Charles I of England

1763:, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles's ministers committed since the beginning of his reign (that were asserted to be part of a grand Catholic conspiracy of which the king was an unwitting member), but it was in many ways a step too far by Pym and passed by only 11 votes, 159 to 148. Furthermore, the Remonstrance had very little support in the House of Lords, which the Remonstrance attacked. The tension was heightened by news of the Irish rebellion, coupled with inaccurate rumours of Charles's complicity. Throughout November, a series of alarmist pamphlets published stories of atrocities in Ireland, including massacres of New English settlers by the native Irish who could not be controlled by the Old English lords. Rumours of "papist" conspiracies circulated in England, and English anti-Catholic opinion was strengthened, damaging Charles's reputation and authority. The English Parliament distrusted Charles's motivations when he called for funds to put down the Irish rebellion; many members of the Commons suspected that forces he raised might later be used against Parliament itself. Pym's 540: 1748:, who were Protestant settlers from England and Scotland aligned with the English Parliament and the Covenanters. Strafford's administration had improved the Irish economy and boosted tax revenue, but had done so by heavy-handedly imposing order. He had trained up a large Catholic army in support of the king and weakened the Irish Parliament's authority, while continuing to confiscate land from Catholics for Protestant settlement at the same time as promoting a Laudian Anglicanism that was anathema to presbyterians. As a result, all three groups had become disaffected. Strafford's impeachment provided a new departure for Irish politics whereby all sides joined to present evidence against him. In a similar manner to the English Parliament, the Old English members of the Irish Parliament argued that while opposed to Strafford they remained loyal to Charles. They argued that the king had been led astray by malign counsellors, and that, moreover, a viceroy such as Strafford could emerge as a despotic figure instead of ensuring that the king was directly involved in governance. 1137:, he "threw himself upon his bed, lamenting with much passion and with abundance of tears". He remained grieving in his room for two days. In contrast, the public rejoiced at Buckingham's death, accentuating the gulf between the court and the nation and between the Crown and the Commons. Buckingham's death effectively ended the war with Spain and eliminated his leadership as an issue, but it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament. It did, however, coincide with an improvement in Charles's relationship with his wife, and by November 1628 their old quarrels were at an end. Perhaps Charles's emotional ties were transferred from Buckingham to Henrietta Maria. She became pregnant for the first time, and the bond between them grew stronger. Together, they embodied an image of virtue and family life, and their court became a model of formality and morality. 1320: 1886: 2752: 1095:—arrested at the door of the House. The Commons was outraged by the imprisonment of two of their members, and after about a week in custody, both were released. On 12 June 1626, the Commons launched a direct protestation attacking Buckingham, stating, "We protest before your Majesty and the whole world that until this great person be removed from intermeddling with the great affairs of state, we are out of hope of any good success; and do fear that any money we shall or can give will, through his misemployment, be turned rather to the hurt and prejudice of this your kingdom than otherwise, as by lamentable experience we have found those large supplies formerly and lately given." Despite the protests, Charles refused to dismiss his friend, dismissing Parliament instead. 2987: 1157: 1662: 1223: 1414: 1717: 2939: 1792: 1263:, which proved even more unpopular, and lucrative, than tonnage and poundage before it. Previously, collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only on coastal regions. But Charles argued that there was no legal bar to collecting the tax for defence during peacetime and throughout the whole of the kingdom. Ship money, paid directly to the Treasury of the Navy, provided between £150,000 to £200,000 annually between 1634 and 1638, after which yields declined. Opposition to ship money steadily grew, but England's 12 common law judges ruled the tax within the king's prerogative, though some of them had reservations. The prosecution of 42: 1256:

defence and on diplomatic efforts to support his sister Elizabeth and his foreign policy objective for the restoration of the Palatinate. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood", in abeyance for over a century, which required any man who earned £40 or more from land each year to present himself at the king's coronation to be knighted. Relying on this old statute, Charles fined those who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.

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the law of this land, I am no less confident, that no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King, they all going in his name: and one of their maxims is, that the King can do no wrong ... the higher House is totally excluded; and for the House of Commons, it is too well known that the major part of them are detained or deterred from sitting ... the arms I took up were only to defend the fundamental laws of this kingdom against those who have supposed my power hath totally changed the ancient government.

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overthrow the rights and liberties of the people". In carrying this out he had "traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present Parliament, and the people therein represented", and that the "wicked designs, wars, and evil practices of him, the said Charles Stuart, have been, and are carried on for the advancement and upholding of a personal interest of will, power, and pretended prerogative to himself and his family, against the public interest, common right, liberty, justice, and peace of the people of this nation."

380: 12815: 2351:: "An unjust sentence that I suffered to take effect, is punished now by an unjust sentence on me." He declared that he had desired the liberty and freedom of the people as much as any, "but I must tell you that their liberty and freedom consists in having government ... It is not their having a share in the government; that is nothing appertaining unto them. A subject and a sovereign are clean different things." He continued, "I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be." 864: 2064: 1204: 1238: 937: 2193: 1544: 2368: 13303: 2255: 13710: 1183:, down in his chair so that the session could be prolonged long enough for resolutions against Catholicism, Arminianism, and tonnage and poundage to be read out and acclaimed by the chamber. The provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved Parliament and had nine parliamentary leaders, including Sir John Eliot, imprisoned over the matter, thereby turning the men into martyrs and giving popular cause to their protest. 1585:. Following the illness of Lord Northumberland, who was the king's commander-in-chief, Charles and Strafford went north to command the English forces, despite Strafford being ill himself with a combination of gout and dysentery. The Scottish soldiery, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Years' War, had far greater morale and training than their English counterparts. They met virtually no resistance until reaching 10623: 1827:, on the grounds of high treason. When Parliament refused, it was possibly Henrietta Maria who persuaded Charles to arrest the five members by force, which he resolved to do personally. But news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men slipped away by boat shortly before Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed guard on 4 January. Having displaced Speaker 2332:. They were permitted to visit him on 29 January, and he bade them a tearful farewell. The next morning, he called for two shirts to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear: "the season is so sharp as probably may make me shake, which some observers may imagine proceeds from fear. I would have no such imputation." 1682:

of justice". But increased tensions and an attempted coup by royalist army officers in support of Strafford and in which Charles was involved began to sway the issue. The Commons passed the bill on 20 April by a large margin (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 230 abstained), and the Lords acquiesced (by 26 votes to 19, with 79 absent) in May. On 3 May, Parliament's

1612:, signed in October 1640. This stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day indefinitely until a final settlement was negotiated and the English Parliament recalled, which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces. Consequently, Charles summoned what later became known as the 1577:", which aimed to make central royal authority more efficient and effective at the expense of local or anti-government interests. Although originally a critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628, in part due to the Duke of Buckingham's persuasion, and had since emerged, alongside Laud, as the most influential of Charles's ministers. 1278:" because some of its backers were Catholics. Charles also raised funds from the Scottish nobility, at the price of considerable acrimony, by the Act of Revocation (1625), whereby all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility since 1540 were revoked, with continued ownership being subject to an annual rent. In addition, the boundaries of the 1608:, Charles had resolved to follow the almost universal advice to call a parliament. After informing the peers that a parliament would convene in November, he asked them to consider how he could acquire funds to maintain his army against the Scots in the meantime. They recommended making peace. A cessation of arms was negotiated in the humiliating 2734:, whom Parliament beheaded during the war, described Charles as "A mild and gracious prince who knew not how to be, or how to be made, great." Charles was more sober and refined than his father, but he was intransigent. He deliberately pursued unpopular policies that brought ruin on himself. Both Charles and James were advocates of the 1756:, coupled with resentment at moves to ensure the Irish Parliament was subordinate to the Parliament of England, sowed the seeds of rebellion. When armed conflict arose between the Gaelic Irish and New English in late October 1641, the Old English sided with the Gaelic Irish while simultaneously professing their loyalty to the king. 1932:. Rupert's cavalry successfully charged through the parliamentary ranks, but instead of swiftly returning to the field, rode off to plunder the parliamentary baggage train. Lindsey, acting as a colonel, was wounded and bled to death without medical attention. The battle ended inconclusively as the daylight faded. 1040:, published in 1625 shortly after James's death and Charles's accession. To protect Montagu from the stricture of Puritan members of Parliament, Charles made him a royal chaplain, heightening many Puritans' suspicions that Charles favoured Arminianism as a clandestine attempt to aid Catholicism's resurgence. 964:. Charles delayed the opening of his first Parliament until after the marriage was consummated, to forestall any opposition. Many members of the Commons opposed his marriage to a Catholic, fearing that he would lift restrictions on Catholic recusants and undermine the official establishment of the reformed 2231:

The Rump Commons declared itself capable of legislating alone, passed a bill creating a separate court for Charles's trial, and declared the bill an act without the need for royal assent. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 commissioners, but many either refused to serve

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Also in early May, Charles assented to an unprecedented Act that forbade the dissolution of the English Parliament without its consent. In the following months, ship money, fines in distraint of knighthood and excise without parliamentary consent were declared unlawful, and the Courts of Star Chamber

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A large fiscal deficit had arisen during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Notwithstanding Buckingham's short-lived campaigns against both Spain and France, Charles had little financial capacity to wage wars overseas. Throughout his reign, he was obliged to rely primarily on volunteer forces for

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no earthly power can justly call me (who am your King) in question as a delinquent ... this day's proceeding cannot be warranted by God's laws; for, on the contrary, the authority of obedience unto Kings is clearly warranted, and strictly commanded in both the Old and New Testament ... for

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Charles assured Strafford that "upon the word of a king you shall not suffer in life, honour or fortune", and the attainder could not succeed if Charles withheld assent. Furthermore, many members and most peers opposed the attainder, not wishing, in the words of one, to "commit murder with the sword

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in England were restored to their ancient limits as part of a scheme to maximise income by exploiting the land and fining land users within the reasserted boundaries for encroachment. The programme's focus was disafforestation and sale of forest lands for conversion to pasture and arable farming, or

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By 1604, when Charles was three-and-a-half, he was able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace without assistance, and it was decided that he was strong enough to journey to England to be reunited with his family. In mid-July 1604, he left Dunfermline for England, where he was to

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attempted to broker a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit ship money in exchange for £650,000 (although the cost of the coming war was estimated at £1 million). Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons. The Parliamentarians' calls for further

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seized his bridle and pulled him back, fearing for the king's safety. The royalist soldiers misinterpreted Carnwath's action as a signal to move back, leading to a collapse of their position. The military balance tipped decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed a series of defeats for the

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from his chair, the king asked him where the MPs had fled. Lenthall, on his knees, famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." Charles abjectly declared "all my birds

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The Long Parliament proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach the king's leading counsellors for high treason. Strafford was taken into custody on 10 November; Laud was impeached on 18 December; Finch,

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reformers considered Charles too sympathetic to Arminianism, and opposed his desire to move the Church of England in a more traditional and sacramental direction. In addition, his Protestant subjects followed the European war closely and grew increasingly dismayed by Charles's diplomacy with Spain

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Over the first three days of the trial, whenever Charles was asked to plead, he refused, stating his objection with the words: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?" He claimed that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch, that his own authority to rule had

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Strafford's fall from power weakened Charles's influence in Ireland. The dissolution of the Irish army was unsuccessfully demanded three times by the English Commons during Strafford's imprisonment, until lack of money eventually forced Charles to disband the army at the end of Strafford's trial.

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attacked the "wicked counsels" of Charles's "arbitrary and tyrannical government". While those who signed the petition undertook to defend the king's "person, honour and estate", they also swore to preserve "the true reformed religion", Parliament, and the "rights and liberties of the subjects".

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were summoned in the early months of 1640. In March 1640, the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May. But in the English general election in March, court candidates fared badly, and Charles's dealings with the English

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on 26 May, calling upon Charles to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented to the petition on 7 June, but by the end of the month he had prorogued

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It was common practice for the severed head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!" Charles's head was exhibited, but those words were not used, possibly because the executioner did not want his voice recognised. On the day after the

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Charles was accused of treason against England by using his power to pursue his personal interest rather than the good of the country. The charge stated that he was devising "a wicked design to erect and uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to

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When Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from it; his first visit since early childhood was for his Scottish coronation in 1633. To the dismay of the Scots, who had removed many

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At the end of the third day, Charles was removed from the court, which then heard over 30 witnesses against him in his absence over the next two days, and on 26 January condemned him to death. The next day, the king was brought before a public session of the commission, declared guilty, and

1102:, appointments to her household, and the practice of her religion culminated in the king expelling the vast majority of her French attendants in August 1626. Despite Charles's agreement to provide the French with English ships as a condition of marrying Henrietta Maria, in 1627 he launched 3820:, "For Arminianism is the span of a Papist, and if you mark it well, you shall see an Arminian reaching to a Papist, a Papist to a Jesuit, a Jesuit to the Pope, and the other to the King of Spain. And having kindled fire in our neighbours, they now seek to set on flame this kingdom also." 2416:, the common hangman of London, but he refused, at least at first, despite being offered £200 – a considerably large sum for the time. It is possible he relented and undertook the commission after being threatened with death, but others have been named as potential candidates, including 2055:. After nine months of negotiations, the Scots finally arrived at an agreement with the English Parliament: in exchange for £100,000, and the promise of more money in the future, the Scots withdrew from Newcastle and delivered Charles to the parliamentary commissioners in January 1647. 1294:

Against the background of this unrest, Charles faced bankruptcy in mid-1640. The City of London, preoccupied with its own grievances, refused to make any loans to him, as did foreign powers. In this extremity, in July Charles seized silver bullion worth £130,000 held in trust at the

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or the "eleven years' tyranny". Ruling without Parliament was not exceptional, and was supported by precedent. But only Parliament could legally raise taxes, and without it Charles's capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was limited to his customary rights and prerogatives.

2270:, the indictment held him "guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings, spoils, desolations, damages and mischiefs to this nation, acted and committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby." An estimated 300,000 people, or 6% of the population, died during the war. 902:, the Spanish chief minister, and so Charles conducted the ultimately futile negotiations personally. When he returned to London in October, without a bride and to a rapturous and relieved public welcome, he and Buckingham pushed the reluctant James to declare war on Spain. 2295:

sentenced. The judgement read, "For all which treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body."

913:, who opposed war on grounds of cost and quickly fell in much the same manner Bacon had. James told Buckingham he was a fool, and presciently warned Charles that he would live to regret the revival of impeachment as a parliamentary tool. An underfunded makeshift army under 2165:

and the army opposed any further talks with someone they viewed as a bloody tyrant and were already taking action to consolidate their power. Hammond was replaced as Governor of the Isle of Wight on 27 November, and placed in the custody of the army the following day. In

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appears to have prompted more members of the Lords to support the king. In an attempt to strengthen his position, Charles generated great antipathy in London, which was already fast falling into lawlessness, when he placed the Tower of London under the command of Colonel

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were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even to explain his actions. He thought he was answerable only to God. "Princes are not bound to give account of their actions," he wrote, "but to God alone".

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that Strafford had threatened to use the Irish army to subdue England was not corroborated, and on 10 April Pym's case collapsed. Pym and his allies immediately launched a bill of attainder, which simply declared Strafford guilty and pronounced the sentence of death.

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Charles continued peace negotiations with the Scots in a bid to gain time before launching a new military campaign. Because of his financial weakness, he was forced to call Parliament into session in an attempt to raise funds for such a venture. Both the English and

1179:, a Member of Parliament whose goods had been confiscated for failing to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the imposition of the tax as a breach of the Petition of Right. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment on 2 March, members held the Speaker, 1499:

The military failure in the First Bishops' War caused a financial and diplomatic crisis for Charles that deepened when his efforts to raise funds from Spain while simultaneously continuing his support for his Palatine relatives led to the public humiliation of the

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on the outskirts of London, the royalist army met resistance from the city militia, and faced with a numerically superior force, Charles ordered a retreat. He overwintered in Oxford, strengthening the city's defences and preparing for the next season's campaign.

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took him by threat of force from Holdenby on 3 June in the name of the New Model Army. By this time, mutual suspicion had developed between Parliament, which favoured army disbandment and presbyterianism, and the New Model Army, which was primarily officered by

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Unfortunately for James, negotiation with Spain proved unpopular with both the public and James's court. The English Parliament was actively hostile towards Spain and Catholicism, and thus, when called by James in 1621, the members hoped for an enforcement of

1654:, which required Parliament to be summoned at least every three years, and permitted the Lord Keeper and 12 peers to summon Parliament if the king failed to do so. The Act was coupled with a subsidy bill, and to secure the latter, Charles grudgingly granted 1496:, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession that both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called. 2130:

From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties. In direct contrast to his previous conflict with the Scottish Kirk, on 26 December 1647 he signed a secret treaty with the Scots. Under the agreement, called the

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In his own words, the experience of battle had left Charles "exceedingly and deeply grieved". He regrouped at Oxford, turning down Rupert's suggestion of an immediate attack on London. After a week, he set out for the capital on 3 November,

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and High Commission were abolished. All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act. The House of Commons also launched bills attacking bishops and episcopacy, but these failed in the Lords.

1390:, the two most powerful courts in the land. The courts became feared for their censorship of opposing religious views and unpopular among the propertied classes for inflicting degrading punishments on gentlemen. For example, in 1637 1767:

was intended to wrest control of the army from the king, but it did not have the support of the Lords, let alone Charles. Instead, the Commons passed the bill as an ordinance, which they claimed did not require royal assent. The

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The botched arrest attempt was politically disastrous for Charles. No English sovereign had ever entered the House of Commons, and his unprecedented invasion of the chamber to arrest its members was considered a grave breach of

437:, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical 2354:

At about 2:00 p.m., Charles put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands; he was then beheaded in one clean stroke. According to observer

1992:, which sat until March 1645, was supported by the majority of peers and about a third of the Commons. Charles became disillusioned by the assembly's ineffectiveness, calling it a "mongrel" in private letters to his wife. 1806:

Charles suspected, probably correctly, that some members of the English Parliament had colluded with the invading Scots. On 3 January 1642, Charles directed Parliament to give up five specific members of the Commons—Pym,

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Charles's unprecedented 1642 invasion of the House of Commons' chamber, a grave violation of the liberties of Parliament, and his unsuccessful attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament is commemorated annually at the

1698:, then securing the Scots' favour on a visit from August to November 1641 during which he conceded to the official establishment of presbyterianism in Scotland. But after an attempted royalist coup in Scotland, known as 13883: 1580:

Bolstered by the failure of the English Short Parliament, the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent, and in August 1640 the Covenanter army moved into the English county of

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as James I. Charles was a weak and sickly infant, and while his parents and older siblings left for England in April and early June that year, due to his fragile health, he remained in Scotland with his father's friend

2347:. Charles was separated from spectators by large ranks of soldiers, and his last speech reached only those with him on the scaffold. He blamed his fate on his failure to prevent the execution of his loyal servant 889:

thought Charles little more than an infidel, and the Spanish at first demanded that he convert to Catholicism as a condition of the match. They insisted on toleration of Catholics in England and the repeal of the

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Partly inspired by his visit to the Spanish court in 1623, Charles became a passionate and knowledgeable art collector, amassing one of the finest art collections ever assembled. In Spain, he sat for a sketch by

3833:, who used it to carve a bust of the king, destroyed by fire in 1698; on seeing the painting, Bernini allegedly remarked the sitter was the saddest person he had ever seen and was destined for a violent death. 1777:, an infamous, albeit efficient, career officer. When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his wife for supposedly conspiring with the Irish rebels, he decided to take drastic action. 1059:

had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could delay approval of the rates until after a full-scale review of customs revenue. The bill made no progress in the House of Lords past its

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and proposed that "the King of England was not a person, but an office whose every occupant was entrusted with a limited power to govern 'by and according to the laws of the land and not otherwise'."

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Fearing for his family's safety in the face of unrest, Charles reluctantly assented to Strafford's attainder on 9 May after consulting his judges and bishops. Strafford was beheaded three days later.

