474:(1931). Gilpin was the first actor to play the role of Emperor Jones when it was first staged on November 1, 1920, by the Provincetown Players at the Playwright's Theater in New York City. This production was O'Neill's first real smash hit. The Players' small theater was too small to cope with audience demand for tickets, and the play was transferred to another theater. It ran for 204 performances and was hugely popular, and toured in the States with this cast for the next two years. Gilpin continued to perform the role of Brutus Jones in the U.S. tour that followed the Broadway closing of the play, and in 1920 became the first black American to receive the Drama League of New York's annual award as one of the ten people who had done the most that year for American theater. The following year Gilpin was awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal. He was also honored at the White House by president Warren G. Harding. A year later, the Dumas Dramatic Club (now the Karamu Players) of Cleveland renamed itself the Gilpin Players in his honor. Though the acclaimed actor continued to perform in subsequent productions of the play, he eventually had a falling-out with O'Neill who argued with Gilpin's tendency to change his use of the word "nigger" to "Negro" and "colored" during performances. Gilpin wanted O'Neill to remove the word "nigger" from the play altogether, which occurred frequently in the play, but the playwright refused, arguing its use was consistent with his dramatic intentions and that the use of language was, in fact, based on a friend, an African-American tavern-keeper on the New London waterfront that was O'Neill's favorite drinking spot in his home town. When they could not come to a reconciliation, O'Neill replaced the middle-aged Gilpin with the much younger and then unknown Paul Robeson, who had only performed on the concert stage. Robeson starred in the title role in the 1924 New York revival and in the London production. He received excellent reviews and, coupled with his performance in the 1928 London production of the musical
480:, went on to worldwide fame as one of the great artists of the 20th century. The show was again revived in 1926 at the Mayfair Theatre in Manhattan, with Gilpin again starring as Jones and also directing the show. The production, which ran for 61 performances, is remembered today for the acting debut of a young Moss Hart as Smithers and broke social barriers and defied conventions of the day as the first American play to feature an African-American central character portrayed in a serious manner. The play was adapted for a 1933 feature film starring Paul Robeson, directed by Dudley Murphy, an avant-garde filmmaker of O'Neill's Greenwich Village circle who pursued the reluctant playwright for a decade before getting the rights from him. Gilpin continued to make a small living performing monologues from O'Neill's play at church gatherings, but after the extended controversy and the disappointment of losing his signature role, succumbed to depression and began drinking heavily. He never again performed on Broadway and died in 1930 in Eldridge Park, New Jersey, his career in shambles. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, his funeral arranged by friends shortly after his death. In recognition of his groundbreaking work, Gilpin was posthumously inducted into the
316:'s naming him as one of the 10 people in 1920 who had done the most for American theater. He was the first black American so honored. Following the Drama League's refusal to rescind the invitation, Gilpin refused to decline it. When the League invited Gilpin to their presentation dinner, some people found it controversial. At the dinner, he was given a standing ovation of unusual length when he accepted his award. Although Gilpin continued to perform the role of Brutus Jones in the U.S. tour that followed the Broadway closing of the play, he had a falling-out with O'Neill. Gilpin wanted O'Neill to remove the word "nigger", which occurred frequently in the play. The playwright refused, asserting its use was consistent with his dramatic intentions.
185:
397:
27:
1034:
175:
print shop before finding his career in theater. He first performed on stage as a singer at the age of 12. Prior to becoming a stage actor full-time, he worked as a printer and a pressman at several black newspapers during the late 1880s and into the 1890s, while getting some part-time work in
819:
The production of
Emperor Jones in 1920 put the final seal on O'Neill's acceptance as a 'regular' dramatist. This play, effectively mounted, well directed, and strikingly acted by the colored actor Charles Gilpin, was a popular
124:
357:
In early April 1922, Gilpin became one of the first black performers to give a dramatic presentation on radio. He gave readings from "The
Emperor Jones" over greater Boston station
200:, leaving Richmond and beginning a life on the road that lasted for many years. When between performances on stage, like many performers, he worked odd jobs to earn money: as a
364:
After the extended controversy and the disappointment of losing his signature role, Gilpin started drinking heavily. He never again performed on
Broadway. He died in 1930 in
169:, to Peter Gilpin (a factory worker) and Caroline White (a nurse); he attended St. Francis School for Colored Children in that city. He started work as an apprentice in the
244:
236:
336:
240:
2015:
267:
278:. Though Gilpin left Bush's company over a salary dispute, his reputation allowed him to get the role of Rev. William Curtis in the 1919 premier of
835:
707:
2025:
576:
vol. 2 D–H, p. 942; originally published annually by John Parker, 1976 edition compiled by Gale
Research Co. from Parker's older editions
2020:
1109:
227:
and the Candy Shop of
America. He also played his first dramatic roles and honed his character acting in Chicago. He performed with
91:
1078:
63:
2010:
2005:
44:
457:
134:(November 20, 1878 – May 6, 1930) was a stage actor of the 1920s. He played in two New York City debuts: the 1919 premier of
70:
263:. As New York theater was expanding, this was a time when the theatrical careers of many famous black actors were launched.
