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915:. His policy was guided by the conviction that the power of the states on the periphery of Europe, namely Great Britain and Russia, was increasing, and ought to be diminished. When he was appointed to the job, he had spent almost the entirety of the previous thirty five years abroad in diplomatic service. He readily admitted that he had lost touch with developments in France, and was mocked by some political opponents as a "foreigner". Despite this, or perhaps more because of it, he was able to view France's foreign affairs with a more abstract nature, taking in the wider European context.
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975:'s plan for secret French assistance. From early 1776, the French gave supplies, arms, ammunition and volunteers to the American rebels. The weakness of the British naval blockade off the American coast allowed large amounts of goods to reach the continent. In 1777, Vergennes informed the Americans' commissioners that France acknowledged the United States, and was willing to form an offensive and defensive alliance with the new state. In the wake of the
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1150:. In 1782, a major Franco-Spanish attack on Gibraltar failed, and the fort was relieved shortly afterward. This presented a major problem to Vergennes, as his treaty of alliance with the Spanish had committed the French to keep fighting until Gibraltar was under Spanish control. Failure to gain control of Gibraltar could potentially extend the war indefinitely.
780:. The Sultan threatened to build up a large fleet and invade the island, potentially provoking a major war in the Mediterranean in which France would have to defend Malta in spite of the global war that it was already fighting. Eventually, a compromise was agreed in which the French negotiated the return of the ship, but not the prisoners, to the Sultan.
1315:, which he is said to have suggested to Louis XVI. The opening of the Assembly was delayed several times to accommodate him after he had grown ill from overwork, but on 13 February 1787, he died. When Louis XVI was told the news, he broke down in tears, describing Vergennes as "the only friend I could count on, the one minister who never deceived me."
1196:, Vergennes tried to balance the conflicting interests of France, Spain and the United States. He was largely unsympathetic to the Dutch, believing that their disappointing effort in the war did not justify his championing their goals at the peace table. He played a major role in persuading Spain to accept a peace agreement that did not give them
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and brother of the Prime
Minister. Newcastle hoped the election would prevent a recurrence of the recent war, by guaranteeing continued Austrian dominance in Germany. The French saw the proposal as part of a scheme by the British to boost their own power in Germany. Vergennes appointment was designed
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By 1782 Vergennes was growing increasingly frustrated by what he regarded as the inability of the United States to justify its use of the large sums of money which France had given them. He remarked to
Lafayette, who had recently returned from America, "I am not marvelously pleased with the country
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The
Congress was regarded as a diplomatic triumph for Vergennes and he received praise from Newcastle for his skills. To counter a last attempt by Austria to get an agreement, Vergennes was sent to the Palatine in January 1753 where he secured confirmation that they would stick to France's strategy.
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between
Austria and Prussia, which he feared could trigger a major European war. He did not want his strategy of sending French and Spanish forces against Britain in the Americas to be deflected by troops and resources being diverted to Central Europe. The conflict was ended relatively peacefully
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He then returned to Trier where he spent fourteen quiet months before he was given his next posting. His time in
Germany shaped his views on diplomacy. He was critical of the British tendency of bowing to public opinion because of their democracy, and he was concerned by the rising power of Russia.
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When
Vergennes discovered in November 1782 that the Americans had concluded a separate peace with the British, he felt betrayed, as they had previously agreed that a joint peace would be negotiated between them. In light of the generous terms that Britain had granted to the United States, although
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in an attempt to keep the Dutch from joining the League. Vergennes believed the Dutch were most valuable as neutrals, as they could supply France through the
British blockade, than as allies. He briefly entertained the hope that the British war against the Dutch would provoke the Russians to enter
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broke out. It eventually ended in a decisive victory for the
Russians, who gained new territory, and further eroded Ottoman power. Despite his opposition to the policy, Vergennes still took credit in France for having fulfilled his orders to provoke a war. During this period Vergennes and Choiseul
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In 1768, he was recalled, ostensibly because he married the widow Anne
Duvivier (1730â1798), also known as de Viviers; they previously lived together while she was the ambassador's mistress. In addition, Gravier married her without seeking the King's consent. She was the widow of Francesco Testa
483:. Alliance with the revolutionaries produced mixed results for France as, despite helping to defeat Britain and secure American independence, he extracted little material gain from the war and the costs of fighting further damaged the already weakened French royal finances in the years before the
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These two defeats undermined the French confidence that had greeted the success at
Yorktown. Vergennes grew increasingly pessimistic about allied prospects during the coming year. By this stage, peace negotiations were well underway. During 1782, Vergennes committed French troops to put down a
1110:. In spite of the large British military presence in the colonies and its continued control of several major cities, in early 1782, the British parliament passed a resolution suspending further offensives against the Americans. This did not apply to their other enemies in other theatres of war.
