Hanukkah - Knowledge

7491:, p. 160ps:"Schools in the Yishuv as well as adults followed the tradition of visiting the tombs of the Maccabees. Thus beginning in this period, Hanukkah was given a renewed interpretation that was nationalist, romantic, and activist, as opposed to the traditional interpretation. From the inception of Zionism in the 1880s and '90s, Hanukkah took on a central position as a national holiday. The pioneers of the First Aliya to Palestine (1882-1903), as well as members of the Zionist organisations in Europe, raised Hanukkah to the level of a national holiday. Hanukkah would not have taken its central place in the national calendar without the close cooperation between religious and secular Zionists from the beginning of Zionism until the period of the British mandate and the Jewish settlement (Yishuv) in Palestine (Dotan 1988:38-43). With the revival of Jewish nationalism, Hanukkah took on a new character. It was celebrated not only at home, but in public as well. In the 1920s, the holiday began to receive increasing public expression. Parades were held in celebration of Hanukkah, the festival of lights. For example, schoolchildren in Tel Aviv marched in a torch procession organised by the school in conjunction with the Tel Aviv municipality (Arieh-Sapir 2002). This process of adapting a 'useful past' for the purpose of strengthening the national narrative was not necessarily made "from the top down'. Rather, it had many agents, all of which contributed to the success of Hanukkah celebrations throughout all of Palestine. Although institutions were involved in moulding the character of the holiday, many citizens also participated "from the bottom up'. Furthermore, the religious character of the symbols did not completely disappear from the public arena. For example, the Great Synagogue on Allenby Street in Tel Aviv served as the starting point for the festival parade in the 1930s, with the menorah lit on top of the building. The revolution that Zionism led in the celebration of Hanukkah is just one example of the broader revolution it initiated in other Jewish holidays by granting them a new Zionist interpretation. Examples of this are Shavuot celebrations among the workers' settlements and Purim festivities in Tel Aviv, as well as other holidays, in the 1920s and '30s (Helman 2007; Shoham 2006).". 7467:, p. 158-159, "Jewish nationalism and Zionism breathed new life into the Jewish holidays. The traditional Jewish calendar is full of holidays and days of commemoration, which served as a basis for the revival of modern Jewish nationalism. From its inception, Zionism made broad use of the reserve of Jewish memories and myths from biblical times and from the Second Temple period. This was the case for the renewal of biblical names and symbols as well as the significance of national holidays. Significant examples of this are the holidays of Hanukkah and Tu bi-Shvat. These two holidays were initiated relatively late in history, and had relatively little importance in the religious sense. But beginning with the Zionist awakening in the 1880s, these holidays took on central meaning. In the 1890s, many of the newly founded Zionist organisations adopted the names 'Hasmoneans and 'Maccabees', in an attempt to create a clear connection between the heroic foundations of the ancient biblical golden age and the renaissance of Jewish nationalism… Hanukkah, celebrated in the Diaspora as the festival of lights, mainly expressed God's might and the principles of the Jewish faith. But at the inception of the Zionist project, this holiday was transformed into a symbol of the power and rebellion of the entire nation against its foreign oppressor (Don-Yehiya 1992). The connection that the Zionist movement made between ba-vamim ha-hem u-ba-zman ha-zeh expressed the Zionist desire to return to a heroic past and 'the lost Jewish masculinity'. It also reflected the aspiration to create a new Jew, in contrast to the Diaspora Jew (Bashkin 1998). Instead of God's might, the Zionists began to emphasise the strength of the rebel Maccabbees. In the arts, Boris Schatz's sculpture "Mattathias the Hasmonean' was given a position of honour in Zionist iconography.". 2566: 2350:"We thank You also for the miraculous deeds and for the redemption and for the mighty deeds and the saving acts wrought by You, as well as for the wars which You waged for our ancestors in ancient days at this season. In the days of the Hasmonean Mattathias, son of Johanan the high priest, and his sons, when the iniquitous Greco-Syrian kingdom rose up against Your people Israel, to make them forget Your Torah and to turn them away from the ordinances of Your will, then You in your abundant mercy rose up for them in the time of their trouble, pled their cause, executed judgment, avenged their wrong, and delivered the strong into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the wicked into the hands of the righteous, and insolent ones into the hands of those occupied with Your Torah. Both unto Yourself did you make a great and holy name in Thy world, and unto Your people did You achieve a great deliverance and redemption. Whereupon your children entered the sanctuary of Your house, cleansed Your temple, purified Your sanctuary, kindled lights in Your holy courts, and appointed these eight days of Hanukkah in order to give thanks and praises unto Your holy name." 3276:"Hanukkah is an ancient holiday, but a modest one. The holiday of the Hasmoneans is new, yet it is full of spiritual exaltation and national joy. What was Hanukkah forty years ago? 'Al ha-nissim' and Hallel; a short reading in the synagogue; lighting the tiny, slender wax candles or oil lights; at home, levivot , cards for the older children, and sevivonim for the little ones. But what is Hanukkah today? The holiday of the Hasmoneans. A holiday of salvation. A great national holiday, celebrated in all the countries of the Diaspora with dances and speeches, melody and song, outings and parades, as if a new soul has been breathed into the ancient holiday, another spirit renewed within it. One thing is clear: if those tiny, modest candles had been extinguished in Diaspora times, if our grandparents had not preserved the traditions of Hanukkah in the synagogue and at home . .., the holiday of the Hasmoneans could never have been created. There would have been nothing to change, nothing to renew. The new soul of our times would not have found a body in which to envelop itself.” 7479:, p. 12, "The rabbinic religious tradition - in so far as it recalled the Hasmoneans at all - emphasized the religious miracle in their battle against persecution of Judaism and the desecration of the Temple (see the traditional praver "Al Ha. Nissim"). However the Secular Zionists rejected the miracle and emphasized the earthly realism of Hasmonean heroism. Zionism made Hanukkah a nationalist holidav. The secularization and nationalization of religious celebrations focused on minor religious holidavs and reprioritized their significance. Lag BaOmer became a celebration of Bar Kochba's revolt against the Roman Empire (132-135 CE): Tu B'Shvat became a celebration of the redemption of Eretz Yisrael through reforestation. However. Hanukkah was the main site of national re-creation. The early religious Zionist Rabbi Shmuel Mohi-lever proposed that Hanukkah be the official holiday of the proto-Zionist organization in Russia - Hovevei Zion (1881). This minor holiday provided neutral ground for religious and secular Zionists to share their nationalist program.". 7470: 7458: 7482: 4474:בָּתַר דְּנָּא עָלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא וּבְנוֹ תַּרְעַיָּא וְדַכִּיאוּ בֵּית מַקְדְּשָׁא מִן קְטִילַיָּא וּמִן סְאוֹבֲתָא. וּבעוֹ מִשְׁחָא דְּזֵיתָא דָּכְיָא לְאַדְלָקָא בּוֹצִנַיָּא וְלָא אַשְׁכַּחוּ אֵלָא צְלוֹחִית חֲדָא דַּהֲוָת חֲתִימָא בְּעִזְקָת כָּהֲנָא רַבָּא מִיּוֹמֵי שְׁמוּאֵל נְבִיָּא וִיַדְעוּ דְּהִיא דָּכְיָא. בְּאַדְלָקוּת יוֹמָא חֲדָא הֲוָה בַּהּ וַאֲלָה שְׁמַיָּא דִּי שַׁכֵין שְׁמֵיהּ תַּמָּן יְהַב בַּהּ בִּרְכְּתָא וְאַדְלִיקוּ מִנַּהּ תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין. עַל כֵּן קַיִּימוּ בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוּנַּאי הָדֵין קְיָימָא וַאֲסַרוּ הָדֵין אֲסָּרָא אִנּוּן וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כּוּלְּהוֹן. לְהוֹדָעָא לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמֶעֲבַד הָדֵין תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין חַדְוָא וִיקָר כְּיּוֹמֵי מוֹעֲדַיָּא דִּכְתִיבִין בְּאוֹרָיְתָא לְאַדְלָקָא בְּהוֹן לְהוֹדָעָא לְמַן דְּיֵּיתֵי מִבַּתְרֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי עֲבַד לְהוֹן אֱלָהֲהוֹן פּוּרְקָנָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא. בְּהוֹן לָא לְמִסְפַּד וְלָא לְמִגְזַר צוֹמָא וְכָל דִּיהֵי עֲלוֹהִי נִדְרָא יְשַׁלְּמִנֵּיהּ 1396: 1212: 1921: 316: 936: 1018:

