430:
577:. In her will, written just three days before her death, Charlotte left her mother a sum of 50,000 livres and an annuity of a further 15,000. Her physical possessions, jewels and other personal property passed to Henry. However, it was two years before Henry Stuart, her executor, and now considered by Jacobites to be King Henry IX, would release the money. Indeed, he only agreed to do this when Clementina signed a "quittance" renouncing, on behalf of herself and her descendants, any further claim on the estate. Charlotte was buried in the Church of San Biagio, near where she died, as she had requested in her will. When the church was pulled down by the French in 1797, Charlotte's remains were believed to have been moved to the Oratorio della Santissima Trinità in 1801; however, this was not verified. When it closed in 1961, her monument, and possibly her remains, were also moved to the nearby Chiesa della Santissima Trinità but again it is not known for certain where her remains lie.
414:
606:, Switzerland, until her death in 1802 and that it was she who reared Charlotte's children in deliberate anonymity. Their identities were concealed by a variety of aliases and ruses and were not even being mentioned in Charlotte's detailed will, which makes reference only to Clementina and to Charlotte's desire that Clementina might be able to provide for "her necessitous relations". The reason that the children remained secret can be explained by the fact that the relationship between Archbishop Ferdinand de Rohan and Charlotte, who had been forbidden to marry, was highly illicit and would have been scandalous. The girls, arguably Victoire Adélaïde (born between 1781 and spring 1783) and Charlotte Maximilienne Amélie (born 1780), were thought to have been placed in the care of
530:'s famous Sobieska jewellery. She continually, and unsuccessfully, sought gifts of jewels or money from her close-fisted father; but this was probably largely out of a concern for the welfare of her mother and children. Within a month of arriving at Florence, she did manage to persuade her father to provide at last for Clementina. By this time, Charlotte was also in poor health, suffering from an ailment that would result in her death from "obstruction of the liver" just two years after her father. Indeed, shortly after she arrived in Florence, a protruding growth forced her to have clothes altered. The biographer Douglas reports that around this time, a visitor described her as:
1950:
death certificate). Though, he does concede the family relationship is evinced by
Charles Edward's being listed as a witness in Charlotte Maximilienne's marriage record and by his personal papers mentioning a kinship to Victoire Adélaïde's second husband, James d'Auvergne. He also notes that Marie Victoire never claimed to be Jules de Rohan's daughter, and that his son never mentioned having a natural sister. Moreover, the extensive genealogy of the House of Rohan never attributes to Jules an illegitimate child, which is astounding considering he acknowledged paternity for Marie Victoire in 1779 and attempted to do the same for Charles Edward in 1784.
735:. He speculates that Marie Victoire's marriage to Paul Nikorowicz may have been arranged by Ferdinand de Rohan through Charlotte's family connections. Furthermore, Charles Edward de Roehenstart ever only made one explicit reference to a sibling, when he was in financial difficulties in New York in 1813 and asked his one of his sisters for money. Pininski claims this could only have been Madame Nikorowicz (by then a rich widow), as Charlotte Maximilienne had died in childbirth in 1806, and, as pointed by Backhurst herself, Victoire Adélaïde had few resources of her own as the wife of a French military doctor imprisoned by the Russians.
662:
Pierre Joseph Marie de St Ursin, in the service of
Napoleon. The marriage record has Victoire Adélaïde Roehenstart, daughter of Maximilien and his wife, Clementine Ruthven, the same parental record as her brother Charles. By St Ursin, she was the mother of Theodore Marie de St Ursin, who was born in Paris on 29 June 1809 and was resident in Paris in 1832. He had entered the seminary of St Sulpice at Issy in 1828 and been ordained a deacon there that year, but died a deacon, aged 29, at Castres, Tarn, on 6 August 1838. In 1823, his mother had married again, to the naval officer
650:, Marie Victoire de Rohan went to relatives in Poland and there met and married Paul Anthony Louis Bertrand de Nikorowicz, a Polish nobleman and son of a banker. They had a son, Antime, and she later died in Vienna in 1836. Antime was the father of Charles and a daughter, Julia-Thérèse, who married Count Leonard Pininski and became Peter Pininski's great-great-grandmother. Pininski's evidence for his thesis has been described as "often indirect, if not elliptical". The Rohans were a large family, and it is easy to confuse its many members. A former chairman of the
205:
549:
until he died of a stroke two years later on 30 January 1788. Her sacrifice for him was considerable—she was torn between an evident affection for her father in Rome and her mother and children left behind in Paris. On her father's death, the French court awarded her a pension of 20,000 livres. Charlotte inherited much of her father's property, including his
Florentine residence, furniture and ornaments, although many of the Sobieski family jewels passed to Henry Stuart. She subsequently sold the Florentine palace and much of the possessions.