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Vergennes's marriage had taken place without the King's consent, which was a requirement for French ambassadors. In France Vergennes encountered strong disapproval of his marriage and was aware that he returned home in disgrace. In spite of his doubts, Vergennes was successful in persuading the
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had recently come to the throne. The Ottomans were traditional allies of the French and were a major trading partner, but the weakening of Ottoman power and the growth of Russia threatened the old system. Despite their close ties, the two states had no formal alliance. In his official orders,
854:. Choiseul regarded the best way of doing that as provoking a costly war between them and the Ottomans. Although he thought the strategy unwise, Vergennes continuously advocated war in Constantinople by trying to convince the Ottomans that war was the only way to check Russia's rising power.
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in 1763 brought an end to the war, but France was forced to cede significant territory to the British, easing some of the strains on Vergennes. However, he was left personally disappointed by the decline in French prestige. He was also alarmed by the weakening of French influence in
581:. In November 1745 Chavigny was relieved of his post, and returned to France accompanied by Vergennes. The following year they returned to Portugal to take up their previous posts there where they remained until 1749, unsuccessfully trying to negotiate a commercial treaty.
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for payment of money they claimed against Austria and Britain insisting it be settled before the election took place. The British eventually agreed to a settlement, but Austria refused to accept this, creating a rift between the two countries which endangered the
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Despite its claim of victory from the American War of Independence, France's foreign situation began to decline rapidly in the years after 1783. French resources were increasingly strained and unable to support the nation's traditional role in Europe. During the
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American historians have often portrayed Vergennes as a visionary, because of his support for United States independence. Other historians believe that his support for a republican insurrection and the enormous cost which France incurred in the war, caused the
706:. The reason for Vergennes' original lesser rank was that sending a new ambassador was a time-consuming elaborate ceremony, and there was a sense of urgency because of the death of the previous ambassador. Before he left France, he was inducted into the
565:. Charles VII was a key ally of the French in the ongoing war against Austria, and they were charged with keeping him in the war by assuaging his concerns which they accomplished successfully. They next were instrumental in the agreement of the
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Parti : au I, de gueules Ă 3 oiseaux essorants d'argent, ceux en chef affrontĂ©s ; au II, de gueules Ă la croix d'argent et sur laquelle broche (en cĆur), un Ă©cusson de sable Ă un cep de sinople et au chef d'azur chargĂ© d'un soleil
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of 1756 turned that scheme upside down as France became friendly to and then allied to Austria and Russia and an enemy of Prussia, which forced Vergennes to reverse his anti-Russian rhetoric. The Ottoman leadership were angered by the new
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979:, a defeat for the British, Vergennes feared that the British and colonists might reconcile. He hastened to create an alliance with the Americans from fear that they might jointly attack France with the British.
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that year miscarried. This seriously undermined Vergennes' plans, as he had anticipated a swift and simple war against the British. It promised to be considerably more difficult and expensive than he had hoped.
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Vergennes hoped that by giving French aid to the American revolutionaries he would be able to weaken British dominance of the international stage, in the wake of that kingdom's victory over France in the recent
1142:, the French fleet suffered a major defeat and de Grasse was captured by the British. Both France and Britain understood this victory to restore British control of the high seas. Since 1779, Allied forces had
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to frustrate the British plan, and Trier was considered a good strategic spot for this mission. He worked at getting the ruler of Trier to withhold his vote from Joseph, while mobilising wider resistance.