revival of their customs, when, after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship, that they made it a law for their posterity, that they should keep a festival, on account of the restoration of their temple worship, for eight days. And from that time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it Lights. I suppose the reason was because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name given to that festival. Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city, and reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies, and set guards therein. He also fortified the city

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delivered the mighty into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of the few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the evil into the hands of the righteous, the sinners into the hands of those who engaged in Your Torah; You made yourself a great and holy name in Your world, and for Your people Israel You made great redemption and salvation as this very day. And then Your sons came to the inner chamber of Your house, and cleared Your Temple, and purified Your sanctuary, and lit candles in Your holy courtyards, and established eight days of Hanukkah for thanksgiving and praise to Your holy name.

2807:, an Assyrian general, had surrounded the village of Bethulia as part of his campaign to conquer Judea. After intense fighting, the water supply of the Jews was cut off and the situation became desperate. Judith, a pious widow, told the city leaders that she had a plan to save the city. Judith went to the Assyrian camps and pretended to surrender. She met Holofernes, who was smitten by her beauty. She went back to his tent with him, where she plied him with cheese and wine. When he fell into a drunken sleep, Judith beheaded him and escaped from the camp, taking the severed head with her (the 1824: 1808: 959:

blessing and they were able to light from it eight days. Therefore, the sons of Ḥashmonai made this covenant and took upon themselves a solemn vow, they and the sons of Israel, all of them, to publish amongst the sons of Israel, that they might observe these eight days of joy and honour, as the days of the feasts written in the Law; to light in them so as to make known to those who come after them that their God wrought for them salvation from heaven. In them, it is not permitted to mourn, neither to decree a fast , and anyone who has a vow to perform, let him perform it.

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managed to press olives and produce pure oil. Because of this, the sages of that generation ruled that the eight days beginning with the twenty-fifth of Kislev should be observed as days of rejoicing and praising the Lord. Lamps are lit in the evening over the doors of the homes, on each of the eight nights, so as to display the miracle. These days are called Hanukkah, when it is forbidden to lament or to fast, just as it is on the days of Purim. Lighting the lamps during the eight days of Hanukkah is a religious duty imposed by the sages.

