545:). In July 1655 Gerard was at Cologne, closely watched by Thurloe's spies. As Hyde wrote to Nicholas from Paris, 24 April 1654, Gerard was never without projects. From Cologne he went to Antwerp "to attempt the new modelling of the plot", returning to Paris in September. There he appears to have resided until May 1656, busily employed in collecting intelligence. In this work he seems to have been much aided by the postal authorities, who, according to one of Thurloe's correspondents, allowed him to intercept whatever letters he pleased. In July he was at Cologne awaiting instructions. In February 1657 he was at the Hague, corresponding under the name of Thomas Enwood with one Dermot, a merchant at the sign of the Drum, Drury Lane. The only fragment of this correspondence which remains is unintelligible, being couched in mercantile phraseology, which gives no clue to its real meaning.
758:, the 17th-century biographer, who being Guildford's brother was well placed to know the facts, wrote that as Fitton was then in favour at court, while Macclesfield (Gerard) was "stiff of the anti-court party", it was generally anticipated that the lord keeper would, independently of the merits of the case, decide in favour of Fitton. In fact, however, he refused the application on the ground that the claim was stale, a "pitch of heroical justice" which North cannot adequately extol, and which so impressed Macclesfield that he expended a shilling in the purchase of the lord keeper's portrait.
588:
698:
was his practice to conceal the deaths of the troopers that he might draw their pay; and one of his clerks named Carr drew up a petition to the House of Lords charging him with peculation to the extent of £2,000 per annum. The petition found its way into print before presentation, and was treated by the house as a breach of privilege, voted a "scandalous paper", and ordered to be burned by the common hangman. Carr was sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000, to stand in the pillory for three hours on each of three different days, and to be imprisoned in
1687:
806:, after owning that he had taken more oaths than he could remember, said that he should be "very unwilling to charge himself with more at the end of his days", whereupon Macclesfield rose and said that "he was in much the same case with Lord Wharton, though they had not always taken the same oaths; but he never knew them of any use but to make people declare against government that would have submitted quietly to it if they had been let alone". He also disclaimed having had much hand in bringing about the revolution.
653:, and he was soon involved in litigation with Captains Thomas and Henry Batt, keepers of Potter's Walk and bailiffs of the Chase, whose patents he refused to recognise. Both matters were referred to the lord chancellor for decision. As against the Batts, Gerard succeeded on the technical ground that their patent was under the great seal, whereas by statute it should have been under that of the duchy of Lancaster. It does not appear how the question with the Earl of Salisbury was settled.
498:
Gerard that he has the commission appointing him general of Kent, but that the fact must be kept secret "because the King in his late declaration promised the Scots to grant none." In March 1650–1 Gerard left the Hague for Breda in attendance on the Duke of York, who was anxious to avoid certain "things called ambassadors," as
Nicholas scornfully terms the Scottish envoys. In the following November, he was in Paris, where he seems to have remained for at least a year.
690:
1763:
382:, and determined if possible to join Montrose in the north. Escorted by Gerard, he made for Chester, and succeeded in entering the city, having first detached Gerard to the assistance of Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who was endeavouring to muster the royalists in force outside the city, with the view of raising the siege. After much apparently purposeless marching and counter-marching, the royalists risked an engagement with the besiegers on
25:
393:. Gerard was carried from the field desperately wounded. The King then evacuated Chester and retired to Newark, where he arrived with Gerard on 4 October, and fixed his headquarters for the winter. Gerard was dismissed from the King's service before the end of the month for taking part with Rupert and some other Cavaliers in a disorderly protest against the supersession of
549:
apparently for the purpose of chartering ships, and he spent the rest of that year and the first six months of the next partly in the Low
Countries and partly at Boulogne, returning to Paris between August and September 1659. There he appears to have spent the latter part of the year, joining Secretary Nicholas at Brussels in the following January.