675:"Insist Drama League Honor Negro Actor; Story That Charles Gilpin Was Not to Be Among the Honored Guests Brings Protests".
608:"Gilpin May Not Be Drama League's Guest; Negro Star Has Other Invitations for Night of Dinner—Does Not Want to Socialize".
656:
77:
1673:
883:
439:
110:
59:
406:
587:"Drama League Votes to Honor Gilpin; 'Emperor Jones' Star Is Included Among Those to Be Guests at Annual Dinner"
946:
797:
48:
641:
Gilpin, "Negro Actor, Not Barred as Guest; Drama League Is Still
Balloting on Ten Notable Figures for Dinner".
481:
380:
1071:
279:
135:
1125:
846:
831:
719:
686:
674:
644:
640:
619:
607:
586:
533:
513:
503:
493:
302:. He played the lead role of Brutus Jones to great critical acclaim, including a lauded review by writer
523:
260:
1941:
369:
365:
1765:
1381:
1165:
983:
761:
252:
84:
645:
Charples "Gilpin
Comments. Striving to Present His Art Rather Than Himself to Public, Negro Says".
1309:
1064:
1017:
John T. Kneebone, "'It Wasn't All Velvet': The Life and Hard Times of
Charles S. Gilpin, Actor",
918:
37:
494:"Charles Gilpin Comments. Striving to Present His Art Rather Than Himself to Public, Says Negro"
1837:
1821:
1701:
1445:
1437:
1365:
1253:
1229:
1213:
938:
932:
914:
789:
783:
410:
139:
1781:
1537:
1389:
2000:
1995:
1885:
1277:
1269:
1181:
1157:
157:'s annual award as one of ten people who had done the most that year for American theatre.
421:
8:
1413:
1261:
1205:
1101:
962:
358:
201:
1133:
1925:
1789:
1757:
1357:
1317:
1237:
453:
235:
in
Chicago for four years until 1911. Soon after, he toured the United States with the
166:
1965:
1349:
1325:
1189:
942:
879:
793:
464:
332:
298:
293:
213:
209:
149:
144:
417:
1829:
1481:
1473:
1449:
1405:
1141:
1039:
313:
289:
154:
861:
Talking Haiti: Military
Occupation & the Culture of U.S. Imperialism 1915–1940
832:"Gilpin Gets Ovation.; Forced Twice to Respond to Plaudits of Drama League Diners"
687:"Gilpin Gets Ovation.; Forced Twice to Respond to Plaudits of Drama League Diners"
1949:
1893:
1529:
1513:
1465:
1429:
1333:
1301:
1293:
1197:
452:
O'Neill had major influence on African American actors, in particular Gilpin and
303:
271:
228:
217:
171:
184:
1917:
1741:
1733:
1717:
1685:
1545:
1505:
1457:
1421:
1397:
1117:
1087:
1047:
907:
899:
324:
153:(he later toured this play). In 1920, he was the first black person to receive
1989:
1901:
1805:
1797:
1709:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1553:
1521:
1221:
1005:
The Ghost Walks: A Chronological History of Blacks in Show Business 1865–1910
470:
232:
197:
1909:
1877:
1853:
1749:
1725:
1693:
1621:
1569:
1561:
1489:
1373:
1341:
1173:
1051:
351:
350:
When they could not come to a reconciliation, O'Neill replaced Gilpin with
340:
1973:
1869:
1601:
1577:
1497:
1056:
560:"Charles Gilpin Buried After Simple Services in Trenton Baptist Church."