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Jews made Hanukkah into a time for serious religious reflexion that responded to their evangelical Protestant milieu... poem gave Hanukkah a place in the emerging religious style of American culture that was dominated by the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment. However, neither the Talmud nor the Shulchan Aruch identifies Hanukkah as a special occasion to ask for the forgiveness of sins.

2250:הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ. 2883: 1840: 1929: 1385: 2565: 3492: 512:– on the proper order in which to light the Hanukkah flames. Shammai opined that eight candles should be lit on the first night, seven on the second night, and so on down to one on the last night (because the miracle was greatest on the first day). Hillel argued in favor of starting with one candle and lighting an additional one every night, up to eight on the eighth night (because the miracle grew in greatness each day). 3394:

the feast of the tabernacles, remembering that not long afore they had held the feast of the tabernacles" (2 Macc 10:6). Advent is considered as the season of darkness preceding the season of light, Christmas, so for this reason, Christmas can be said to be the "New Hanukkah," or its fulfillment through the Nativity of Christ. This is similar to the Easter Octave being the solemn eight days of the Passover of Exodus.

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166 BCE, Mattathias had died, and Judah took his place as leader. By 164 BCE, the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy was successful. The Temple was liberated and rededicated. The festival of Hanukkah was instituted to celebrate this event. Judah ordered the Temple to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made. According to the Talmud,

3343: 2672: 2093: 542: 1875:. Adherents go to work as usual but may leave early in order to be home to kindle the lights at nightfall. There is no religious reason for schools to be closed, although in Israel schools close from the second day for the whole week of Hanukkah. Many families exchange gifts each night, such as books or games, and "Hanukkah Gelt" is often given to children. Fried foods—such as 4188: 3419:

magazines printing articles on holiday decorations, children's celebrations, and gift giving. Ashton says that Jewish families did this in order to maintain a Jewish identity which is distinct from mainline Christian culture, on the other hand, the mirroring of Hanukkah and Christmas made Jewish families and kids feel that they were American. Though it was traditional for

876: 3156:, in leading prayers at the ceremony commented on the how special the scene was, asking the President if he believed America's founding fathers could possibly have pictured that a female Asian-American rabbi would one day be at the White House leading Jewish prayers in front of the African-American president. 415:(Booths)", it does not come with the corresponding obligations, and is therefore a relatively minor holiday in strictly religious terms. Nevertheless, Hanukkah has attained major cultural significance in North America and elsewhere, especially among secular Jews, due to often occurring around the same time as 3405:

celebrations which frequently overlap with Hanukkah. Diane Ashton argues that Jewish immigrants to America raised the profile of Hanukkah as a kid-centered alternative to Christmas as early as the 1800s. This in parts mirrors the ascendancy of Christmas, which like Hanukkah increased in importance in

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In the Catholic Church, Christmastide has its own Octave, being eight days especially set aside to celebrate Christmas from December 25 to January 1. This is seen as a Christian fulfillment of the original text's demand for Hanukkah to be eight days, "And they kept the eight days with gladness, as in

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Hanneirot hallalu anu madlikin 'al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot 'al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim, (u)bazzeman hazeh 'al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim. Vekhol-shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim, ve-ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam

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The lights can be candles or oil lamps. Electric lights are sometimes used and are acceptable in places where open flame is not permitted, such as a hospital room, or for the very elderly and infirm; however, those who permit reciting a blessing over electric lamps only allow it if it is incandescent

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The first blessing is recited before the candles are lit, and while most recite the other blessing(s) beforehand as well, some have the custom to recite them after. On the first night of Hanukkah one light (candle or oil) is lit on the right side of the menorah, on the following night a second light

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Hanukkah lights should usually burn for at least half an hour after it gets dark. Many light at sundown and those who do so should be careful to have enough oil or wax to last until half an hour after dark. Most Hasidim and many other communities light later, generally around nightfall. Many Hasidic

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The king being thereto disposed beforehand, complied with them, and came upon the Jews with a great army, and took their city by force, and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy, and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the temple, and put a stop to the

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Throughout the nineteenth century some Jews tried various ways to adapt Judaism to American life. As they began looking for images to help understand and explain what a proper response to American Challenges might be, Hanukkah became ripe for reinvention. In Charleston, South Carolina, one group of

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to give "gelt" or money to children during Hanukkah, in many families, this tradition has been supplemented with the giving of other gifts so that Jewish children can enjoy receiving gifts just like their Christmas-celebrating peers do. Children play a big role in Hanukkah, and Jewish families with

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Hassidic masters quote from Kabbalistic sources that the God's mercy extends even further, giving the Children of Israel till the final day of Chanukah (known as "Zot Chanukah" based on words which appear in the Torah reading of that day), to return to Him and receive a favorable judgment. They see

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What began in many respects as a civil war escalated when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews in their conflict with the traditionalists. As the conflict escalated, Antiochus took the side of the Hellenizers by prohibiting the religious practices the traditionalists had

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The reason for the Hanukkah lights is not for the "lighting of the house within", but rather for the "illumination of the house without," so that passersby should see it and be reminded of the holiday's miracle (i.e. that the sole cruse of pure oil found which held enough oil to burn for one night

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led a rebellion against Antiochus. It started with Mattathias killing first a Jew who wanted to comply with Antiochus's order to sacrifice to Zeus, and then a Greek official who was to enforce the government's behest (1 Mac. 2, 24–25). Judah became known as Yehuda HaMakabi ("Judah the Hammer"). By

