1694:
1693:
1593:Michoacán Mazahua
1362:978-607-7538-57-8
1285:Santiago Yaitepec
1281:San Juan Quiahije
1147:'s radio station
997:passive potential
730:Zapotec languages
698:
697:
669:
668:
546:
545:
157:
156:
111:Zacatepec Chatino
3164:
2836:Chichimeca Jonaz
2593:
2592:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2142:
2141:
2064:
2063:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1917:
1916:
1868:
1867:
1850:Chorotega/Mangue
1725:Chichimeca Jonaz
1658:Texcatepec Otomi
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1404:. Archived from
1393:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1270:
1130:
1048:
1025:
1023:Ndyaala tonqniqi
1007:
989:
979:
969:
951:
943:
933:
927:'will slacken',
925:
905:
897:'will teach it'
895:
883:
873:
855:
845:
835:
815:
805:
793:
783:
771:
761:
716:
715:
708:
707:
691:
690:
681:
680:
674:
662:
661:
652:
651:
640:
639:
630:
629:
618:
617:
608:
607:
596:
595:
586:
585:
574:
573:
564:
563:
557:
542:
541:
535:
534:
523:
522:
516:
515:
504:
503:
497:
496:
485:
484:
478:
477:
466:
465:
459:
458:
447:
446:
440:
439:
428:
427:
421:
420:
409:
408:
402:
401:
390:
389:
383:
382:
371:
370:
364:
363:
343:
325:
295:
289:
283:
277:
243:Coastal Chatino
153:
144:
106:Highland Chatino
19:
18:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3080:
2985:
2925:whistled speech
2803:
2797:
2733:Sierra Popoluca
2695:
2689:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2547:
2542:
2529:
2504:
2463:Southern Puebla
2329:
2303:
2253:
2217:
2171:
2129:
2103:
2051:
2035:
1999:
1978:
1931:
1906:
1855:
1828:
1803:
1762:Lalana-Tepinapa
1729:
1690:
1667:
1643:Querétaro Otomi
1618:Mezquital Otomi
1612:Classical Otomi
1597:
1588:Central Mazahua
1549:
1544:
1496:Wayback Machine
1479:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1437:on Mar 13, 2014
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1206:
1189:
1141:
1136:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1036:
1005:Tyaala tonqniqi
935:'let it loose!'
738:
551:
337:
332:
309:
293:chatino central
269:
252:Eastern Chatino
210:
175:language family
140:
66:
65:Native speakers
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Western Apache
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
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2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2694:10,000-100,000
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
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2420:
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2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Chigmecatitlán
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
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2203:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
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2176:Western Valley
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2145:Trans-Yautepec
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Coatecas Altas
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
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2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
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2001:
2000:
1998:
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1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Highland Otomi
1630:
1628:Acazulco Otomi
1625:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1499:
1486:
1478:
1477:External links
1475:
1473:
1472:
1447:
1418:
1402:HealthyCal.org
1388:
1374:
1361:
1339:
1322:
1309:
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1244:
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1234:
1227:
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1200:
1195:, used in the
1188:
1185:
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1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
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1012:
1011:
1010:
994:
993:
992:
982:
972:
956:
955:
954:
936:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
888:
887:
886:
875:'will put it'
860:
859:
858:
848:
838:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
798:
797:
796:
776:
775:
774:
748:
737:
734:
719:
718:
710:
696:
695:
692:
685:
684:'is stopping'
682:
667:
666:
663:
656:
653:
645:
644:
641:
634:
631:
623:
622:
619:
612:
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365:
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308:
305:
268:
267:Revitalization
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
249:
241:
233:
209:
206:
194:Zapotec people
179:Chatino people
162:is a group of
155:
154:
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145:
138:
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131:
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113:
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97:
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67:
64:
61:
60:
51:
45:
44:
42:Chatino people
39:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3169:
3158:
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2641:
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2250:
2247:
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2240:
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2227:
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2209:
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2202:
2199:
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2186:
2184:
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2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
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2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
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2090:
2087:
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2082:
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2071:
2069:
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2062:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:Sierra Juárez
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
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1839:
1837:
1835:
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1822:
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1815:
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1812:
1810:
1806:
1798:
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1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:Southern Pame
1716:
1714:
1713:Northern Pame
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1663:Ixtenco Otomi
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Temoaya Otomi
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Tenango Otomi
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1408:on 2012-01-29
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:In 2012, the
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:Use and media
1135:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
990:
988:
987:cua ndya ngu'
983:
980:
978:
973:
970:
968:
963:
962:
960:
957:
952:
950:
945:'will cut',
944:
942:
937:
934:
932:
926:
924:
919:
918:
916:
913:
906:
904:
899:
898:
896:
894:
889:
884:
882:
877:
876:
874:
872:
867:
866:
864:
861:
856:
854:
849:
846:
844:
839:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
823:
816:
814:
809:
808:
806:
804:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
784:
782:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
763:'puts it in'
762:
760:
755:
754:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
741:
733:
731:
727:
722:
711:
703:
702:
701:
693:
686:
683:
676:
675:
672:
664:
657:
654:
647:
646:
642:
635:
633:'is put out'
632:
625:
624:
620:
613:
610:
603:
602:
598:
591:
588:
581:
580:
576:
569:
566:
559:
558:
555:
537:
530:
527:
526:
518:
511:
508:
507:
499:
492:
489:
488:
480:
473:
470:
469:
461:
454:
451:
450:
442:
435:
432:
431:
423:
416:
413:
412:
404:
397:
394:
393:
385:
378:
375:
374:
366:
359:
356:
355:
352:intransitive
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
327:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
301:Emiliana Cruz
297:
294:
288:
282:
276:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:Core Chatino
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
223:
221:
216:
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:Mexican state
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
98:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
62:
59:
55:
52:
46:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3122:
3016:Plautdietsch
2994:Non-official
2802:Under 10,000
2727:
2625:Tzotzil Maya
2620:Tzeltal Maya
2615:Yucatec Maya
2535:
2453:Silacayoapan
2373:Cacaloxtepec
2067:Cis-Yautepec
1926:
1848:
1841:
1816:
1717:
1708:Central Pame
1673:Matlatzincan
1623:Tilapa Otomi
1610:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1431:Market Wired
1430:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1401:
1391:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1342:
1334:
1325:
1313:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1230:
1216:
1204:Bibliography
1161:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1020:
1014:
1002:
996:
984:
974:
964:
958:
946:
938:
928:
920:
914:
900:
890:
878:
868:
862:
850:
840:
830:
825:continuative
824:
810:
800:
788:
781:nduqni cuqna
778:
766:
756:
750:
744:
739:
723:
720:
699:
670:
655:'is buried'
616:nxtyuqu jiqi
594:xquityi jiqi
552:
338:
324:ᴬᴮꟲᴰᴱꟳᴳᴴᴵᴶᴷᴸ
321:
310:
298:
270:
224:
219:
211:
201:
191:
172:Oto-Manguean
159:
158:
100:Subdivisions
89:
80:Oto-Manguean
50:distribution
31:
27:
2876:Matlatzinca
2708:Tojol-abĘĽal
2488:YoloxĂłchitl
2398:Cuyamecalco
2183:Chichicápam
2167:Quiavicuzas
2099:Tlacolulita
1792:Tepetotutla
1739:Chinantecan
1686:Matlatzinca
1151:, based in
977:cua tyee ti
709:'will give'
611:'is alive'
599:'dry' (tr)
490:'frighten'
349:transitive
307:Orthography
239:Zenzontepec
202:chaqęźł tnyaá´¶
32:Chaqęźł tnyaá´¶
3136:Categories
3011:Portuguese
2911:Texistepec
2846:Chocholtec
2826:Chiricahua
2788:QĘĽanjobĘĽal
2703:Tarahumara
2589:Indigenous
2478:Tilantongo
2468:Soyaltepec
2393:Coatzospan
2287:Texmelucan
2229:Albarradas
2162:Lachiguiri
2125:Ozolotepec
2120:Miahuatlán
2079:Quiegolani
1809:Tlapanecan
1562:Oto-Pamean
1466:2014-04-06
1441:2014-03-13
1412:2012-08-05
1368:2023-02-28
1306:References
1289:San Marcos
981:'is ended'
971:'will end'
959:perfective
949:xiqyu jiqi
931:xatiq jiqi
915:imperative
863:completive
717:'will pay'
643:'put out'
572:xcatá jiqi
395:'put out'
330:Morphology
247:Tataltepec
231:Teojomulco
220:Ethnologue
48:Geographic
2906:Kaqchikel
2886:Mezcalero
2851:Pima Bajo
2758:Popolocan
2685:Purépecha
2665:Chinantec
2587:Official/
2538:indicate
2493:Zacatepec
2483:Tututepec
2408:Ixtayutla
2353:Amoltepec
2278:Papabuco
2244:Ayoquezco
2239:Antequera
1912:Zapotecan
1902:Popolocan
1895:varieties
1872:Popolocan
1843:Chiapanec
1787:Sochiapam
1747:Chinantec
1504:from the
1461:90.3 KAZU
1292:Zacatepec
1171:Chatino,
991:'is gone'
953:'cut it!'