413:, and made overtures to Parliament with the view of obtaining passes out of the country. Parliament, however, required that they should take an oath never again to bear arms against it. The Cavaliers, therefore, temporised, being really anxious for a reconciliation with the King on honourable terms. They were ordered to the neighbourhood of
69:
768:
against a juryman named
Starkey, laying the damages at £10,000. The case was tried in the exchequer chamber on 25 November 1684, and resulted in judgement for the defendant. On 7 September 1685, a royal proclamation was issued for Macclesfield's apprehension. He fled to the continent, and sentence of
825:
Samuel Pepys denounced Gerard as a "proud and violent man" whose "rogueries and cheats" were notorious. Elrington Ball, in his study of his cousin and enemy
Alexander Fitton, while accepting that Fitton was not a suitable character to be Lord Chancellor of Ireland, remarked that however bad Fitton's
681:
in
Cheshire, of which Fitton was in possession, but which Gerard claimed. The title depended on the authenticity of a certain deed which Gerard alleged to be a forgery, producing the notorious forger Alexander Granger, who swore that he himself had forged it. Gerard obtained a verdict at the Chester
548:
From the Hague, Gerard went to
Brussels, where in April he received instructions to raise a troop of horse guards at once and a promise of an allowance of four hundred guilders a day for his family. From Brussels, he returned to Paris in March 1658. He was almost immediately despatched to Amsterdam,
722:
unauthorised return from abroad in
November 1679, Gerard was sent by Charles to him "to tell him out of his great tenderness he gave him till night to be gone". The messenger was ill-chosen, Gerard being himself one of the band of conspirators of which Monmouth was the tool. His name appears in the
697:
In March 1665 Gerard was granted a pension of £1,000 per annum to retire from the post of captain of the guard, which
Charles desired to confer on the Duke of Monmouth. His retirement, however, did not take place until 1668, when Pepys says that he received £12,000 for it. Pepys also states that it
710:
On 5 January 1667, Gerard had been appointed to the general command of the
Hampshire and Isle of Wight militia, with special instructions to provide for the security of the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth in view of the threatening attitude of the Dutch. In this capacity, he was busily engaged during
540:
A letter from one F. Coniers to the King, dated London, 11 January 1655, accuses Gerard of having treated with
Thurloe for the poisoning of Cromwell. This the writer professes to have discovered by glancing over some papers incautiously exposed in Thurloe's chambers. "The story is obviously a mere
497:
praising Gerard somewhat faintly as a "gallant young man" who "always wants a friend by him"; to which Nicholas replied on 4 May that Gerard is "the gallantest, honestest person now about the King, and the most constant to honourable principles". In the following November (1650) Nicholas writes to
481:
when the celebrated declaration addressed to the English people was published, and he was a member, and probably an influential member, of the council which advised the King to treat with the Scottish Parliament as a "committee of estates". He returned with the King to the Hague, where this policy
349:
in the hope of effecting a junction with Gerard, who, however, seems to have been unexpectedly delayed; and Rupert, pushing on to Bristol, sent orders that part of Gerard's forces should join him there, while the King required a portion of the cavalry to attend his person. From Hereford Charles
417:
by Parliament, and there remained during the winter, but early in the following year (1646) returned to their allegiance and the King at Oxford. There Gerard raised another troop of horse, with which he scoured the adjoining country, penetrating on one occasion as far as the neighbourhood of
682:
assizes and ejected Fitton. Fitton, however, published a pamphlet in which he charged Gerard with having procured Granger's evidence by intimidation. Gerard moved the House of Lords on the subject, and the pamphlet was suppressed. Fitton was imprisoned for
813:, which had not terminated so successfully as had been anticipated. He died on 7 January 1694 suddenly in a fit of vomiting, and was buried on the 18th in Exeter vault in Westminster Abbey. The title and his estates passed to his son and heir
656:
In 1662 Gerard was granted a pension charged on the customs. Towards the end of the year, he was sent as envoy extraordinary to the French court, where he was very splendidly received. About this time he became a member of the
798:, and lord-lieutenant of Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth, and North and South Wales. His outlawry was formally reversed in the following April. His political attitude is curiously illustrated by his speech in the debate on the
362:
by the Scottish army and must fall unless relieved within a month, Charles could only induce the Welsh to move by superseding Gerard, promising at the same time to make him a baron. Gerard chose the territorial designation of
834:
Macclesfield married Jane, daughter of Pierre de Civelle, a Frenchman resident in England. Little is known of her except that in 1663 she was dismissed by Charles II from attendance on the queen for tattling to her about
378:, and thence to Ludlow, and throughout his progress to Oxford (28 August). Thence they returned to Hereford (4 September), the Scots raising the siege on their approach. At Hereford, on 14 September Charles heard of the
789:
to London, Gerard commanded his body-guard, a troop of some two hundred cavaliers, mostly English, mounted on Flemish chargers, whose splendid appearance excited much admiration. In February 1689 he was sworn of the
711:
the spring and summer of 1667 in strengthening the fortifications of Portsmouth. He continued to hold the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber, with a pension of £1,000 attached to it, during the reign of Charles II.
761:
The grand jury of Cheshire having presented Macclesfield on 17 September as disaffected to the government and recommended that he should be bound over to keep the peace, Macclesfield retaliated by an action of
605:
An Act for restoring to Charles Lord Gerard, Baron of Brandon, all his Honours, Manors, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, whereof he was in Possession on the 20th Day of May, 1642, or at any Time sithence.
643:
270:
towards the end of the month. November he spent in Oxford or the neighbourhood, whence in December he transferred his headquarters to Worcester, where he remained until 11 March 1645, when he marched to
747:
by way of terrorising Charles. In August 1681 Gerard was dismissed from the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber. On 5 September 1682, he entertained the Duke of Monmouth at his seat in Cheshire.