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France's own peace terms with Britain were completed in January 1783. Worried that another year of war would result in further British victories, Vergennes was keen to reach an agreement. France received
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In part as a result of his efforts in crafting the American alliance, Vergennes became a dominant figure in French politics during the 1780s. He died on the eve of the revolution in his own nation.
1014:, placing significant strains on Franco-American relations. Vergennes continued to send large amounts of money to keep the war effort afloat, but the British regained the initiative with their
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the war against them, but Catherine declined to act. The Dutch entry into the war placed further strains on the French treasury, as they searched for finances to support the Dutch war effort.
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who was living in Istanbul at this time painted Charles Gravier's wife, Annette Duvivier, Comtesse de Vergennes, in an oriental costume, sitting on a divan, shortly before they married.
650:. His task was to uphold French interests at the Congress, either by delaying the election or preventing it entirely. To enable this, France championed the claims of the French-allied
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506:, on 29 December 1719. His family were members of the country aristocracy. He spent his youth in a townhouse at Dijon and on the family's country estates. He had an elder brother
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was more interested in mediating the dispute, as he did not want to encourage colonial revolts. Vergennes pressed ahead with his alliance, in agreement with the American envoy
941:. As early as 1765, Vergennes predicted that the loss of the French threat in North America would lead to the Americans "striking off their chains". In 1775 the first fighting
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on the side of Britain, a task that proved relatively easy as the Portuguese had little interest in joining the war. In 1743 Vergennes accompanied his uncle to the court of
510:, born in 1718, who eventually inherited the family estates. His mother died when he was three, and his father subsequently remarried. Vergennes received his education from
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Vergennes was ordered not to agree any treaty, but he received secret instructions from the king to agree a treaty if it supported the king's schemes in Eastern Europe.
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Despite American rebels' optimism related to France's entry into the war, the new forces did not quickly affect the balance of power in North America. A fleet under
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His successful advocacy of French interests in Germany led him to believe his next posting would be as Ambassador to Bavaria. Instead, he was sent to the
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Vergennes rose through the ranks of the diplomatic service during postings in Portugal and Germany before receiving the important post of Envoy to the
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1200:; without their concession, it was likely the war would have been prolonged at least one more year, which French national finances could not afford.
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forced Vergennes to return to his previous policy of encouraging anti-Russian sentiment, only to change again when Peter was overthrown by his wife,
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Towards the end of the Seven Years' War, Vergennes tackled several new problems. A dramatic reversal of Russian policies following the succession of
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before being recalled in 1768. After assisting a pro-French faction to take power in Sweden, he returned home and was promoted to foreign minister.
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456:; 29 December 1719 â 13 February 1787) was a French statesman and diplomat. He served as Foreign Minister from 1774 to 1787 during the reign of
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and the Ottomans, which Choiseul hoped for. Choiseul wanted to weaken the power of Russia as he believed they were becoming too strong in the
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835:, originally from Genoa. She was widowed at the age of 24, before she met Charles Gravier, and they had two daughters together. The painter
611:, one of the smaller German electorates. Vergennes faced an immediate challenge, as the British were planning to have an Austrian candidate
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The first French expedition to America under d'Estaing returned to France in 1779. The following year, another fleet was dispatched under
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was a success. In sharp contrast to previous wars, the British were forced to fight the entire war without a significant ally.
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who was mutually referred to as his "uncle", but was in fact a more distant relative. Chavigny was an experienced diplomat and
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that you have just left. I find it barely active and very demanding." Although he continued to enjoy a warm relationship with
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In 1779, Spain's entry into the war against the British made the Allies' joint fleet considerably larger than the British
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Vergennes's task was to try to persuade the Ottomans to counter the Russian threat to Poland, working in conjunction with
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in 1789. In January 1793, the rebels executed the King. France was soon at war with many of its neighbours. In
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views. In 1781, Vergennes became chief of the council of finance, and, in 1783, he supported the nomination of
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A. Gautier, "Anne Duvivier, comtesse de Vergennes (1730-1798), ambassadrice de France Ă Constantinople", in
607:, he lobbied for Vergennes to be given an appointment. In 1750 Vergennes was appointed as Ambassador to the
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secured power (19 August 1772) was a major diplomatic triumph for France and brought to an end the Swedish
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of 1787, France was unable to prevent the intervention of Prussian troops, who crushed the French-allied
1212:. Vergennes claimed that France's limited gains justified his position that their participation had been
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949:. Historians believe that, because of financial strains for France, this commitment contributed to the
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After their return home, Vergennes and his uncle were now in favour with the French Foreign Minister
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After his death in 1787, the French national situation deteriorated, leading to the outbreak of the
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Marie de Testa, Antoine Gautier, "Deux grandes dynasties de drogmans, les Fonton et les Testa", in
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The Diplomatic Retreat of France and Public Opinion on the Eve of the French Revolution, 1783-1789
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1126:(1782). The defeat of the French fleet proved a major blow to the Allies' war plan for the year.