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and a man who had great influence over the prince, travelled incognito to Spain in February 1623 to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish match. The trip was an embarrassing failure. The

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theology emphasised clerical authority and the individual's ability to reject or accept salvation, which opponents viewed as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Catholicism.

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stalemated at nightfall, and the armies disengaged. In January 1644, Charles summoned a Parliament at Oxford, which was attended by about 40 peers and 118 members of the Commons; all told, the

2091:, who sought a greater political role. Charles was eager to exploit the widening divisions, and apparently viewed Joyce's actions as an opportunity rather than a threat. He was taken first to 2216:

House of Commons indicted him for treason, however the House of Lords rejected the charge. The idea of trying a king was novel. The Chief Justices of the three common law courts of England—

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be concerned exclusively with domestic affairs, while the members protested that they had the privilege of free speech within the Commons' walls, demanding war with Spain and a Protestant

2922:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). In Scotland, the Scottish arms were placed in the first and fourth quarters with the English and French arms in the second quarter. 905:

With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned the English Parliament in 1624 to request subsidies for a war. Charles and Buckingham supported the impeachment of the

495:, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the 2439:, so his body was conveyed to Windsor on the night of 7 February. He was buried in private on 9 February 1649 in the Henry VIII vault in the chapel's quire, alongside the coffins of 2278:

and by the traditional laws of England, and that the power wielded by those trying him was only that of force of arms. Charles insisted that the trial was illegal, explaining that,

10804: 2359:, a moan "as I never heard before and desire I may never hear again" rose from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in the king's blood as a memento. 2023:

before the winter closed in; the battle ended indecisively. Attempts to negotiate a settlement over the winter, while both sides rearmed and reorganised, were again unsuccessful.

681:. He became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his physically stronger and taller elder brother, 635:, who put him in boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. His speech development was also slow, and he had a stammer for the rest of his life. 1446:. Although it had been written, under Charles's direction, by Scottish bishops, many Scots resisted it, seeing it as a vehicle to introduce Anglicanism to Scotland. On 23 July, 1117:

Charles provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan": a tax levied without parliamentary consent. In November 1627, the test case in the

1051:. Parliament voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000, an insufficient sum for Charles's war plans. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorisation for royal collection of 1175:

in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice opposition to Charles's policies in light of the case of

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erupted in Edinburgh upon the first Sunday of the prayer book's usage, and unrest spread throughout the Kirk. The public began to mobilise around a reaffirmation of the

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culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married

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or chose to stay away. Only 68 (all firm Parliamentarians) attended Charles's trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" that began on 20 January 1649 in

2135:", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne on condition that presbyterianism be established in England for three years. 1106:

to defend the Huguenots at La Rochelle. The action, led by Buckingham, was ultimately unsuccessful. Buckingham's failure to protect the Huguenots—and his retreat from

13893: 2497:("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book. Anglicans and royalists fashioned an image of martyrdom, and in the 1125:", found that the king had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan. Summoned again in March 1628, Parliament adopted a 1034:. Arminian divines had been one of the few sources of support for Charles's proposed Spanish marriage. With King James's support, Montagu produced another pamphlet, 8534: 1186:

Personal rule necessitated peace. Without the means in the foreseeable future to raise funds from Parliament for a European war, or Buckingham's help, Charles made

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under Buckingham's leadership went badly, and the House of Commons began proceedings for the impeachment of the duke. In May 1626, Charles nominated Buckingham as

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ROUS, Francis (1581-1659), of Landrake, Cornw.; later of Brixham, Devon, Eton, Bucks. and Acton, Mdx; in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629

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remain in Spain for a year after any wedding to ensure that England complied with all the treaty's terms. A personal quarrel erupted between Buckingham and the

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Morris, John S. (2007), "Sir Henry Halford, president of the Royal College of Physicians, with a note on his involvement in the exhumation of King Charles I",

2428:. The clean strike, confirmed by an examination of the king's body at Windsor in 1813, suggests that the execution was carried out by an experienced headsman. 1976:. His plan to undermine the city walls failed due to heavy rain, and on the approach of a parliamentary relief force, Charles lifted the siege and withdrew to 968:. Charles told Parliament that he would not relax religious restrictions, but promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with his brother-in-law 10797: 9710: 1043:

Rather than direct involvement in the European land war, the English Parliament preferred a relatively inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the

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Charles had nine children, five of whom reached adulthood. Two of his sons eventually succeeded as king, and two chidren died at or shortly after birth.

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seized the company's stock of pepper and spices and sold it for £60,000 (far below its market value), promising to refund the money with interest later.

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The war continued indecisively over the next couple of years, and Henrietta Maria returned to Britain for 17 months from February 1643. After Rupert

17: 13788: 13656: 10381: 2817:, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. The authors of his death warrant called him "Charles Stuart, King of England". 2324:

Charles's execution was scheduled for Tuesday, 30 January 1649. Two of his children remained in England under the control of the Parliamentarians:

1454:, whose signatories pledged to uphold the reformed religion of Scotland and reject any innovations not authorised by Kirk and Parliament. When the 1616:. Once again, his supporters fared badly at the polls. Of the 493 members of the Commons returned in November, over 350 were opposed to the king. 780:

and public quickly grew to see as a polarised continental struggle between Catholics and Protestants. In 1620, King Frederick was defeated at the

10790: 2200:, 1649. He let his beard and hair grow long because Parliament had dismissed his barber, and he refused to let anyone else near him with a razor. 2034:, but elsewhere on the field, opposing forces pushed Charles's troops back. Attempting to rally his men, Charles rode forward, but as he did so, 1274:, which, though inefficient, raised an estimated £100,000 a year in the late 1630s. One such monopoly was for soap, pejoratively referred to as " 13838: 1522:

reforms were ignored by Charles, who still retained the support of the House of Lords. Despite the protests of the Earl of Northumberland, the

1484:

in 1639. He did not seek subsidies from the English Parliament to wage war, instead raising an army without parliamentary aid and marching to

12553: 1837: 10416:

Devereaux, Simon (2009), "The historiography of the English state during 'the Long Eighteenth Century': Part I–Decentralized perspectives",

1851:. After sending his wife and eldest daughter to safety abroad in February, he travelled northwards, hoping to seize the military arsenal at 13843: 13252: 3676: 2393: 1267:

for non-payment in 1637–38 provided a platform for popular protest, and the judges found against Hampden only by the narrow margin of 7–5.

670:

Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics and religion. In 1611, he was made a

3742:, which was used in Great Britain and Ireland throughout Charles's lifetime. However, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 772:. Frederick's acceptance of the Bohemian crown in defiance of the emperor marked the beginning of the turmoil that would develop into the 685:, whom Charles adored and attempted to emulate. But in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been 13863: 13584: 12859: 12597: 11567: 9308: 8249: 3896: 3074: 2991: 2719:, who offered a more sympathetic view that has not been widely adopted. Sharpe argued that the king was a dynamic man of conscience, but 2514: 2472: 1514: 507:, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was 406:, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became 10318: 8852: 899: 12150: 2477:

Ten days after Charles's execution, on the day of his interment, a memoir purportedly written by him appeared for sale. This book, the

1455: 753: 13189: 12540: 12452: 3807:

The statute forbade grants of monopolies to individuals but Charles circumvented the restriction by granting monopolies to companies.

3851:

In 1813, part of Charles's beard, a piece of neck bone, and a tooth were taken as relics. They were placed back in the tomb in 1888.

1319: 13858: 13173: 12524: 2859: 1885: 1098:

Meanwhile, domestic quarrels between Charles and Henrietta Maria were souring the early years of their marriage. Disputes over her

620: 308: 2751: 13908: 13753: 13104: 3136: 2624: 2348: 2245: 1901:, and Parliament called for volunteers for its militia. The negotiations proved futile, and Charles raised the royal standard in 1553: 1518: 910: 845: 837: 856:. Like his father, Charles considered discussion of his marriage in the Commons impertinent and an infringement of his father's 13768: 13758: 13181: 12649: 12532: 12211: 11560: 2715:, who thought him duplicitous and delusional. In recent decades, most historians have criticised him, the main exception being 2506: 2107:

took place. By November, he determined that it would be in his best interests to escape—perhaps to France, Southern England or

1824: 1366:, organising the internal architecture of English churches to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, and reissuing King James's 836:. The incident set an important precedent as the process of impeachment would later be used against Charles and his supporters 6331: 10594: 10195: 10162: 10142: 10096: 10009: 9881: 9842: 9801: 9771: 9661: 9642: 9530: 9429: 9360: 2448: 2116: 1287:, development for the iron industry. Disafforestation frequently caused riots and disturbances, including those known as the 240: 2986: 1356:. They initiated a series of reforms to promote religious uniformity by restricting non-conformist preachers, insisting the 1156: 1103: 1064:. Although no act of Parliament for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties. 13773: 13763: 13748: 12673: 12231: 9576: 3876: 2035: 1341: 992: 948:

With the failure of the Spanish match, Charles and Buckingham turned their attention to France. On 1 May 1625 Charles was

13918: 13329: 13148: 13124: 12947: 12895: 8521: 3256: 3015: 2880: 2798: 2628: 2498: 1752:

Disputes over the transfer of land ownership from native Catholic to settler Protestant, particularly in relation to the

1573:

since 1632, had emerged as Charles's right-hand man and, together with Archbishop Laud, pursued a policy that he termed "

921: 9193: 13319: 2545: 2522: 2373:

Cromwell was said to have visited Charles's coffin, sighing "Cruel necessity!" as he did so. The story was depicted by

2016: 1925: 1840:. In one stroke Charles destroyed his supporters' efforts to portray him as a defence against innovation and disorder. 1134: 1118: 1084: 860:. In January 1622, James dissolved Parliament, angry at what he perceived as the members' impudence and intransigence. 722: 632: 2170:

on 6 and 7 December, the members of Parliament out of sympathy with the military were arrested or excluded by Colonel

1661: 13898: 13686: 13661: 13615: 13136: 12657: 12484: 10575: 10271: 10229: 10177: 10114: 10027: 9986: 9965: 9942: 9924: 9899: 9860: 9821: 9746: 9692: 9624: 9603: 9551: 9493: 9449: 9390: 1492:, as the king feared the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots. In the 981: 829: 2691:. By Charles's death, there were an estimated 1,760 paintings, most of which were sold and dispersed by Parliament. 13878: 13853: 13245: 12963: 12713: 12271: 10737: 9869: 3184: 3003: 2329: 2325: 917:

set off to recover the Palatinate, but it was so poorly provisioned that it never advanced beyond the Dutch coast.

737: 682: 411: 318: 9458:

Donaghan, Barbara (1995), "Halcyon Days and the Literature of the War: England's Military Education before 1642",

3644: 2047:(disguised as a servant) in April 1646. He put himself into the hands of the Scottish presbyterian army besieging 1716: 1413: 323: 13903: 12879: 12852: 12590: 12478: 3618: 3154: 3007: 2549: 1812: 1504:, where the Dutch destroyed a Spanish bullion fleet off the coast of Kent in sight of the impotent English navy. 1382:

so that Puritans could be appointed to them, was dissolved. Laud prosecuted those who opposed his reforms in the

1324: 1222: 663: 2161:

on the Isle of Wight. On 5 December 1648, Parliament voted 129 to 83 to continue negotiating with the king, but

1694:

Charles had made important concessions in England, and temporarily improved his position in Scotland by signing

1650:

with Charles's permission on 21 December. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the

1427:

traditional rituals from their liturgical practice, Charles insisted that the coronation be conducted using the

972:. Moreover, the treaty loaned to the French seven English naval ships that were used to suppress the Protestant 13848: 13391: 12547: 12472: 12143: 10062: 8530: 2919: 2296: 2150:, and a rebellion in South Wales, were put down by the New Model Army, and with the defeat of the Scots at the 1226: 580: 379: 3214: 2412:

The executioner was masked and disguised, and there is debate over his identity. The commissioners approached

2233: 391:(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until 13733: 13520: 12445: 12405: 2739: 2432:

execution, the king's head was sewn back onto his body, which was then embalmed and placed in a lead coffin.

1643: 726: 10350:

Burgess, Glenn (1990), "On revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart historiography in the 1970s and 1980s",

10312: 1791: 13798: 13778: 13594: 13589: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13287: 12490: 12096: 11464: 11427: 3122: 3088: 2003:, which were under threat from parliamentary and Scottish Covenanter armies. Charles was victorious at the 1980:. The parliamentary army turned back towards London, and Charles set off in pursuit. The two armies met at 1860: 1436: 1418: 1176: 988:, but without his wife at his side, because she refused to participate in a Protestant religious ceremony. 508: 8862:

Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn

2938: 13873: 13506: 13238: 13208: 13097: 12993: 12737: 12301: 11907: 11189: 9403: 2604: 2573: 2318: 1928:, and Charles sided with Rupert. Lindsey resigned, leaving Charles to assume overall command assisted by 1459: 1432: 1371: 1031: 849: 801: 415: 11897: 11178: 10502:

Lake, Peter (2015), "From Revisionist to Royalist History; or, Was Charles I the First Whig Historian",

1190:

and Spain. The next 11 years, during which Charles ruled England without a Parliament, are known as the

13868: 13823: 13818: 13009: 13001: 12845: 12753: 12745: 12583: 12499: 12321: 12311: 11872: 11846: 11591: 11474: 11152: 11120: 10130: 6406:, p. 288, quoting and agreeing with Gardiner, suspects that it was initiated by Pym's allies only. 3556: 3282: 2769:

23 December 1600 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormonde, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch

2421: 2030:

on 14 June 1645, Rupert's horsemen again mounted a successful charge against the flank of Parliament's

1937: 1921: 1741: 1631: 10603: 10571: 9318: 9250: 13803: 13696: 12136: 11987: 11927: 11826: 11583: 11469: 11264: 11209: 10817: 10710: 9203: 2794: 2786: 2004: 1940:

on the way while simultaneously continuing to negotiate with civic and parliamentary delegations. At

1881:

Parliamentarian pamphlet depicting Charles raising the royal standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642

1699: 1130:

Parliament and reasserted his right to collect customs duties without authorisation from Parliament.

769: 600: 584: 419: 403: 254: 638: 13813: 13808: 13793: 13783: 13671: 13535: 13530: 13130: 13057: 12801: 12438: 12391: 11992: 11982: 11791: 11270: 11259: 10965: 10821: 10813: 10728: 10677: 9951: 9705: 3498: 2716: 2668: 2660: 2537: 2356: 2151: 2139: 2085: 2020: 1989: 1493: 1383: 1353: 920:

By 1624, the increasingly ill James was finding it difficult to control Parliament. By the time of

781: 298: 113: 11776: 11756: 697:. As the eldest surviving son of the sovereign, he automatically gained several titles, including 13606: 13351: 13311: 13221: 12697: 12681: 12617: 12566: 12241: 12181: 11962: 11957: 11937: 11912: 11239: 11234: 11219: 11194: 10693: 9974: 3524: 3069:(1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate liveborn issue, but many acknowledged illegitimate offspring. 2533: 2502: 1985: 1941: 1877: 1711: 1695: 1480:

Charles perceived the unrest in Scotland as a rebellion against his authority, precipitating the

1207: 1080: 816:

laws, a naval campaign against Spain, and a Protestant marriage for the Prince of Wales. James's

677:

Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by

516: 500: 313: 11736: 10901: 13923: 13833: 13828: 13691: 13090: 12091: 12031: 11972: 11952: 11942: 11917: 11902: 11418: 11303: 11249: 11224: 11199: 11184: 11056: 10891: 10598: 9502: 3892: 2929: 2712: 2540:. All significant military opposition in Britain and Ireland was extinguished by the forces of 2398: 2308: 2267: 2158: 2088: 2008: 1745: 1601: 1570: 1395: 1233:

in saltire on the obverse. The two sceptres represent the two kingdoms of England and Scotland.

1048: 776:. The conflict, originally confined to Bohemia, spiralled into a wider European war, which the 643: 611: 481: 410:

to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother,

392: 219: 53: 11361: 3780:) and a maiden resemble the king and queen. The dragon of war lies slain under Charles's foot. 2536:". The House of Lords was abolished by the Rump Commons, and executive power was assumed by a 2385: 13681: 13676: 13626: 13563: 13540: 12985: 12911: 12729: 12625: 12421: 12291: 12191: 12076: 12046: 12026: 11947: 11887: 11877: 11867: 11408: 11318: 11298: 11229: 11167: 11157: 11147: 11026: 11021: 10994: 10955: 10950: 10763: 10720: 10701: 9399: 3764:

Rubens, who acted as the Spanish representative during peace negotiations in London, painted

3066: 3054: 2999: 2907: 2884: 2883:

by a plain label Argent of three points. As king, Charles bore the royal arms undifferenced:

2806: 2735: 2452: 2275: 2237: 2012: 1913:. Parliament controlled London, the south-east and East Anglia, as well as the English navy. 1509: 1481: 1407: 1367: 1362: 1271: 1171:

In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the English Parliament, which had been

1122: 1036: 528: 434: 293: 175: 101: 13496: 13336: 11841: 11113: 10865: 10334:

Braddick, Michael (2004), "State Formation and the Historiography of Early Modern England",

2513:

Anglicans held special services on the anniversary of his death. Churches, such as those at

1133:

On 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Charles was deeply distressed. According to

1107: 1067: 41: 13743: 13738: 13514: 13406: 13341: 13292: 13282: 13269: 12919: 12903: 12171: 12061: 12051: 12041: 12021: 12010: 11998: 11922: 11851: 11726: 11333: 11323: 11313: 11286: 11204: 11127: 11061: 11016: 11006: 11000: 10989: 10983: 10933: 9680: 9407: 3872: 3868: 3830: 3402: 3202: 2843: 2809:, etc." The style "of France" was only nominal, and was used by every English monarch from 2756: 2723:

thought Charles "the most incompetent monarch of England since Henry VI", a view shared by

2700: 2612: 2336: 2313: 2248: 1856: 1844: 1753: 1683: 1674: 1111: 1072: 1052: 969: 789: 773: 671: 628: 556: 469: 1897:

In mid-1642, both sides began to arm. Charles raised an army using the medieval method of

1534: 1526:(as it came to be known) was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled. 960:. He had seen her in Paris while en route to Spain. They met in person on 13 June 1625 in 800:. James, however, had been seeking marriage between Prince Charles and Ferdinand's niece, 8: 13714: 13525: 13381: 13324: 13166: 12887: 12641: 12517: 12081: 12036: 11967: 11413: 11366: 11308: 11244: 11041: 11031: 11011: 10977: 10782: 9560: 8846: 3900: 3376: 3092: 2995: 2565: 2468: 2340: 2225: 2111:, near the Scottish border. He fled Hampton Court on 11 November, and from the shores of 2052: 1969: 1965: 1952: 1898: 1820: 1721: 1586: 1501: 1463: 1337: 1213: 1056: 957: 797: 793: 524: 208: 10212: 10208: 10040: 2258:

Charles (in the dock with his back to the viewer) facing the High Court of Justice, 1649

13437: 13277: 12633: 12201: 12115: 12111: 12086: 11716: 11671: 11450: 11088: 11036: 10960: 10579: 10542: 10515: 10491: 10445: 10402: 10219: 9999: 9955: 9913: 9830: 9483: 9471: 8581: 2956: 2830: 2802: 2288: 2187: 2124: 2108: 2104: 2092: 1981: 1917: 1890: 1852: 1760: 1737: 1485: 1304: 991:

Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial

914: 891: 777: 765: 659: 627:

spend most of the rest of his life. In England, Charles was placed under the charge of

564: 473: 426: 191: 2947: 2592: 13666: 13554: 13550: 13483: 13468: 13401: 13396: 11616: 11083: 10896: 10618: 10519: 10495: 10449: 10425: 10406: 10375: 10343: 10280: 10267: 10225: 10191: 10173: 10158: 10138: 10110: 10092: 10023: 10005: 9982: 9961: 9938: 9920: 9895: 9877: 9856: 9838: 9817: 9811: 9797: 9767: 9742: 9688: 9657: 9638: 9620: 9599: 9572: 9547: 9526: 9489: 9445: 9439: 9425: 9386: 9356: 8586: 8568: 3100: 2672: 2664: 2456: 2436: 2402: 2112: 1995:

In 1644, Charles remained in the southern half of England while Rupert rode north to

1957: 1872: 1800: 1769: 1590: 1451: 1126: 985: 965: 857: 853: 833: 488: 430: 303: 277: 10944: 10051: 1673:, and he went on trial for high treason on 22 March 1641. But the key allegation by 487:

From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the

13458: 13453: 13356: 12868: 12606: 12016: 11977: 11836: 11771: 11401: 11391: 11281: 11254: 11106: 10938: 10858: 10851: 10748: 10744: 10627: 10589: 10534: 10507: 10483: 10464: 10437: 10421: 10394: 10355: 10339: 10311: 9759: 9715: 9463: 8576: 8560: 3314: 2899: 2888: 2866: 2561: 2553: 2344: 2167: 2027: 1996: 1946: 1905:

on 22 August 1642. By then, his forces controlled roughly the Midlands, Wales, the

1828: 1594: 1523: 1475: 1329: 949: 761: 702: 698: 596: 592: 477: 438: 130: 9726: 3798:

For comparison, a typical farm labourer could earn 8d a day, or about £10 a year.

