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the creation of open farmland meant Forbes' parakeet was being deprived of the forest habitat it prefers. As the
Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet was better able to adapt to these new changes in habitat than Forbes' parakeet, they were able to colonize new areas of the island, including habitat that was previously only occupied by Forbes' parakeet. As a result, competition for habitat and breeding resources (such as mates) has driven the increased rate of hybridisation between these two species, effectively affecting the genetic makeup of the population of both of these
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The diet of Forbes' parakeets consists of invertebrates, flowers, seeds, leaves, fruit, shoots and bark. They have been noted feeding in the forest canopy and on the forest floor, as well as in trees, shrubs or other plants when fruiting, seeding or flowering. Forbes' parakeet feeds both individually
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population. Eliminating these birds also reduced the amount of competition for resources like food and habitat, and gave Forbes' parakeet numbers a chance to increase. Currently the population of hybrid birds is monitored, and culls will resume if the number of hybrid birds on
Mangere Island reaches
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Massive deforestation of
Mangere Island has had a significant impact on the population of Forbes' parakeet, as the environmental boundaries (like differing habitat preference) that once separated Forbes' parakeet from the Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet were no longer in place. Deforestation and
426:
Forbes' parakeet nest in hollows of dead or living trees, and breed between
October and March. The birds become quite territorial of boundaries when breeding, chasing other birds away from the area and making loud vocalisations. The female bird will stay in the nest during incubation, and the male
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Forbes' parakeets are medium-sized parakeets, with long tails and orange-red eyes. Plumage is bright green, with a red band across the forehead (but not reaching the eyes) and a yellow forecrown. The lores are also green, and the bird has some red plumage on the sides of the rump, and violet-blue
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Historically, Forbes' parakeet was documented in the 1800s to have travelled to nearby Pitt Island and southern
Chatham Island. The species was extinct on Mangere Island by 1930 as a result of significant deforestation. However, the species persisted on Little Mangere Island, until recolonizing
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will bring her food. Clutch size is between 2-9 eggs, and once the eggs hatch both the male and the female adult birds will share parental care of the offspring. When provided with nest boxes, the species has a high rate of chick mortality, though it is unclear why this may be the case.
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10% of the total number of parakeets on the island. The islands inhabited by Forbes' parakeet have also undergone reforestation efforts (of approximately 6000 trees annually since 1976) to boost natural habitat for the species and to add a degree of separation between them and
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Forbes' parakeet is easily distinguished from the
Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeet by its golden-yellow forecrown, as like its name suggests the Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet has a red forecrown. It is also distinguishable from the Yellow-crowned parakeet
242:, as a result of a range of threats to the species survival, including habitat loss, predation, and hybridization. A number of conservation methods have been employed to assist the recovery of this species, and currently the population trend is considered stable.
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To prevent the further genetic loss of Forbes' parakeet due to hybridisation, both hybrids and
Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeets were culled on Mangere Island as of 1976. These culls took place routinely until the population of hybrid birds and
372:, the introduction of predators, and the fact that the entire population is confined to two small islands in the Chatham Islands group-Mangere and Little Mangere Islands, which are only 112ha and 16ha respectively.
341:
Forbes' parakeet is found only on
Mangere and Little Mangere (Tapuaenuku) Islands in the Chatham Islands group. The Chatham Islands are sovereign land of New Zealand, and lay to the South-east of Wellington.
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Mangere Island in the 1960s after the removal of introduced species (such as cats, rabbits and grazing livestock) and after the native vegetation had a chance to grow back.
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Forbes' parakeet are typically seen singly or in pairs, but rarely in groups. The birds are considered sedentary, and remain at a single nesting site throughout the year.
368:
Forbes' parakeet has faced a number of threats to its survival, with the population once falling as low as 20–30 individuals. These threats include deforestation and
284:. Forbes' Parakeet has since been the subject of a range of molecular tests to determine the correct classification of the bird. These tests have resulted in
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outer primaries and wing coverts. The female parakeet is slightly smaller than the male, which is also reflected in her smaller bill size.
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657:"Genetic analysis of interspecific hybridisation in the world's only Forbes' parakeet (Cyanoramphus forbesi) natural population"
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Chan, Chi-hang; Ballantyne, Kaye N.; Aikman, Hilary; Fastier, Denise; Daugherty, Charles H.; Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2006).
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NZ Department of
Conservation (2001). "Forbes' parakeet and Chatham Island red-crowned parakeet recovery plan 2001-2011".
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269:, a genus consisting of parakeets from New Zealand and surrounding islands. Originally classified as a distinct species (
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and in groups with conspecifics, as well as with
Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeets and hybrids of the two species.
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population as it is not found anywhere else and therefore runs the risk of essentially being bred out as a species.
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564:"Molecular systematics of New Zealand Cyanoramphus parakeets: conservation of Orange-fronted and Forbes' Parakeets"
998:
837:
Taylor, R. H. (1985). "Status, habits and conservation of Cyanoramphus parakeets in the New Zealand region".
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Devine, W. T. (1982-06-01). "Nature conservation and land-use history of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand".
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292:, on the basis of genetic variations, as well as morphological differences such as size and vocalisations.
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The parakeet is found in dense forest and scrub, and utilizes tree hollows and rock crevices to nest.