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they refused to cede Canada, Vergennes remarked, "The English buy peace rather than make it."
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Charles Gravier, Comte De Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719-1787
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Charles Gravier, Comte De Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719-1787
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Charles Gravier's wife, Annette Duvivier, comtesse de Vergennes, in oriental costume, by
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The objective of Chavigny and Vergennes in Lisbon was to keep Portugal from entering the
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that followed, the government imprisoned and killed many of Vergennes' contemporaries.
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659:. Newcastle was ultimately forced to dissolve the Congress and abandon the election.
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Although Vergennes had long planned for France to enter the war jointly with Spain,
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Vergennes' rivalry with the British, and his desire to avenge the disasters of the
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See Jeremy Black, "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?."
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distrusted Vergennes' motives and began separate peace talks with British envoys.
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The Diplomatic Retreat of France and Public Opinion on the Eve of the Revolution
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The Diplomatic Retreat of France and Public Opinion on the Eve of the Revolution
1767:
online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player
1073:. Vergennes's strategy to prevent Britain from gaining allies from the European
772:. Vergennes also had to deal with the consequences of the theft of the Sultan's
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The Peace Negotiations of 1782â83 as illustrated by the Confidential Papers of
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1261:. The diplomatic retreat was a contributing factor to the French Revolution.
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In 1752 an attempt to settle the matter, Newcastle travelled to Hanover where
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in 1755. While there he oversaw complex negotiations that resulted from the
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p. ix. All following uses of "Murphy" are to this book unless specified.
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sailed to assist the rebels but failed in attacks on British forces in
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in Dijon. In 1739, at the age of twenty, he accepted an offer to go to
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1917:. Vol. 1. Hanover: University Press of New England. p. 173.
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1268:. These contributed to the French exploration and conquest under the
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Long before France's open entry into the war, Vergennes approved of
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1339:, which brought down the French monarchy and the system he served.
1178:
773:
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2127:
Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO)
2054:
For Liberty and Glory: Washington, Lafayette and their Revolutions
1994:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2094:
A Great Improvisation, Benjamin Franklin and the Birth of America
1209:
1135:
827:â1754), a merchant member of one of the oldest and distinguished
730:
511:
2084:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815.
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However, Charles Gravier was more probably recalled because the
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was convened. In April 1752 Vergennes was appointed as envoy to
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In 1784, Vergennes was elected an international member of the
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Drogmans et diplomates européens auprÚs de la Porte ottomane
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in the United States was named after him, as promulgated by
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After the success at Yorktown, the French fleet went to the
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By a series of negotiations, Vergennes sought to secure the
2013:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1264:
Vergennes encouraged King Louis to sponsor expeditions to
871:
After Choiseul's dismissal in 1770, Vergennes was sent to
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but were unable to prevent him from losing his capital at
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Le Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade a Constantinople
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Ottomans to declare war against Russia, and in 1768 the
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of Russia or even that the two states might be merged.
894:, which brought back the absolute monarchy in Sweden.
3730:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
2020:
La Diplomatie française et la Ligue des neutres 1780
1763:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research.
1734:
1408:
520:
Théodore Chevignard de Chavigny, comte de Toulongeon
846:thought him not competent to provoke a war between
2120:, Ă©ditions ISIS, Istanbul, 2003, pp. 129â147.