301:
had gained some successes. He marched through Wales from Chester in a south-westerly direction, carrying all before him and ravaging the country as he went. After a brush with Sir John Price at
1773:
186:, then strongly held by Parliamentary forces, and by 19 May 1644 had succeeded in collecting a force of two thousand five hundred horse and foot with which to begin operations. He marched by
921:
Gerard's claim to Gawsworth as heir of his uncle Sir Edward Fitton (died 1643) involved him in a bitter 20-year dispute with his Irish cousins William Fitton and William's son Alexander (
374:
Gerard had become Lieutenant-General of all the King's Horse, and assumed the command of his bodyguard. On the night of 4 August 1645, he escorted Charles from Cardiff to
243:
532:), to which the King appears to have been privy (Gerard had presented his cousin to the King early in 1654), was discovered, and John Gerard was beheaded on Tower Hill.
520:
as a volunteer in August of that year, and then returned to Paris, where he divided his energies between quarrelling with Hyde, intriguing on behalf of Queen
46:
426:, but when the lines of investment began to be drawn more closely round Oxford he withdrew within the city walls, where he seems to have remained until the
1865:
473:. He apparently belonged to the "queen's faction", which was understood to favour the policy of coming to an understanding with the commissioners from the
750:
In 1684 the question of the Gawsworth title was revived (partly no doubt as a political move) by an application on the part of Fitton to the lord keeper,
799:
170:(March 1644), when he was again wounded, thrown from his horse, and taken prisoner, but released on parole shortly before the besiegers capitulated.
781:
Macclesfield spent the next three years in Germany and the Netherlands, returning to England in the revolution of 1688. During the progress of the
649:
On 15 May 1661, Gerard petitioned for the post of ranger of Enfield Chase, which he obtained. His title, however, was disputed by the late ranger,
513:
1362:, Dom. 1651–2 pp. 3, 240, 1655, p. 341, 1655–6 p. 327, 1656–7 pp. 92, 340, 1657–8 pp. 201, 306, 313, 314, 346, 1659–60 pp. 81, 82, 136, 217, 308;
229:
about the middle of July, when the garrison of that place by a sortie routed a portion of his force and obtained supplies. On 22 August he took
728:
406:
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The ascendency of the royalists being thus re-established in South Wales, Gerard received orders to move eastward again, and was marching on
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2124:
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In July 1690 he was one of a commission appointed to inquire into the conduct of the fleet during a recent engagement with the French off
1854:
130:. Dugdale states that he was "trained in the discipline of war from his youth in the United Provinces", and that on the outbreak of the
2214:
2209:
154:
foot guards, the steadiness of which largely contributed to averting absolute defeat. In this battle, as also in the operations before
405:
Gerard now attached himself closely to Rupert's party, which consisted of about four hundred officers. They established themselves at
33:
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847:
814:
556:(where the King held his court), and in May returned with the King to England. On 17 May 1660, he was commissioned Captain in the
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and thence to Cardiff, with the hope of raising a fresh army in Wales, but found the Welsh much disaffected, owing (according to
241:. His forces are said to have been largely composed of Irish levies, of whose barbarous atrocities loud complaint is made in the
2013:
1994:
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1936:
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358:) to the irritation engendered by the extraordinary rigour with which Gerard had treated them; so that when news came that
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1848:
1109:
477:, who were then at the Hague, but were denied an audience by Charles. In October of the same year he was with Charles in
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was fought (14 June 1645). After the battle, King Charles and Rupert, with the fragments of their army, fell back upon
2063:
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On 13 May 1652, Gerard was appointed to the command of the corps of lifeguards then being raised. In 1653 he went to
454:, and other Cavaliers. He was appointed vice-admiral of the fleet in November 1648, and on 8 December passed through
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284:
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The eldest son of Sir Charles Gerard, he was a member of an old Lancashire family, his great-grandfather having been
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Two dates have been assigned to the patent creating him Baron Gerard of Brandon, viz. 8 Oct. and 28 November 1645 (
1968:
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1960:
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162:(July 1643), and arranged the very rigorous terms of the capitulation. He fought with distinction in the
922:
674:
77:
839:, and that on one occasion while being carried in her chair through the city she was mistaken for the
1911:
863:
Elizabeth, who married Digby Gerard, 5th Baron Gerard of Bromley, and was buried in Westminster Abbey
557:
2051:
755:
123:
88:
843:, saluted as the French whore, and mobbed by the populace. They had two sons and three daughters:
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for the term of one thousand years. Litigation in which he was this year engaged with his cousin,
1943:
1101:
379:
313:
and Cardigan Castle, which had been recovered by the Roundheads, were evacuated on his approach.
226:
163:
131:
38:
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1479:, i. 696, ii. 57, iii. 659, iv. 81, 100, 194, v. 160, vi. 26, 756, 870, vii. 107, 247; Kennett,
782:
529:
525:
474:
383:
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135:
108:
100:
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1863:
Hutton, Ronald (January 2008) . "'Gerard, Charles, first earl of Macclesfield (c.1618–1694)".
367:, for no better reason, asserts Clarendon, than "that there was once an eminent person called
2184:
840:
658:
646:. On 13 September his estates, which had been forfeited by Parliament, were restored to him.