328:
308:
123:
1845:
1813:
1773:
1677:
1657:
1625:
1605:
1593:
1245:
248:
176:
vaudeville. He married Florence Howard in 1897, and they had one son.
476:
373:
344:
224:
223:
In 1905, he started performing with traveling musical troupes of the
26:
1861:
934:
Eugene O'Neill and the American Critic: A Bibliographical Checklist
785:
Eugene O'Neill and the American Critic: A Bibliographical Checklist
556:
554:
834:. New York Times. March 7, 1921. Retrieved 8 February 2017.; cf.
863:. North Carolina: The U of North Carolina P. p. 0807826286.
551:
379:
In 1991, 61 years after his death, Gilpin was inducted into the
368:, his career in shambles. He was buried in an unmarked grave in
256:
205:
900:"Paul Robeson Rises To Supreme Heights In "The Emperor Jones"
320:
456:. O'Neill and Robeson worked on three productions together:
266:
In 1916, Gilpin made a memorable appearance in whiteface as
376:, his funeral arranged by friends shortly after his death.
143:
and the lead role of Brutus Jones in the 1920 premiere of
817:. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company. p. 57.
849:. New York Times June 22, 1921. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
657:"Drama League Offers Tribute to Black Theatrical Star"
1007:, (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1988), p. 321.
1029:
1014:, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.
386:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
878:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. pp. 510–511.
1987:
347:renamed itself the Gilpin Players in his honor.
620:"News and Gossip of the Street Called Broadway"
876:"Reflections on O'Neill's Plays" The New Negro
292:debut led to his being cast in the premier of
1072:
747:"Bits from the Emperor Jones Broadcasted."
160:
1086:
1079:
1065:
420:. Please do not remove this message until
354:as Brutus Jones in the London production.
196:In 1896 at the age of 18, Gilpin joined a
2016:20th-century African-American male actors
906:. p. 8.; cf. Corbin, John (May 7, 1924).
836:Gilpin Proves Hero of Drama League Dinner
708:Gilpin Proves Hero of Drama League Dinner
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
937:. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. pp.
788:. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. pp.
416:Relevant discussion may be found on the
247:in New York. In 1915, Gilpin joined the
183:
122:
873:
361:, from their Medford Hillside studios.
1988:
930:
781:
1060:
898:Madden, Will Anthony (May 17, 1924).
858:
812:
777:
775:
574:Who Was Who in the Theatre: 1912–1976
390:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2026:Male actors from Richmond, Virginia
312:. Gilpin's achievement resulted in
13:
847:"Spingarn Medal to Charles Gilpin"
772:
720:"Spingarn Medal to Charles Gilpin"
487:
14:
2037:
2021:20th-century American male actors
1025:
1032:
1012:Dictionary of American Biography
395:
387:Relationship with Eugene O'Neill
319:In 1921, Gilpin was awarded the
25:
16:American stage actor (1878–1930)
977:
955:
924:
892:
867:
852:
840:
825:
806:
534:"'Emperor Jones' Coming Uptown"
514:"News and Gossip of the Rialto"
270:, a slave owner and villain of
208:, boxing trainer, and railroad
36:needs additional citations for
2011:American vaudeville performers
754:
741:
712:
679:
649:
612:
579:
567:
1:
2006:Blackface minstrel performers
544:
482:American Theatre Hall of Fame
381:American Theater Hall of Fame
327:. He was also honored at the
963:"American Drama Transformed"
908:"The Play; Jazzed Methodism"
7:
1126:William Stanley Braithwaite
459:All God's Chillun Got Wings
422:conditions to do so are met
10:
2042:
1021:, 38 (summer 1988): 14–27.
997:
931:Miller, Jordan Y. (1973).
813:Clark, Barrett H. (1926).
782:Miller, Jordan Y. (1973).
524:"Don Quixote Back to Life"
1095:
1010:"Charles Sidney Gilpin",
366:Eldridge Park, New Jersey
179:
1766:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1382:Charles Hamilton Houston
1166:George Washington Carver
663:. May 7, 1921. p. 1
661:Prescott Evening Courier
161:Early life and education
965:. National Park Service
859:Renda, Mary A. (2001).