2061:A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War
1915:Ethan Allen and His Kin: Correspondence, 1772-1819
2045:Le Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade en SuĂšde
3686:
1397:The Gravier family is a family of the surviving
1134:as part of a plan to invade Britain's colony of
1046:armed neutrality of the Northern European states
430:Arms of the Count of Vergennes as member of the
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1102:, a sizable force of French soldiers under the
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1311:Vergennes died just before the meeting of the
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2125:Le Bulletin, Association des anciens Ă©lĂšves,
2077:. Catholic University of America Press, 1998.
1765:(Fall 1996), Vol. 74 Issue 299, pp. 145-154.
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749:Audience of Charles de Vergennes with Sultan
217:Ambassador of France to the Kingdom of Sweden
1462:, a city located in an area affected by the
74:21 November 1781 â 13 February 1787
3735:Ambassadors of France to the Ottoman Empire
2104:Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775-1783
2070:. State University of New York Press, 1982.
1667:
1665:
577:and making peace with the Austrians at the
3715:Politicians of the Ancien RĂ©gime in France
3575:
3561:
2251:
2237:
1475:France in the American War of Independence
1192:During the negotiations leading up to the
1158:, which had broken out the previous year.
1060:Vergennes acted as an intermediary in the
925:France in the American War of Independence
863:developed a mutual dislike of each other.
330: 1730–1787)
166:Ambassador of France to the Ottoman Empire
42:
875:with instructions to help the pro-French
626:The British strategy was directed by the
3720:French people of the American Revolution
1999:
1740:
1662:
1280:In domestic affairs, Vergennes remained
1227:
1117:
807:
744:
670:
126:21 July 1774 â 13 February 1787
1912:
1288:removed. He regarded Necker, a foreign
1108:surrender of a British army at Yorktown
776:by Christian prisoners, who took it to
675:Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes in
538:
14:
3687:
1292:, as a dangerous innovator and secret
803:
584:
3584:Chief ministers to the French Monarch
3556:
2232:
1913:John J., Duffy et al Editors (1998).
956:
533:
451:
2211:Chief Minister of the French Monarch
2005:Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de
1275:
62:Chief Minister of the French Monarch
1177:, the American peace commissioners
1048:, which was eventually achieved by
897:
879:faction with advice and money. The
24:
1161:
945:, and in July 1776, the colonists
508:Jean Gravier, marquis de Vergennes
25:
3751:
1284:, carrying out intrigues to have
1243:
666:
3673:
2152:Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
2130:, November 2005, pp. 43â60.
2110:
1987:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1216:. He was criticised for this by
1040:First League of Armed Neutrality
526:who had been made ambassador to
423:
417:
400:
365:
3740:Ambassadors of France to Sweden
1951:
1906:
1887:
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1856:
1843:
1834:
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1807:
1798:
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1716:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
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1608:
1599:
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1581:
1572:
327:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
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1518:
1509:
1500:
1487:
1355:American Philosophical Society
1062:War of the Bavarian Succession
1054:war against the Dutch Republic
902:
551:War of the Austrian Succession
545:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
3710:18th-century French diplomats
2106:. Simon & Schuster, 2005.
1980:
1350:and suggested by CrĂšvecoeur.
1223:
1154:democratic revolution in the
1027:attempted invasion of Britain
821:
493:
1302:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
939:American War of Independence
933:, led to his support of the
919:American War of Independence
623:was agreed, bringing peace.
498:Charles Gravier was born in
462:American War of Independence
387:Famille Gravier de Vergennes
18:Charles Gravier de Vergennes
7:
2260:Foreign Ministers of France
2184:Minister of Foreign Affairs
2039:L. Bonneville de Marsangy,
1903:. Retrieved 11 October 2011
1404:
1080:
997:
907:With the accession of King
561:and also held the title of
114:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
3756:
2162:François-Emmanuel Guignard
1470:Swedish Revolution of 1772
1466:which influenced Vergennes
1330:Legacy and popular culture
1165:
1084:
1037:
1034:League of Armed Neutrality
960:
922:
911:in 1774, Vergennes became
792:, which, in 1764, elected
644:George II of Great Britain
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992:Carlisle Peace Commission
963:Treaty of Alliance (1778)
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621:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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48:Charles de Vergennes, by
41:
34:
2973:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
2022:(1776â83) (Paris, 1893).