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genetic markers have both indicated a high degree of hybridisation between Forbes' parakeet and the
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841:. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Conservation (Techn. Publ. 3). pp. 195–211.
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Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
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meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.
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234:. This parakeet is one of New Zealand's rarest birds and is classified as
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reached levels that were considered not to be an immediate threat to the
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562:
Boon, W. M.; Kearvell, J. C.; Daugherty, C. H.; Chambers, G. K. (2000).
256:"Chatham Islands parakeet" has been designated the official name by the
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618:. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 469–504.
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312:), which is also found on Mangere Island in the Chatham Islands.
273:) Forbes' parakeet was later thought to be a subspecies of the
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species which prefer more open habitat when given the choice.
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Forbes' parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's
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943:. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 2001
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133:
629:
Boon, W. M.; Chambers, G. K.; Daugherty, C. H. (1999).
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361:. The species is also listed under Appendix I of the
882:"Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets"
518:
263:
Forbes' parakeet is one of ten species in the genus
920:
Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
854:"Some ideas on speciation in New Zealand parakeets"
732:
Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
474:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724553A94871584.en
380:species. This is particularly threatening to the
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879:
880:Triggs, S. J.; Daugherty, C. H. (March 1996).
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644:(262). Department of Conservation, Wellington.
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288:being reinstated as a separate species to
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310:Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis
631:"Genetic Analysis of Forbes' Parakeet (
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534:. International Ornithologists' Union
333:is not found in the Chatham Islands.
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642:Conservation Advisory Science Notes
460:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
306:Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeet
258:International Ornithologists' Union
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723:Aikman, H.; Miskelly, C. (2004).
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1261:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
532:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
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886:Bird Conservation International
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568:Bird Conservation International
449:BirdLife International (2016).
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300:Mitochondrial DNA analysis and
253:described the species in 1893.
794:. Parliamentary Counsel Office
725:"Birds of the Chatham Islands"
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1:
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282:Cyanoramphus auriceps forbesi
1281:Endemic birds of New Zealand
1271:Birds of the Chatham Islands
839:Conservation of Island Birds
774:10.1016/0006-3207(82)90035-0
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899:10.1017/S0959270900001337
681:10.1007/s10592-005-9060-2
581:10.1017/s0959270900000198
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87:Scientific classification
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24:Chatham Islands parakeet
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467:: e.T22724553A94871584.
337:Distribution and habitat
214:Chatham Islands parakeet
1276:Birds described in 1820
792:New Zealand Legislation
754:Biological Conservation
614:Higgins, P. J. (1999).
412:
275:Yellow-crowned Parakeet
852:Taylor, R. H. (1975).
526:, eds. (August 2024).
1207:Paleobiology Database
661:Conservation Genetics
327:Cyanoramphus auriceps
278:Cyanoramphus auriceps
1238:Cyanoramphus-forbesi
1013:Cyanoramphus_forbesi
999:Cyanoramphus forbesi
969:Cyanoramphus forbesi
814:"Appendices | CITES"
633:Cyanoramphus forbesi
528:"Parrots, cockatoos"
496:"Appendices | CITES"
453:Cyanoramphus forbesi
271:Cyanoramphus forbesi
219:Cyanoramphus forbesi
196:Cyanoramphus forbesi
788:"Wildlife Act 1953"
766:1982BCons..23..127D
673:2006ConG....7..493C
370:habitat destruction
40:Conservation status
1291:Parrots of Oceania
522:; Donsker, David;
399:C. n. chathamensis
390:C. n. chathamensis
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1194:Open Tree of Life
961:Taxon identifiers
524:Rasmussen, Pamela
359:Wildlife Act 1953
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165:Cyanoramphus
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1096:iNaturalist
993:Wikispecies
538:3 September
520:Gill, Frank
480:12 November
331:C. auriceps
316:Description
290:C. auriceps
232:New Zealand
1255:Categories
1233:Xeno-canto
947:2007-10-04
823:2022-01-14
798:18 January
505:2022-01-14
431:References
394:C. forbesi
382:C. forbesi
286:C. forbesi
236:Vulnerable
203:Rothschild
73:Appendix I
55:Vulnerable
1286:Parakeets
818:cites.org
689:1566-0621
500:cites.org
405:Behaviour
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
1220:Species+
1140:22724553
1114:10533190
1039:22724553
1034:BirdLife
984:Q1164632
978:Wikidata
858:Notornis
697:44260923
246:Taxonomy
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1088:5229107
1075:chipar1
1049:chipar1
1021:Avibase
762:Bibcode
737:2 April
669:Bibcode
260:(IOC).
238:on the
230:group,
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
1212:372457
1199:818312
1186:104918
1170:NZOR:
1160:NZBO:
1153:114433
1127:714030
695:
687:
205:, 1893
1109:IRMNG
1101:72786
1070:eBird
1062:6C4Q7
1046:BOW:
941:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
693:S2CID
638:(PDF)
77:CITES
71:CITES
1225:9599
1148:NCBI
1135:IUCN
1122:ITIS
1083:GBIF
800:2022
739:2016
685:ISSN
540:2024
482:2021
465:2016
413:Diet
212:The
134:Aves
1057:CoL
1008:ADW
894:doi
770:doi
677:doi
576:doi
469:doi
1257::
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