13463: 12827: 12159: 11861: 11656: 11396: 11141: 10971: 10923: 10913: 10907: 10772: 10681: 10641: 10529:

Lee, Maurice Jr (1984), "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King after All?",

10475: 10036: 9755: 9701: 9510: 3739: 3582: 2903: 2790: 2708: 2652: 2632: 2541: 2413: 2213: 2175: 2162: 2123:, whom he apparently believed to be sympathetic. But Hammond confined Charles in 2096: 2048: 2040: 1889:

A nineteenth-century painting depicting Charles (centre in blue sash) before the

1774: 1625: 1613: 1609: 1308: 1300: 1218:("Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, of France and of Ireland") 996: 953: 941: 817: 757: 749: 745: 710: 706: 615: 576: 560: 496: 399: 358: 338: 49: 11552: 10614: 2552:. Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump Parliament in 1653, thereby establishing 2063: 1669:

Strafford had become the principal target of the Parliamentarians, particularly

1303:, promising its later return at 8% interest to its owners. In August, after the 1055:(two varieties of customs duties) to a year, although previous sovereigns since 658:, as is customary in the case of the English sovereign's second son, and made a 13620: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13386: 13346: 12955: 12505: 12461: 12066: 11611: 11494: 11381: 11338: 11292: 11077: 10670: 10250: 10150: 3864: 3340: 3128: 2680: 2636: 2557: 2479: 2374: 2221: 2209: 2076: 2031: 1977: 1848: 1816: 1733: 1600:

As demands for a parliament grew, Charles took the unusual step of summoning a

1582: 1391: 1288: 1284: 1203: 1187: 1180: 1092: 1015: 906: 832:

was the first since 1459 without the king's official sanction in the form of a

825: 588: 544: 492: 442: 348: 88: 10523: 10453: 10410: 10359: 9719: 2068: 863: 13727: 13473: 11621: 10238: 9995: 9780: 9539: 9369: 8841: 8572: 8564: 3769: 3434: 2895: 2892: 2724: 2493: 2120: 2100: 2000: 1651: 1561: 1399: 1242: 1237: 1191: 1146: 1114:

and furthered the English Parliament's and people's detestation of the duke.

1088: 1061: 868: 821: 805: 694: 504: 407: 9577:"Delaroche masterpiece feared lost in war to go on show at National Gallery" 9514: 9467: 1087:

in a show of support, and had two members who had spoken against Buckingham—

13884:

People executed under the Interregnum (England) for treason against England

13640: 13601: 13448: 13113: 12004: 11681: 11519: 11276: 10487: 9908: 9734: 9612: 9417: 9108: 8590: 8042: 5314: 3817: 3777: 3773: 2731: 2720: 2585: 2560:. Upon his death in 1658, he was briefly succeeded by his ineffective son, 2444: 2417: 2205: 2197: 2171: 2080: 1973: 1906: 1808: 1796: 1786: 1764: 1655: 1557: 1447: 1387: 1279: 1264: 1164: 936: 841: 667: 655: 604: 572: 512: 503:, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the 223: 11781: 10871: 10511: 10441: 10398: 9654:

The King's Revenge; Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History

8856:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25. 3755:

Charles grew to a peak height of 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm).

2703:, "Charles Stuart is a man of contradictions and controversy". Revered by 2487:

for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda.

2157:

Charles's only recourse was to return to negotiations, which were held at

1732:

Ireland's population was split into three main sociopolitical groups: the

13632: 13501: 13416: 13261: 13049: 13041: 12793: 12785: 12381: 12371: 11761: 11701: 11666: 11524: 11509: 11094: 10084: 2969:

Coat of arms as heir apparent and Prince of Wales used from 1612 to 1625

2704: 2510: 2488: 2425: 2241: 2217: 2192: 2174:, while others stayed away voluntarily. The remaining members formed the 1275: 977: 458: 454: 446: 11741: 6402:, p. 944 assume that Pym was involved with the launch of the bill; 2603:, among others. In England, his commissions included the ceiling of the 13636: 13376: 13154: 13025: 12769: 12689: 12351: 12331: 12251: 11811: 11766: 11711: 11696: 11691: 11636: 11499: 11489: 11479: 11066: 10928: 10550: 10546: 10459:

Holmes, Clive (1980), "The County Community in Stuart Historiography",

2814: 2810: 2676: 2644: 2440: 2147: 1929: 1902: 1489: 1296: 1260: 961: 730: 568: 465: 368: 75: 10432:

Harris, Tim (2015), "Revisiting the Causes of the English Civil War",

9475: 2142:, and as agreed with Charles, the Scots invaded England. Uprisings in 1863:, who refused him entry in April, and Charles was forced to withdraw. 13411: 13361: 13202: 13142: 13017: 12761: 12705: 12341: 12261: 11806: 11801: 11731: 11721: 11686: 11646: 11626: 11514: 11484: 11071: 11046: 3789:

For example, James I ruled without Parliament between 1614 and 1621.

3114: 2727:, who called him "the worst king we have had since the Middle Ages". 2688: 2648: 2600: 2254: 1647: 1410:

and imprisoned indefinitely for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets.

1403: 1172: 1044: 1030:—believed that people could accept or reject salvation by exercising 1027: 1023: 1019: 1012: 973: 880: 813: 690: 12837: 12575: 11892: 11172: 10538: 2972:

Coat of arms of Charles I used (outside Scotland) from 1625 to 1649

2778:

4 November 1616 – 27 March 1625: Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester

2367: 1349:

and his failure to support the Protestant cause abroad effectively.

13610: 13302: 13196: 13033: 12777: 12665: 12361: 12221: 12128: 11786: 11751: 11746: 11706: 11661: 11641: 11631: 11606: 11504: 11445: 11051: 10876: 10468: 10155:

The Sale of the Late King's Goods: Charles I and His Art Collection

9331: 9329: 9327: 3743: 2915: 2789:

of Charles I as king in England was "Charles, by the Grace of God,

2635:. In 1627 and 1628, Charles purchased the entire collection of the 2620: 2529: 2132: 1843:

Parliament quickly seized London, and Charles fled the capital for

1670: 1574: 1428: 1379: 1375: 1099: 741: 734: 520: 461: 450: 165: 118: 12430: 3049:

Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".

2684: 2455:, later planned for an elaborate royal mausoleum to be erected in 2154:

in August 1648, the royalists lost any chance of winning the war.

2007:

in late June, but the royalists in the north were defeated at the

1458:

met in November 1638, it condemned the new prayer book, abolished

13709: 13491: 12939: 12056: 11816: 11676: 11651: 11601: 11422: 11328: 10585: 8071: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 3118: 2911: 2873: 2862: 2656: 2640: 1665:

Portrait of Charles in armour, by van Dyck and his workshop, 1638

1357: 1345: 1230: 1000: 894:, which Charles knew Parliament would not agree to, and that the 885: 686: 678: 333: 106: 13082: 9507:

The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660

9324: 8845: 499:

in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a

13889:

People executed under the Interregnum (England) by decapitation

11932: 11882: 11214: 11162: 10886: 10881: 10303:

A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I

8061: 8059: 8057: 2869: 2616: 2608: 2596: 2343:, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the 2317:

Contemporary German print of Charles I's beheading outside the

1910: 1560:(right): two of Charles's most influential advisors during the 1543: 1160: 785: 491:. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian 13230: 10053:

English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc

8972: 6332:"Portrait of Charles I, King of the Great Britain (1600-1649)" 6057: 2775:

6 November 1612 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay

2611:

and paintings by other artists from the Low Countries such as

1916:

After a few skirmishes, the opposing forces met in earnest at

11856: 11796: 11134: 9764:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

6128: 2975:

Coat of arms of Charles I used in Scotland from 1625 to 1649

2876: 1924:

disagreed with the battle strategy of the royalist commander

1270:

Charles also derived money by granting monopolies, despite a

808:

as a possible diplomatic means of achieving peace in Europe.

9272: 8151: 8054: 7956: 7954: 1513:

Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. The earls of

13366: 10918: 7966: 7687: 6429: 5602: 4565: 2143: 2019:. Returning northwards to his base at Oxford, he fought at 1605: 1443: 1442:, without consulting either the Scottish Parliament or the 10812: 10609: 10531:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

10056:, London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge 8613: 8611: 7337: 7335: 7284: 6477: 5730: 5678: 924:

in March 1625, Charles and Buckingham had already assumed

425:

After his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the

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who considered him a saintly martyr, he was condemned by

2127:

and informed Parliament that Charles was in his custody.

2015:, encircling and disarming the parliamentary army of the 1370:, which permitted secular activities on the sabbath. The 1259:

The chief tax Charles imposed was a feudal levy known as

441:. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a 9835:

Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice

9296: 9134: 8644: 8642: 8163: 7699: 7120: 6104: 5838: 5290: 5066: 4857: 4829: 4693: 4597: 4473: 4052: 4050: 414:. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to 9284: 9260: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9162: 9076: 8996: 8984: 8714: 8608: 8490: 8426: 8359:, p. 444; see also a virtually identical quote in 8103: 7391: 7379: 7332: 7308: 7132: 7028: 6964: 6816: 6760: 6748: 5614: 5590: 5578: 5530: 5214: 5126: 5114: 2990:

Charles I's five eldest children, 1637. Left to right:

1646:, was impeached the next day, and consequently fled to 614:, and when she died childless in March 1603, he became 547:

of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne,

27:

King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 to 1649

10610:

The Society of King Charles the Martyr (United States)

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parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.

9398: 9314: 9246: 9008: 8639: 7998: 7831: 7607: 7320: 7160: 6976: 6268: 6076: 5566: 5354: 5266: 4621: 4609: 4209: 4181: 4117: 4047: 4009: 4007: 3994: 3992: 2781:

27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649: His Majesty The King

1968:

in July 1643, Charles visited the port city and laid

610:

James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen

579:

in Edinburgh on 23 December 1600, he was baptised by

10389:

Cressy, David (2015), "The Blindness of Charles I",

10188:

The White King: Charles I, Traitor, Murderer, Martyr

9209: 9174: 8936: 8908: 8702: 8478: 7771: 7252: 5626: 5470: 5326: 4741: 4705: 4633: 3829:

The picture was originally painted for the sculptor

2435:

The commission refused to allow Charles's burial at

1832:

have flown", and was forced to retire empty-handed.

515:

in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the

10224:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 5302: 4817: 4321: 4233: 4105: 4093: 4062: 3961: 3937: 3863:James V and Margaret Douglas were both children of 2746: 2287:The court, by contrast, challenged the doctrine of 1593:and occupied the city, as well as the neighbouring 1216:

MAG(NAE) BRIT(ANNIAE) FR(ANCIAE) ET HIB(ERNIAE) REX

457:, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported 10556:Russell, Conrad (1990), "The Man Charles Stuart", 10478:(2005), "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity", 9912: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3891:Christian III and Elizabeth were both children of 2564:. Parliament was reinstated, and the monarchy was 1759:In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the 693:). Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became 11582: 9960:, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 9700: 9675:, Edinburgh & London: W. & A. K. Johnston 9374:The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter 6070: 4221: 2095:, at his own suggestion, and then transferred to 591:, the traditional title of the second son of the 13725: 10322:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 906–912. 10285:The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641 10205:The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649 9915:A History of Britain: The British Wars 1603–1776 9462:, vol. 147, no. 147, pp. 65–100, 8244: 8242: 3949: 3842:The Scots were promised £400,000 in instalments. 2568:to Charles I's eldest son, Charles II, in 1660. 2521:, and Anglican devotional societies such as the 1589:, where they defeated the English forces at the 1163:depicted Charles as a victorious and chivalrous 764:, as their monarch, while Ferdinand was elected 10255:The Image of the King: Charles I and Charles II 3887: 3885: 2966:Coat of arms as Duke of York from 1611 to 1612 2631:, shared his interest and have been dubbed the 2528:With the monarchy overthrown, England became a 2483:(Greek for the "Royal Portrait"), contained an 480:, strengthened the position of the English and 10533:, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151–163, 10506:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 657–681, 10436:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 615–635, 10393:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 637–656, 10354:, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 609–627, 10294:The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647 10089:Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy 10072:, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 181–217, 9837:(2nd ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 9598:, London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2075:Parliament held Charles under house arrest at 2011:just a few days later. The king continued his 13914:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 13894:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 13246: 13098: 12853: 12591: 12446: 12144: 11568: 10798: 10482:, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 41–80, 10420:, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 742–764, 9754: 9525:(3rd ed.), Dublin: Gill & McMillon, 9335: 8239: 3768:in 1629–30. The landscape is modelled on the 2138:The royalists rose in May 1648, igniting the 2067:Charles at Carisbrooke Castle, as painted by 1909:and northern England. He set up his court at 1857:rebuffed by the town's Parliamentary governor 1435:in Scotland that was almost identical to the 867:Portrait of Charles as Prince of Wales after 10463:, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54–73, 10380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9937:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 9892:The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642 9714:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 3882: 3859: 3857: 3746:, which was the English New Year until 1752. 3040:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 2772:6 January 1605 – 27 March 1625: Duke of York 2639:, which included work by Titian, Correggio, 1984:, on 20 September. Just as at Edgehill, the 1799:, January 1642; a Victorian re-imagining by 476:to adopt high Anglican practices led to the 464:ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental 11365:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 10560:, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–211 9651: 9412:, vol. III, London: St Catherine Press 8859: 5736: 3738:All dates in this article are given in the 2655:. His collection grew further to encompass 2473:Cultural depictions of Charles I of England 13253: 13239: 13105: 13091: 12860: 12846: 12598: 12584: 12453: 12439: 12151: 12137: 11575: 11561: 11542:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 10805: 10791: 10578: 10338:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 9708:(October 2008) , "Charles I (1600–1649)", 9632: 9376:, London: Bell, Taylor, Baker, and Collins 8860:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977). 8254:, Official website of the British monarchy 5584: 3816:Their hostility was summarised in 1641 by 3766:Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon 2228:—all opposed the indictment as unlawful. 1949:between the two sides collapsed in April. 1456:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1340:was in the forefront of political debate. 40: 10266:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 10060: 10035: 10017: 9850: 9829: 9809: 9520: 9509:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9128: 8696: 8602: 8580: 8508: 8420: 8169: 8145: 8097: 8077: 8036: 7992: 7960: 7885: 7809: 7565: 7126: 6902: 6766: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6662: 6650: 6634: 6246: 6230: 6162: 6134: 6110: 6098: 5808: 5520: 5500: 5428: 5408: 5376: 5296: 5192: 5172: 5152: 5132: 4903: 4883: 4791: 4735: 4571: 4479: 4383: 4311: 4295: 3854: 3117:(1637–1671) in 1659. Had issue including 2738:, but while James's ambitions concerning 2394:Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers 2240:acted as President of the Court, and the 1960:on horseback in front of his troops, 1644 1744:and also predominantly Catholic; and the 1604:. By the time it met, on 24 September at 1007:(1624), a reply to the Catholic pamphlet 9791: 9670: 9501: 9457: 9290: 9168: 9107:Archbishop Laud, quoted by his chaplain 8840: 8720: 8157: 8089: 8065: 5608: 3091:(1626–1650) in 1641. She had one child: 2985: 2750: 2312: 2253: 2191: 2062: 1951: 1884: 1876: 1847:on 10 January, moving two days later to 1790: 1715: 1660: 1412: 1352:In 1633, Charles appointed William Laud 1318: 1236: 1221: 1202: 1155: 1066: 935: 862: 637: 538: 445:, generated antipathy and mistrust from 13789:English pretenders to the French throne 10366:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt (2017), 10264:Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule 9994: 9889: 9868: 9766:(2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, 9711:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9571: 9559: 9481: 9380: 9368: 9350: 9278: 9266: 9227: 9095: 9062: 9042: 9002: 8990: 8966: 8958: 8930: 8926: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8788: 8748: 8732: 8676: 8660: 8629: 8617: 8496: 8484: 8472: 8464: 8452: 8444: 8432: 8416: 8400: 8396: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8360: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8288: 8276: 8272: 8233: 8225: 8213: 8209: 8185: 8181: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8109: 8016: 7972: 7945: 7937: 7925: 7917: 7901: 7889: 7881: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7825: 7821: 7789: 7761: 7749: 7721: 7693: 7677: 7649: 7625: 7601: 7597: 7577: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7481: 7449: 7421: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7353: 7341: 7314: 7274: 7238: 7226: 7222: 7210: 7206: 7194: 7154: 7138: 7110: 7098: 7090: 7078: 7074: 7054: 7046: 7034: 7018: 7006: 6970: 6886: 6846: 6822: 6798: 6782: 6754: 6738: 6686: 6646: 6626: 6614: 6610: 6554: 6542: 6522: 6510: 6471: 6435: 6415: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6379: 6371: 6359: 6314: 6302: 6258: 6206: 6150: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5967: 5916: 5896: 5876: 5856: 5820: 5804: 5792: 5512: 5488: 5460: 5388: 5372: 5360: 5344: 5284: 5256: 5232: 5208: 5204: 5104: 5084: 5060: 5040: 5036: 5020: 5000: 4968: 4952: 4915: 4875: 4811: 4803: 4787: 4759: 4723: 4667: 4583: 4559: 4531: 4515: 4491: 4455: 4443: 4435: 4399: 4379: 4367: 4351: 4283: 4271: 4251: 4215: 4203: 4175: 4135: 4123: 4087: 4056: 4041: 3979: 3967: 2507:Church of England's liturgical calendar 1920:, on 23 October 1642. Charles's nephew 1696:a final settlement of the Bishops' Wars 1431:rite. In 1637, he ordered the use of a 1229:of Charles I, showing a crown over two 1151: 911:Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex 14: 13726: 10624:Works by or about Charles I of England 10249: 10049: 9950: 9907: 9779: 9733: 9679: 9593: 9416: 9242: 9240: 9199: 9156: 9152: 9124: 9082: 9066: 9046: 9030: 9014: 8942: 8828: 8824: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8792: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8756: 8752: 8736: 8550: 8320: 7865: 7805: 7653: 7645: 7521: 7290: 7278: 7178: 7150: 7022: 6994: 6958: 6946: 6922: 6918: 6906: 6890: 6874: 6858: 6838: 6810: 6778: 6674: 6630: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6558: 6534: 6498: 6455: 6399: 6242: 6214: 6194: 6122: 6051: 5991: 5979: 5936: 5904: 5884: 5864: 5832: 5788: 5768: 5752: 5724: 5720: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5560: 5524: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5392: 5320: 5272: 5260: 5244: 5044: 5024: 5008: 5004: 4988: 4972: 4927: 4847: 4775: 4627: 4467: 4463: 4411: 4387: 4315: 4187: 4159: 3598: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3356: 3246: 3242: 2623:. His close associates, including the 2208:at the end of 1648, and thereafter to 2178:. It was effectively a military coup. 1314: 13839:Peers of Scotland created by James VI 13234: 13086: 12867: 12841: 12605: 12579: 12434: 12132: 11556: 10786: 10309: 10104: 10091:(Revised ed.), London: Pimlico, 10050:Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921), 10022:, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 9973: 9932: 9617:Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy 9611: 9538: 9355:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 9231: 8978: 8954: 8914: 8898: 8874: 8692: 8680: 8664: 8648: 8633: 8468: 8448: 8404: 8356: 8340: 8312: 8292: 8229: 8197: 8129: 8093: 8048: 8032: 8020: 8004: 7988: 7941: 7921: 7905: 7837: 7793: 7765: 7733: 7717: 7665: 7633: 7613: 7585: 7561: 7541: 7517: 7501: 7485: 7469: 7457: 7437: 7425: 7409: 7369: 7326: 7302: 7246: 7166: 7114: 7070: 7014: 6982: 6934: 6862: 6842: 6834: 6570: 6538: 6518: 6483: 6447: 6423: 6375: 6355: 6318: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6226: 6178: 6146: 6082: 6047: 5952: 5932: 5880: 5828: 5784: 5659:, pp. 284–292, 328–345, 351–359. 5652: 5620: 5572: 5548: 5536: 5516: 5496: 5476: 5456: 5424: 5348: 5332: 5323:, pp. 509–536, 541–545, 825–834. 5308: 5240: 5236: 5188: 5168: 5148: 5092: 5072: 4984: 4956: 4923: 4899: 4863: 4835: 4823: 4807: 4763: 4747: 4731: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4671: 4655: 4639: 4603: 4587: 4547: 4535: 4511: 4499: 4495: 4459: 4439: 4423: 4407: 4375: 4339: 4327: 4307: 4291: 4255: 4199: 4155: 4151: 4139: 4111: 4099: 4083: 4071: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3998: 3983: 3943: 3674: 3664: 3660: 3648: 3642: 3632: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3586: 3580: 3570: 3554: 3544: 3540: 3528: 3522: 3512: 3496: 3486: 3482: 3458: 3448: 3432: 3422: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3390: 3374: 3364: 3360: 3344: 3338: 3328: 3312: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3280: 3270: 3254: 3250: 2491:wrote a Parliamentary rejoinder, the 2339:, where he had been confined, to the 1569:By this stage the Earl of Strafford, 754:defenestrating the Catholic governors 654:In January 1605, Charles was created 449:religious groups such as the English 12158: 10313:"Charles I. (King of England)" 10083: 9794:Martyrdom: A Very Short Introduction 9652:Jordan, Don; Walsh, Michael (2012). 9619:, London: Adam & Charles Black, 9437: 9302: 9254: 9215: 9187: 9140: 9070: 9050: 9026: 8962: 8894: 8708: 8540:from the original on 14 October 2017 7984: 7777: 7745: 7705: 7681: 7629: 7581: 7537: 7513: 7497: 7453: 7357: 7270: 7258: 7242: 7190: 7094: 7066: 7050: 7010: 6794: 6742: 6514: 6467: 6451: 6419: 6298: 6210: 6190: 6174: 6094: 6043: 5948: 5920: 5900: 5860: 5844: 5824: 5780: 5764: 5748: 5648: 5632: 5596: 5492: 5420: 5404: 5220: 5184: 5164: 5144: 5120: 5108: 5088: 5056: 4940: 4919: 4895: 4879: 4851: 4727: 4651: 4615: 4591: 4519: 4403: 4371: 4355: 4287: 4267: 4239: 4227: 4171: 3955: 3931: 3927: 2872:of three points, each bearing three 2763: 1866: 1636: 1018:, the doctrine that God preordained 148:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 70:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 13844:Peers of England created by James I 12460: 10615:Works by Charles I, King of England 10558:The Causes of the English Civil War 10172:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10170:Charles I and the People of England 9874:The Causes of the English Civil War 9567:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9385:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 9315:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913 9247:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913 9237: 3341:James I of England (VI of Scotland) 3016:Descendants of Charles I of England 2898:(for France) and Gules three lions 2499:Convocations of Canterbury and York 1360:be celebrated as prescribed by the 952:to the 15-year-old French princess 705:. In November 1616, he was created 24: 13864:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 13320:History of Christianity in Britain 13069: 12813: 12404: 10368:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 10301:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1964), 10292:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1958), 10123: 10079:from the original on 30 April 2018 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2881:he bore the royal arms differenced 2858:As Duke of York, Charles bore the 2523:Society of King Charles the Martyr 2459:, London, but it was never built. 2449:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 2391:Another of Delaroche's paintings, 1705: 1619: 1466:government by elders and deacons. 1135:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 1085:Chancellor of Cambridge University 567:, Fife, on 19 November 1600. At a 241:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 25: 13935: 13112: 10576:National Portrait Gallery, London 10565: 10327: 10020:The Scottish Revolution 1637–1644 9424:(3rd ed.), London: Longman, 7548:, pp. 230, 232–234, 237–238. 5939:, pp. 809–813, 825–834, 895. 3232:Ancestors of Charles I of England 2079:in Northamptonshire until Cornet 1167:in an English landscape, 1629–30. 999:, who was in disrepute among the 18:Charles I of England and Scotland 13708: 13301: 10426:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00591.x 10344:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00074.x 10257:, London: Hodder & Stoughton 10203:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1882), 9979:The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689 9221: 9146: 9118: 9101: 9088: 9056: 9036: 9020: 8948: 8920: 8884: 8868: 8834: 8818: 8798: 8782: 8762: 8742: 8726: 8686: 8670: 8654: 8623: 8523:Henry VIII's Final Resting Place 8514: 8458: 8438: 8410: 8390: 8366: 8350: 8326: 8298: 8282: 8266: 8219: 8203: 8175: 8135: 8115: 8083: 8026: 8010: 7978: 7931: 7911: 7895: 7875: 7859: 7843: 7815: 7799: 7783: 7755: 7739: 7711: 7671: 7639: 7619: 7591: 7571: 7551: 7527: 7507: 7491: 7475: 7443: 7415: 7363: 7347: 7264: 7232: 7216: 7200: 7184: 7144: 7104: 7084: 7060: 7040: 7000: 6912: 6896: 6880: 6852: 6828: 6788: 6772: 6732: 6680: 6640: 6620: 6604: 6564: 6548: 6528: 6504: 6461: 6441: 6409: 6385: 6365: 6349: 6324: 6308: 6292: 6252: 6236: 6220: 6200: 6184: 6168: 6140: 6088: 6033: 5942: 5926: 5910: 5890: 5870: 5850: 5814: 5798: 5774: 5758: 5742: 5714: 5690: 5662: 5638: 5506: 5482: 5446: 5414: 5398: 5382: 3877:Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus 3845: 3836: 3823: 3810: 3801: 3217:(1640–1701) in 1661. Had issue. 3131:(1658–1718) in 1673. Had issue. 2747:Titles, styles, honours and arms 2384: 2366: 2299:signed Charles's death warrant. 2266:Presaging the modern concept of 2119:, Parliamentary Governor of the 1542: 1533: 1469: 1336:Throughout Charles's reign, the 1140: 1079:A poorly conceived and executed 1047:, hoping for the capture of the 879:Charles and Buckingham, James's 788:and his hereditary lands in the 716: 683:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 412:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 378: 13859:People of the English Civil War 13260: 12496:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541) 10842:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 10597:at the official website of the 10588:at the official website of the 10045:(10th ed.), London: Putnam 9855:, London: Chatto & Windus, 9383:Charles I: The Personal Monarch 5366: 5338: 5250: 5226: 5198: 5178: 5158: 5138: 5098: 5078: 5050: 5030: 5014: 4994: 4978: 4962: 4946: 4933: 4909: 4889: 4869: 4841: 4797: 4781: 4753: 4717: 4677: 4661: 4645: 4577: 4541: 4525: 4505: 4485: 4449: 4429: 4393: 4361: 4345: 4301: 4277: 4261: 4245: 4193: 4165: 4145: 4129: 4077: 4031: 3792: 3783: 3758: 3749: 3619:Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg 3257:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 2550:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2297:Fifty-nine of the commissioners 1795:Charles attempts to arrest the 1780: 1325:Charles I with M. de St Antoine 1241:Charles with paned sleeves, by 980:in September 1625. Charles was 756:. In August 1619, the Bohemian 468:forces successfully during the 266: 13909:Lord high stewards of Scotland 13754:17th-century Scottish monarchs 10839:Monarchs of England until 1603 10370:(5th ed.), pp. 54–97 10310:Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). 9957:The Personal Rule of Charles I 3973: 3921: 3732: 2694: 2525:, were founded in his honour. 2051:, and was taken northwards to 1374:, an organisation that bought 1272:statute forbidding such action 1081:naval expedition against Spain 931: 13: 1: 13769:17th-century English nobility 13759:17th-century English monarchs 11584:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 10221:Charles I and the Popish Plot 10218:Hibbard, Caroline M. (1983), 9816:, Harlow: Pearson Education, 9785:Rubens: the Whitehall Ceiling 9488:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 9444:, Harlow: Pearson Education, 8957:, pp. 167–169; see also 6071:Kishlansky & Morrill 2008 3910: 3772:, and the central figures of 2683:, and self-portraits by both 1725: 1644:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 1245: 1104:an attack on the French coast 872: 760:chose Frederick, who led the 738:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 727:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 647: 548: 534: 324:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans 13288:Continuing Anglican movement 10504:Huntington Library Quarterly 10434:Huntington Library Quarterly 10391:Huntington Library Quarterly 9935:In Contempt of All Authority 9851:Robertson, Geoffrey (2005), 9727:UK public library membership 9673:The Heraldry of the Stewarts 9671:Johnston, G. Harvey (1906), 9406:; Doubleday, Arthur (1913), 8553:Postgraduate Medical Journal 8051:, between pages 420 and 421. 3915: 3179:Born and died the same day. 3123:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 3089:William II, Prince of Orange 2302: 2058: 1419:Charles I in Three Positions 1009:A New Gag for the New Gospel 472:. His attempts to force the 7: 13774:17th-century Scottish peers 13764:17th-century Irish monarchs 13749:16th-century Scottish peers 13687:Anglicanism of the Americas 11449:British monarchs after the 10572:Portraits of King Charles I 10190:, New York: PublicAffairs, 10063:"The Royal Farthing Tokens" 9894:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9876:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9796:, Oxford University Press, 9596:Why was Charles I Executed? 9523:Seventeenth Century Ireland 9521:Gillespie, Raymond (2006), 9441:Charles I: A Political Life 8531:St George's Chapel, Windsor 3223: 2918:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 2887:, I and IV Grandquarterly, 2605:Banqueting House, Whitehall 2574:State Opening of Parliament 2335:He walked under guard from 2319:Banqueting House, Whitehall 1460:episcopal church government 1406:, whipped and mutilated by 1372:Feoffees for Impropriations 1198: 1026:. Anti-Calvinists—known as 824:, was impeached before the 802:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain 794:invaded by a Habsburg force 623:appointed as his guardian. 