379:
221:
33:
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Charles's death. She was successful in helping to organise her father's social life, as well as in persuading him to reduce his drinking in his final years. When staying for a short visit in Pisa with her father, she made a separate visit to her uncle Henry Stuart who was at
Perugia. There she was successful in arranging a reconciliation between Henry and Charles.
196:. She left her children with her mother, and became her father's carer and companion in the last years of his life, before dying less than two years after him. Her offspring was raised in anonymity; however, as Prince Charles Stuart's only grandchildren, they have been the subject of Jacobite interest since their lineage was uncovered in the 20th century.
445:. Ferdinand de Rohan—related by blood to the house of Stuart as well as Bourbon and Lorraine—was also unable to marry legitimately, having entered the Church as a younger son of a noble house. By him, she had at least three children: two daughters, Charlotte Maximilienne Amélie and Marie Victoire or Victoire Adélaïde, and finally a son,
426:
Charlotte, now in her twenty-second year was in poor health. She was apparently suffering from a liver ailment shared by the
Stuarts and decided her only option was to marry as soon as possible. Charles, however, refused to give permission either for her to marry or to take the veil, and she was left awaiting his royal pleasure.
1898:, vol. 31, no. 2 (June 2013) pages 45–49, and "The lives of the granddaughter and great-grandson of Bonnie Prince Charlie: new evidence", vol. 33, no. 11 (September 2021) pages 403–410, and "Further research on Theodore Marie de Saint Ursin, the great grandson of Bonnie Prince Charlie", vol. 34, no. 5 (March 2023) page 235.
708:
and
Ferdinand de Rohan. He maintains that the parentage of Madame Nikorowicz given in the baptismal record as Jules Hercule and Marie Grosset (the daughter of his secretary) seems to be fabricated, and refers to the refusal of the Abbé Barnabé of Veigné (near Tours) to baptise Charlotte's son, called Auguste Maximilian or
397:, had consistently been writing to her father for some time, and she now desperately entreated him to legitimise her, provide support and bring her to Rome before an heir could be born. In April 1772, Charlotte wrote a touching, yet pleading, letter to "mon Auguste Papa" which was sent via Principal Gordon of the
688:, brother of Ferdinand and thus a first cousin to Victoire Adélaïde and without the Stuart descent. Pininski had earlier argued that Backhurst's interpretation had been based on a destroyed document that was "reconstituted" seventy years later and that no document confirmed the birth of Marie Victoire's son.
625:
before he came to
England and Scotland. He told such tall tales of his origins and adventures that few believed his claims to royal descent. Indeed, it was not until the 20th century that the historian George Sherburn established that he was indeed who he had claimed to be.He died in Scotland in 1854
548:
In
December 1785, she enlisted the help of Henry Stuart to get Charles back to the Palazzo Muti in Rome. On arrival in Rome with her father, the Pope welcomed Charlotte as the "Duchess of Albany". In Rome, Charlotte remained her father's carer and companion, and did her best to make his life bearable
661:
Pininski's hypothesis is challenged by the genealogist Marie-Louise
Backhurst in three articles in 2013, 2021 and 2023. Backhurst provides evidence that Charlotte's second daughter, who was always called Victoire Adélaïde, was married firstly at St Roch, Paris, in November 1804 to a military doctor,
357:
and, in July 1760, there is evidence to suggest he aided her escape from the watchful
Charles, with the seven-year-old Charlotte, to the convent of the Nuns of the Visitation in Paris. She left a letter for Charles expressing her devotion to him but complaining she had to flee in fear of her life. A
751:
Pininski concludes that Charlotte may have had four surviving children instead of three, and that perhaps they were divided in two sets of pairs. He points out that several facts of Marie Victoire's life indicate a close connection to Charles Edward, as they seem to have frequented the same Central
344:
The relationship between the prince and Charlotte's mother was disastrous. Charles was already a disillusioned, angry alcoholic when they began living together, and he became violent towards and insanely possessive of Clementina, treating her as a "submissive whipping post". Often away from home on
1949:
Pininski asserts that while there are baptismal records (albeit with a false parentage) for both Marie Victoire (b. 1779) and Charles Edward (b. 1784), the same cannot be stated about their potential siblings Victoire Adélaïde and Charlotte Maximilienne (whose actual age can only be guessed by her
707:
Furthermore, while he accepts that Marie Victoire and Victoire Adélaïde were probably different people, he rejects the possibility that the former might have been a natural daughter of Jules de Rohan. Pininski asserts that the two women were most likely siblings, both daughters of Charlotte Stuart
703:
Pininski mentions that Charlotte's correspondence with her mother indicates the existence of a fourth child, Marie Aglaë, who has not been accounted for (and perhaps died young). He explains this by remarking that the idea Charlotte only had three children as indicated by her letters to her mother
366:
For the next twelve years, Clementina and Charlotte continued to live in various French convents, supported by the 10,000-livre pension granted by James Stuart. Charles never forgave Clementina for depriving him of "ye cheild", and stubbornly refused to pay anything for their support. On 1 January
327:
and to live with him as his mistress. Goring, who described Clementina as a "bad woman", complained of being used as "no better than a pimp" and soon left Charles's employ. However, by November 1752, Clementina was living with Charles and would remain as his mistress for the following eight years.