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was due to a miracle which occurred on the 25th of Kislev, and which appears to be given as the reason for the selection of the same date for the rededication of the altar by Judah Maccabee. The above account in 1 Maccabees, as well as 2 Maccabees portrays the feast as a delayed observation of the

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as they welcomed over 500 guests to the celebration. The students' school in Israel had been subjected to arson by extremists. President Obama said these "students teach us an important lesson for this time in our history. The light of hope must outlast the fires of hate. That's what the Hanukkah

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When, on the twenty-fifth of Kislev, the Jews had emerged victorious over their foes and destroyed them, they re-entered the Temple where they found only one jar of pure oil, enough to be lit for only a single day; yet they used it for lighting the required set of lamps for eight days, until they

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Now Judas celebrated the festival of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days, and omitted no sort of pleasures thereon; but he feasted them upon very rich and splendid sacrifices; and he honored God, and delighted them by hymns and psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the

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and his sons, when the evil Greek kingdom stood up against Your people Israel, to cause them to forget Your Torah and abandon the ways You desire – You, in Your great mercy, stood up for them in their time of trouble; You fought their fight, You judged their judgment, You took their revenge; You

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Some Jewish historians suggest a different explanation for the rabbinic reluctance to laud the militarism. First, the rabbis wrote after Hasmonean leaders had led Judea into Rome's grip and so may not have wanted to offer the family much praise. Second, they clearly wanted to promote a sense of

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If for whatever reason one didn't light at sunset or nightfall, the lights should be kindled later, as long as there are people in the streets. Later than that, the lights should still be kindled, but the blessings should be recited only if there is at least somebody else awake in the house and

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to light the lamps therewith, but could not find any, except one bowl that was sealed with the signet ring of the High Priest from the days of Samuel the prophet and they knew that it was pure. There was in it to light for one day, but the God of heaven whose name dwells there put therein his

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made an effort to rebrand Hanukkah and started creating Hanukkah celebration for kids at their synagogues, which included candy and singing songs. By the 1900s, it started to become a commercial holiday like Christmas, with Hanukkah gifts and decorations appearing in stores and Jewish Women's

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Diane Ashton attributed the increased visibility and reinvention of Hanukkah by some of the American Jewish community as a way to adapt to American life, re-inventing the festival in "the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment".

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In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the

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In fact, the Orchos Rabeinu in cheilek ג teaches that the Steipler Gaon maintained the minhag of giving out Chanukah gelt davka on the fifth night of Chanukah. Why specifically the fifth night? Answers the Orchos Rabeinu, since the fifth night is the only night that cannot coincide with

3131:. In 2004, after eight years of reissuing the menorah design, the USPS issued a dreidel design for the Hanukkah stamp. The dreidel design was used through 2008. In 2009 a Hanukkah stamp was issued with a design featured a photograph of a menorah with nine lit candles. In 2008, President 3424:

children are more likely to celebrate it than childless Jewish families, and sociologists hypothesize that this is because Jewish parents do not want their kids to be alienated from their non-Jewish peers who celebrate Christmas. Recent celebrations have also seen the presence of the

1352:(1488–1575) posed concerning why Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days when the miracle was only for seven days (since there was enough oil for one day), it was clear that writing in the 16th century CE, he believed it to be a historical event. This belief has been adopted by most of 1156:

of Syria. King Antiochus III the Great, wanting to conciliate his new Jewish subjects, guaranteed their right to "live according to their ancestral customs" and to continue to practice their religion in the Temple of Jerusalem. The Seleucids, like the Ptolemies before them, held a

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was completed. Nevertheless, though Chanukah is of rabbinic origin, it is traditionally celebrated in a major and very public fashion. The requirement to position the menorah, or Chanukiah, at the door or window, symbolizes the desire to give the Chanukah miracle a high-profile.

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The song was composed in the thirteenth century by a poet only known through the acrostic found in the first letters of the original five stanzas of the song: Mordechai. The familiar tune is most probably a derivation of a German Protestant church hymn or a popular folk song.

1497:. The Seleucids recognize Jewish autonomy. The Seleucid kings have a formal overlordship, which the Hasmoneans acknowledge. This inaugurates a period of population growth and religious, cultural and social development. This includes the conquest of the areas now covered by 3665:

Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.

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besides the traditional strawberry jelly filling, including chocolate cream, vanilla cream, caramel, cappuccino and others. In recent years, downsized, "mini" sufganiyot containing half the calories of the regular, 400-to-600-calorie version, have become popular.

1986:). It is Sephardic custom not to light the shammash first and use it to light the rest. Instead, the shammash candle is the last to be lit, and a different candle or a match is used to light all the candles. Some Hasidic Jews follow this Sephardic custom as well. 826:

The eight-day rededication of the temple is described in 1 Maccabees, though the miracle of the oil does not appear here. A story similar in character, and older in date, is the one alluded to in 2 Maccabees according to which the relighting of the altar fire by

3031:, is often distributed to children during the festival of Hanukkah. The giving of Hanukkah gelt also adds to the holiday excitement. The amount is usually in small coins, although grandparents or relatives may give larger sums. The tradition of giving Chanukah 1685:, as leader of the rebellion. The Seleucids re-establish control of the cities for 8 years, but eventually make deals with the Maccabees and appoint their leaders as official Seleucid governors and generals in a vassal-like status before eventual independence. 2811:

has historically been a popular theme in art). When Holofernes' soldiers found his corpse, they were overcome with fear; the Jews, on the other hand, were emboldened and launched a successful counterattack. The town was saved, and the Assyrians defeated.