429:, which sought to curb his 416:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain 10: 13940: 13919:Children of James VI and I 13392:Dissolution of Monasteries 12500:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 10461:Journal of British Studies 10109:, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 10105:Young, Michael B. (1997), 10070:British Numismatic Journal 9485:The Last Days of Charles I 9344: 6336:The State Hermitage Museum 3592: 3557:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 3476: 3350: 3283:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3244: 3013: 2879:. As the Prince of Wales, 2820: 2583: 2466: 2377:in the nineteenth century. 2306: 2185: 2115:made contact with Colonel 2045:from which Charles escaped 1922:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1870: 1784: 1740:, who were descended from 1709: 1632:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1629: 1623: 1473: 1144: 1005:A New Gag for an Old Goose 848:. James insisted that the 721:In 1613, Charles's sister 398:Charles was born into the 283: 13705: 13697:Reformed Episcopal Church 13649: 13549: 13482: 13310: 13299: 13268: 13218: 13120: 13067: 12875: 12824: 12811: 12613: 12563: 12468: 12415: 12402: 12166: 12105: 11825: 11590: 11537: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11377: 11360: 11356: 10833: 10829: 10770: 10755: 10742: 10734: 10727: 10717: 10708: 10688: 10675: 10667: 10662: 10635: 10360:10.1017/S0018246X90000013 10281:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica 10186:de Lisle, Leanda (2017), 10061:Weightman, A. E. (1906), 10042:England under the Stuarts 10018:Stevenson, David (1973), 9919:, London: BBC Worldwide, 9810:Quintrell, Brian (1993), 9792:Mitchell, Jolyon (2012), 9787:, Oxford University Press 9687:, London: Penguin Books, 9633:Hunneyball, Paul (2010). 9381:Carlton, Charles (1995), 9336:Louda & Maclagan 1999 7452:, pp. 268–269, 272; 3662: 3654: 3626: 3604: 3600: 3564: 3542: 3534: 3506: 3484: 3480: 3442: 3420: 3412: 3384: 3362: 3358: 3322: 3300: 3292: 3264: 3248: 3185:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2860:royal arms of the kingdom 2462: 2196:Charles at his trial, by 2021:Newbury for a second time 2005:battle of Cropredy Bridge 1736:, who were Catholic; the 1307:refused to grant a loan, 1210:of Charles I, inscribed: 1011:, Montagu argued against 956:in front of the doors of 420:Henrietta Maria of France 404:King James VI of Scotland 374: 364: 354: 344: 332: 319:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 276: 255:Henrietta Maria of France 248: 233: 229: 215: 198: 185: 181: 171: 161: 153: 143: 129: 94: 84: 74: 66: 48: 39: 34: 13899:Publicly executed people 13330:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 13222:Dukes of York and Albany 12567:Dukes of York and Albany 9933:Sharp, Buchanan (1980), 9890:Russell, Conrad (1991), 9482:Edwards, Graham (1999), 8981:, pp. 249–250, 278. 8565:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055848 6450:, p. 330; see also 5727:, pp. 680, 758–763. 3725: 3499:Christian III of Denmark 2981: 2595:, and acquired works by 2443:and Henry's third wife, 2181: 2039:royalists, and then the 1855:. To his dismay, he was 1462:by bishops, and adopted 1384:Court of High Commission 1354:Archbishop of Canterbury 928:control of the kingdom. 782:Battle of White Mountain 523:. The monarchy would be 299:Mary, Princess of Orange 13879:Executed British people 13854:People from Dunfermline 13715:Christianity portal 13657:Converts to Anglicanism 13352:Augustine of Canterbury 12182:Edward the Black Prince 10319:Encyclopædia Britannica 10245:, London: Folio Society 10004:, London: HarperPress, 9739:Politics and the Nation 9503:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson 8864:. Dalesman. p. 15. 8853:Encyclopædia Britannica 8080:, pp. 15, 148–149. 5737:Jordan & Walsh 2012 3525:Frederick II of Denmark 3215:Philip, Duke of Orléans 2853: 2755:Charles, as painted by 2503:King Charles the Martyr 2212:. In January 1649, the 1838:parliamentary privilege 1712:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1049:Spanish treasure fleets 804:, and began to see the 631:, the wife of courtier 555:The second son of King 517:Commonwealth of England 501:constitutional monarchy 211:, Westminster, England 194:, Dunfermline, Scotland 13904:Christian royal saints 13692:Free Church of England 13074: 12818: 12409: 11592:Monarchs of the Picts 10599:Royal Collection Trust 10243:The Trial of Charles I 10168:Cressy, David (2015), 10135:Charles I and Cromwell 9594:Holmes, Clive (2006), 9438:Cust, Richard (2005), 9400:Cokayne, George Edward 9351:Adamson, John (2007), 8251:Charles I (r. 1625–49) 3893:Frederick I of Denmark 3011: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2760: 2713:Samuel Rawson Gardiner 2579: 2399:later events in France 2321: 2309:Execution of Charles I 2285: 2268:command responsibility 2259: 2201: 2105:fruitless negotiations 2072: 2009:battle of Marston Moor 1961: 1894: 1882: 1803: 1729: 1666: 1602:great council of peers 1571:Lord Deputy of Ireland 1423: 1333: 1252: 1234: 1219: 1168: 1110:—spurred Louis XIII's 1076: 984:on 2 February 1626 at 945: 876: 838:the Duke of Buckingham 651: 612:Elizabeth I of England 563:, Charles was born in 552: 13849:Knights of the Garter 13682:Anglican prayer beads 13564:Book of Common Prayer 13521:Lambeth Quadrilateral 13372:Medieval architecture 13293:Personal ordinariates 13149:Richard of Shrewsbury 13073: 12817: 12554:Prince Charles Edward 12422:Principality of Wales 12408: 12212:Edward of Westminster 11827:Monarchs of the Scots 10637:Charles I of England 10512:10.1353/hlq.2015.0037 10442:10.1353/hlq.2015.0025 10399:10.1353/hlq.2015.0031 10262:Reeve, L. J. (1989), 10213:Volume II (1640–1642) 9853:The Tyrannicide Brief 9720:10.1093/ref:odnb/5143 9468:10.1093/past/147.1.65 9029:, pp. 414, 466; 7580:, pp. 303, 305; 7372:, pp. 378, 385; 7209:, pp. 234, 236; 6689:, pp. 183, 229; 5751:, pp. 212, 219; 5655:, pp. 267, 273; 5407:, pp. 130, 193; 3645:Sophia of Mecklenburg 3067:Catherine of Braganza 2989: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2807:Defender of the Faith 2759:between 1637 and 1638 2754: 2736:divine right of kings 2397:, is an allegory for 2316: 2280: 2257: 2204:Charles was moved to 2195: 2066: 2013:campaign in the south 1955: 1888: 1880: 1794: 1719: 1664: 1439:Book of Common Prayer 1416: 1368:Declaration of Sports 1363:Book of Common Prayer 1322: 1240: 1225: 1206: 1159: 1145:Further information: 1070: 939: 866: 846:the Earl of Strafford 748:. The next year, the 641: 629:Elizabeth, Lady Carey 607:and Lord Ardmannoch. 542: 519:was established as a 435:divine right of kings 433:. He believed in the 402:as the second son of 13734:Charles I of England 13515:Thirty-nine Articles 13407:Apostolic succession 13283:Anglican realignment 12172:Edward of Caernarfon 11908:Constantine III (IV) 11873:Constantine II (III) 11419:William III & II 10984:Henry the Young King 10934:Edward the Confessor 10902:Æthelred the Unready 10488:10.1093/pastj/gti027 10209:Volume I (1637–1640) 9813:Charles I: 1625–1640 9575:(24 November 2009), 9561:Hibbert, Christopher 9409:The Complete Peerage 9281:, pp. 531, 534. 9234:, pp. 436, 440. 8897:, pp. 156–157; 8827:, pp. 175–176; 8755:, pp. 166–168; 8419:, pp. 279–280; 8347:, pp. 157, 279. 8291:, pp. 352–353; 8228:, pp. 350–351; 8128:, pp. 132–146; 8124:, pp. 345–346; 8092:, pp. 371–374; 8035:, pp. 435–436; 8019:, pp. 125–126; 7948:, pp. 255, 273. 7924:, pp. 429–430; 7920:, pp. 335–337; 7888:, pp. 118–119; 7764:, pp. 329–330; 7648:, pp. 224–236; 7632:, pp. 429–430; 7520:, pp. 396–397; 7516:, pp. 403–405; 7500:, pp. 404–405; 7484:, pp. 275–278; 7245:, pp. 338–341; 7225:, pp. 237–238; 7193:, pp. 326–327; 7097:, pp. 320–321; 7069:, pp. 321–324; 7013:, pp. 323–324; 7009:, pp. 235–236; 6921:, pp. 416–417; 6837:, pp. 340–341; 6797:, pp. 307–308; 6613:, pp. 225–226; 6521:, pp. 333–334; 6486:, pp. 329, 333. 6470:, pp. 283–287; 6418:, pp. 222–223; 6213:, pp. 265–266; 6193:, pp. 264–265; 6177:, pp. 262–263; 6153:, pp. 147, 150. 6149:, pp. 313–314; 6097:, pp. 185–186; 6050:, pp. 305–307; 6046:, pp. 253–259; 6042:, pp. 211–212; 5903:, pp. 246–247; 5883:, pp. 290–292; 5863:, pp. 230–231; 5859:, pp. 197–199; 5831:, pp. 288–289; 5827:, pp. 224–230; 5823:, pp. 189–197; 5791:, pp. 783–784; 5783:, pp. 223–224; 5703:, pp. 113–115; 5651:, pp. 133–147; 5647:, pp. 174–175; 5519:, pp. 224–227; 5495:, pp. 212–217; 5459:, pp. 215–216; 5427:, pp. 301–302; 5259:, pp. 153–154; 5239:, pp. 187–197; 5235:, pp. 169–171; 5059:, pp. 148–150; 5043:, pp. 109–111; 5003:, pp. 112–113; 4971:, pp. 110–112; 4926:, pp. 175–176; 4918:, pp. 103–104; 4810:, pp. 154–160; 4734:, pp. 138–147; 4498:, pp. 103–105; 3873:James IV of Scotland 3869:Henry VII of England 3831:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 3677:Elizabeth of Denmark 3461:Charles I of England 3403:Mary, Queen of Scots 3093:William III & II 3075:Mary, Princess Royal 2844:Knight of the Garter 2757:Sir Anthony van Dyck 2740:absolute prerogative 2701:John Philipps Kenyon 1956:Charles depicted by 1845:Hampton Court Palace 1754:plantation of Ulster 1720:Charles wearing the 1422:by van Dyck, 1635–36 1152:Parliament prorogued 1112:siege of La Rochelle 1073:Gerrit van Honthorst 1053:tonnage and poundage 970:Louis XIII of France 828:for corruption. The 790:Electoral Palatinate 672:Knight of the Garter 557:James VI of Scotland 13799:Princes of Scotland 13779:Protestant monarchs 13382:English Reformation 13325:Celtic Christianity 13137:Richard Plantagenet 12232:Edward of Middleham 12192:Richard of Bordeaux 11938:Malcolm III Canmore 11367:Union of the Crowns 10476:Kishlansky, Mark A. 10305:, London: Macmillan 10137:, London: Methuen, 9831:Robertson, Geoffrey 9741:, London: Fontana, 9702:Kishlansky, Mark A. 9305:, pp. 252–254. 9143:, pp. 466–474. 9113:Cyprianus Angelicus 9053:, pp. 472–473. 8831:, pp. 177–180. 8795:, pp. 455–459. 8759:, pp. 450–452. 8699:, pp. 208–209. 8407:, pp. 443–444. 8236:, pp. 276–277. 8200:, pp. 440–441. 8160:, pp. 374–376. 8132:, pp. 437–440. 8100:, pp. 15, 149. 8068:, pp. 371–374. 8039:, pp. 143–144. 7975:, pp. 99, 109. 7928:, pp. 253–254. 7828:, pp. 122–124. 7736:, pp. 419–420. 7708:, pp. 435–436. 7696:, pp. 312–314. 7668:, pp. 412–414. 7656:, pp. 101–109. 7636:, pp. 411–413. 7588:, pp. 407–408. 7472:, pp. 388–389. 7440:, pp. 382–386. 7412:, pp. 381–382. 7376:, pp. 195–198. 7305:, pp. 366–367. 7293:, pp. 423–424. 7229:, pp. 181–182. 7197:, pp. 180–181. 7157:, pp. 114–115. 7081:, pp. 113–114. 6937:, pp. 341–342. 6925:, pp. 118–120. 6909:, pp. 118–120. 6893:, pp. 118–120. 6637:, pp. 238–239. 6561:, pp. 127–128. 6545:, pp. 156–157. 6438:, pp. 154–155. 6362:, pp. 151–153. 6289:, pp. 324–325. 6265:, pp. 317–319. 6249:, pp. 212–213. 6233:, pp. 212–213. 6217:, pp. 916–918. 6197:, pp. 914–916. 6181:, pp. 313–315. 6137:, pp. 183–208. 5935:, pp. 44, 66; 5907:, pp. 805–806. 5887:, pp. 797–802. 5867:, pp. 792–794. 5847:, pp. 236–237. 5835:, pp. 788–791. 5811:, pp. 186–187. 5771:, pp. 780–781. 5755:, pp. 774–776. 5687:, pp. 175–176. 5675:, pp. 310–312. 5551:, pp. 312–313. 5527:, pp. 116–120. 5395:, pp. 585–588. 5223:, pp. 121–122. 5123:, pp. 114–115. 5075:, pp. 190–195. 5047:, pp. 170–171. 5011:, pp. 170–171. 4991:, pp. 107–108. 4866:, pp. 170–173. 4838:, pp. 173–174. 4790:, pp. 75, 81; 4778:, pp. 369–370. 4766:, pp. 149–151. 4702:, pp. 54, 114. 4690:, pp. 54, 114. 4606:, pp. 130–131. 3901:Sophia of Pomerania 3897:Anne of Brandenburg 3377:James V of Scotland 2469:English Interregnum 2341:Palace of Whitehall 2276:given to him by God 2053:Newcastle upon Tyne 1970:siege to Gloucester 1938:capturing Brentford 1899:commission of array 1821:Sir Arthur Haselrig 1722:Order of the Garter 1587:Newcastle upon Tyne 1502:Battle of the Downs 1338:English Reformation 1315:Religious conflicts 1283:in the case of the 958:Notre Dame de Paris 798:Spanish Netherlands 511:, and executed for 216:Cause of death 13874:Dethroned monarchs 13438:King James Version 13278:Anglican Communion 13075: 12819: 12410: 12011:Second Interregnum 11978:William I the Lion 11847:Constantine I (II) 11837:Kenneth I MacAlpin 11451:Acts of Union 1707 11414:James II & VII 11107:Kenneth I MacAlpin 10892:Edgar the Peaceful 10760:Title next held by 10698:Title next held by 10352:Historical Journal 9981:, London: Arnold, 9573:Higgins, Charlotte 9338:, pp. 27, 50. 8965:, p. 157 and 7884:, pp. 84–85; 7488:, pp. 391–392 7460:, pp. 387–388 6474:, pp. 291–295 6454:, p. 282 and 6398:, p. 154 and 5611:, pp. 65–100. 5599:, pp. 97–103. 5523:, pp. 61–62; 4806:, pp. 86–88; 4730:, pp. 50–52; 4726:, pp. 71–75; 4670:, pp. 68–69; 4574:, pp. 16, 21. 4562:, pp. 55, 70. 4406:, pp. 36–38; 4354:, pp. 42–43; 4310:, pp. 87–89; 4294:, pp. 78–82; 4290:, pp. 32–34; 4286:, pp. 34–38; 4202:, pp. 67–68; 4158:, pp. 27–28; 4086:, pp. 18–19; 3867:, the daughter of 3101:James II & VII 3012: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2831:Knight of the Bath 2761: 2625:Duke of Buckingham 2546:Anglo-Scottish War 2451:. The king's son, 2322: 2289:sovereign immunity 2260: 2202: 2188:Trial of Charles I 2125:Carisbrooke Castle 2109:Berwick-upon-Tweed 2073: 1982:Newbury, Berkshire 1962: 1895: 1891:battle of Edgehill 1883: 1804: 1761:Grand Remonstrance 1730: 1667: 1658:in February 1641. 1486:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1482:First Bishops' War 1424: 1334: 1305:East India Company 1253: 1235: 1220: 1169: 1123:Five Knights' Case 1108:Saint-Martin-de-Ré 1077: 1003:. In his pamphlet 946: 915:Ernst von Mansfeld 892:English penal laws 877: 778:English Parliament 766:Holy Roman Emperor 750:Bohemians rebelled 660:Knight of the Bath 652: 601:Marquess of Ormond 565:Dunfermline Palace 553: 474:Church of Scotland 427:English Parliament 304:James VII & II 192:Dunfermline Palace 13869:Executed monarchs 13824:Dukes of Rothesay 13819:Dukes of Cornwall 13721: 13720: 13627:Books of Homilies 13469:Anglo-Catholicism 13402:Church of Ireland 13397:Church of England 13228: 13227: 13131:Edward of Norwich 13125:Edmund of Langley 13080: 13079: 12869:Dukes of Rothesay 12835: 12834: 12607:Dukes of Cornwall 12573: 12572: 12485:Alexander Stewart 12428: 12427: 12202:Henry of Monmouth 12126: 12125: 11999:First Interregnum 11550: 11549: 11533: 11532: 11436: 11435: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11346: 10897:Edward the Martyr 10781: 10780: 10718:Succeeded by 10619:Project Gutenberg 10296:, London: Collins 10287:, London: Collins 10197:978-1-6103-9560-1 10163:978-0-3304-2709-8 10157:, Pan Macmillan, 10144:978-0-4131-6270-0 10098:978-0-7126-7448-5 10011:978-0-0072-4750-9 9883:978-0-1982-2141-8 9844:978-0-1410-1014-4 9803:978-0-1916-4244-9 9773:978-0-3168-4820-6 9760:Maclagan, Michael 9725:(Subscription or 9663:978-1-4087-0327-4 9656:. Little, Brown. 9644:978-1-1070-0225-8 9532:978-0-7171-3946-0 9431:978-0-5827-7251-9 9362:978-0-2978-4262-0 9049:, p. xxiii; 8847:"Black Rod" 7524:, pp. 72–73. 6653:, pp. 42–43. 5919:, pp. 9–10; 5623:, pp. 40–46. 5539:, pp. 82 ff. 5503:, pp. 12–13. 5431:, pp. 65–66. 5247:, pp. 65–68. 4975:, pp. 48–49. 4814:, pp. 91–95. 4738:, pp. 21–28. 4618:, pp. 84–86. 4426:, pp. 97–99. 4358:, pp. 34–35. 4342:, pp. 85–87. 4274:, pp. 30–32. 4206:, pp. 49–50. 4178:, pp. 49–50. 4142:, pp. 26–28. 4090:, pp. 21–23. 3722: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3221: 3220: 3193:13 September 1660 2979: 2978: 2764:Titles and styles 2505:was added to the 2437:Westminster Abbey 2403:mocking of Christ 2337:St James's Palace 2246:Solicitor General 2152:Battle of Preston 2113:Southampton Water 2099:and subsequently 2086:congregationalist 1990:Oxford Parliament 1972:, further up the 1958:Wenceslaus Hollar 1873:English Civil War 1867:English Civil War 1801:Charles West Cope 1770:Militia Ordinance 1637:Tensions escalate 1591:Battle of Newburn 1554:Earl of Strafford 1510:Irish parliaments 1494:Treaty of Berwick 1452:National Covenant 1188:peace with France 1127:Petition of Right 986:Westminster Abbey 966:Church of England 944:by van Dyck, 1632 900:Count of Olivares 858:royal prerogative 854:princess of Wales 834:bill of attainder 774:Thirty Years' War 770:imperial election 597:subsidiary titles 527:to Charles's son 489:English Civil War 470:Thirty Years' War 431:royal prerogative 386: 385: 16:(Redirected from 13931: 13804:Princes of Wales 13713: 13712: 13459:Nonjuring schism 13454:Caroline Divines 13305: 13255: 13248: 13241: 13232: 13231: 13169:(1633/1644–1685) 13107: 13100: 13093: 13084: 13083: 13072: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12816: 12661:(1460; disputed) 12600: 12593: 12586: 12577: 12576: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12432: 12431: 12397: 12387: 12377: 12367: 12357: 12347: 12337: 12327: 12317: 12307: 12297: 12287: 12277: 12267: 12257: 12247: 12237: 12227: 12217: 12207: 12197: 12187: 12177: 12160:Princes of Wales 12153: 12146: 12139: 12130: 12129: 12119: 12110:also monarch of 11577: 11570: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11442: 11441: 11402:Richard Cromwell 11392:The Protectorate 11382:James I & VI 11358: 11357: 10939:Harold Godwinson 10859:Edward the Elder 10852:Alfred the Great 10836: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10784: 10783: 10749:Duke of Rothesay 10745:Duke of Cornwall 10735:Preceded by 10711:King of Scotland 10671:James I & VI 10668:Preceded by 10658: 10651: 10650:19 November 1600 10633: 10632: 10628:Internet Archive 10590:British monarchy 10582: 10561: 10549: 10522: 10498: 10480:Past and Present 10471: 10452: 10428: 10409: 10385: 10379: 10371: 10362: 10346: 10323: 10315: 10306: 10297: 10288: 10276: 10258: 10246: 10234: 10200: 10182: 10147: 10119: 10101: 10080: 10078: 10067: 10057: 10046: 10037:Trevelyan, G. M. 10032: 10014: 9991: 9970: 9947: 9929: 9918: 9904: 9886: 9865: 9847: 9826: 9806: 9788: 9776: 9751: 9730: 9722: 9697: 9676: 9667: 9648: 9629: 9608: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9568: 9556: 9546:, London: Dent, 9535: 9517: 9498: 9478: 9460:Past and Present 9454: 9434: 9413: 9395: 9377: 9365: 9353:The Noble Revolt 9339: 9333: 9322: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9244: 9235: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9122: 9116: 9105: 9099: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9069:, p. xxii; 9065:, p. xvii; 9060: 9054: 9040: 9034: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8888: 8882: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8857: 8849: 8838: 8832: 8822: 8816: 8802: 8796: 8786: 8780: 8766: 8760: 8746: 8740: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8690: 8684: 8674: 8668: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8637: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8584: 8559:(980): 431–433, 8548: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8528: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8462: 8456: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8414: 8408: 8394: 8388: 8370: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8330: 8324: 8302: 8296: 8286: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8246: 8237: 8223: 8217: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8139: 8133: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8030: 8024: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7949: 7935: 7929: 7915: 7909: 7899: 7893: 7879: 7873: 7863: 7857: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7819: 7813: 7803: 7797: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7759: 7753: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7643: 7637: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7595: 7589: 7575: 7569: 7555: 7549: 7531: 7525: 7511: 7505: 7495: 7489: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7367: 7361: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7236: 7230: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7198: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7108: 7102: 7088: 7082: 7064: 7058: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6916: 6910: 6900: 6894: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6856: 6850: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6792: 6786: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6644: 6638: 6624: 6618: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6568: 6562: 6552: 6546: 6532: 6526: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6413: 6407: 6389: 6383: 6369: 6363: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6328: 6322: 6312: 