552:
Charlotte would spend much of her final months in the company of Henry Stuart. She also became godmother to Countess Mary Norton, a member of her court. Charlotte also wrote to her mother about her worsening health, noting that she had a swelling and pain when breathing. She made several trips to
461:
Only after his childless marriage to Louise was over, and Charles had fallen seriously ill, did he take an interest in Charlotte. She was now thirty and she had not seen her father since she was seven. On 23 March 1783, he altered his will to make her his heir and, a week later, signed an act of
1929:
Pininski argues that no children can be attributed to Charlotte with absolute certainty, as she and her family never explicitly referred to any of the Roehenstart children as hers as her relationship with Ferdinand if known would have caused a scandal. Instead, he points out that there are only
425:
Towards the end of 1772, Clementina and Charlotte unexpectedly arrived in Rome to press their desperate cause in person. However, the Prince reacted angrily, refusing even to see them, forcing their helpless return to France, from where Charlotte's pleading letters continued. Three years later,
539:
Charlotte sorely missed her mother (whom she vainly hoped Charles would allow to come to Rome) and her children, writing to her mother as many as 100 times in a single year; she also feared that Rohan would take another lover; all this is revealed in her dispirited letters home, as she awaited
184:
to Charles Edward from 1752 until 1760. After years of abuse, Clementina left him, taking Charlotte with her. Charlotte spent most of her life in French convents, estranged from a father who refused to make any provision for her. Unable to marry, she herself became a mistress with illegitimate
715:
According to Pininski, Jules Hercule was not known to have been unfaithful to his wife and would have been unlikely to sire Marie Victoire, as by 1779 he was 53 years old. Neither would he have had reason to recognize the child of "so humble a mother", nor grant her the prestigious style of
716:"Demoiselle de Thorigny". Pininski also notes that when Marie Grosset was paid off by Jules de Rohan in 1782 for "services rendered" there was no mention of such a daughter. He argues that had she really been Jules's daughter the usual procedure would have been to register her with the
296:. The Prince came to Sir Hugh's home in early January 1746, where he first met Clementina, and he returned later that month to be nursed by her from what appears to have been a cold. Since she was living under her uncle's protection, it is not thought the two were lovers at the time.
345:"jaunts", he seldom referred to his daughter, and when he did, it was as "ye cheild". During a temporary move to Paris, the Prince's lieutenants record ugly public arguments between the two and that his drunkenness and temper were damaging his reputation. By 1760, they were in
525:
When Charlotte arrived to live with her father in 1784, he was an ailing alcoholic. She found his physical state disgusting, and he was suffering from mental degeneration and using a litter for travel. He did, however, introduce Charlotte into society, allowing her to wear
720:, but he did not do that as it could have potentially revealed his younger brother's secret affair with Charlotte. Instead, he suggests that Jules Hercule might have been motivated by family loyalty to provide status to Charlotte and Ferdinand's illegitimate offspring.
485:". Nevertheless, being illegitimate at birth, Charlotte still had no right of succession to the Stuart claim to the British throne. However, by this stage, the claims were of little value. European rulers had long since ceased to take Charles seriously. Even
699:
Since then, Pininski has responded to Backhurst latest articles in a 2024 paper, in which he argues that every piece of evidence concerning Charlotte's three children is circumstantial, as their parentage is either false or not given in primary sources.