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Major Jewish holidays are those when all forms of work are forbidden, and that feature traditional holiday meals, kiddush, holiday candle-lighting, etc. Only biblical holidays fit these criteria, and Chanukah was instituted some two centuries after the

1330:. In particular, Jason's Hellenistic reforms would prove to be a decisive factor leading to eventual conflict within the ranks of Judaism. Other authors point to possible socioeconomic reasons in addition to the religious reasons behind the civil war. 317: 7865: 3315:, symbolizing the struggle of the Jewish people against foreign oppression and their desire for national re-creation. Hanukkah served as a common ground where both religious and secular Zionists could unite around their nationalist agenda. Rabbi 853:(1st century) contains a list of festive days on which fasting or eulogizing is forbidden. It specifies, "On the 25th of is Hanukkah of eight days, and one is not to eulogize" and then references the story of the rededication of the Temple. 3362:

While Hanukkah is a relatively minor Jewish holiday, as indicated by the lack of religious restrictions on work other than a few minutes after lighting the candles, in North America, Hanukkah in the 21st century has taken a place equal to

1283:(high priest), but which contained sufficient for one day's lighting only; yet a miracle was wrought therein, and they lit therewith for eight days. The following year these were appointed a Festival with Hallel and thanksgiving." 3221:. The last time was 1899, and due to the nature of the Gregorian and Jewish calendars being slightly out of sync with each other, it will not happen again in the foreseeable future. This rare convergence prompted the creation of the 1279:"For when the Greeks entered the Sanctuary, they defiled all the oils therein, and when the Hasmonean dynasty prevailed against and defeated them, they made search and found only one cruse of oil which lay with the seal of the 2515:

It is customary for women not to work for at least the first half-hour of the candles' burning, and some have the custom not to work for the entire time of burning. It is also forbidden to fast or to eulogize during Hanukkah.

2782:

Latkes are not popular in Israel, having been largely replaced by sufganiyot due to local economic factors, convenience and the influence of trade unions. Bakeries in Israel have popularized many new types of fillings for

860:(late 2nd century) mentions Hanukkah in several places, but never describes its laws in detail and never mentions any aspect of the history behind it. To explain the Mishna's lack of a systematic discussion of Hanukkah, 3135:

held an official Hanukkah reception in the White House where he linked the occasion to the 1951 gift by using that menorah for the ceremony, with a grandson of Ben-Gurion and a grandson of Truman lighting the candles.

2072:

Generally, women are exempt in Jewish law from time-bound positive commandments, although the Talmud requires that women engage in the mitzvah of lighting Hanukkah candles "for they too were involved in the miracle."

2119:

itself, the candles must be lit before sunset. However, they must remain lit through the lighting of the Shabbat candles. Therefore, the Hanukkah menorah is lit first with larger candles than usual, followed by the

2507:("may you be sealed totally for good"), a traditional greeting for the Yom Kippur season. It is taught in Hasidic and Kabbalistic literature that this day is particularly auspicious for the fulfillment of prayers. 8976: 2336:, such as Psalm 30, Psalm 67, and Psalm 91. In North America and in Israel it is common to exchange presents or give children presents at this time. In addition, many families encourage their children to give 2403:, on the first day beginning from Numbers 6:22 (according to some customs, Numbers 7:1), and the last day ending with Numbers 8:4. Since Hanukkah lasts eight days it includes at least one, and sometimes two, 7866:"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa" 4013:

Its use in transliteration of Hebrew into English is based on influences of Yiddish and German, particularly since transliteration into German tended to be earlier than transliteration into English. See

2114:

Inexpensive small wax candles sold for Hanukkah burn for approximately half an hour so should be lit no earlier than nightfall. Friday night presents a problem, however. Since candles may not be lit on

1937: 6137: 4928:

Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp

2265:, and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles, Your wonders and Your salvations. 2006:(the modern Israeli term). Some families use an oil lamp menorah (traditionally filled with olive oil) for Hanukkah; like the candle version, it has eight wicks to light plus the additional 2980:

dreidels as well, because they understand "there" to refer to the Temple and not the entire Land of Israel, and because the Hasidic Masters ascribe significance to the traditional letters.

1990:

and battery operated (an incandescent flashlight would be acceptable for this purpose), while a blessing may not be recited over a plug-in menorah or lamp. Most Jewish homes have a special

1854:

Hanukkah is celebrated with a series of rituals that are performed every day throughout the eight-day holiday, some are family-based and others communal. There are special additions to the

1966:

is to adhere to the prohibition, specified in the Talmud, against using the Hanukkah lights for anything other than publicizing and meditating on the Hanukkah miracle. This differs from

3152:

story teaches us. It's what our young people can teach us – that one act of faith can make a miracle, that love is stronger than hate, that peace can triumph over conflict." Rabbi

872:, its editors were reluctant to include explicit discussion of a holiday celebrating another relatively recent revolt against a foreign ruler, for fear of antagonizing the Romans. 899:, with enough oil to keep the menorah in the Temple lit for a single day. They used this, yet it burned for eight days (the time it took to have new oil pressed and made ready). 3731: 3039:

favors the fifth night of Hanukkah for giving Hanukkah gelt. Unlike the other nights of Hanukkah, the fifth does not ever fall on the Shabbat, hence never conflicting with the

1728:, also referred to as Judas Maccabeus and Y'hudhah HaMakabi. Judah was the eldest son of Matityahu and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside 954:...After this, the sons of Israel went up to the Temple and rebuilt its gates and purified the Temple from the dead bodies and from the defilement. And they sought after pure 743:, καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ δεῦρο τὴν ἑορτὴν ἄγομεν καλοῦντες αὐτὴν φῶτα "And from then on we celebrate this festival, and we call it Lights". The first Hebrew translation of 2162:

is placed to the left of the first but it is lit first, and so on, proceeding from placing candles right to left but lighting them from left to right over the eight nights.