6306: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6256: 6250: 6240: 6234: 6224: 6218: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6182: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6055: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5956: 5946: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5914: 5908: 5894: 5888: 5874: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5818: 5812: 5802: 5796: 5778: 5772: 5762: 5756: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5666: 5660: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5510: 5504: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5418: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5391:, pp. 8–9; 5386: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5254: 5248: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5202: 5196: 5182: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5102: 5096: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5054: 5048: 5034: 5028: 5018: 5012: 4998: 4992: 4982: 4976: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4913: 4907: 4893: 4887: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4801: 4795: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4681: 4675: 4665: 4659: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4529: 4523: 4509: 4503: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4453: 4447: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4397: 4391: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4281: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4149: 4143: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3904: 3889: 3880: 3861: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3736: 3315:Margaret Douglas 3238: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3194: 3146:8 September 1650 3143: 3142:29 December 1635 3110:6 September 1701 3107: 3084: 3083:24 December 1660 3023: 3022: 2925: 2910:); II Or a lion 2900:passant guardant 2699:In the words of 2556:with himself as 2554:the Protectorate 2538:Council of State 2388: 2370: 2345:Banqueting House 2234:Westminster Hall 2140:Second Civil War 2028:battle of Naseby 1966:captured Bristol 1829:William Lenthall 1742:medieval Normans 1727: 1595:county of Durham 1546: 1537: 1524:Short Parliament 1330:Anthony van Dyck 1250: 1247: 1037:Appello Caesarem 950:married by proxy 874: 850:House of Commons 762:Protestant Union 703:Duke of Rothesay 699:Duke of Cornwall 649: 633:Sir Robert Carey 593:king of Scotland 571:ceremony in the 550: 509:tried, convicted 439:absolute monarch 382: 287: 270: 268: 205: 189:19 November 1600 149: 131:King of Scotland 114:Council of State 44: 32: 31: 21: 13939: 13938: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13814:Dukes of Albany 13809:House of Stuart 13794:English princes 13784:Anglican saints 13724: 13723: 13722: 13717: 13707: 13701: 13645: 13616:Liturgical year 13545: 13478: 13464:Oxford Movement 13306: 13297: 13264: 13259: 13229: 13224: 13220:italics denote 13214: 13174:Ernest Augustus 13116: 13111: 13081: 13076: 13070: 13065: 12964:Henry Frederick 12871: 12866: 12836: 12831: 12828:Cornwall Portal 12820: 12814: 12809: 12714:Henry Frederick 12609: 12604: 12574: 12569: 12565:italics denote 12559: 12525:Ernest Augustus 12479:Murdoch Stewart 12464: 12462:Dukes of Albany 12459: 12429: 12424: 12411: 12400: 12390: 12380: 12370: 12360: 12350: 12340: 12330: 12320: 12310: 12300: 12290: 12280: 12272:Henry Frederick 12270: 12260: 12250: 12240: 12230: 12220: 12210: 12200: 12190: 12180: 12170: 12162: 12157: 12127: 12122: 12109: 12101: 11828: 11821: 11777:Constantine (I) 11657:Galam Cennalath 11593: 11586: 11581: 11551: 11546: 11529: 11456: 11432: 11397:Oliver Cromwell 11373: 11348: 11343: 11190:Constantine III 11099: 10924:Harold Harefoot 10914:Edmund Ironside 10825: 10820: and 10811: 10776: 10773:Prince of Wales 10761: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10738:Henry Frederick 10729:British royalty 10723: 10714: 10699: 10696: 10685: 10678:King of England 10673: 10657:30 January 1649 10652: 10646: 10645: 10642:House of Stuart 10638: 10568: 10555: 10539:10.2307/4049286 10528: 10501: 10474: 10458: 10431: 10418:History Compass 10415: 10388: 10373: 10372: 10365: 10349: 10336:History Compass 10333: 10330: 10300: 10291: 10279: 10274: 10261: 10251:Ollard, Richard 10237: 10232: 10217: 10198: 10185: 10180: 10167: 10145: 10131:Ashley, Maurice 10129: 10126: 10124:Further reading 10117: 10099: 10076: 10065: 10030: 10012: 9989: 9975:Smith, David L. 9968: 9945: 9927: 9902: 9884: 9870:Russell, Conrad 9863: 9845: 9824: 9804: 9774: 9749: 9724: 9695: 9664: 9645: 9627: 9613:Howat, G. M. D. 9606: 9585: 9583: 9554: 9533: 9496: 9452: 9432: 9393: 9363: 9347: 9342: 9334: 9325: 9313: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9245: 9238: 9230:, p. 160; 9226: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9198: 9194: 9186: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9123: 9119: 9106: 9102: 9093: 9089: 9085:, p. xxii. 9081: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9045:, p. xvi; 9041: 9037: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8961:, p. 142; 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929:, p. 145; 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901:, p. 194; 8893:, p. 141; 8889: 8885: 8873: 8869: 8839: 8835: 8823: 8819: 8811:, p. 177; 8807:, p. 174; 8803: 8799: 8791:, p. 190; 8787: 8783: 8775:, p. 170; 8771:, p. 121; 8767: 8763: 8751:, p. 190; 8747: 8743: 8735:, p. 190; 8731: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8695:, p. 445; 8691: 8687: 8679:, p. 189; 8675: 8671: 8663:, p. 188; 8659: 8655: 8647: 8640: 8632:, p. 183; 8628: 8624: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8471:, p. 445; 8467:, p. 197; 8463: 8459: 8451:, p. 445; 8447:, p. 184; 8443: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8415: 8411: 8403:, p. 183; 8399:, p. 354; 8395: 8391: 8383:, p. 279; 8379:, p. 182; 8375:, p. 354; 8371: 8367: 8355: 8351: 8343:, p. 444; 8339:, p. 179; 8335:, p. 353; 8331: 8327: 8319:, p. 279; 8315:, p. 444; 8311:, p. 178; 8307:, p. 353; 8303: 8299: 8287: 8283: 8275:, p. 352; 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8248: 8247: 8240: 8232:, p. 443; 8224: 8220: 8212:, p. 162; 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184:, p. 347; 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8148:, pp. 4–6. 8144:, p. 345; 8140: 8136: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8096:, p. 437; 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8031: 8027: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991:, p. 432; 7987:, p. 452; 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7963:, pp. 4–6. 7959: 7952: 7944:, p. 432; 7936: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7904:, p. 326; 7900: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7868:, p. 237; 7864: 7860: 7852:, p. 336; 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7824:, p. 251; 7820: 7816: 7808:, p. 237; 7804: 7800: 7792:, p. 331; 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7760: 7756: 7748:, p. 437; 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720:, p. 419; 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680:, p. 311; 7676: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7628:, p. 310; 7624: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7600:, p. 309; 7596: 7592: 7584:, p. 420; 7576: 7572: 7564:, p. 406; 7560:, p. 300; 7556: 7552: 7544:, p. 398; 7540:, p. 408; 7536:, p. 294; 7532: 7528: 7512: 7508: 7496: 7492: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456:, p. 389; 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424:, p. 263; 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7368: 7364: 7356:, p. 254; 7352: 7348: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277:, p. 182; 7273:, p. 352; 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7241:, p. 238; 7237: 7233: 7221: 7217: 7205: 7201: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7153:, p. 418; 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7113:, p. 233; 7109: 7105: 7093:, p. 232; 7089: 7085: 7077:, p. 178; 7073:, p. 343; 7065: 7061: 7053:, p. 320; 7049:, p. 232; 7045: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7021:, p. 160; 7017:, p. 343; 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6917: 6913: 6905:, p. 144; 6901: 6897: 6889:, p. 230; 6885: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6861:, p. 135; 6857: 6853: 6845:, p. 127; 6841:, p. 415; 6833: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6793: 6789: 6781:, p. 413; 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741:, p. 229; 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649:, p. 183; 6645: 6641: 6633:, p. 133; 6629:, p. 226; 6625: 6621: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6573:, p. 335; 6569: 6565: 6557:, p. 156; 6553: 6549: 6541:, p. 334; 6537:, p. 191; 6533: 6529: 6517:, p. 287; 6513:, p. 223; 6509: 6505: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6466: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422:, p. 282; 6414: 6410: 6394:, p. 222; 6390: 6386: 6378:, p. 328; 6374:, p. 222; 6370: 6366: 6358:, p. 327; 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6317:, p. 220; 6313: 6309: 6301:, p. 276; 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261:, p. 216; 6257: 6253: 6245:, p. 404; 6241: 6237: 6229:, p. 315; 6225: 6221: 6209:, p. 214; 6205: 6201: 6189: 6185: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6058: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5959: 5951:, p. 251; 5947: 5943: 5931: 5927: 5915: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5819: 5815: 5807:, p. 195; 5803: 5799: 5787:, p. 288; 5779: 5775: 5767:, p. 219; 5763: 5759: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723:, p. 176; 5719: 5715: 5707:, p. 393; 5699:, p. 176; 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671:, p. 175; 5667: 5663: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5585:Hunneyball 2010 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5515:, p. 190; 5511: 5507: 5499:, p. 286; 5491:, p. 185; 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463:, p. 138; 5455:, p. 167; 5451: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5423:, p. 194; 5419: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5387: 5383: 5375:, p. 191; 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347:, p. 190; 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5255: 5251: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207:, p. 121; 5203: 5199: 5191:, p. 186; 5187:, p. 118; 5183: 5179: 5171:, p. 186; 5167:, p. 118; 5163: 5159: 5151:, p. 185; 5147:, p. 118; 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5107:, p. 146; 5103: 5099: 5091:, p. 161; 5087:, p. 146; 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5055: 5051: 5039:, p. 113; 5035: 5031: 5023:, p. 107; 5019: 5015: 5007:, p. 105; 4999: 4995: 4983: 4979: 4967: 4963: 4955:, p. 104; 4951: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4914: 4910: 4902:, p. 175; 4894: 4890: 4878:, p. 101; 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850:, p. 162; 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686:, p. 129; 4682: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590:, p. 156; 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4514:, p. 114; 4510: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4462:, p. 124; 4454: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4398: 4394: 4390:, pp. 5–6. 4366: 4362: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4282: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4250: 4246: 4242:, pp. 5–9. 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3946:, pp. 4–5. 3942: 3938: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3899:, Elizabeth by 3895:: Christian by 3890: 3883: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3740:Julian calendar 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3583:Anne of Denmark 3226: 3192: 3162:5 November 1640 3141: 3126: 3106:14 October 1633 3105: 3082: 3079:4 November 1631 3062:6 February 1685 3018: 2984: 2856: 2823: 2791:King of England 2766: 2749: 2709:Whig historians 2697: 2633:Whitehall Group 2629:Earl of Arundel 2588: 2582: 2542:Oliver Cromwell 2519:Tunbridge Wells 2475: 2465: 2414:Richard Brandon 2410: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2311: 2305: 2214:Rump Parliament 2190: 2184: 2176:Rump Parliament 2163:Oliver Cromwell 2061: 2041:siege of Oxford 1875: 1869: 1861:Sir John Hotham 1825:Lord Mandeville 1823:—and one peer, 1789: 1783: 1775:Thomas Lunsford 1724:, by van Dyck, 1714: 1708: 1706:Irish rebellion 1639: 1634: 1628: 1626:Long Parliament 1622: 1620:Long Parliament 1614:Long Parliament 1610:Treaty of Ripon 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1539: 1538: 1478: 1472: 1433:new prayer book 1317: 1309:Lord Cottington 1301:Tower of London 1248: 1201: 1154: 1149: 1143: 997:Richard Montagu 954:Henrietta Maria 942:Henrietta Maria 934: 818:Lord Chancellor 746:king of Bohemia 733:. In 1617, the 729:, and moved to 719: 711:Earl of Chester 707:Prince of Wales 616:King of England 577:Holyrood Palace 561:Anne of Denmark 537: 497:Long Parliament 400:House of Stuart 359:Anne of Denmark 328: 281: 280: 272: 269: 1625) 264: 260: 257: 244: 238: 237:9 February 1649 207: 203: 202:30 January 1649 190: 147: 139: 125: 80:2 February 1626 62: 50:King of England 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13937: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13719: 13718: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13653: 13651: 13650:Related topics 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13630: 13623: 13621:Biblical canon 13618: 13613: 13611:Evening Prayer 13604: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13559: 13557: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13488: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13316: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13274: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13258: 13257: 13250: 13243: 13235: 13226: 13225: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13211:(1986–present) 13206: 13200: 13194: 13186: 13178: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13143:Edward of York 13140: 13134: 13128: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13110: 13109: 13102: 13095: 13087: 13078: 13077: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13063: 13061:(2022–present) 13055: 13047: 13039: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999: 12991: 12983: 12979:Charles James 12977: 12969: 12961: 12953: 12945: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12917: 12909: 12901: 12893: 12885: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12865: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12842: 12833: 12832: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12807: 12805:(2022–present) 12799: 12791: 12783: 12775: 12767: 12759: 12751: 12743: 12735: 12727: 12719: 12711: 12703: 12695: 12687: 12679: 12671: 12663: 12655: 12647: 12639: 12631: 12623: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12603: 12602: 12595: 12588: 12580: 12571: 12570: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12551: 12548:Prince Leopold 12545: 12537: 12529: 12521: 12515: 12512:Charles Stuart 12509: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12488: 12487:(c. 1458–1485) 12482: 12476: 12473:Robert Stewart 12469: 12466: 12465: 12458: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12426: 12425: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12395:(2022–present) 12388: 12378: 12368: 12358: 12348: 12338: 12328: 12318: 12308: 12298: 12288: 12278: 12268: 12258: 12248: 12238: 12228: 12218: 12208: 12198: 12188: 12178: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12133: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12007: 12002: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11588: 11587: 11580: 11579: 11572: 11565: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11389: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11293:Edward Balliol 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11153:Constantine II 11150: 11145: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10980: 10975: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10945:Edgar Ætheling 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10834: 10827: 10826: 10810: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10787: 10779: 10778: 10768: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10716: 10706: 10705: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10663:Regnal titles 10660: 10659: 10639: 10636: 10631: 10630: 10621: 10612: 10607: 10606:at BBC History 10601: 10592: 10583: 10567: 10566:External links 10564: 10563: 10562: 10553: 10526: 10499: 10472: 10469:10.1086/385755 10456: 10429: 10413: 10386: 10363: 10347: 10329: 10328:Historiography 10326: 10325: 10324: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10277: 10272: 10259: 10247: 10241:, ed. (1959), 10239:Lockyer, Roger 10235: 10230: 10215: 10201: 10196: 10183: 10178: 10165: 10151:Brotton, Jerry 10148: 10143: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10102: 10097: 10081: 10058: 10047: 10033: 10028: 10015: 10010: 9996:Starkey, David 9992: 9987: 9971: 9966: 9948: 9943: 9930: 9925: 9905: 9900: 9887: 9882: 9866: 9861: 9848: 9843: 9827: 9822: 9807: 9802: 9789: 9781:Millar, Oliver 9777: 9772: 9752: 9747: 9731: 9698: 9693: 9685:Stuart England 9677: 9668: 9662: 9649: 9643: 9630: 9625: 9609: 9604: 9591: 9569: 9557: 9552: 9544:King Charles I 9540:Gregg, Pauline 9536: 9531: 9518: 9499: 9494: 9479: 9455: 9450: 9435: 9430: 9422:The Stuart Age 9414: 9396: 9391: 9378: 9370:Ashmole, Elias 9366: 9361: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9323: 9307: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9269:, p. 532. 9259: 9257:, p. 252. 9236: 9220: 9218:, p. 286. 9208: 9192: 9190:, p. 252. 9173: 9161: 9159:, p. 198. 9155:, p. 94; 9145: 9133: 9129:Robertson 2005 9127:, p. 93; 9117: 9100: 9098:, p. xvii 9087: 9075: 9073:, p. 466. 9055: 9035: 9019: 9007: 9005:, p. 143. 8995: 8993:, p. 142. 8983: 8971: 8969:, p. 135. 8947: 8935: 8933:, p. 134. 8919: 8907: 8905:, p. 135. 8883: 8881:, p. 133. 8877:, p. 83; 8867: 8844:, ed. (1911). 8842:Chisholm, Hugh 8833: 8817: 8815:, p. 459. 8797: 8781: 8779:, p. 454. 8761: 8741: 8739:, p. 166. 8725: 8713: 8711:, p. 461. 8701: 8697:Robertson 2005 8685: 8683:, p. 445. 8669: 8667:, p. 445. 8653: 8651:, p. 445. 8638: 8636:, p. 445. 8622: 8620:, p. 183. 8607: 8605:, p. 333. 8603:Robertson 2005 8595: 8513: 8511:, p. 201. 8509:Robertson 2005 8501: 8499:, p. 173. 8489: 8477: 8475:, p. 280. 8457: 8455:, p. 280. 8437: 8435:, p. 280. 8425: 8423:, p. 200. 8421:Robertson 2005 8409: 8389: 8387:, p. 126. 8365: 8363:, p. 180. 8349: 8325: 8297: 8295:, p. 443. 8281: 8279:, p. 168. 8265: 8238: 8218: 8216:, p. 267. 8202: 8190: 8188:, p. 146. 8174: 8170:Robertson 2005 8162: 8150: 8146:Robertson 2002 8134: 8114: 8112:, p. 304. 8102: 8098:Robertson 2005 8082: 8078:Robertson 2005 8070: 8053: 8041: 8037:Robertson 2005 8025: 8023:, p. 436. 8009: 8007:, p. 433. 7997: 7995:, p. 137. 7993:Robertson 2005 7977: 7965: 7961:Robertson 2002 7950: 7940:, p. 99; 7930: 7910: 7908:, p. 422. 7894: 7892:, p. 123. 7886:Robertson 2005 7874: 7872:, p. 123. 7858: 7856:, p. 252. 7842: 7840:, p. 429. 7830: 7814: 7812:, p. 118. 7810:Robertson 2005 7798: 7796:, p. 426. 7782: 7780:, p. 442. 7770: 7768:, p. 424. 7754: 7752:, p. 248. 7738: 7726: 7724:, p. 247. 7710: 7698: 7686: 7684:, p. 431. 7670: 7658: 7652:, p. 57; 7638: 7618: 7616:, p. 411. 7606: 7604:, p. 241. 7590: 7570: 7566:Robertson 2005 7550: 7526: 7506: 7490: 7474: 7462: 7442: 7430: 7414: 7402: 7400:, p. 258. 7390: 7388:, p. 257. 7378: 7362: 7346: 7344:, p. 249. 7331: 7329:, p. 368. 7319: 7317:, p. 248. 7307: 7295: 7283: 7281:, p. 422. 7263: 7261:, p. 350. 7251: 7249:, p. 351. 7231: 7215: 7213:, p. 181. 7199: 7183: 7181:, p. 418. 7171: 7169:, p. 344. 7159: 7143: 7141:, p. 114. 7131: 7127:Robertson 2005 7119: 7117:, p. 344. 7103: 7101:, p. 179. 7083: 7059: 7057:, p. 177. 7039: 7037:, p. 113. 7027: 7025:, p. 417. 6999: 6997:, p. 137. 6987: 6985:, p. 129. 6975: 6973:, p. 237. 6963: 6961:, p. 136. 6951: 6949:, p. 200. 6939: 6927: 6911: 6903:Gillespie 2006 6895: 6879: 6877:, p. 414. 6867: 6865:, p. 128. 6851: 6849:, p. 113. 6827: 6825:, p. 112. 6815: 6813:, p. 118. 6803: 6787: 6771: 6767:Gillespie 2006 6759: 6757:, p. 298. 6747: 6745:, p. 306. 6731: 6729:, p. 137. 6727:Gillespie 2006 6719: 6717:, p. 131. 6715:Gillespie 2006 6707: 6705:, p. 130. 6703:Gillespie 2006 6695: 6691:Robertson 2005 6679: 6677:, p. 172. 6667: 6665:, p. 125. 