751:, April 4, 1922, p. 11.
251:as they moved from the
60:"Charles Sidney Gilpin"
1822:Constance Baker Motley
1702:Frederick D. Patterson
1438:Martin Luther King Jr.
1366:Channing Heggie Tobias
1254:William T. B. Williams
1230:Richard Berry Harrison
1214:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
919:Boyle & Bunie 2005
874:Robeson, Paul (2007).
193:
128:
1782:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1538:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
1390:Mabel Keaton Staupers
1150:Charles Sidney Gilpin
1048:Charles Sidney Gilpin
564:, May 14, 1930, p. 1.
245:Old Man's Boy Company
239:. Gilpin worked with
212:. In 1903, he joined
188:Charles S. Gilpin in
187:
132:Charles Sidney Gilpin
127:Charles Sidney Gilpin
126:
1886:Frankie Muse Freeman
1650:Benjamin Elijah Mays
1278:Walter Francis White
1182:James Weldon Johnson
1158:Mary Burnett Talbert
540:, December 13, 1920.
510:, December 26, 1920.
500:, February 19, 1921.
335:. A year later, the
237:Pan-American Octetts
45:improve this article
1414:Theodore K. Lawless
1262:Mary McLeod Bethune
1206:Charles W. Chesnutt
1102:Ernest Everett Just
990:. December 6, 1991.
984:"On Stage, and Off"
768:. December 6, 1991.
762:"On Stage, and Off"
596:. February 21, 1921
562:Amsterdam (NY) News
520:, October 24, 1920.
409:of this section is
337:Dumas Dramatic Club
165:Gilpin was born in
1926:Nathaniel R. Jones
1790:Earl G. Graves Sr.
1758:John Hope Franklin
1358:Percy Lavon Julian
1318:A. Philip Randolph
1238:Robert Russa Moton
1019:Virginia Cavalcade
988:The New York Times
911:The New York Times
904:Pittsburgh Courier
766:The New York Times
727:The New York Times
694:The New York Times
627:The New York Times
594:The New York Times
538:The New York Times
528:The New York Times
518:The New York Times
508:The New York Times
498:The New York Times
454:Paul Leroy Robeson
249:Anita Bush Players
241:Rogers and Creamer
194:
167:Richmond, Virginia
129:
1983:
1982:
1966:Cato T. Laurencin
1350:Thurgood Marshall
1326:William H. Hastie
1190:Carter G. Woodson
1003:Henry T. Sampson
465:The Emperor Jones
450:
449:
442:
370:Woodlawn Cemetery
333:Warren G. Harding
299:The Emperor Jones
280:John Drinkwater's
261:Lafayette Theatre
214:Hamilton, Ontario
190:The Emperor Jones
150:The Emperor Jones
136:John Drinkwater's
121:
120:
113:
95:
2033:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1830:Robert L. Carter
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1482:Robert C. Weaver
1476:
1474:Kenneth B. Clark
1468:
1460:
1452:
1450:Little Rock Nine
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1406:Paul R. Williams
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1142:W. E. B. Du Bois
1136:
1134:Archibald Grimké
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1042:
1040:Biography portal
1037:
1036:
1035:
991:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
959:
953:
952:
928:
922:
896:
890:
889:
871:
865:
864:
856:
850:
844:
838:
829:
823:
822:
810:
804:
803:
779:
770:
769:
758:
752:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
724:
716:
710:
705:
703:
701:
691:
683:
677:
672:
670:
668:
653:
647:
638:
636:
634:
624:
616:
610:
605:
603:
601:
591:
583:
577:
571:
565:
558:
445:
438:
434:
431:
425:
399:
398:
391:
314:The Drama League
155:The Drama League
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1950:Patrick Gaspard
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1894:Harry Belafonte
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1530:Sammy Davis Jr.