1480:
1386:Thibault de Montalembert
1360:Vergennes was played by
1069:, of which France was a
967:Franco-American Alliance
740:Franco-Austrian Alliance
700:minister plenipotentiary
646:in his separate role as
432:Order of the Holy Spirit
258:Pierre d'Usson de Bonnac
2010:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1894:vergennes.org "History"
1455:Franco-Ottoman alliance
1388:in the 2024 miniseries
1146:to the British base at
1138:. In April 1782 at the
1113:
1100:Expédition ParticuliÚre
657:Anglo-Austrian Alliance
50:Antoine-François Callet
3705:Politicians from Dijon
1899:24 August 2011 at the
1240:
1168:Treaty of Paris (1783)
1127:
1050:Catherine II of Russia
816:
761:
691:
36:The Count of Vergennes
2221:Archbishop de Brienne
1231:
1140:Battle of the Saintes
1124:Battle of the Saintes
1121:
961:Further information:
947:declared independence
811:
794:Stanislas Poniatowski
748:
735:Diplomatic Revolution
713:Vergennes arrived in
674:
557:who was the ruler of
543:Further information:
473:Diplomatic Revolution
460:, notably during the
449:French pronunciation:
211:Count of Saint-Priest
107:Archbishop de Brienne
2086:Penguin Books, 2006.
1963:search.amphilsoc.org
1959:"APS Member History"
1313:Assembly of Notables
1296:and was wary of his
599:. When Chavigny met
539:Portugal and Bavaria
383:Gravier de Vergennes
3725:Counts of Vergennes
2096:. Bloomsbury, 2006.
2073:Murphy, Orville T.
2066:Murphy, Orville T.
1862:Murphy, Orville T.
1372:Jean-Hugues Anglade
1362:Guillaume Gallienne
1270:Third French Empire
1218:Marquis de Castries
1104:comte de Rochambeau
1052:. Britain declared
973:Pierre Beaumarchais
804:Marriage and recall
609:Electorate of Trier
591:Congress of Hanover
585:Congress of Hanover
518:as an assistant to
3665:Comte de Montmorin
3640:Comte de Vergennes
3595:Cardinal Richelieu
2920:La Tour d'Auvergne
2608:Second Restoration
2194:Count of Montmorin
2169:Political offices
2100:Weintraub, Stanley
2043:(Paris, 1894) and
1943:has generic name (
1849:Murphy, Oville T.
1831:Murphy pp. 358-367
1822:Murphy pp. 462-463
1777:Rodger pp. 353-354
1752:Murphy pp. 459-460
1704:Murphy pp. 119-175
1659:Murphy pp. 136-150
1650:Murphy pp. 124-139
1641:Murphy pp. 106-120
1632:Murphy pp. 104-105
1460:Vergennes, Vermont
1344:Vergennes, Vermont
1306:Controller-General
1241:
1156:Republic of Geneva
1128:
977:Battle of Saratoga
957:Entry into the war
881:revolution of 1772
817:
762:
698:in 1755, first as
692:
679:dress, painted by
648:Elector of Hanover
640:a special Congress
632:Northern Secretary
617:King of the Romans
567:Union of Frankfurt
563:Holy Roman Emperor
534:Diplomatic service
445:comte de Vergennes
248:François de ModÚne
159:Count of Montmorin
3682:
3681:
3635:Comte de Maurepas
3550:
3549:
3417:Couve de Murville
3399:Couve de Murville
2656:Montmorency-Laval
2562:First Restoration
2227:
2226:
2218:Succeeded by
2204:Count of Maurepas
2191:Succeeded by
2159:Succeeded by
2137:Diplomatic posts
2063:. Robinson, 2004.
2052:Gaines, James R.
2036:(New York, 1888).
1722:Murphy pp. 211-12
1464:Saratoga Campaign
1357:in Philadelphia.