6663:Gillespie 2006 6655: 6651:Robertson 2005 6639: 6635:Stevenson 1973 6619: 6617:, p. 112. 6603: 6601:, p. 130. 6591: 6589:, p. 129. 6579: 6577:, p. 128. 6563: 6547: 6527: 6525:, p. 156. 6503: 6501:, p. 127. 6488: 6476: 6460: 6458:, p. 944. 6440: 6428: 6426:, p. 330. 6408: 6384: 6382:, p. 154. 6364: 6348: 6323: 6321:, p. 326. 6307: 6305:, p. 225. 6291: 6279: 6277:, p. 323. 6267: 6251: 6247:Stevenson 1973 6235: 6231:Stevenson 1973 6219: 6199: 6183: 6167: 6165:, p. 101. 6163:Stevenson 1973 6155: 6139: 6135:Stevenson 1973 6127: 6125:, p. 132. 6115: 6111:Quintrell 1993 6103: 6101:, p. 114. 6099:Quintrell 1993 6087: 6085:, p. 243. 6075: 6056: 6054:, p. 402. 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5994:, p. 402. 5984: 5982:, p. 401. 5972: 5957: 5955:, p. 294. 5941: 5925: 5923:, p. 248. 5909: 5889: 5869: 5849: 5837: 5813: 5809:Trevelyan 1922 5797: 5795:, p. 107. 5773: 5757: 5741: 5729: 5713: 5711:, p. 382. 5689: 5677: 5661: 5637: 5635:, p. 133. 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5575:, p. 314. 5565: 5563:, p. 906. 5553: 5541: 5529: 5521:Quintrell 1993 5505: 5501:Quintrell 1993 5481: 5469: 5467:, p. 385. 5445: 5443:, p. 385. 5433: 5429:Quintrell 1993 5413: 5409:Quintrell 1993 5397: 5381: 5377:Quintrell 1993 5365: 5353: 5351:, p. 228. 5337: 5335:, p. 220. 5325: 5313: 5301: 5299:, p. 185. 5297:Weightman 1906 5289: 5287:, p. 104. 5277: 5275:, p. 603. 5265: 5249: 5243:, p. 38; 5225: 5213: 5211:, p. 108. 5197: 5193:Quintrell 1993 5177: 5173:Robertson 2005 5157: 5153:Quintrell 1993 5137: 5133:Quintrell 1993 5125: 5113: 5111:, p. 161. 5097: 5095:, p. 195. 5077: 5065: 5063:, p. 111. 5049: 5029: 5027:, p. 168. 5013: 4993: 4987:, p. 38; 4977: 4961: 4959:, p. 176. 4945: 4932: 4930:, p. 104. 4922:, p. 76; 4908: 4904:Quintrell 1993 4898:, p. 75; 4888: 4884:Quintrell 1993 4882:, p. 74; 4868: 4856: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4796: 4792:Quintrell 1993 4780: 4768: 4762:, p. 80; 4752: 4750:, p. 150. 4740: 4736:Quintrell 1993 4716: 4714:, p. 138. 4704: 4692: 4676: 4674:, p. 129. 4660: 4658:, p. 129. 4654:, p. 46; 4644: 4642:, p. 131. 4632: 4630:, p. 153. 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 252. 4586:, p. 76; 4576: 4572:Quintrell 1993 4564: 4552: 4550:, p. 126. 4540: 4534:, p. 38; 4524: 4522:, p. 252. 4518:, p. 86; 4504: 4494:, p. 47; 4484: 4482:, p. 130. 4480:Trevelyan 1922 4472: 4466:, p. 92; 4458:, p. 56; 4448: 4442:, p. 99; 4438:, p. 52; 4428: 4416: 4410:, p. 94; 4402:, p. 47; 4392: 4386:, p. 11; 4384:Quintrell 1993 4382:, p. 63; 4378:, p. 90; 4374:, p. 31; 4370:, p. 46; 4360: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4314:, p. 11; 4312:Quintrell 1993 4300: 4296:Quintrell 1993 4276: 4260: 4254:, p. 33; 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4192: 4190:, p. 152. 4180: 4164: 4154:, p. 63; 4144: 4138:, p. 49; 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4076: 4061: 4046: 4040:, p. 16; 4030: 4018: 4003: 3988: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3934:, p. 252. 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3881: 3875:, Margaret by 3865:Margaret Tudor 3853: 3844: 3835: 3822: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3757: 3748: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3129:Mary of Modena 3111: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2837: 2835:6 January 1605 2822: 2819: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2748: 2745: 2696: 2693: 2637:Duke of Mantua 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2558:Lord Protector 2480:Eikon Basilike 2464: 2461: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2307:Main article: 2304: 2301: 2222:Oliver St John 2210:Windsor Castle 2186:Main article: 2183: 2180: 2117:Robert Hammond 2077:Holdenby House 2060: 2057: 2032:New Model Army 1997:relieve Newark 1978:Sudeley Castle 1871:Main article: 1868: 1865: 1849:Windsor Castle 1817:William Strode 1785:Main article: 1782: 1779: 1710:Main article: 1707: 1704: 1675:Sir Henry Vane 1638: 1635: 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1583:Northumberland 1551: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1515:Northumberland 1474:Main article: 1471: 1468: 1392:William Prynne 1316: 1313: 1289:Western Rising 1285:Forest of Dean 1214:D(EI) G(RATIA) 1200: 1197: 1181:Sir John Finch 1153: 1150: 1142: 1139: 1093:Sir John Eliot 1016:predestination 995:ecclesiastic, 993:anti-Calvinist 933: 930: 907:Lord Treasurer 826:House of Lords 744:, was elected 718: 715: 589:Duke of Albany 587:, and created 585:Bishop of Ross 545:Simon de Passe 536: 533: 493:New Model Army 443:Roman Catholic 384: 383: 376: 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 349:James VI and I 346: 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 288: 274: 273: 262: 258: 253: 252: 250: 246: 245: 239: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226: 217: 213: 212: 206:(aged 48) 200: 196: 195: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 133: 127: 126: 124: 123: 111: 98: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 56: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13936: 13925: 13924:Sons of kings 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13834:Earls of Ross 13832: 13830: 13829:Dukes of York 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13716: 13711: 13704: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13474:Modern Church 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13304: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13256: 13251: 13249: 13244: 13242: 13237: 13236: 13233: 13223: 13217: 13210: 13207: 13204: 13201: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13159: 13156: 13153: 13150: 13147: 13144: 13141: 13138: 13135: 13132: 13129: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13115: 13114:Dukes of York 13108: 13103: 13101: 13096: 13094: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13062: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026:Albert Edward 13024: 13022: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12863: 12858: 12856: 12851: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12830: 12829: 12823: 12806: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770:Albert Edward 12768: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12741:(1688–1701/2) 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12596: 12594: 12589: 12587: 12582: 12581: 12578: 12568: 12562: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12516: 12513: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12456: 12451: 12449: 12444: 12442: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12423: 12419: 12414: 12407: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12352:Albert Edward 12349: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12229: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12147: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12117: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12104: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11988:Alexander III 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11829:(traditional) 11824: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11622:Galan Erilich 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11594:(traditional) 11589: 11585: 11578: 11573: 11571: 11566: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11370: 11368: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11266: 11265:Alexander III 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11121:Constantine I 11118: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10803: 10801: 10796: 10794: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10750: 10746: 10739: 10733: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10649: 10644: 10643: 10634: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10377: 10369: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10321: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10273:0-5215-2133-5 10269: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10231:0-8078-1520-9 10227: 10223: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10184: 10181: 10179:0-1987-0829-7 10175: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10118: 10116:0-3336-0135-1 10112: 10108: 10103: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10029:0-7153-6302-6 10025: 10021: 10016: 10013: 10007: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9988:0-3406-2502-3 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9967:0-3000-5688-5 9963: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9952:Sharpe, Kevin 9949: 9946: 9944:0-5200-3681-6 9940: 9936: 9931: 9928: 9926:0-5635-3747-7 9922: 9917: 9916: 9910: 9909:Schama, Simon 9906: 9903: 9901:0-1982-0588-0 9897: 9893: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9862:0-7011-7602-4 9858: 9854: 9849: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9823:0-5820-0354-7 9819: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9748:0-0063-3339-7 9744: 9740: 9736: 9735:Loades, D. M. 9732: 9728: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9706:Morrill, John 9703: 9699: 9696: 9694:0-7139-1087-9 9690: 9686: 9682: 9681:Kenyon, J. P. 9678: 9674: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9628: 9626:0-7136-1450-1 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9605:1-8528-5282-8 9601: 9597: 9592: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9553:0-4600-4437-0 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9495:0-7509-2079-3 9491: 9487: 9486: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9453: 9451:0-5820-7034-1 9447: 9443: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9418:Coward, Barry 9415: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9404:Gibbs, Vicary 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392:0-4151-2141-8 9388: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9293:, p. 18. 9292: 9291:Johnston 1906 9287: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9263: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9171:, p. 83. 9170: 9169:Gardiner 1906 9165: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9131:, p. 32. 9130: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9084: 9079: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9033:, p. 93. 9032: 9028: 9023: 9017:, p. 93. 9016: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8917:, p. 83. 8916: 8911: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8863: 8855: 8854: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8723:, p. 99. 8722: 8721:Mitchell 2012 8717: 8710: 8705: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8323:, p. 93. 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8253: 8252: 8245: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8172:, p. 15. 8171: 8166: 8159: 8158:Gardiner 1906 8154: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090:Gardiner 1906 8086: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8066:Gardiner 1906 8062: 8060: 8058: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7568:, p. 67. 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7504:, p. 396 7503: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7428:, p. 382 7427: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7360:, p. 371 7359: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7260: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7129:, p. 62. 7128: 7123: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6801:, p. 19. 6800: 6796: 6791: 6785:, p. 43. 6784: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6699: 6693:, p. 42. 6692: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6113:, p. 46. 6112: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6030:, p. 17. 6029: 6024: 6018:, p. 15. 6017: 6012: 6006:, p. 14. 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5970:, p. 11. 5969: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5902: 5899:, p. 9; 5898: 5893: 5886: 5882: 5879:, p. 9; 5878: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5739:, p. 58. 5738: 5733: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5609:Donaghan 1995 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5479:, p. 97. 5478: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5411:, p. 64. 5410: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5379:, p. 62. 5378: 5374: 5369: 5363:, p. 18. 5362: 5357: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5311:, p. 40. 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5263:, p. xv. 5262: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5195:, p. 43. 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5175:, p. 35. 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5155:, p. 43. 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5135:, p. 42. 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4943:, p. 77. 4942: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4906:, p. 40. 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4886:, p. 39. 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 67. 4853: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4826:, p. 35. 4825: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 29. 4793: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4538:, p. 80. 4537: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4502:, p. 31. 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4470:, p. 65. 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4446:, p. 64. 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4330:, p. 84. 4329: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4298:, p. 11. 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4270:, p. 4; 4269: 4264: 4258:, p. 68. 4257: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4218:, p. 31. 4217: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4174:, p. 5; 4173: 4168: 4162:, p. 79. 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4126:, p. 24. 4125: 4120: 4114:, p. 47. 4113: 4108: 4102:, p. 29. 4101: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4074:, p. 22. 4073: 4068: 4066: 4059:, p. 16. 4058: 4053: 4051: 4044:, p. 22. 4043: 4039: 4034: 4028:, p. 13. 4027: 4022: 4016:, p. 12. 4015: 4010: 4008: 4001:, p. 11. 4000: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3982:, p. 3; 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3930:, p. 2; 3929: 3924: 3920: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3871:: James V by 3870: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Thames Valley 3767: 3761: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435:Mary of Guise 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3159:17 March 1637 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2893:fleurs-de-lis 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2849: 2848:24 April 1611 2845: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785:The official 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2725:Ronald Hutton 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:van Honthorst 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2494:Eikonoklastes 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422:William Hulet 2419: 2415: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2376: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238:John Bradshaw 2235: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Pride's Purge 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2146:, Essex, and 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121:Isle of Wight 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:, while more 2102: 2101:Hampton Court 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2036:Lord Carnwath 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2017:Earl of Essex 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1942:Turnham Green 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Denzil Holles 1810: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1652:Triennial Act 1649: 1645: 1633: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1562:Personal Rule 1559: 1555: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1476:Bishops' Wars 1470:Bishops' Wars 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:John Bastwick 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1280:royal forests 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1244: 1243:Daniel Mytens 1239: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1193: 1192:Personal Rule 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1147:Personal Rule 1141:Personal rule 1138: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089:Dudley Digges 1086: 1082: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1062:first reading 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 943: 938: 929: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 888: 887: 882: 870: 869:Daniel Mytens 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 840:, Archbishop 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:Francis Bacon 819: 815: 809: 807: 806:Spanish match 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 717:Heir apparent 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:heir apparent 692: 689:(or possibly 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 664:Thomas Murray 661: 657: 645: 640: 636: 634: 630: 624: 622: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:David Lindsay 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 546: 543:Engraving by 541: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:Isle of Wight 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 478:Bishops' Wars 475: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 453:and Scottish 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408:heir apparent 405: 401: 396: 394: 393:his execution 390: 381: 377: 373: 370: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 350: 347: 343: 340: 337: 335: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 289: 286: 285: 279: 275: 256: 251: 247: 242: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 201: 197: 193: 188: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 146: 142: 137: 132: 128: 121: 120: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 100: 99: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 13641:Broad church 13639: / 13635: / 13625: 13609: / 13602:Anglican Use 13562: 13513: 13443: 13436: 13188: 13180: 13172: 13160: 13060: 13052: 13044: 13036: 13028: 13020: 13012: 13004: 12996: 12988: 12980: 12974: 12971: 12966: 12958: 12950: 12942: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12914: 12906: 12898: 12890: 12882: 12826: 12804: 12796: 12788: 12780: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12748: 12740: 12732: 12724: 12721: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12692: 12684: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12652: 12644: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12539: 12531: 12523: 12518:James Stuart 12511: 12506:James Stuart 12491:John Stewart 12417: 12394: 12384: 12374: 12364: 12354: 12344: 12334: 12324: 12314: 12304: 12294: 12284: 12281: 12274: 12264: 12254: 12244: 12234: 12224: 12214: 12204: 12194: 12184: 12174: 12071: 12009: 11997: 11983:Alexander II 11682:Gartnait III 11541: 11520:Elizabeth II 11448: 11386: 11364: 11291: 11269: 11260:Alexander II 11177: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11087: 11076: 10999: 10982: 10970: 10943: 10906: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10771: 10764:Charles (II) 10762: 10756: 10743: 10709: 10700: 10694:Commonwealth 10689: 10676: 10654: 10647: 10640: 10557: 10530: 10503: 10479: 10460: 10433: 10417: 10390: 10367: 10351: 10335: 10317: 10302: 10293: 10284: 10263: 10254: 10242: 10220: 10204: 10187: 10169: 10154: 10134: 10106: 10088: 10085:Weir, Alison 10069: 10052: 10041: 10019: 10000: 9978: 9956: 9934: 9914: 9891: 9873: 9852: 9834: 9812: 9793: 9784: 9763: 9738: 9709: 9684: 9672: 9653: 9634: 9616: 9595: 9584:, retrieved 9581:The Guardian 9580: 9564: 9543: 9522: 9506: 9484: 9459: 9440: 9421: 9408: 9382: 9373: 9352: 9310: 9298: 9286: 9279:Ashmole 1715 9274: 9267:Ashmole 1715 9262: 9228:Edwards 1999 9223: 9211: 9195: 9164: 9148: 9136: 9120: 9112: 9109:Peter Heylin 9103: 9096:Carlton 1995 9090: 9078: 9063:Carlton 1995 9058: 9043:Carlton 1995 9038: 9022: 9010: 9003:Carlton 1995 8998: 8991:Carlton 1995 8986: 8974: 8967:Hibbert 1968 8959:Carlton 1995 8950: 8945:, p. 6. 