600:
592:
470:
443:
234:
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2189:
2145:
715:
91:(c. 1618 – 7 January 1694) was an English aristocrat, soldier and courtier.
702:
during the king's pleasure. Gerard subsequently indicted him as a deserter from the army.
8:
744:
512:"wrought a miracle" upon him. He remained there through part of 1654, was present at the
447:
295:
159:
677:, was watched with much interest by his enemies. The dispute was about the title to the
2199:
2132:
1744:
764:
743:(p. 61) asserts that Gerard suggested to Monmouth the expediency of murdering the
683:
678:
494:
423:
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280:
147:
112:
666:
422:, where he was routed in a skirmish. At one time he seems to have been in command of
359:
298:
119:
1870:
836:
719:
670:
509:
342:
215:
1882:
661:, which obtained in January 1663 a grant by letters patent of the region between
521:
467:
410:
322:
306:
207:
199:
167:
111:. His mother was Penelope Fitton, sister and co-heiress of Sir Edward Fitton, of
2107:
1874:
1777:
732:
506:
288:
276:
73:
68:
686:, the offence of libelling a peer: he remained in prison for almost 20 years.
2178:
1858:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–203.
1843:
1767:
791:
390:
364:
314:
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263:
251:
230:
127:
560:. He rode at their head in the King's progress to Whitehall on 29 May 1660.
2164:
699:
631:
459:
387:
326:
318:
225:, and seems to have experienced no check until he was already threatening
810:
351:
259:
219:
183:
1378:, i. 696, ii. 57, 512, 579, iii. 659, iv. 81, 100, 194, v. 160, vi. 26.
642:
On 29 July 1660, Gerard received a grant in reversion of the office of
302:
203:
1083:, p. 213 see DNB art. Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, d. 1545.
689:
615:
455:
431:
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on 24 June 1646). He probably left England with Rupert, as he was at
375:
294:
Gerard was then ordered back to South Wales, where the Parliamentary
155:
122:
on 23 March 1633. He was also educated in France under John Goffe of
1766: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
860:(1663–1702), who succeeded to the title on the death of his brother
770:
346:
338:
272:
195:
187:
151:
103:(died 1593) of Ince, in that county, one of the most distinguished
1634:, i. 305, 357, 399, 502, 505, 513, 522, ii. 74, iii. 250; Burnet,
1233:. 21 Nov. and 13 Dec. 1645, 24 January 1645–6, 27 December 1646;
517:
502:
267:
191:
662:
24:
786:
490:
478:
222:
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to enter his new duties. In April 1649 he was at the Hague as
553:
419:
254:
at Bristol, and in October he began his retreat, marching by
238:
104:
1786:. Vol. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 212.
118:
Nothing is known about Gerard's education until he entered
1548:, 13 Oct. 1663, 14 Sept. and 16 Dec. 1667, 16 Sept. 1668;
255:
178:
Shortly afterwards Gerard was appointed in succession to
731:, as one of the protesters against the rejection of the
317:
offered a stout resistance, but was carried by assault.
1330:
1281:, i. 93, 155, 338, 426; Whitelocke, Mem. 349; Baillie,
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1009:
1007:
888:
905:
903:
878:
List of deserters from James II to William of Orange
446:
Gerard's movements are very hard to trace. He was at
341:
at the head of five thousand horse and foot when the
158:
in April 1643, he was wounded. He was present at the
141:
1277:. 4th Rep. App. 275, 547, 5th Rep. App. 173; Carte,
1051:
552:
From Brussels, in the spring of 1660 Gerard went to
1653:
1589:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1246:
1121:
1004:
1743:
900:
826:character it cannot have been as bad as Gerard's.
796:lord president of the council of the Welsh Marches
386:(23 September 1645), but were totally defeated by
1849:"Macclesfield, Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of"
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1243:, ed. Gutch, ii. 477; Perfect Occurr. 2 May 1646.
332:
2176:
1508:
400:
287:. Their combined forces succeeded in relieving
134:he joined the King at Shrewsbury, and raised a
1619:
1617:
1615:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1342:
1165:, small 4to, vol. ccxxvii. Nos. 18, 21, 24–6;
202:, and before the 18th he was in possession of
1869:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
250:In September Gerard received orders to join
198:. By 12 June he had already penetrated into
1612:
1429:
1325:Hist. del Ministerio del Cardinale Mazarino
644:Remembrancer of the Tenths and First-Fruits
1505:., "Gerard, Charles", "Fitton, Alexander".
528:, to assassinate the Protector. The plot (
166:(20 September 1643), and took part in the
1890:Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery
1142:, p. 214 cites "Iter Carolinum", in
989:, iii. 292, iv. 35, 145, 614; Warburton,
1842:
1828:Court and Society from Elizabeth to Anne
1266:
1264:
894:
688:
309:on 16 May, and completely defeated him.
85:Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield
67:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
16:English aristocrat, soldier and courtier
1912:His Majesty's Own Troop of Horse Guards
1866:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1684:Diary, 9 December 1667; 8 February 1668
1447:. 5th Rep. App. 184, 7th Rep. App. 125
1366:. 5th Rep. App. 184, 7th Rep. App. 459
2177:
1862:
1556:. Camd. Soc. i. 206, ii. 7; Earwaker,
854:1659–1701), who succeeded to the title
233:, and before the end of the month had
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1261:
194:, which surrendered to him, and took
1771:
1741:
1721:
1705:
1693:
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1623:
1606:
1521:
1440:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1355:
1336:
1314:
1270:
1255:
1221:, 28 Oct. 1645, 21 February 1645–6;
1206:
1139:
1127:
1093:
1080:
1060:
1013:
978:
962:
938:
926:
909:
575:Restoration of Lord Gerrard Act 1660
542:
329:, closely invested, alone held out.
18:
2205:Lord-lieutenants of Gloucestershire
705:
535:
305:, he fell in with Laugharne before
13:
2115:Custos Rotulorum of Brecknockshire
2004:Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire
1836:
1285:, Bannatyne Club, iii. 8; Harris,
1030:Manchester's Quarrel with Cromwell
173:
142:Early Civil War battles and sieges
14:
2246:
2215:Lord-lieutenants of Monmouthshire
2210:Lord-lieutenants of Herefordshire
2042:Custos Rotulorum of Monmouthshire
2023:Custos Rotulorum of Herefordshire
1626:, pp. 216–217 cite Cobbett,
1475:. Amer. and West Indies, 1661–8;
1305:. 2534 ff. 117, 127, 2535 f. 483.
1001:. 20 Sept. 1643, 23 March 1643–4.
371:who was afterwards made a duke".
72:The 1st Earl of Macclesfield. By
1959:Lord Lieutenant of North Wales (
1783:Dictionary of National Biography
1761:
1229:, 19 Nov. 1645, 10 Feb. 1645–6;
925:) but was eventually successful.
714:On 23 July 1679, he was created
586:
150:, Gerard commanded a brigade of
23:
1746:The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921
1715:
1699:
1678:
1487:, 21 February 1667/8; Ormerod,
1413:
1397:
1381:
1308:
1200:
1133:
1086:
1063:, p. 213 cites Warburton,
1036:, 31 Oct. and 3 December 1644;
450:in September 1647 with Rupert,
37:may be too short to adequately
2060:Lord Lieutenant of South Wales
1772:Rigg, James McMullen (1890). "
1297:, Camden Soc., 171, 199, 279;
1074:
972:
956:
932:
915:
776:
651:James Cecil, Earl of Salisbury
563:
524:, and instigating his cousin,
437:
333:With King Charles after Naseby
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1735:
1020:. 19 May and 31 August 1644;
941:, p. 212 cites Peacock,
851:
725:Journal of the House of Lords
397:, the governor of the place.
237:Pembroke and was threatening
94:
2230:People of the Rye House Plot
2195:British Life Guards officers
2125:The Lord Herbert of Chirbury
1883:UK public library membership
1580:Life of Lord-Keeper Guilford
1096:, p. 213 cites Dugdal,
1040:. 18981, f. 326; Warburton,
820:
401:With Prince Rupert and exile
7:
1742:Ball, F. Elrington (1926).
1223:Contin. of Special Passages
981:, p. 212 cites Clarke
873:
464:Gentleman of the Bedchamber
409:, some fourteen miles from
275:to co-operate with Rupert,
262:, and thus evading General
10:
2251:
1638:, fol. i. 780, 8vo iv. 79
923:Lord Chancellor of Ireland
675:Lord Chancellor of Ireland
568:United Kingdom legislation
360:Hereford had been invested
321:also fell into his hands.
182:in the general command in
78:Dunedin Public Art Gallery
2220:Lord-lieutenants of Wales
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1933:
1928:
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1897:
1632:Relation of State Affairs
1570:Relation of State Affairs
1552:. xii. 173–5, xiii. 666;
829:
718:. On the occasion of the
630:
625:
609:
599:
585:
580:
573:
442:Form late 1646 until the
1774:Gerard, Charles (d.1694)
1491:, ed. Helsby, iii. 551;
1455:; Lords' Journ. xi. 171
1195:Memoirs of Prince Rupert
1161:, 29 Sept.–6 Oct. 1645;
1065:Memoirs of Prince Rupert
1042:Memoirs of Prince Rupert
991:Memoirs of Prince Rupert
949:., ed. Bliss, iii. 525;
881:
773:was passed against him.
516:, serving under Marshal
124:Magdalen College, Oxford
1944:Lord President of Wales
1855:Encyclopædia Britannica
1217:. 27 Oct.–3 Nov. 1645;
1173:, 9th Rep. App. 435–6;
1071:, v. 186, 221–2, 227–9;
1067:, iii. 120; Clarendon,
993:, ii. 237, 259; Baker,
244:Kingdom's Intelligencer
164:First Battle of Newbury
132:First English Civil War
1995:The Duke of Shrewsbury
1909:Captain and Colonel of
1875:10.1093/ref:odnb/10550
1750:. London: John Murray.