738:
Pininski observes that throughout her life Marie Victoire never mentioned her mother and that the only hint to her parentage comes from the family arms attributed to Madame Nikorowicz on an official genealogy provided by her great-grandson to the
534:
a tall, robust woman of a very dark complexion and a coarse-grained skin, with more of a masculine boldness than feminine modesty or elegancy, but easy and unassuming in her manners, amply possessed of... volubility of tongue and... spirit of
477:, Charles wrote to his daughter calling her "ma chère fille". In his letter, he summoned Charlotte to Florence, where he was now resident. She arrived in Florence on 5 October 1784. In November, he installed her in the Palazzo Guadagni as
756:
circles, and there are obscure references in his personal documents to de Roehenstart's Polish heirs. On the other hand, Charlotte Maximilienne and Victoire Adélaïde remained in France and both seem to have married middle-class men.
496:
That a Stuart restoration was now less than unlikely did not prevent the Prince presenting Charlotte as the next generation of the cause. On 30 November 1784, Charles held a 'State' banquet for Charlotte and invested her with the
585:
For many years, Charlotte's children remained unknown to history, and it was believed that the direct line of James II and Mary of Modena ended with the death of Henry in 1807. However, in the 1950s, research by the historians
1712:
Notably, Charlotte Maximilienne de Roehenstart married Jean-Louis de la Morlière on 8 August 1804, in Paris, with her brother Charles Edward standing as witness. However, she later died in childbirth in 1806 and her child was
429:
637:
It was generally believed that Charlotte's daughters also died without issue, but Peter Pininski believed that Charlotte's daughter, (Marie) Victoire Adélaïde, had issue. Pininski's 2002 book suggested that
1939:
Pininski mentions that Charlotte's son Charles Edward was born sickly and was sent away to a wet nurse at birth. He argues that Charles may have spent time in Paris as a child to recover from his frequent
743:
in the 1890s. He notes that her arms have "no similarity to those of Rohan, but instead display the Stuarts' fess on a gold shield, with only two minor modifications" comparable to the Stuart-based arms
621:(Rohan+Stuart), he was educated by his father's family in Germany and became an officer in the Russian army and a general in the Austrian service. He travelled widely by visiting India, America, and the
692:
375:
for assistance. Henry gave them an allowance of 5,000 livres, but in return extracted a statement from Clementina that she had never been married to Charles—a statement she later tried to retract.
453:, she entrusted her children, and she was only just recovering from her son's birth, to the care of her mother, and it appears that few, and certainly not her father, knew of their existence.
280:
by the British government and returned to Glasgow, where his youngest daughter was born probably at Camlachie. However, Clementina was largely educated on the Continent and later converted to
405:, the residence of the Stuarts-in-exile—but only on condition she would leave her mother behind in France. This she loyally refused to do, and Charles, in fury, broke off all discussions.
684:
Backhurst has concluded that Madame Nikorowicz was actually Marie Victoire de Rohan, Mademoiselle de Thorigny (born June 1779), and more likely to have been the illegitimate daughter of
565:
where she sought medical treatment. Charlotte was to survive her father by only twenty-two months and never saw her children again. On 9 October 1789, while staying in Bologna at the
371:
Charles III of Scotland, England and Ireland, still refused to make any provision for the two, forcing Clementina, now styling herself Countess Alberstroff, to appeal to his brother
466:. Henry Stuart, however, contested the legitimisation as being irregular and confusing to the succession. Louis XVI eventually did confirm the act and register it with the
663:
437:
Lacking legitimacy or permission, Charlotte was unable to marry. Therefore she sought a protector and provider. Probably unbeknown to Charles, she became the mistress of
646:
to Henry Stuart in 1745) recognised Charlotte's offspring as his own, which gave her status in that tight family, and he claimed that in 1793, at the outbreak of the
610:, the London banker, and a distant relative of the Walkinshaws. They remained in anonymity and were believed to have been simply absorbed into English society.
1907:
Marie-Louise Backhurst,'The death of Victoire Adelaide Roehenstart', in "The Stewarts" (The Stewart Society, Edinburgh, 2023), vol. 26, no. 4, pages 307-311.