1722:, also referred to as Mattathias and Mattathias ben Johanan. Matityahu was a Jewish priest who, together with his five sons, played a central role in the story of Hanukkah. 5923: 5423:

Also in the Apocrypha is the Book of Judith, which tells how this heroine stopped the siege of Jerusalem by decapitating Holofernes, a major military leader for the enemy.

2901:

in Hebrew, is a four-sided spinning top that children play with during Hanukkah. Each side is imprinted with a Hebrew letter which is an abbreviation for the Hebrew words

590:, which is based on using characters of the English alphabet as symbols to re-create the word's correct spelling in Hebrew, is the most common and the preferred choice of 5344: 2257:

We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders, for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers, in those days at this season, through your

3397:

In North America, Hanukkah became increasingly important to many Jewish individuals and families during the latter part of the 20th century, including a large number of

5710: 891:

had been driven from the Temple, the Maccabees discovered that almost all of the ritual olive oil had been profaned. They found only a single container that was still

7828: 2972:, "A great miracle happened here"), referring to the fact that the miracle occurred in the land of Israel, although this is a relatively recent innovation. Stores in 8242: 3035:

dates back to a long-standing East European custom of children presenting their teachers with a small sum of money at this time of year as a token of gratitude. One

2791:

Rabbinic literature also records a tradition of eating cheese and other dairy products during Hanukkah. This custom, as mentioned above, commemorates the heroism of

2545:

several hints to this in different verses. One is Isaiah 27:9: "Through this (zot) will Jacob's sin be forgiven" – i.e., on account of the holiness of Zot Chanukah.

8277: 532:", The Song of the "Dedication" of the House", and is traditionally recited on Hanukkah. 25 (of Kislev) + 5 (Books of Torah) = 30, which is the number of the song. 3779: 368:

or hanukkiah. One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the

7144: 2288:

is sung. The song contains six stanzas. The first and last deal with general themes of divine salvation, and the middle four deal with events of persecution in

3257:

dependence on God, urging Jews to look toward the divine for protection. They likely feared inciting Jews to another revolt that might end in disaster, as the

1181:

and his pro-Egyptian faction wrested control from them. The exiled Tobiads lobbied Antiochus IV Epiphanes to recapture Jerusalem. As Flavius Josephus relates:

5325:

His three years' war east of the Jordan (about 85–82) was successful; and he conquered Pella, Dium, Gerasa, Gaulana, Seleucia, and the strong fortress Gamala.

1362:

is a main code of Jewish Law. The menorah first began to be used as a symbol of Judaism in the Hasmonean period – appearing on coins issued by Hasmonean king

8635: 6047: 2029:

actually burned for eight nights). Accordingly, lamps are set up at a prominent window or near the door leading to the street. It is customary amongst some

7883: 3323:

in Russia in 1881. Public celebrations of Hanukkah gained prominence in the early 20th century, with parades and public events becoming common. Schools in

2053:

groups light lamps near an inside doorway, not necessarily in public view. According to this tradition, the lamps are placed on the opposite side from the

1169:, or possibly a revolt whose nature was lost to time after being crushed. In 175 BCE, Antiochus IV invaded Judea at the request of the sons of Tobias. The 6321: 6141: 1348:

The miracle of the oil is widely regarded as a legend and its authenticity has been questioned since the Middle Ages. However, given the famous question

1345:

rallied around. This may explain why the king, in a total departure from Seleucid practice in all other places and times, banned a traditional religion.

7001: 8249: 8235: 4690: 2076:

Some Jews in North America and Israel have taken up environmental concerns in relation to Hanukkah's "miracle of the oil", emphasizing reflection on

7318: 2857: 1955:

the tendency is for every male member of the household (and in many families, girls as well) to light a full set of lights each night, while among

1948:, meaning "attendant" or "sexton," is also lit each night, and is given a distinct location, usually higher, lower, or to the side of the others. 6525: 5586: 4495: 3334:, the themes of militarism were reconsidered. In modern Israel, the national and military aspects of Hanukkah became, once again, more dominant. 2445:

The menorah is not lit during Shabbat, but rather prior to the beginning of Shabbat as described above and not at all during the day. During the

1982:, two lights are lit on the first night, three on the second and so on, ending with nine on the last night, for a total of 44 (36, excluding the 1890:—are eaten to commemorate the importance of oil during the celebration of Hanukkah. Some also have a custom of eating dairy products to remember 1866: 2818:

has historically been a traditional Hanukkah food among Eastern European and American Jews, although the custom has declined in recent decades.

6727: 4755: 3367:

as a symbol of Jewish identity. Both the Israeli and North American versions of Hanukkah emphasize resistance, focusing on some combination of

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Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time..."