1291:Clarendon State Papers
1048:, ed. Helsby, ii. 275.
1026:Diary or Exact Journal
953:, Dom. 1633–4, p. 280.
754:, to review the case.
752:Francis, Lord Guilford
694:
482:was put in execution.
247:(15–23 October 1644).
81:
2235:Earls of Macclesfield
1826:Duke of Manchester's
1630:, x. 1330; Luttrell,
1524:, p. 216 cites
1408:Cal. Clarendon Papers
1301:, Dom. 1651–2, p. 3;
841:Duchess of Portsmouth
735:on 15 November 1680.
692:
659:Royal African Company
593:Parliament of England
434:on 27 December 1646.
428:surrender of the city
206:. He rapidly reduced
71:
2146:Earl of Macclesfield
2098:The Earl of Pembroke
1937:The Duke of Beaufort
1922:The Duke of Monmouth
1795:(4th ed.), iii. 219;
1724:, p. 217 cites
1712:. Camd. Soc. i. 175.
1540:, 8th Rep. App. 115
1532:. 7th Rep. App. 486
1477:Thurloe State Papers
1443:, p. 215 cites
1424:Thurloe State Papers
1406:, p. 215 cites
1392:Thurloe State Papers
1390:, p. 215 cites
1376:Thurloe State Papers
1358:, p. 215 cites
1327:, ed. 1669, iii. 319
1317:, p. 214 cites
1273:, p. 214 cites
1209:, p. 214 cites
1169:. 7th Rep. App. 454
1157:, 23–30 Sept. 1645;
1032:, Camd. Soc. p. 17;
1016:, p. 213 cites
985:, i. 17; Clarendon,
965:, p. 212 cites
716:Earl of Macclesfield
285:Sir William Brereton
1708:, p. 217 cite
1560:, ii. 556; Burnet,
1339:, pp. 214–215.
1213:, 31 October 1645;
1044:, i. 500; Ormerod,
1028:, 7 November 1644;
729:Earl of Shaftesbury
727:, with that of the
530:Gerard's conspiracy
475:Scottish Parliament
448:St. Germain-en-Laye
180:the Earl of Carbery
138:at his own charge.
2225:FitzGerald dynasty
2133:Peerage of England
2108:Sir Rowland Gwynne
2033:The Lord Coningsby
1821:Civil War in Wales
1471:, Dom. 1651–2–65;
1287:Life of Charles II
1193:. 364; Warburton,
929:, pp. 215–216
765:scandalum magnatum
737:Lord Grey de Werke
720:Duke of Monmouth's
695:
693:Gawsworth Old Hall
684:scandalum magnatum
495:Secretary Nicholas
424:Wallingford Castle
395:Sir Richard Willis
281:Marmaduke Langdale
148:Battle of Edgehill
101:Sir Gilbert Gerard
82:
2173:
2172:
2153:Succeeded by
2122:Succeeded by
2095:Succeeded by
2049:Succeeded by
2030:Succeeded by
2011:Succeeded by
1992:Succeeded by
1952:Office abolished
1919:Succeeded by
1898:Military offices
1881:(Subscription or
1830:, i. 335, i. 123.
1726:Coll. Top. et Gen
1648:Coll. Top. et Gen
1646:, iii. 553, 556;
1526:Cal. State Papers
1469:Cal. State Papers
1360:Cal. State Papers
1299:Cal. State Papers
1155:Parliament's Post
951:Cal. State Papers
667:Cape of Good Hope
640:
639:
636:13 September 1660
581:Act of Parliament
485:On 18 March 1650
299:Rowland Laugharne
120:Leyden University
64:
63:
2242:
2169:1645–1694
2150:1679–1694
2119:1689–1694
2105:Preceded by
2092:1689–1694
2046:1689–1694
2027:1689–1694
2014:Viscount Dursley
2008:1689–1694
1989:1689–1694
1934:Preceded by
1929:Honorary titles
1916:1660–1668
1895:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1859:
1851:
1787:
1765:
1764:
1751:
1749:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1519:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1438:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1353:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1241:Annals of Oxford
1238:
1237:
1225:, 31 Oct. 1645;
1219:Perfect Passages
1204:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1163:King's Pamphlets
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1106:Historic Peerage
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1058:
1049:
1024:. 21 July 1644;
1011:
1002:
983:Life of James II
976:
970:
960:
954:
936:
930:
919:
913:
907:
898:
892:
853:
837:Lady Castlemaine
794:, and appointed
783:Prince of Orange
706:Post Restoration
679:Gawsworth estate
671:Alexander Fitton
590:
589:
576:
571:
570:
536:Exile and return
510:Robert Creighton
343:Battle of Naseby
283:against General
168:relief of Newark
160:siege of Bristol
107:in the reign of
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2149:
2127:
2118:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2072:Carmarthenshire
2061:
2054:
2045:
2035:
2026:
2016:
2007:
1997:
1988:
1981:Montgomeryshire
1965:Caernarvonshire
1947:
1939:
1924:
1915:
1910:
1880:
1839:
1837:Further reading
1814:Extinct Peerage
1807:Extinct Peerage
1778:Stephen, Leslie
1762:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1654:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1572:, i. 120, 216;
1564:, 8vo, iii. 56
1530:Hist. MSS. Comm
1528:, Dom. 1663–7;
1520:
1509:
1493:
1492:
1445:Hist. MSS. Comm
1439:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1364:Hist. MSS. Comm
1354:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1320:GUALDO PRIORATO
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1295:Nicholas Papers
1275:Hist. MSS. Comm
1269:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1227:Perfect Diurnal
1215:Mercur. Britann
1205:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1167:Hist. MSS. Comm
1159:Perfect Diurnal