1527:
1519:
1514:John H. Johnson
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1466:Langston Hughes
1463:
1455:
1443:
1435:
1430:Jackie Robinson
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1334:Charles R. Drew
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1302:Louis T. Wright
1299:
1294:Marian Anderson
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1198:Anthony Overton
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1000:
995:
994:
982:
978:
968:
966:
961:
960:
956:
949:
929:
925:
897:
893:
886:
872:
868:
857:
853:
845:
841:
830:
826:
811:
807:
800:
780:
773:
760:
759:
755:
746:
742:
732:
730:
729:. June 22, 1921
722:
718:
717:
713:
699:
697:
696:. March 7, 1921
689:
685:
684:
680:
666:
664:
655:
654:
650:
632:
630:
629:. March 6, 1921
622:
618:
617:
613:
599:
597:
589:
585:
584:
580:
572:
568:
559:
552:
547:
504:"The New Plays"
490:
488:Further reading
446:
435:
429:
426:
415:
400:
396:
389:
304:Hubert Harrison
283:Abraham Lincoln
272:Dion Boucicault
268:Jacob McCloskey
253:Lincoln Theater
229:Robert T. Motts
218:Jubilee Singers
182:
172:Richmond Planet
163:
140:Abraham Lincoln
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1918:Sidney Poitier
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1742:Dorothy Height
1737:
1734:Barbara Jordan
1729:
1721:
1718:Douglas Wilder
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1686:Benjamin Hooks
1681:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1546:Jacob Lawrence
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1506:Leontyne Price
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1458:Duke Ellington
1453:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1422:Carl J. Murphy
1417:
1409:
1401:
1398:Harry T. Moore
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1310:Richard Wright
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1118:Harry Burleigh
1113:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:Spingarn Medal
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1026:External links
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
996:
993:
992:
976:
954:
947:
923:
891:
884:
866:
851:
839:
824:
815:Eugene O'Neill
805:
798:
771:
753:
740:
711:
678:
648:
611:
578:
566:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
489:
486:
448:
447:
403:
401:
394:
388:
385:
341:Karamu Players
325:Spingarn Medal
294:Eugene O'Neill
181:
178:
162:
159:
145:Eugene O'Neill
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:Jessye Norman
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:Vernon Jordan
1802:
1799:
1798:Oprah Winfrey
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:Jesse Jackson
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:Coleman Young
1638:
1635:
1634:Rayford Logan
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1554:Leon Sullivan
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:Edward Brooke
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1222:Henry A. Hunt
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1110:Charles Young
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
989:
985:
980:
964:
958:
950:
944:
940:
936:
935:
927:
921:, pp. 124–125
920:
917:, pp. 62–63,
916:
915:Duberman 1989
912:
909:
905:
901:
895:
887:
885:9780691126517
881:
877:
870:
862:
855:
848:
843:
837:
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
801:
795:
791:
787:
786:
778:
776:
767:
763:
757:
750:
749:Boston Herald
744:
728:
721:
715:
709:
695:
688:
682:
676:
662:
658:
652:
646:
642:
628:
621:
615:
609:
595:
588:
582:
575:
570:
563:
557:
555:
550:
539:
535:
532:
530:, May 7, 1920
529:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
499:
495:
492:
491:
485:
483:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:The Hairy Ape
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
444:
441:
433:
430:November 2016
423:
419:
413:
412:
408:
402:
393:
392:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:by President
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
286:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Pekin Theater
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:minstrel show
191:
186:
177:
174:
173:
168:
158:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
137:
133:
125:
115:
112:
104:
101:December 2011
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1957:
1942:Willie Brown
1933:
1910:Quincy Jones
1878:Cicely Tyson
1854:John Conyers
1750:Maya Angelou
1726:Colin Powell
1694:Percy Sutton
1665:
1622:Andrew Young
1613:
1585:
1570:Wilson Riles
1562:Gordon Parks
1490:Medgar Evers
1374:Ralph Bunche
1342:Paul Robeson
1285:
1174:Roland Hayes
1149:
1052:Find a Grave
1018:
1011:
1004:
987:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
933:
926:
910:
903:
894:
875:
869:
860:
854:
842:
827:
818:
814:
808:
784:
765:
756:
748:
743:
731:. Retrieved
726:
714:
698:. Retrieved
693:
681:
665:. Retrieved
660:
651:
631:. Retrieved
626:
614:
598:. Retrieved
593:
581:
573:
569:
561:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
475:
469:
468:(1924), and
463:
458:
451:
436:
427:
405:
378:
363:
356:
352:Paul Robeson
349:
318:
307:
297:
287:
282:
276:The Octoroon
275:
265:
222:
216:'s Canadian
195:
189:
170:
164:
148:
138:
131:
130:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2001:1930 deaths
1996:1878 births
1974:Jim Clyburn
1870:Julian Bond
1838:Oliver Hill
1674:Tom Bradley
1602:Alvin Ailey
1578:Damon Keith
1498:Roy Wilkins
1446:Daisy Bates
969:November 8,
733:December 8,
700:December 8,
667:December 8,
633:December 8,
600:December 8,
329:White House
309:Negro World
1990:Categories
1846:Ben Carson
1814:John Lewis
1774:Carl Rowan
1678:Bill Cosby
1658:Lena Horne
1626:Rosa Parks
1606:Alex Haley
1594:Hank Aaron
1246:Max Yergan
948:0208009396
799:0208009396
545:References
407:neutrality
71:newspapers
1270:John Hope
484:in 1991.