773:, a lament to Charlotte Stuart that was probably written at the time of her death. Indeed, evidence from an unpublished collection of letters from Burns to
2255:
328:
The couple moved to Liège where Charlotte, their only child, was born on 29 October 1753 and baptised into the Roman Catholic faith at the church of
777:
reveals the poet's fascination with Charlotte in that he considered naming one of his own illegitimate children, Charlotte, after her. Burns wrote:
828:
2275:
353:, and expressed a desire to secure a Catholic education for Charlotte, and to retire to a convent. James agreed to pay her an annuity of 10,000
303:
in April 1746, Charles fled Scotland for France. In the following years, he had a scandalous affair with his 22-year-old first cousin Louise de
2155:
Roehenstart: A Late Stuart Pretender. Being an Account of the Life of Charles Edward August Maximilien Stuart Baron Korff Count Roenenstart
1584:
Roehenstart: A Late Stuart Pretender. Being an Account of the Life of Charles Edward August Maximilien Stuart Baron Korff Count Roenenstart
349:, and Clementina had had enough of Charles's intoxication and their nomadic lifestyle. She contacted his staunchly Roman Catholic father,
1930:
candidate children, some with more overwhelming evidence suggesting their parentage (in his opinion Marie Victoire and Charles Edward).
769:(1759–1796), a near contemporary, wrote a number of works celebrating the tragic romanticism of the Jacobite cause. Amongst them was
438:
186:
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745:
709:
614:
446:
116:
1634:
Pininski, Peter (September 2003). "The Stuart's Last Secret, the children of Charlotte Duchess of Albany". In Corp, Edward (ed.).
1255:
Pininski, Peter (September 2003). "The Stuart's Last Secret, the children of Charlotte Duchess of Albany". In Corp, Edward (ed.).
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legitimisation. This act, recognising her as his natural daughter and entitling her to succeed to his private estate, was sent to
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2270:
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449:. Her children were kept secret and remained largely unknown until the 20th century. When Charlotte eventually left France for
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in 1689. Clementina was the youngest of the ten daughters of John Walkinshaw of Barrowhill. The Walkinshaws owned the lands of
329:
2121:
1779:"On Marie-Louise Backhurst's Articles: The Roehenstart Family and The Death of Victoire Adélaïde d'Auvergne née Roehenstart"
1672:"On Marie-Louise Backhurst's Articles: The Roehenstart Family and The Death of Victoire Adélaïde d'Auvergne née Roehenstart"
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501:. He had medals struck for her, bearing the figure of Hope, the map of England, and the Stuart arms with legends such as
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She was finally reconciled with her father in 1784, when he legitimised her and created her Duchess of Albany in the
823:. Neither that claim, nor the title itself, were ever recognised by the British state. Her title was recognised by
307:, who was married to his close friend and whom he deserted when she became pregnant, and then with the Princess of
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639:
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described it as "painstakingly researched ... proof to surely the most sceptical pedant's satisfaction".
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then discovered the letters from Charlotte to her mother from which he wrote his biography of Charles Edward.
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His gravestone states he was 73 although if he was born in 1784, he would have been 69 (Kybett, p. 313)
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had wittily called him the "pretender-in-vain". He was reduced to styling himself the Count d'Albany.
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and a Jacobite who had fought for the Prince's father in the rising of 1715, been captured at the
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Pininski states that the Nikorowicz clan seem to have had close ties to the Stuarts (through the
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237:
162:
765:
Charlotte Stuart's story did not take long to enter into the Jacobite folklore. The Scots poet,
240:, when he came to Scotland from France in an attempt to regain by force the thrones of England,
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in Rome. Charles relented and offered to bring Charlotte to Rome—he was now resident in the
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1724:
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173:("Bonnie Prince Charlie" or the "Young Pretender") and his only child to survive infancy.
8:
832:
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1729:
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2084:
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1965:
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1381:
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728:
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654:, however, stated that Pininski's evidence seemed "genuine", and the peerage editor
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2008:
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might be incorrect, since it could be that the children were not always together.
691:
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Ferdinand-Maximilien-Mériadec de Rohan (1738–1812), Archbishop of Bordeaux in 1769
627:
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2012:
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Marie Victoire de Thorigny, Madame Nikorowicz —and perhaps Charlotte's daughter
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furious Charles circulated descriptions of them both, but it was to no avail.
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569:, the home of her friend the Marchesa Giulia Lambertini-Bovio, a relative of
510:
505:("there is one hope"). He also had her idealised in art; the Scottish artist
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2212:
Prince Charlie's Daughter: Being the Life and Letters of Charlotte of Albany
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839:. Source: Pittock, Murray G. H. (September 2004; online edn, May 2006)
634:, where his grave can still be seen. He married twice but had no issue.
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In 1772, the Prince, then aged fifty-one, married the nineteen-year-old
385:, Charles's wife. She was only months older than his daughter Charlotte.