745:potential
562:catá chcu
376:'finish'
357:'change'
256:Zacatepec
208:Varieties
198:languages
168:Zapotecan
136:Glottolog
85:Zapotecan
38:Ethnicity
3051:Japanese
3021:Venetian
2981:Awakatek
2976:Ayapanec
2871:Jakaltek
2861:LacandĂłn
2841:HuarijĂo
2804:speakers
2768:Cuicatec
2743:Tepehuán
2696:speakers
2680:Tlapanec
2598:speakers
2596:100,000+
2458:Sindihui
2443:Pinotepa
2418:Mixtepec
2383:Chazumba
2343:Cuicatec
2335:Mixtecan
2317:Amuzgoan
2282:Elotepec
2274:LachixĂo
2249:Quiatoni
2211:Zaachila
2089:XanaguĂa
2084:LapaguĂa
2074:Mixtepec
2060:Southern
2021:Yatzachi
2016:Zoogocho
1974:Abejones
1945:Northern
1834:Manguean
1824:Tlapanec
1818:Subtiaba
1782:Palantla
1777:OzumacĂn
1757:Highland
1681:Tlahuica
1492:Archived
1187:See also
1089:tortilla
1017:/ndya-/
785:'graze'
751:habitual
621:'waken'
533:nchquiqi
528:'roast'
514:nchquiña
502:nchcutsi
452:'throw'
419:nchcutsi
414:'scare'
317:saltillo
315:', or a
196:, whose
142:chat1268
3071:Chinese
3066:Italian
3031:Catalan
3001:English
2966:CochimĂ
2896:KĘĽicheĘĽ
2891:Ixcatec
2856:QĘĽeqchĂ
2831:Tacuate
2793:Tepehua
2728:Chatino
2723:Huichol
2675:Mazahua
2660:Huastec
2650:Mazatec
2645:Totonac
2635:Zapotec
2610:Nahuatl
2605:Spanish
2536:Italics
2438:Peñasco
2403:Estetla
2299:Solteco
2269:El Alto
2206:Ocotlán
2201:Isthmus
2138:Central
2047:Choápam
2026:Yalálag
2011:Cajonos
2004:Cajonos
1969:YavesĂa
1964:Aloápam
1937:Zapotec
1927:Chatino
1920:Chatino
1890:Mazatec
1885:Ixcatec
1864:Eastern
1772:Ojitlán
1580:Mazahua
1571:Otomian
1554:Western
1332:(2012)
1181:Zapotec
1097:Spanish
999:/tya-/
665:'bury'
650:tyatsiq
628:ndyubiq
509:'move'
495:ntyutsi
483:ndyatsi
471:'bury'
457:nchcuaa
433:'melt'
426:ntyutsi
407:ndyubiq
254:(incl.
160:Chatino
90:Chatino
28:Chaqcña
22:Chatino
3076:German
3056:Korean
3046:Romani
3041:Arabic
3036:Hebrew
3026:Basque
3006:French
2971:Kiliwa
2961:Olutec
2951:Pápago
2946:Kumiai
2941:QatoĘĽk
2936:Cucapá
2921:KikapĂş
2916:Paipai
2821:Akatek
2748:Triqui
2718:Amuzgo
2630:Mixtec
2500:Trique
2368:Ayutla
2358:Apoala
2348:Mixtec
2325:Amuzgo
2292:Zaniza
2157:Petapa
2152:Guevea
2108:Coatec
2094:Xánica
1990:RincĂłn
1983:RincĂłn
1959:Ixtlán
1880:Chocho
1767:Lealao
1700:Pamean
1359:
1179:, and
1177:Trique
1173:Mixtec
1157:Oaxaca
1121:coyote
1034:Syntax
893:culuqu
807:'sow'
736:Aspect
689:nxatuu
660:xatsiq
638:nxubiq
606:ndyuqu
584:quityi
540:nguiqi
521:nguiña
476:nxatsi
464:ndyalu
445:ndyalá
400:nxubiq
369:nchaqa
362:ntsaqa
346:gloss
290:, and
187:Oaxaca
58:Mexico
54:Oaxaca
3061:Greek
2901:Lipan
2778:Yaqui
2763:Huave
2655:ChĘĽol
2640:OtomĂ
2513:Lists
2473:Tidaá
2433:Nuyoo
2428:Nuxaá
2262:Other
2234:Mitla
2222:Other
2188:Güilá
2040:Other
2031:Tabaá
1995:Yatee
1797:Usila
1603:Otomi
1510:AILLA
1353:(PDF)
1330:INALI
1277:tnyaá´¶
1273:chaqęźł
1260:Notes
1149:XEJAM
1094:xtlya
1070:ndaha
1049:-give
941:xiqyu
923:sati'
438:nxalá
388:ndyee
381:ntyee
3085:Sign
2956:Ixil
2931:Teko
2881:Seri
2816:Chuj
2783:Pame
2753:Cora
2738:Mayo
2670:Mixe
2423:Ă‘umĂ
1357:ISBN
1073:lazy
1062:xniq
1043:N-da
967:tyee
803:ntya
759:nsta
714:tyaa
679:nduu
2773:Mam
1508:at
1294:or
1166:of
1145:CDI
1129:CON
1118:qo.
1113:the
1081:one
1078:ska
1065:dog
1057:the
1047:CON
871:sta
706:taa
326:).
296:).
185:of
3138::
1459:.
1429:.
1400:.
1183:.
1175:,
1159:.
1155:,
1110:nu
1105:to
1102:qi
1086:ha
1054:nu
732:.
222:.
189:.
56:,
30:,
2927:)
2923:(
2572:e
2565:t
2558:v
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1512:.
1469:.
1444:.
1415:.
1371:.
1298:.
1219:.
313:Ę”
272:(
128:â€
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