1337:French Revolution
1320:French Revolution
1276:Domestic politics
1237:French Revolution
1175:Benjamin Franklin
1093:Admiral de Grasse
1087:Siege of Yorktown
1067:Treaty of Teschen
1016:Southern Strategy
1004:Admiral d'Estaing
988:Benjamin Franklin
951:French Revolution
935:Thirteen Colonies
860:Russo-Turkish War
837:Antoine de Favray
814:Antoine de Favray
681:Antoine de Favray
628:Duke of Newcastle
485:French Revolution
453:[vÉÊ.ÊÉn]
438:
437:
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95:Count of Maurepas
16:(Redirected from
3747:
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2900:La Tour Auvergne
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2201:Preceded by
2188:1774–1787
2174:Preceded by
2156:1755–1768
2142:Preceded by
2134:
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2081:Rodger, N. A. M.
2059:Harvey, Robert.
2014:
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931:Seven Years' War
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898:Foreign minister
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2056:. Norton, 2007.
2003:, ed. (1911). "
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589:Main article:
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571:Maximilian III
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302:(aged 67)
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2406:L. Phélypeaux
2404:
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2376:Saint-Contest
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2296:R. Phélypeaux
2294:
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2268:Ancien RĂ©gime
2265:
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2247:
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2240:
2235:
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2222:
2213:
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2199:
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2186:
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2178:
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2163:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2145:Roland Puchot
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:Other sources
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:Schiff, Stacy
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:and Vergennes
2033:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1996:public domain
1985:
1984:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1941:|first1=
1934:
1926:
1924:0-87451-858-X
1920:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:Harvey p. 362
1881:
1875:Gaines p. 230
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1840:Murphy p. 397
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1804:Schiff p. 313
1801:
1795:Schiff p. 287
1792:
1786:Schiff p. 267
1783:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1741:Chisholm 1911
1737:
1728:
1719:
1713:Murphy p. 211
1710:
1701:
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1680:
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1433:France portal
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1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:disinterested
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
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760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
741:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
708:Secret du Roi
705:
701:
697:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
664:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
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398:
395:
391:
384:
380:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
340:
336:
320:Anne Duvivier
317:
313:
310:
306:
297:
293:
290:
286:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
251:
247:
241:
238:
235:
231:
225:
220:
215:
212:
209:
203:
200:
199:Pierre Puchot
197:
191:
188:
185:
181:
175:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
129:
123:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
99:
96:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
71:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3639:
3512:Alliot-Marie
3502:Douste-Blazy
3288:Vichy France
3248:Paul-Boncour
3218:Paul-Boncour
2651:La Ferronays
2593:Caulaincourt
2585:Hundred Days
2552:Caulaincourt
2529:First Empire