477:Show Boat
418:talk page
345:Cleveland
339:(now the
288:Gilpin's
225:Red Cross
1958:no award
1934:no award
1862:Ruby Dee
1666:no award
1614:no award
1586:no award
1448:and the
1286:no award
462:(1924),
411:disputed
290:Broadway
1090:winners
998:Sources
820:success
372:in the
259:to the
202:printer
85:scholar
1972:2022:
1964:2021:
1956:2020:
1948:2019:
1940:2018:
1932:2017:
1924:2016:
1916:2015:
1908:2014:
1900:2013:
1892:2012:
1884:2011:
1876:2010:
1868:2009:
1860:2008:
1852:2007:
1844:2006:
1836:2005:
1828:2004:
1820:2003:
1812:2002:
1804:2001:
1796:2000:
1788:1999:
1780:1998:
1772:1997:
1764:1996:
1756:1995:
1748:1994:
1740:1993:
1732:1992:
1724:1991:
1716:1990:
1708:1989:
1700:1988:
1692:1987:
1684:1986:
1672:1985:
1664:1984:
1656:1983:
1648:1982:
1640:1981:
1632:1980:
1620:1979:
1612:1978:
1600:1977:
1592:1976:
1584:1975:
1576:1974:
1568:1973:
1560:1972:
1552:1971:
1544:1970:
1536:1969:
1528:1968:
1520:1967:
1512:1966:
1504:1965:
1496:1964:
1488:1963:
1480:1962:
1472:1961:
1464:1960:
1456:1959:
1444:1958:
1436:1957:
1428:1956:
1420:1955:
1412:1954:
1404:1953:
1396:1952:
1388:1951:
1380:1950:
1372:1949:
1364:1948:
1356:1947:
1348:1946:
1340:1945:
1332:1944:
1324:1943:
1316:1942:
1308:1941:
1300:1940:
1292:1939:
1284:1938:
1276:1937:
1268:1936:
1260:1935:
1252:1934:
1244:1933:
1236:1932:
1228:1931:
1220:1930:
1212:1929:
1204:1928:
1196:1927:
1188:1926:
1180:1925:
1172:1924:
1164:1923:
1156:1922:
1148:1921:
1140:1920:
1132:1919:
1124:1918:
1116:1917:
1108:1916:
1100:1915:
945:
913:p. 18.
882:
796:
706:; cf.
673:; cf.
639:; cf.
606:; cf.
257:Harlem
210:porter
206:barber
192:(1920)
180:Career
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
939:61–62
790:51–52
723:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
590:(PDF)
374:Bronx
343:) of
321:NAACP
92:JSTOR
78:books
1676:and
1624:and
1604:and
971:2016
943:ISBN
880:ISBN
794:ISBN
735:2011
702:2011
669:2011
635:2011
602:2011
404:The
64:news
1050:at
359:WGI
323:'s
306:in
296:'s
274:'s
255:in
243:'s
147:'s
47:by
1992::
986:.
941:.
902:.
792:.
774:^
764:.
725:.
692:.
659:.
643:,
625:.
592:.
553:^
536:,
526:,
516:,
506:,
496:,
383:.
285:.
231:'
220:.
204:,
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
973:.
951:.
888:.
802:.
737:.
704:.
671:.
637:.
604:.
443:)
437:(
432:)
428:(
424:.
414:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