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1059:
1052:
1012:
1005:
977:
973:
961:
957:
943:Leyden Students
937:
933:
920:
916:
908:
901:
893:
889:
884:
876:
832:
823:
800:Abjuration Bill
779:
708:
595:
587:
574:
569:
566:
538:
522:Henrietta Maria
440:
411:Newark-on-Trent
403:
380:fall of Bristol
369:Charles Brandon
335:
307:Newcastle Emlyn
212:Newcastle Emlyn
200:Carmarthenshire
176:
174:Welsh campaigns
144:
97:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2156:Charles Gerard
2154:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2064:Brecknockshire
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1977:Merionethshire
1955:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1860:
1846:, ed. (1911).
1844:Chisholm, Hugh
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1710:Hatton Corresp
1698:
1686:
1677:
1675:, p. 217.
1652:
1611:
1609:, p. 216.
1588:
1554:Hatton Corresp
1507:
1483:, 846; Pepys,
1428:
1422:, p. 215
1412:
1396:
1380:
1374:, v. 518–519;
1341:
1329:
1307:
1279:Ormonde Papers
1260:
1258:, p. 214.
1245:
1199:
1181:Ormonde Papers
1153:, Camd. Soc.;
1132:
1130:, p. 213.
1120:
1085:
1073:
1050:
1034:Weekly Account
1022:Perfect Occurr
1003:
971:
955:
931:
914:
912:, p. 212.
899:
897:, p. 202.
886:
885:
883:
880:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
855:
831:
828:
822:
819:
778:
775:
733:Exclusion Bill
707:
704:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
623:
622:
613:
607:
606:
603:
597:
596:
591:
583:
582:
578:
577:
567:
565:
562:
537:
534:
514:siege of Arras
458:on his way to
439:
436:
402:
399:
334:
331:
289:Beeston Castle
175:
172:
143:
140:
136:troop of horse
96:
93:
74:William Dobson
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2088:Monmouthshire
2085:
2081:
2080:Pembrokeshire
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Cardiganshire
2065:
2057:
2053:
2052:Thomas Morgan
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1985:Herefordshire
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1768:public domain
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1568:.; Luttrell,
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:East Cheshire
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:True Informer
1208:
1203:
1197:, iii. 206–7.
1196:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1118:gives 8 Nov.)
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Mercur. Aulic
1015:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:Mercur. Aulic
997:. pp. 551–3;
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
968:
964:
959:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
928:
924:
918:
911:
906:
904:
896:
895:Chisholm 1911
891:
887:
879:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
849:
846:
845:
844:
842:
838:
827:
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Privy Council
788:
784:
774:
772:
767:
766:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
703:
701:
691:
687:
685:
680:
676:
673:, afterwards
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
647:
645:
635:
633:
629:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
584:
579:
572:
561:
559:
555:
550:
546:
544:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
499:
496:
492:
488:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
391:Sydnam Poyntz
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
350:retreated to
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Picton Castle
312:
311:Haverfordwest
308:
304:
300:
297:
292:
291:on 17 March.
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
264:Edward Massey
261:
257:
253:
252:Prince Rupert
248:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:Haverfordwest
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
128:Stephen Goffe
126:, brother of
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
86:
79:
75:
70:
66:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2185:1610s births
2165:Baron Gerard
2163:
2144:
2140:New creation
2139:
2113:
2059:
2040:
2021:
2002:
1969:Denbighshire
1958:
1951:
1942:
1908:
1904:New regiment
1903:
1864:
1853:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1793:Biogr. Hist.
1792:
1781:
1745:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1689:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1642:.; Ormerod,
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:State Trials
1627:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:Lords' Journ
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1372:State Trials
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1332:
1324:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
946:
942:
934:
917:
890:
877:
833:
824:
808:
804:Lord Wharton
780:
763:
760:
749:
745:Duke of York
740:
724:
713:
709:
696:
655:
648:
641:
632:Royal assent
619:
551:
547:
541:invention" (
539:
500:
484:
460:Helvoetsluys
441:
407:Worton House
404:
384:Rowton Heath
373:
336:
319:Carew Castle
293:
249:
242:
177:
145:
117:
115:, Cheshire.