166:
885:"The old country houses of the old Glasgow gentry XCIX. Wolfe's House"
2001:"Walkinshaw, Clementine, styled countess of Albestroff (c.1720–1802)"
1032:"Walkinshaw, Clementine, styled countess of Albestroff (c.1720–1802)"
253:
617:(born in Paris in 1784) followed a different path. Calling himself
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450:
311:, who was in her forties. In 1752, he heard that Clementina was at
293:
277:
241:
2200:
The Life and Letters of H.R.H. Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany
1894:"The marriages of the granddaughter of Bonnie Prince Charlie", in
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229:
56:
32:
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revealed the existence of two daughters and a son. The historian
562:
394:
312:
257:
78:
558:
1896:
Genealogists' Magazine: Journal of the Society of Genealogists
393:, who was only a year older than Charlotte. Charlotte, now in
1725:"The Stuarts – A Secret Revealed: Peter Pininski interviewed"
1604:"The Stuarts – A Secret Revealed: Peter Pininski interviewed"
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1194:
346:
324:
1880:
Hugh Massingberd (25 May 2002). "A More Than Likely Story".
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was refusing to recognise his royal title, and the famous
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and fleeing to continental Europe. In 1717, he had been
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Jules-Hercule, Prince de Guéméné and Duke of Montbazon
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1766 James died, but Charles, now considering himself
2193:. London: L. and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth press.
1682:
1558:
1475:
1406:
1394:
1300:
1206:
1090:
1061:
858:
855:, retrieved 14 December 2007 (subscription required)
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and in some financial difficulties and so he sent 50
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and Ireland, which had been lost by his grandfather,
1046:, retrieved 14 December 2007 (subscription required)
1009:
951:
939:
284:. In 1746, she was living at the home of her uncle
2191:Funeral march of a marionette: Charlotte of Albany
681:, and she eventually died at Nice in March 1871.
299:After the defeat of the Prince's rebellion at the
1960:Noble, Andrew; Hogg, Patrick Scott, eds. (2001).
456:
124:Marie Victoire de Rohan, Mademoiselle de Thorigny
2227:
1920:, vol. 31, no. 3 (September 2013) pages 110–111.
1879:
228:Charlotte Stuart was born on 29 October 1753 at
1964:. Edinburgh: Canongate Books. pp. 677–78.
808:She was given the title in 1783 by her father,
642:, the elder brother of Ferdinand de Rohan (and
473:In July 1784, having granted his wife Louise a
224:Clementina Walkinshaw (unknown artist, c. 1760)
2149:, retrieved 2007-12-14 (subscription required)
2015:, retrieved 2007-12-14 (subscription required)
1916:"The Descendants of Bonnie Prince Charlie" in
553:improve her health at spa towns, including at
2081:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts
1636:The Stuart Court in Rome: The Legacy of Exile
1433:Stiùbhart, Domhnall Uilleam (15 March 2005).
1257:The Stuart Court in Rome: The Legacy of Exile
509:was commissioned to draw her in chalk in the
161:(29 October 1753 – 17 November 1789) was the
1374:Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788
408:
236:. Charles and Clementina had met during the
1026:
1024:
982:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 628–29.
520:
517:painted a flattering portrait in a tiara.
260:merchant (founding the textile village of
208:Prince Charles Edward Stuart (portrait by
187:Ferdinand de Rohan, Archbishop of Bordeaux
31:
2256:Illegitimate children of British monarchs
1959:
1820:
1432:
974:
804:
802:
2152:
2111:
1795:
1776:
1751:
1669:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1581:
1552:
1529:
1508:
1496:
1428:
1426:
1294:
1282:
1254:
1242:
1173:
1125:
1113:
1084:
1055:
970:
968:
966:
871:
690:
428:
412:
377:
219:
203:
117:Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart
2139:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2133:(September 2004; online edn, May 2006)
2018:
2005:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1984:
1823:"Book review: The Stuarts' Last Secret"
1745:
1469:
1359:
1347:
1324:
1200:
1161:
1036:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1021:
910:
908:
906:
845:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
793:
760:
686:Jules Hercule Mériadec, Prince de Rohan
626:as the result of a coach accident near
602:It appears that Clementina lived on in
2276:Peers created by Charles Edward Stuart
2228:
2206:
2185:
2075:
2037:
1789:
1716:
1691:
1569:
1481:
1435:"The cursed fruits of Charlie's loins"
1417:
1400:
1309:
1227:
1215:
1185:
1149:
1137:
1096:
1072:
1015:
1003:
957:
945:
799:
439:Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan
361:
256:, and her father had become a wealthy
98:Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan
2197:
2163:The cursed fruits of Charlie's loins?