2484:Lebrun-Tondu
2466:Sainte-Croix
2420:
2209:
2182:
2177:Henri Bertin
2150:
2124:
2117:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2019:
2015:; endnotes:
2008:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1914:
1908:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1736:
1731:Harvey p. 34
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1676:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1605:Murphy p. 48
1601:
1596:Murphy p. 49
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1396:
1389:
1379:
1374:in the 2008
1365:
1364:in the film
1359:
1352:
1342:The city of
1341:
1333:
1317:
1310:
1282:conservative
1279:
1263:
1251:Dutch Crisis
1247:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1171:
1152:
1129:
1097:
1090:
1075:great powers
1059:
1043:
1025:, but their
1020:
1008:Rhode Island
1001:
981:
970:
928:
906:
870:
856:
841:
818:
782:
763:
728:
712:
693:
661:
637:
625:
594:
548:
524:secret agent
497:
489:
477:
466:
444:
440:
439:
406:
394:Noble family
300:(1787-02-13)
254:Succeeded by
223:
206:Succeeded by
173:
154:Succeeded by
147:Henri Bertin
121:
102:Succeeded by
69:
29:
3700:1787 deaths
3695:1719 births
3432:Bettencourt
3326:Provisional
2807:Tocqueville
2401:Ă. Choiseul
2396:C. Choiseul
2391:Ă. Choiseul
2301:Bouthillier
1968:14 December
1853:. pp. 80-96
1524:Murphy p. 3
1515:Murphy p. 7
1370:(2006), by
1348:Ethan Allen
1132:West Indies
984:Charles III
903:Appointment
825: 1720
755:Pera Museum
685:Pera Museum
615:elected as
555:Charles VII
244:Preceded by
194:Preceded by
142:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
3689:Categories
3447:Guiringaud
3328:Government
2963:Waddington
2958:Banneville
2948:A. Broglie
2895:La Valette
2885:La Valette
2749:Montebello
2734:V. Broglie
2714:V. Broglie
2709:SĂ©bastiani
2616:Talleyrand
2575:Talleyrand
2537:Talleyrand
2519:Talleyrand
2509:Talleyrand
2461:Dubouchage
1981:References
1866:. pp. 1-10
1381:John Adams
1324:The Terror
1298:Anglophile
1294:republican
1290:Protestant
1224:Last years
1183:John Adams
1144:laid siege
1023:Royal Navy
888:Gustav III
852:Baltic Sea
702:, then as
605:Versailles
494:Early life
348:Profession
341:Constantin
305:Versailles
278:1719-12-29
3158:Millerand
3123:Doumergue
3113:Bourgeois
3108:Doumergue
3073:Bourgeois
3053:Bourgeois
3048:Berthelot
3008:Freycinet
2993:FalliĂšres
2983:Freycinet
2968:Freycinet
2875:Thouvenel
2782:Lamartine
2671:Mortemart
2626:Dessolles
2542:Champagny
2504:Delacroix
2489:Deforgues
2456:Chambonas
2446:Dumouriez
2436:Montmorin
2426:Montmorin
2421:Vergennes
2411:Aiguillon
2371:Puisieulx
2351:Chauvelin
2032:Shelburne
1933:cite book
1384:, and by
1266:Indochina
1233:Louis XVI
1198:Gibraltar
1148:Gibraltar
1071:guarantor
953:of 1789.
943:broke out
909:Louis XVI
883:by which
798:satellite
770:Catherine
766:Peter III
753:in 1755,
751:Osman III
723:Osman III
458:Louis XVI
362:Signature
356:statesman
228:1771â1774
224:In office
178:1755â1768
174:In office
135:Louis XVI
122:In office
83:Louis XVI
70:In office
3655:Breteuil
3542:Séjourné
3532:Le Drian
3507:Kouchner
3492:Villepin
3482:Charette
3457:Cheysson
3427:Schumann
3296:Baudouin
3278:Baudouin
3268:Daladier
3258:Daladier
3223:Daladier
3178:Lefebvre
3173:Poincaré
3128:Delcassé
3093:Poincaré
3063:Delcassé
3058:Hanotaux
3043:Hanotaux
3013:Flourens
2978:Gambetta
2910:Ollivier
2890:Moustier
2865:Walewski
2817:La Hitte
2812:Rayneval
2666:Polignac
2661:Portalis
2631:Pasquier
2570:Laforest
2514:Reinhard
2431:Vauguyon
2366:Argenson
2361:Noailles
2356:Chaillou
2346:Morville
2336:Huxelles
2321:Pomponne
2306:Chavigny
2281:Villeroy
2026:John Jay
1897:Archived
1405:See also
1391:Franklin
1255:Patriots
1179:John Jay
1081:Yorktown
1012:Savannah
998:Strategy
774:flagship
759:Istanbul
689:Istanbul
683:, 1766,
652:Palatine
601:Louis XV
597:Puiseulx
528:Portugal
352:Diplomat
338:Children
237:Louis XV
187:Louis XV
3645:Brienne
3630:Maupeou
3537:Colonna
3527:Ayrault
3497:Barnier
3487:VĂ©drine
3467:Raimond
3369:Bidault
3364:Schuman
3359:Bidault
3336:Bidault
3306:Flandin
3273:Reynaud
3263:Reynaud
3238:Flandin
3228:Barthou
3213:Herriot
3208:Tardieu
3193:Herriot
3183:Herriot
3163:Leygues
3148:Barthou
3133:Viviani
3118:Viviani
3098:Jonnart
3068:Rouvier
3033:Develle
3023:Spuller
2988:Duclerc
2953:Decazes
2943:RĂ©musat
2915:Gramont
2870:Baroche
2832:Baroche
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