98:
84:
83:
65:
55:January 2021
52:
36:
34:lead section
2190:1694 deaths
2084:Radnorshire
1819:Phillips's
1809:, iii. 304;
1756:Attribution
1728:. viii. 12,
1696:, p. .
1370:; Cobbett,
1303:Egerton MSS
1293:, iii. 13;
1231:Mod. Intell
1149:; Symonds,
947:Athenæ Oxon
811:Beachy Head
777:William III
756:Roger North
663:Port Sallee
564:Restoration
558:Life Guards
526:John Gerard
489:wrote from
444:Restoration
438:Early exile
352:Abergavenny
266:he reached
260:Abergavenny
184:South Wales
109:Elizabeth I
2179:Categories
1973:Flintshire
1885:required.)
1791:Granger's
1788:Endnotes:
1736:References
1650:. viii. 9.
1410:, ii. 341.
1183:, i. 338;
1100:, ii. 41;
741:Confession
601:Long title
471:Charles II
303:Llanidloes
279:, and Sir
204:Carmarthen
95:Early life
2200:Cavaliers
2076:Glamorgan
1722:Rigg 1890
1706:Rigg 1890
1694:Ball 1926
1673:Rigg 1890
1624:Rigg 1890
1607:Rigg 1890
1544:; Pepys,
1522:Rigg 1890
1503:B. M. Cat
1441:Rigg 1890
1420:Rigg 1890
1404:Rigg 1890
1394:(i. 696),
1388:Rigg 1890
1356:Rigg 1890
1337:Rigg 1890
1315:Rigg 1890
1289:, p. 74;
1271:Rigg 1890
1256:Rigg 1890
1207:Rigg 1890
1140:Rigg 1890
1128:Rigg 1890
1110:Courthope
1094:Rigg 1890
1081:Rigg 1890
1069:Rebellion
1061:Rigg 1890
1038:Addit. MS
1014:Rigg 1890
987:Rebellion
979:Rigg 1890
969:, ii. 41.
963:Rigg 1890
945:, p. 40;
939:Rigg 1890
927:Rigg 1890
910:Rigg 1890
866:Charlotte
821:Character
700:the Fleet
616:12 Cha. 2
543:Rigg 1890
456:Rotterdam
432:the Hague
415:Worcester
376:Brecknock
356:Clarendon
216:Laugharne
156:Lichfield
113:Gawsworth
39:summarize
1961:Anglesey
1812:Burke's
1800:Baronage
1798:Doyle's
1644:Cheshire
1636:Own Time
1562:Own Time
1489:Cheshire
1481:Register
1426:, vi. 26
1098:Baronage
1046:Cheshire
967:Baronage
874:See also
771:outlawry
665:and the
611:Citation
505:, where
347:Hereford
339:Hereford
323:Pembroke
273:Cheshire
235:invested
227:Pembroke
208:Cardigan
196:Kidwelly
188:Chepstow
152:Royalist
1805:Bank's
1780:(ed.).
1770::
1582:, 206;
1501:, 558;
1283:Letters
1102:Nicolas
848:Charles
815:Charles
739:in his
518:Turenne
503:Utrecht
466:to the
388:General
365:Brandon
296:General
277:Maurice
268:Bristol
223:castles
192:Cardiff
146:At the
76:in the
2086:) and
2082:, and
1983:) and
1879:
1776:". In
1586:, 558.
1584:Examen
1536:, 495
1499:Examen
1459:, 541
1451:, 459
1147:Tracts
1144:Somers
1108:, ed.
858:Fitton
830:Family
787:Torbay
491:Madrid
479:Jersey
218:, and
105:judges
1948:1689
1575:NORTH
1546:Diary
1494:NORTH
1485:Diary
1463:–561
1191:Chron
1186:BAKER
1176:CARTE
1151:Diary
1115:DOYLE
995:Chron
882:Notes
785:from
626:Dates
618:. c.
554:Breda
452:Digby
420:Derby
327:Tenby
239:Tenby
1979:and
1236:WOOD
869:Anne
487:Hyde
468:King
325:and
258:and
220:Roch
1871:doi
1473:Cal
507:Dr.
493:to
256:Usk
190:to
2181::
2078:,
2074:,
2070:,
2066:,
1975:,
1971:,
1967:,
1963:,
1852:.
1655:^
1614:^
1591:^
1578:,
1510:^
1497:,
1467:;
1431:^
1344:^
1323:,
1263:^
1248:^
1239:,
1189:,
1179:,
1112:;
1104:,
1053:^
1006:^
902:^
852:c.
817:.
802:.
214:,
210:,
89:PC
87:,
2062:(
1877:.
1873::
1823:;
1816:;
1802:;
1640:n
1566:n
1542:a
1538:a
1534:a
1465:a
1461:a
1457:b
1453:b
1449:a
1368:b
1171:a
850:(
620:8
80:.
57:)
53:(
43:.
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