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1624:
1590:
1423:
1371:
963:
788:They hae wrang'd the lass of Albany.
1847:
903:
712:, as a child of Jules as evidence.
1777:Pininski, Peter (20 January 2024).
1770:
1670:Pininski, Peter (20 January 2024).
1638:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 111.
1259:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 112.
784:That ruled Albion's kingdoms three;
16:Only child of Bonnie Prince Charlie
13:
2202:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
2198:Skeet, Francis John Angus (1932).
2179:
2041:Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography
1722:
1652:
1601:
812:, who claimed to be able to grant
786:But Oh, Alas! for her bonnie face,
782:This lovely maid's of royal blood,
470:, but not until 6 September 1787.
443:Archbishop of Bordeaux and Cambrai
391:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
340:Separation from father (1760–1783)
199:
43:Scottish National Portrait Gallery
14:
2287:
2219:
2157:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1586:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1372:Monod, Paul Kelber (March 1993).
914:
752:and Eastern European emigré and
319:to help her and then dispatched
2060:Scotland: The Story of a Nation
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1910:
1901:
1888:
1873:
1814:
1706:
1697:
1575:
1365:
1248:
1002:Letter of June 1752, quoted in
980:Scotland: The Story of a Nation
543:
2038:Kybett, Susan Maclean (1988).
1855:"Historian's royal link claim"
1828:. The Baronage. Archived from
1796:Pininski, Peter (April 2002).
1752:Pininski, Peter (April 2002).
996:
877:
573:, she died there at age 36 of
457:Reconciliation with her father
1:
2271:Dukes in the Jacobite peerage
2208:Tayler, Helen Agnes Henrietta
2161:Uilleam Stiùbhart, Domhnall,
2114:Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life
232:to Charles and his mistress,
213:
2135:"Charles Edward (1720–1788)"
1783:Battle of Falkirk Conference
1676:Battle of Falkirk Conference
841:"Charles Edward (1720–1788)"
7:
2266:18th-century Scottish women
2214:. London: Batchworth Press.
2141:, Oxford University Press,
2007:, Oxford University Press,
1038:, Oxford University Press,
891:. University of Strathclyde
847:, Oxford University Press,
597:
567:Palazzo Vizzani Sanguinetti
417:A painting of Charlotte by
264:). However, he was also an
75:Palazzo Vizzani Sanguinetti
10:
2292:
1993:
1378:Cambridge University Press
771:The Bonnie Lass of Albanie
323:to entreat her to come to
110:Victoire Adélaïde de Rohan
2153:Sherburn, George (1960).
1582:Sherburn, George (1960).
588:Alasdair and Hetty Tayler
580:
409:Mistress of an Archbishop
383:Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
131:
103:
93:
85:
63:
49:
30:
23:
2261:Deaths from liver cancer
2112:Pininski, Peter (2010).
2099:The Stuarts' Last Secret
1798:The Stuarts' Last Secret
1754:The Stuarts' Last Secret
827:, but not, unlike other
2187:Buchan, Susan Grosvenor
917:"Clementina Walkinshaw"
889:Glasgow Digital Library
748:designed for himself.
664:Corbet James d'Auvergne
521:Companion to her father
272:, before escaping from
266:Episcopalian Protestant
238:Jacobite rising of 1745
176:Charlotte's mother was
2019:Douglas, Hugh (1975).
2013:10.1093/ref:odnb/28523
1918:Genealogists' Magazine
1800:. Tuckwell Press Ltd.
1756:. Tuckwell Press Ltd.
1044:10.1093/ref:odnb/28523
791:
696:
537:
434:
422:
386:
225:
217:
2147:10.1093/ref:odnb/5145
2131:Pittock, Murray G. H.
2101:Tuckwell Press, 2001
2083:. London: Routledge.