3806: 6895: 3872: 3753: 669:), and neither of those sounds is unambiguously representable in English spelling. However, its original sound is closer to the English 5661: 3721: 887:, committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees. The Talmud says that after the forces of 9062: 8628: 3165: 1114: 7798:

Rabbis are emphatic and virtually unanimous in their feeling that there is no place for Christmas celebrations within a Jewish home.

4774: 2141: 2111:

light much later to fulfill the obligation of publicizing the miracle by the presence of their Hasidim when they kindle the lights.

1855: 7240: 2795:

during the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and reminds us that women also played an important role in the events of Hanukkah. The

2377:("On/about the Miracles"). This addition refers to the victory achieved over the Syrians by the Hasmonean Mattathias and his sons. 1641:: Judas Maccabeus performs a daring night march to make a surprise attack on the Seleucid camp while the Seleucid forces are split. 1165:, the son of Antiochus III, seemingly after what was either a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of 6916: 6155: 8013: 3143:

commissioned a menorah made by students at the Max Rayne school in Israel and invited two of its students to join U.S. President

1970:

candles which are meant to be used for illumination and lighting. Hence, if one were to need extra illumination on Hanukkah, the

8049: 7847: 7389: 3659: 1936:

Each night throughout the eight-day holiday, a candle or oil-based light is lit. As a universally practiced "beautification" (

1318:

in Jerusalem. These competed violently over who would be the High Priest, with traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like

504:

is according to the House of Hillel". This is a reference to the disagreement between two rabbinical schools of thought – the

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to refer specifically to Hanukkah. This Greek word was chosen because the Hebrew word for 'consecration' or 'dedication' is

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our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light."

1161:

over Judea, where they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. This policy was drastically reversed by

435:‎", meaning "to dedicate". On Hanukkah, the Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple. 7734: 7292: 2431:

reading for the first Sabbath Hanukkah is Zechariah 2:14 – Zechariah 4:7. When there is a second Sabbath on Hanukkah, the

8005: 864:

postulated that information on the holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it. Modern scholar

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is recited. There are several different versions; the version presented here is recited in many Ashkenazic communities:

9103: 8349: 8102: 6051: 4336: 2081: 1898:

by feeding him cheese, which made him thirsty, and giving him wine to drink. When Holofernes became very drunk, Judith

940: 5107: 4168: 4157: 2173:בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו, וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר חֲנֻכָּה. 8875: 7812: 7218: 7133: 7035: 5863: 5732: 4803: 4015: 3300:

movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a profound impact on the celebration and reinterpretation of

7266: 6347: 5994: 4232: 3945: 3311:

Traditionally, Hanukkah was a minor event, but took on a new meaning following the rise of Jewish nationalism as a

2202:בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. 1974:

candle would be available, and one would avoid using the prohibited lights. Some, especially Ashkenazim, light the

685:

in classical (but not modern) Hebrew. Adapting the classical Hebrew pronunciation with the geminate and pharyngeal

4221: 1310:

Some modern scholars, following the account in 2 Maccabees, observe that the king was intervening in an internal

1009:

ordered lavish yearly eight-day festivities after rededicating the Temple in Jerusalem that had been profaned by

7891: 4468:(penned in the handwriting of Shalom b. Yihye Qoraḥ, and copied from "Tiklal Bashiri" which was written in 1618 2324:

After lighting the candles and Ma'oz Tzur, singing other Hanukkah songs is customary in many Jewish homes. Some

1211: 7110: 6825: 6443: 5224: 1628: 664: 659: 5313: 5287: 4361: 3319:, an early religious Zionist, proposed making Hanukkah the official holiday of the proto-Zionist organization 2442:

is also kindled daily in the synagogue, at night with the blessings and in the morning without the blessings.

8568: 8414: 7010: 3217:

fell during Hanukkah for only the third time since Thanksgiving was declared a national holiday by President

1920: 928:

says their purpose is to publicize the miracle. The blessings for Hanukkah lights are discussed in tractate

8583: 8128: 5883: 3214: 3116: 1121: 420: 8062: 6094:

the menorah must contain enough fuel at the time of the lighting to burn until 30 minutes after nightfall.

3304:. These developments resulted in increased emphasis on certain Jewish celebrations, of which Hanukkah and 3182:(Kislev can have 29 or 30 days). The Jewish day begins at sunset. Hanukkah dates for recent and upcoming: 2503:

and is considered a time to repent out of love for God. In this spirit, many Hasidic Jews wish each other

9093: 8563: 8501: 7367: 7196: 4820:

Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History

4404: 4053: 3505: 2808: 1915: 1899: 1588: 1206: 1110: 450:‎, " rested twenty-fifth", referring to the fact that the Jews ceased fighting on the 25th day of 128: 5259: 2182:

Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner Hanukkah.

916:

Except in times of danger, the lights were to be placed outside one's door, on the opposite side of the

654:‎), which is the first letter in the Hebrew spelling, is pronounced differently in modern Hebrew ( 9098: 8777: 8722: 8378: 4759: 3465: 3056: 2647: 1648: 935: 655: 625: 596: 48: 7062: 6529: 5594: 4078: 3123:

postage stamps. In 1996, the United States Postal Service (USPS) issued a 32 cent Hanukkah stamp as a

2254:

bilvad kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol 'al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha.

2211:

Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze.