8938: 8931:Hibbert 1968 8927:Carlton 1995 8922: 8910: 8903:Hibbert 1968 8891:Carlton 1995 8886: 8879:Hibbert 1968 8870: 8861: 8851: 8836: 8820: 8800: 8789:Edwards 1999 8784: 8764: 8749:Edwards 1999 8744: 8733:Edwards 1999 8728: 8716: 8704: 8688: 8677:Edwards 1999 8672: 8661:Edwards 1999 8656: 8630:Edwards 1999 8625: 8618:Edwards 1999 8598: 8556: 8552: 8542:, retrieved 8522: 8516: 8504: 8497:Edwards 1999 8492: 8485:Higgins 2009 8480: 8473:Hibbert 1968 8465:Edwards 1999 8460: 8453:Hibbert 1968 8445:Edwards 1999 8440: 8433:Hibbert 1968 8428: 8417:Hibbert 1968 8412: 8401:Edwards 1999 8397:Carlton 1995 8392: 8385:Starkey 2006 8381:Hibbert 1968 8377:Edwards 1999 8373:Carlton 1995 8368: 8361:Edwards 1999 8352: 8345:Hibbert 1968 8337:Edwards 1999 8333:Carlton 1995 8328: 8317:Hibbert 1968 8309:Edwards 1999 8305:Carlton 1995 8300: 8289:Carlton 1995 8284: 8277:Edwards 1999 8273:Carlton 1995 8268: 8256:, retrieved 8250: 8234:Hibbert 1968 8226:Carlton 1995 8221: 8214:Hibbert 1968 8210:Edwards 1999 8205: 8193: 8186:Edwards 1999 8182:Carlton 1995 8177: 8165: 8153: 8142:Carlton 1995 8137: 8126:Edwards 1999 8122:Carlton 1995 8117: 8110:Carlton 1995 8105: 8085: 8073: 8044: 8028: 8017:Edwards 1999 8012: 8000: 7980: 7973:Edwards 1999 7968: 7946:Hibbert 1968 7938:Edwards 1999 7933: 7926:Hibbert 1968 7918:Carlton 1995 7913: 7902:Carlton 1995 7897: 7890:Starkey 2006 7882:Edwards 1999 7877: 7870:Starkey 2006 7861: 7854:Hibbert 1968 7850:Carlton 1995 7845: 7833: 7826:Starkey 2006 7822:Hibbert 1968 7817: 7801: 7790:Carlton 1995 7785: 7773: 7762:Carlton 1995 7757: 7750:Hibbert 1968 7741: 7729: 7722:Hibbert 1968 7713: 7701: 7694:Carlton 1995 7689: 7678:Carlton 1995 7673: 7661: 7650:Edwards 1999 7641: 7626:Carlton 1995 7621: 7609: 7602:Hibbert 1968 7598:Carlton 1995 7593: 7578:Carlton 1995 7573: 7558:Carlton 1995 7553: 7546:Hibbert 1968 7534:Carlton 1995 7529: 7509: 7493: 7482:Carlton 1995 7477: 7465: 7450:Carlton 1995 7445: 7433: 7422:Carlton 1995 7417: 7405: 7398:Carlton 1995 7393: 7386:Carlton 1995 7381: 7374:Hibbert 1968 7365: 7354:Carlton 1995 7349: 7342:Carlton 1995 7322: 7315:Carlton 1995 7310: 7298: 7286: 7275:Hibbert 1968 7266: 7254: 7239:Carlton 1995 7234: 7227:Hibbert 1968 7223:Carlton 1995 7218: 7211:Hibbert 1968 7207:Carlton 1995 7202: 7195:Hibbert 1968 7186: 7174: 7162: 7155:Starkey 2006 7146: 7139:Starkey 2006 7134: 7122: 7111:Carlton 1995 7106: 7099:Hibbert 1968 7091:Carlton 1995 7086: 7079:Starkey 2006 7075:Hibbert 1968 7062: 7055:Hibbert 1968 7047:Carlton 1995 7042: 7035:Starkey 2006 7030: 7019:Hibbert 1968 7007:Carlton 1995 7002: 6990: 6978: 6971:Carlton 1995 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6914: 6898: 6887:Carlton 1995 6882: 6870: 6854: 6847:Starkey 2006 6830: 6823:Starkey 2006 6818: 6806: 6799:Russell 1990 6790: 6783:Russell 1990 6774: 6769:, p. 3. 6762: 6755:Russell 1991 6750: 6739:Carlton 1995 6734: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6687:Carlton 1995 6682: 6670: 6658: 6647:Carlton 1995 6642: 6627:Carlton 1995 6622: 6615:Starkey 2006 6611:Carlton 1995 6606: 6594: 6582: 6566: 6555:Hibbert 1968 6550: 6543:Hibbert 1968 6530: 6523:Hibbert 1968 6511:Carlton 1995 6506: 6479: 6472:Russell 1991 6463: 6443: 6436:Hibbert 1968 6431: 6416:Carlton 1995 6411: 6404:Russell 1991 6396:Hibbert 1968 6392:Carlton 1995 6387: 6380:Hibbert 1968 6372:Carlton 1995 6367: 6360:Hibbert 1968 6351: 6341:11 September 6339:. Retrieved 6335: 6326: 6315:Carlton 1995 6310: 6303:Russell 1991 6294: 6282: 6270: 6259:Carlton 1995 6254: 6238: 6222: 6207:Carlton 1995 6202: 6186: 6170: 6158: 6151:Hibbert 1968 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6090: 6078: 6040:Carlton 1995 6035: 6028:Adamson 2007 6023: 6016:Adamson 2007 6011: 6004:Adamson 2007 5999: 5987: 5975: 5968:Adamson 2007 5944: 5928: 5917:Adamson 2007 5912: 5897:Adamson 2007 5892: 5877:Adamson 2007 5872: 5857:Carlton 1995 5852: 5840: 5821:Carlton 1995 5816: 5805:Carlton 1995 5800: 5793:Starkey 2006 5776: 5760: 5744: 5732: 5716: 5692: 5680: 5664: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5513:Carlton 1995 5508: 5489:Carlton 1995 5484: 5472: 5461:Hibbert 1968 5448: 5436: 5416: 5400: 5389:Adamson 2007 5384: 5373:Carlton 1995 5368: 5361:Edwards 1999 5356: 5345:Carlton 1995 5340: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5285:Starkey 2006 5280: 5268: 5257:Carlton 1995 5252: 5233:Carlton 1995 5228: 5216: 5209:Hibbert 1968 5205:Carlton 1995 5200: 5180: 5160: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5105:Carlton 1995 5100: 5085:Carlton 1995 5080: 5068: 5061:Hibbert 1968 5052: 5041:Hibbert 1968 5037:Carlton 1995 5032: 5021:Carlton 1995 5016: 5001:Carlton 1995 4996: 4980: 4969:Carlton 1995 4964: 4953:Carlton 1995 4948: 4935: 4916:Carlton 1995 4911: 4891: 4876:Carlton 1995 4871: 4859: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4812:Hibbert 1968 4804:Carlton 1995 4799: 4788:Carlton 1995 4783: 4771: 4760:Carlton 1995 4755: 4743: 4724:Carlton 1995 4719: 4707: 4695: 4679: 4668:Carlton 1995 4663: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4584:Carlton 1995 4579: 4567: 4560:Carlton 1995 4555: 4543: 4532:Carlton 1995 4527: 4516:Hibbert 1968 4507: 4492:Carlton 1995 4487: 4475: 4456:Carlton 1995 4451: 4444:Hibbert 1968 4436:Carlton 1995 4431: 4419: 4414:, p. 6. 4400:Carlton 1995 4395: 4380:Hibbert 1968 4368:Carlton 1995 4363: 4352:Carlton 1995 4347: 4335: 4323: 4318:, p. 5. 4303: 4284:Carlton 1995 4279: 4272:Hibbert 1968 4263: 4252:Carlton 1995 4247: 4235: 4230:, p. 8. 4223: 4216:Carlton 1995 4211: 4204:Hibbert 1968 4195: 4183: 4176:Hibbert 1968 4167: 4147: 4136:Hibbert 1968 4131: 4124:Hibbert 1968 4119: 4107: 4095: 4088:Hibbert 1968 4079: 4057:Carlton 1995 4042:Hibbert 1968 4033: 4021: 3986:, p. 9. 3980:Carlton 1995 3975: 3970:, p. 2. 3968:Carlton 1995 3963: 3958:, p. 2. 3951: 3939: 3923: 3847: 3838: 3825: 3818:Francis Rous 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3778:patron saint 3774:Saint George 3765: 3760: 3751: 3734: 3460: 3210:30 June 1670 3207:16 June 1644 3176:29 June 1639 3173:29 June 1639 3165:Died young. 3149:Died young. 3127:Married (2) 3113:Married (1) 3019: 2920:for Scotland 2857: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2826: 2784: 2732:William Laud 2729: 2721:Barry Coward 2717:Kevin Sharpe 2698: 2589: 2586:Caroline era 2570: 2534:Commonwealth 2527: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2445:Jane Seymour 2434: 2430: 2418:George Joyce 2411: 2392: 2357:Philip Henry 2353: 2334: 2323: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2230: 2206:Hurst Castle 2203: 2198:Edward Bower 2172:Thomas Pride 2156: 2137: 2129: 2089:Independents 2081:George Joyce 2074: 2025: 1994: 1974:river Severn 1963: 1934: 1926:Lord Lindsey 1915: 1907:West Country 1896: 1842: 1834: 1809:John Hampden 1805: 1797:Five Members 1787:Five Members 1781:Five members 1765:Militia Bill 1758: 1750: 1734:Gaelic Irish 1731: 1700:the Incident 1693: 1689: 1684:Protestation 1680: 1668: 1656:royal assent 1640: 1599: 1579: 1568: 1558:William Laud 1506: 1498: 1479: 1464:presbyterian 1438: 1425: 1417: 1396:Henry Burton 1388:Star Chamber 1361: 1351: 1335: 1323: 1293: 1269: 1265:John Hampden 1258: 1254: 1211: 1185: 1170: 1165:Saint George 1132: 1119:King's Bench 1116: 1097: 1078: 1071:Portrait by 1042: 1035: 1008: 1004: 990: 947: 925: 919: 904: 895: 884: 878: 842:William Laud 810: 720: 676: 668:presbyterian 656:Duke of York 653: 644:Robert Peake 642:Portrait by 625: 609: 605:Earl of Ross 573:Chapel Royal 554: 513:high treason 486: 424: 397: 388: 387: 282: 224:decapitation 204:(1649-01-30) 157:18 June 1633 117: 105: 29: 13744:1649 deaths 13739:1600 births 13672:Monasticism 13507:Holy Spirit 13417:Elizabeth I 13262:Anglicanism 13205:(1920–1936) 13199:(1892–1910) 13192:(1784–1827) 13184:(1760–1767) 13176:(1716–1728) 13163:(1605–1625) 13157:(1494–1509) 13151:(1474–1483) 13145:(1460–1461) 13139:(1415–1460) 13133:(1402–1415) 13127:(1385–1402) 13053:(1952–2022) 13045:(1910–1936) 13037:(1901–1910) 13029:(1841–1901) 13021:(1762–1820) 13013:(1727–1751) 13005:(1714–1727) 12997:(1688–1689) 12989:(1630–1649) 12975:(1612–1625) 12967:(1594–1612) 12959:(1566–1567) 12951:(1540–1541) 12943:(1512–1513) 12935:(1509–1510) 12929:(1507–1508) 12923:(1473–1488) 12915:(1452–1460) 12907:(1430–1437) 12891:(1402–1406) 12883:(1398–1402) 12797:(1952–2022) 12789:(1910–1936) 12781:(1901–1910) 12773:(1841–1901) 12765:(1762–1820) 12757:(1727–1751) 12749:(1714–1727) 12733:(1630–1649) 12725:(1612–1625) 12717:(1603–1612) 12709:(1537–1547) 12693:(1502–1509) 12685:(1486–1502) 12677:(1483–1484) 12669:(1470–1483) 12653:(1453–1471) 12645:(1421–1422) 12637:(1399–1413) 12629:(1376–1377) 12621:(1337–1376) 12556:(1884–1919) 12550:(1881–1884) 12543:(1784–1827) 12535:(1760–1767) 12527:(1716–1728) 12520:(1660–1685) 12514:(1603–1625) 12502:(1565–1567) 12493:(1485–1536) 12481:(1420–1425) 12475:(1398–1420) 12385:(1958–2022) 12375:(1910–1936) 12365:(1901–1910) 12355:(1841–1901) 12345:(1762–1820) 12335:(1751–1760) 12325:(1728–1751) 12315:(1714–1727) 12295:(1641–1649) 12285:(1616–1625) 12275:(1610–1612) 12265:(1537–1547) 12255:(1504–1509) 12245:(1489–1502) 12235:(1483–1484) 12225:(1471–1483) 12215:(1454–1471) 12205:(1399–1413) 12195:(1376–1377) 12185:(1343–1376) 12175:(1301–1307) 11963:Alexander I 11913:Kenneth III 11864:(uncertain) 11762:Talorgan II 11727:Nechtan III 11702:Gartnait IV 11667:Gartnait II 11525:Charles III 11510:Edward VIII 11240:Alexander I 11220:Malcolm III 11195:Kenneth III 11095:Elizabeth I 11057:Richard III 9756:Louda, Jiří 9200:Wallis 1921 9157:Sharpe 1992 9153:Kenyon 1978 9125:Kenyon 1978 9083:Coward 2003 9067:Coward 2003 9047:Coward 2003 9031:Kenyon 1978 9015:Kenyon 1978 8943:Millar 1958 8829:Kenyon 1978 8825:Holmes 2006 8813:Loades 1974 8809:Kenyon 1978 8805:Holmes 2006 8793:Loades 1974 8777:Loades 1974 8773:Kenyon 1978 8769:Holmes 2006 8757:Loades 1974 8753:Kenyon 1978 8737:Kenyon 1978 8321:Holmes 2006 7866:Coward 2003 7806:Coward 2003 7654:Holmes 2006 7646:Coward 2003 7522:Holmes 2006 7291:Loades 1974 7279:Loades 1974 7179:Loades 1974 7151:Loades 1974 7023:Loades 1974 6995:Kenyon 1978 6959:Kenyon 1978 6947:Coward 2003 6923:Schama 2001 6919:Loades 1974 6907:Schama 2001 6891:Schama 2001 6875:Loades 1974 6859:Kenyon 1978 6839:Loades 1974 6811:Schama 2001 6779:Loades 1974 6675:Coward 2003 6631:Kenyon 1978 6599:Kenyon 1978 6587:Kenyon 1978 6575:Kenyon 1978 6559:Kenyon 1978 6535:Coward 2003 6499:Kenyon 1978 6456:Sharpe 1992 6400:Sharpe 1992 6243:Loades 1974 6215:Sharpe 1992 6195:Sharpe 1992 6123:Sharpe 1992 6052:Loades 1974 5992:Loades 1974 5980:Loades 1974 5937:Sharpe 1992 5905:Sharpe 1992 5885:Sharpe 1992 5865:Sharpe 1992 5833:Sharpe 1992 5789:Sharpe 1992 5769:Sharpe 1992 5753:Sharpe 1992 5725:Sharpe 1992 5721:Coward 2003 5709:Sharpe 1992 5705:Loades 1974 5701:Kenyon 1978 5697:Coward 2003 5685:Coward 2003 5673:Sharpe 1992 5669:Coward 2003 5657:Sharpe 1992 5645:Coward 2003 5561:Sharpe 1992 5525:Sharpe 1992 5465:Loades 1974 5453:Coward 2003 5441:Loades 1974 5393:Sharpe 1992 5321:Sharpe 1992 5273:Sharpe 1992 5261:Sharpe 1992 5245:Sharpe 1992 5045:Sharpe 1992 5025:Sharpe 1992 5009:Sharpe 1992 5005:Kenyon 1978 4989:Kenyon 1978 4973:Sharpe 1992 4928:Kenyon 1978 4848:Coward 2003 4776:Loades 1974 4628:Coward 2003 4468:Schama 2001 4464:Kenyon 1978 4412:Sharpe 1992 4388:Sharpe 1992 4316:Sharpe 1992 4188:Coward 2003 4160:Kenyon 1978 3776:(England's 3189:8 July 1640 3059:29 May 1630 3046:13 May 1629 3043:13 May 1629 2908:for England 2863:differenced 2730:Archbishop 2705:high Tories 2695:Assessments 2511:High church 2489:John Milton 2426:Hugh Peters 2244:was led by 2242:prosecution 2218:Henry Rolle 2069:Eugène Lami 1947:Peace talks 1746:New English 1738:Old English 1556:(left) and 1490:Covenanters 1276:popish soap 1249: 1631 978:La Rochelle 932:Early reign 830:impeachment 595:, with the 459:high church 455:Covenanters 162:Predecessor 85:Predecessor 13728:Categories 13526:Sacraments 13377:Henry VIII 13337:Æthelberht 13270:Communions 12092:William II 12077:Charles II 12032:Robert III 11973:Malcolm IV 11953:Donald III 11943:Donald III 11918:Malcolm II 11903:Kenneth II 11812:Bridei VII 11767:Drest VIII 11712:Bridei III 11697:Talorgan I 11692:Talorc III 11672:Nechtan II 11637:Gartnait I 11500:Edward VII 11490:William IV 11480:George III 11409:Charles II 11304:Robert III 11250:Malcolm IV 11225:Donald III 11200:Malcolm II 11185:Kenneth II 11067:Henry VIII 11027:Richard II 11022:Edward III 10956:William II 10929:Harthacnut 10777:1616–1625 10753:1612–1625 10721:Charles II 10715:1625–1649 10702:Charles II 10686:1625–1649 9729:required.) 9586:22 October 9317:, p. 9249:, p. 9232:Gregg 1981 9202:, p. 9094:Quoted in 8979:Gregg 1981 8955:Gregg 1981 8915:Gregg 1981 8899:Gregg 1981 8875:Gregg 1981 8693:Gregg 1981 8681:Gregg 1981 8665:Gregg 1981 8649:Gregg 1981 8634:Gregg 1981 8544:13 October 8469:Gregg 1981 8449:Gregg 1981 8405:Gregg 1981 8357:Gregg 1981 8341:Gregg 1981 8313:Gregg 1981 8293:Gregg 1981 8230:Gregg 1981 8198:Gregg 1981 8130:Gregg 1981 8094:Gregg 1981 8049:Gregg 1981 8033:Gregg 1981 8021:Gregg 1981 8005:Gregg 1981 7989:Gregg 1981 7942:Gregg 1981 7922:Gregg 1981 7906:Gregg 1981 7838:Gregg 1981 7794:Gregg 1981 7766:Gregg 1981 7734:Gregg 1981 7718:Gregg 1981 7666:Gregg 1981 7634:Gregg 1981 7614:Gregg 1981 7586:Gregg 1981 7562:Gregg 1981 7542:Gregg 1981 7518:Gregg 1981 7502:Gregg 1981 7486:Gregg 1981 7470:Gregg 1981 7458:Gregg 1981 7438:Gregg 1981 7426:Gregg 1981 7410:Gregg 1981 7370:Gregg 1981 7327:Gregg 1981 7303:Gregg 1981 7247:Gregg 1981 7167:Gregg 1981 7115:Gregg 1981 7071:Gregg 1981 7015:Gregg 1981 6983:Smith 1999 6935:Gregg 1981 6863:Smith 1999 6843:Smith 1999 6835:Gregg 1981 6571:Gregg 1981 6539:Gregg 1981 6519:Gregg 1981 6484:Gregg 1981 6448:Gregg 1981 6424:Gregg 1981 6376:Gregg 1981 6356:Gregg 1981 6319:Gregg 1981 6287:Gregg 1981 6275:Gregg 1981 6263:Gregg 1981 6227:Gregg 1981 6179:Gregg 1981 6147:Gregg 1981 6083:Gregg 1981 6048:Gregg 1981 5953:Gregg 1981 5933:Howat 1974 5881:Gregg 1981 5829:Gregg 1981 5785:Gregg 1981 5653:Gregg 1981 5621:Howat 1974 5573:Gregg 1981 5549:Gregg 1981 5537:Sharp 1980 5517:Gregg 1981 5497:Gregg 1981 5477:Young 1997 5457:Gregg 1981 5425:Gregg 1981 5349:Gregg 1981 5333:Gregg 1981 5309:Gregg 1981 5241:Howat 1974 5237:Gregg 1981 5189:Gregg 1981 5169:Gregg 1981 5149:Gregg 1981 5093:Gregg 1981 5073:Gregg 1981 4985:Howat 1974 4957:Gregg 1981 4939:Quoted in 4924:Gregg 1981 4900:Gregg 1981 4864:Gregg 1981 4836:Gregg 1981 4824:Howat 1974 4808:Gregg 1981 4764:Gregg 1981 4748:Gregg 1981 4732:Gregg 1981 4712:Gregg 1981 4700:Smith 1999 4688:Smith 1999 4684:Gregg 1981 4672:Gregg 1981 4656:Gregg 1981 4640:Gregg 1981 4604:Gregg 1981 4588:Gregg 1981 4548:Gregg 1981 4536:Gregg 1981 4512:Gregg 1981 4500:Howat 1974 4496:Gregg 1981 4460:Gregg 1981 4440:Gregg 1981 4424:Gregg 1981 4408:Gregg 1981 4376:Gregg 1981 4340:Gregg 1981 4328:Gregg 1981 4308:Gregg 1981 4292:Gregg 1981 4256:Gregg 1981 4200:Gregg 1981 4156:Howat 1974 4152:Gregg 1981 4140:Howat 1974 4112:Gregg 1981 4100:Gregg 1981 4084:Gregg 1981 4072:Gregg 1981 4038:Gregg 1981 4026:Gregg 1981 4014:Gregg 1981 3999:Gregg 1981 3984:Gregg 1981 3944:Gregg 1981 3911:References 3197:No issue. 3055:Charles II 3014:See also: 2815:George III 2811:Edward III 2711:, such as 2677:Tintoretto 2645:Caravaggio 2467:See also: 2453:Charles II 2441:Henry VIII 2226:John Wilde 2148:Cumberland 2133:Engagement 1930:Lord Forth 1903:Nottingham 1630:See also: 1261:ship money 1177:John Rolle 962:Canterbury 731:Heidelberg 621:Lord Fyvie 569:Protestant 535:Early life 529:Charles II 466:Protestant 369:Protestant 294:Charles II 176:Charles II 154:Coronation 102:Charles II 76:Coronation 13531:Eucharist 13444:Charles I 13412:Edward VI 13362:Hygeberht 13190:Frederick 13010:Frederick 12896:Alexander 12754:Frederick 12541:Frederick 12322:Frederick 12082:James VII 12072:Charles I 12047:James III 12027:Robert II 11948:Duncan II 11878:Malcolm I 11868:Donald II 11807:Ciniod II 11802:Bridei VI 11782:Óengus II 11732:Drest VII 11722:Bridei IV 11687:Bridei II 11647:Talorc II 11627:Drest III 11612:Nechtan I 11515:George VI 11485:George IV 11475:George II 11387:Charles I 11369:from 1603 11319:James III 11299:Robert II 11255:William I 11230:Duncan II 11158:Malcolm I 11148:Donald II 11072:Edward VI 11062:Henry VII 11047:Edward IV 11017:Edward II 11007:Henry III 10990:Richard I 10951:William I 10872:Æthelstan 10604:Charles I 10595:Charles I 10586:Charles I 10520:159530910 10496:162382682 10450:147299268 10407:159801678 10107:Charles I 9762:(1999) , 9565:Charles I 9515:13527275M 9303:Weir 1996 9255:Weir 1996 9216:Weir 1996 9188:Weir 1996 9141:Cust 2005 9071:Cust 2005 9051:Cust 2005 9027:Cust 2005 8963:Cust 2005 8895:Cust 2005 8709:Cust 2005 8573:0032-5473 7985:Cust 2005 7778:Cust 2005 7746:Cust 2005 7706:Cust 2005 7682:Cust 2005 7630:Cust 2005 7582:Cust 2005 7538:Cust 2005 7514:Cust 2005 7498:Cust 2005 7454:Cust 2005 7358:Cust 2005 7271:Cust 2005 7259:Cust 2005 7243:Cust 2005 7191:Cust 2005 7095:Cust 2005 7067:Cust 2005 7051:Cust 2005 7011:Cust 2005 6795:Cust 2005 6743:Cust 2005 6515:Cust 2005 6468:Cust 2005 6452:Cust 2005 6420:Cust 2005 6299:Cust 2005 6211:Cust 2005 6191:Cust 2005 6175:Cust 2005 6095:Cust 2005 6044:Cust 2005 5949:Cust 2005 5921:Cust 2005 5901:Cust 2005 5861:Cust 2005 5845:Cust 2005 5825:Cust 2005 5781:Cust 2005 5765:Cust 2005 5749:Cust 2005 5649:Cust 2005 5633:Cust 2005 5597:Cust 2005 5493:Cust 2005 5421:Cust 2005 5405:Cust 2005 5221:Cust 2005 5185:Cust 2005 5165:Cust 2005 5145:Cust 2005 5121:Cust 2005 5109:Cust 2005 5089:Cust 2005 5057:Cust 2005 4941:Cust 2005 4920:Cust 2005 4896:Cust 2005 4880:Cust 2005 4852:Cust 2005 4728:Cust 2005 4652:Cust 2005 4616:Cust 2005 4592:Weir 1996 4520:Weir 1996 4404:Cust 2005 4372:Cust 2005 4356:Cust 2005 4288:Cust 2005 4268:Cust 2005 4240:Cust 2005 4228:Cust 2005 4172:Cust 2005 3956:Cust 2005 3932:Weir 1996 3928:Cust 2005 3916:Citations 3203:Henrietta 3170:Catherine 3137:Elizabeth 3115:Anne Hyde 3004:Elizabeth 2914:within a 2885:Quarterly 2689:Rembrandt 2649:del Sarto 2601:Correggio 2593:Velázquez 2457:Hyde Park 2375:Delaroche 2349:Strafford 2326:Elizabeth 2303:Execution 2249:John Cook 2093:Newmarket 2059:Captivity 1648:The Hague 1519:Strafford 1404:pilloried 1380:advowsons 1376:benefices 1173:prorogued 1045:New World 1032:free will 1028:Arminians 1024:damnation 1020:salvation 1013:Calvinist 974:Huguenots 922:his death 881:favourite 814:recusancy 796:from the 723:Elizabeth 691:porphyria 531:in 1660. 395:in 1649. 389:Charles I 375:Signature 309:Elizabeth 243:, England 220:Execution 209:Whitehall 172:Successor 95:Successor 35:Charles I 13667:Ministry 13662:Heraldry 13484:Theology 13357:Paulinus 12418:See also 12067:James VI 12052:James IV 12042:James II 12022:David II 12017:Robert I 11993:Margaret 11923:Duncan I 11842:Donald I 11787:Drest IX 11757:Alpín II 11752:Ciniod I 11747:Bridei V 11742:Óengus I 11707:Drest VI 11662:Bridei I 11642:Cailtram 11632:Drest IV 11617:Drest II 11607:Talorc I 11505:George V 11495:Victoria 11470:George I 11339:James VI 11324:James IV 11314:James II 11287:David II 11282:Robert I 11271:Margaret 11205:Duncan I 11114:Donald I 11052:Edward V 11042:Henry VI 11032:Henry IV 11012:Edward I 10978:Henry II 10877:Edmund I 10866:Ælfweard 10824:monarchs 10818:Scottish 10551:in JSTOR 10376:citation 10283:(1955), 10253:(1979), 10153:(2007), 10133:(1987), 10087:(1996), 10074:archived 10039:(1922), 10001:Monarchy 9998:(2006), 9977:(1999), 9954:(1992), 9911:(2001), 9872:(1990), 9833:(2002), 9783:(1958), 9737:(1974), 9683:(1978), 9615:(1974), 9563:(1968), 9542:(1981), 9505:(1906), 9420:(2003), 9372:(1715), 8591:17551078 8535:archived 8258:20 April 3744:25 March 3224:Ancestry 3213:Married 3087:Married 3065:Married 2916:tressure 2874:torteaux 2795:Scotland 2681:Veronese 2665:Leonardo 2653:Mantegna 2627:and the 2621:van Dyck 2566:restored 2548:and the 2530:republic 2515:Falmouth 2501:of 1660 2485:apologia 2401:and the 2097:Oatlands 1918:Edgehill 1671:John Pym 1575:Thorough 1437:English 1429:Anglican 1408:cropping 1386:and the 1342:Arminian 1231:sceptres 1227:Farthing 1212:CAROLUS 1208:Sixpence 1199:Finances 1100:jointure 1057:Henry VI 1001:Puritans 926:de facto 742:Catholic 735:Habsburg 725:married 525:restored 521:republic 482:Scottish 462:Anglican 451:Puritans 447:Reformed 365:Religion 166:James VI 119:de facto 13607:Morning 13555:worship 13551:Liturgy 13492:Trinity 13432:James I 13387:Cranmer 13312:History 13161:Charles 13058:William 13050:Charles 12986:Charles 12972:Charles 12933:Arthur 12802:William 12794:Charles 12730:Charles 12722:Charles 12658:Richard 12626:Richard 12392:William 12382:Charles 12292:Charles 12282:Charles 12116:Ireland 12112:England 12087:Mary II 12057:James V 12037:James I 11968:David I 11928:Macbeth 11862:Eochaid 11817:Drest X 11737:Alpín I 11677:Cinioch 11652:Drest V 11602:Drest I 11423:Mary II 11329:James V 11309:James I 11245:David I 11210:Macbeth 11142:Eochaid 11037:Henry V 10972:Matilda 10966:Stephen 10961:Henry I 10822:British 10816:, 10814:English 10682:Ireland 10626:at the 10574:at the 10547:4049286 9637:. 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