2021:Charles Edward Stuart
1999:Douglas, Hugh (2004)
1030:Douglas, Hugh (2004)
853:10.1093/ref:odnb/5145
810:Charles Edward Stuart
779:
694:
532:
515:Hugh Douglas Hamilton
432:
419:Hugh Douglas Hamilton
416:
381:
373:Cardinal Henry Stuart
270:Battle of Sheriffmuir
234:Clementina Walkinshaw
223:
207:
178:Clementina Walkinshaw
171:Charles Edward Stuart
144:Clementina Walkinshaw
139:Charles Edward Stuart
39:Hugh Douglas Hamilton
1861:. BBC. 13 April 2002
927:on 27 September 2007
837:Leopold I of Tuscany
794:Notes and references
761:In Jacobite folklore
652:Royal Stuart Society
503:"Spes Tamen Est Una"
499:Order of the Thistle
330:Notre Dame-des-Fonts
121:Marie Aglaë de Rohan
2058:Magnusson, Magnus,
1962:The Canongate Burns
1230:, p. 287-2877.
833:Louis XVI of France
816:by virtue of being
481:, styling her "Her
464:Louis XVI of France
362:Appeals from France
1821:Lyon, Ann (2003).
1203:, p. 264–265.
1188:, p. 283-284.
1152:, p. 282-283.
1140:, p. 271-272.
731:), but not to the
697:
630:and was buried at
468:Parlement of Paris
435:
423:
387:
301:Battle of Culloden
226:
218:
113:Charlotte de Rohan
2246:People from Liège
2123:978-1-84868-194-1
2097:Pininski, Peter,
2044:. London: Unwin.
1511:, pp. 98–99.
976:Magnusson, Magnus
921:The Glasgow Story
814:Scottish peerages
729:House of Sobieski
648:French Revolution
632:Dunkeld Cathedral
619:Count Roehenstart
571:Pope Benedict XIV
479:Duchess of Albany
286:Sir Hugh Paterson
282:Roman Catholicism
185:children, taking
159:Duchess of Albany
152:
151:
89:Duchess of Albany
2283:
2215:
2203:
2194:
2173:The Scotsman.com
2158:
2127:
2094:
2055:
2034:
2023:. London: Hale.
1988:
1982:
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1859:BBC News Website
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972:
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949:
943:
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936:
934:
932:
923:. Archived from
912:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
875:
869:
856:
806:
679:Duke of Bouillon
672:
656:Hugh Massingberd
613:Charlotte's son
475:legal separation
321:Sir Henry Goring
246:James II and VII
215:
194:Jacobite peerage
189:, as her lover.
165:daughter of the
155:Charlotte Stuart
70:
67:17 November 1789
35:
25:Charlotte Stuart
21:
20:
2291:
2290:
2286:
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2281:
2280:
2251:House of Stuart
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2222:
2182:
2180:Further reading
2171:15 April 2005 (
2124:
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1836:
1835:on 24 June 2016
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1730:Burke's Peerage
1723:Powell, Sarah.
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1690:
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1653:
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1609:Burke's Peerage
1602:Powell, Sarah.
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675:the adopted son
666:
628:Stirling Castle
600:
592:George Sherburn
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274:Stirling Castle
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200:Royal parentage
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53:29 October 1753
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950:
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938:
915:Maver, Irene.
902:
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835:or Grand Duke
829:Jacobite peers
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775:Robert Ainslie
762:
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746:Charles Edward
741:Habsburg court
733:House of Rohan
710:Charles Edward
615:Charles Edward
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507:Gavin Hamilton
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2077:McLynn, Frank
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1531:
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1443:The Scotsman
1439:Scotsman.com
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69:(1789-11-17)
37:Portrait by
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2241:1789 deaths
2236:1753 births
1940:ill-health.
1839:17 December
1737:13 December
1713:still-born.
1692:Kybett 1988
1616:13 December
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931:13 December
725:Radiziwiłłs
667: [
623:West Indies
290:Bannockburn
250:Barrowfield
2230:Categories
1865:27 January
1732:and Gentry
1611:and Gentry
895:8 December
831:, by King
528:his mother
317:louis d'or
180:, who was
169:pretender
535:coquetry.
421:(c. 1770)
305:Montbazon
254:Camlachie
157:, styled
2210:(1950).
2189:(1935).
2079:(1988).
1884:: 48–49.
978:(2000).
604:Fribourg
598:Children
491:Casanova
451:Florence
294:Stirling
278:pardoned
242:Scotland
182:mistress
167:Jacobite
104:Children
1994:Sources
1448:20 June
818:de jure
677:of the
563:Bologna
561:and at
369:de jure
313:Dunkirk
309:Talmont
292:, near
258:Glasgow
132:Parents
94:Partner
79:Bologna
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555:Nocera
395:penury
355:livres
262:Calton
1833:(PDF)
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230:Liège
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86:Title
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1867:2009
1841:2007
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1450:2008
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