2084:. An example of this is the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life's renewable energy campaign. 8911: 8890: 8648: 8030: 5908:

Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History

3959: 3437: 2716: 2636: 2154:) are recited during this eight-day festival when lighting the candles. On the first night only, the 836:); similarly 2 Maccabees explains the length of the feast as "in the manner of the Feast of Booths". 662: 623: 31: 7784:

Choosing a Jewish Life: A Handbook for People Converting to Judaism and for Their Family and Friends

7641: 6735: 6476: 6420: 5484: 1051:" (NIV). The Greek noun used appears in the neuter plural as "the renewals" or "the consecrations" ( 468:, from the same root, is the name for Jewish education, emphasizing ethical training and discipline. 8588: 8329: 8057: 6295: 4853: 4313: 1654: 1651:, and captures Jerusalem soon after. Lysias relents and repeals Antiochus IV's anti-Jewish decrees. 815:, a Jewish scholarly Greek-language translation of the Hebrew Bible originally compiled in the mid- 17: 7884:"Black and Jewish Leaders Gather at Carnegie Hall to Take a Stand Against Antisemitism and Racism" 6273: 6021: 5824: 5687: 4505: 4191: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the 3629: 1333: 8952: 8256: 6499: 5411: 4207: 3153: 2096: 1363: 1338: 1137: 1002: 739: 681:

more accurately represents the spelling in the Hebrew alphabet. Moreover, the 'kaf' consonant is

5995:"The Eight Days of Hanukkah: Eight Actions to Heal the Earth through the Green Menorah Covenant" 5855: 5017: 5007: 3814: 2928:, "A great miracle happened there"), referring to the miracle of the oil that took place in the 1490:

monarchy is successful in recapturing the Temple, which is liberated and rededicated (Hanukkah).

8706: 8547: 8340: 8095: 4518: 3898: 3285: 3021: 2018: 1787: 1767: 1624: 1584: 1571:

63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end because of a rivalry between the brothers

1327: 1228: 1178: 1162: 1010: 808: 120: 8613: 7532: 7502: 6799: 6372: 6221: 5372:

Mattathias and his five sons became the nucleus of a growing band of rebels against Antiochus.

4982: 3843: 3837: 1587:(Pompey the Great) is dispatched to the area. Twelve thousand Jews are massacred in the Roman 1013:. Josephus does not say the festival was called Hanukkah but rather the "Festival of Lights": 9009: 8850: 8738: 8296: 6696: 5385: 4884: 4878: 4532: 4133: 3761: 3084:

The earliest Hanukkah link with the White House occurred in 1951 when Israeli Prime Minister

2528:

scholars teach that the Hanukkah is in fact the final conclusion of God's judgment extending

2418: 1823: 1783: 1528: 1280: 1166: 883:

The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is described in the

799:

and therefore modern Jews (as copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the

7009: 4970: 4824: 4818: 4265: 3510: 1186:

constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months.

8840: 8035: 7829:"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration" 7760: 6592: 5968: 4198: 3441: 2297: 1498: 1494: 1379: 1022:, that it might serve as a citadel against any distresses that might come from our enemies. 202:

25 Kislev, 26 Kislev, 27 Kislev, 28 Kislev, 29 Kislev, 30 Kislev, 1 Tevet, 2 Tevet, 3 Tevet

6757:

Ashton, Dianne. "Quick to the Party: The Americanization of Hanukkah and Southern Jewry".

6115: 5435: 4730: 3476:

joined to celebrate Hanukkah and Kwanzaa together, and combat racism and antisemitism, at

2021:

called for public awareness and observance of the festival and encouraged the lighting of

8: 8496: 8464: 8040: 7918: 7344: 5264: 5013: 4973:

Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh

4104: 3784: 3368: 3351: 3324: 2940: 2929: 2077: 1832: 1828: 1674: 1416: 1323: 1315: 1267: 1174: 1145: 1044: 591: 408:

movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries.

82: 7940:"Zionist Awareness of the Jewish Past: Inventing Tradition or Renewing the Ethnic Past?" 7559: 5561: 2840:

eat fried chicken, cassola (a ricotta cheese latke almost similar to a cheesecake), and

1517:), and the forced conversion of Idumeans to the Jewish religion, including circumcision. 8578: 8490: 8356: 8322: 8315: 8290: 7616: 6869: 5848: 4261: 3678: 3388: 2450: 1911: 1644: 1048: 947: 796: 608: 357: 8010: 7674: 4430: 3977: 1807: 1799: 1039:

10:22–23 says, "Then came the Festival of Dedication at Jerusalem. It was winter, and

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Hanukkah is not a "Sabbath-like" holiday, and there is no obligation to refrain from

1746:, also referred to as Eleazar Avaran, Eleazar Maccabeus and Eleazar Hachorani/Choran. 1700: 1480: 1461: 1388: 1263: 1255: 1133: 869: 865: 7620: 6322:"Hanukkah ushers in 'tzedakah,' a religious obligation to do what is right and just" 4028: 2308:

victory) and expressing a longing for the days when Judea will finally triumph over

8573: 8442: 8283: 8143: 7951: 7600: 7585: 5360: 4501: 4458:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yosef Ḥubara. pp. 75b–79b (Megillat Benei Ḥashmunai). 3893: 3561: 3415: 3355: 3316: 3097: 3085: 3066: 3008: 2796: 2728: 2708: 2696: 2284:

In the Ashkenazi tradition, each night after the lighting of the candles, the hymn

2066: 1944:, the number of lights lit is increased by one each night. An extra light called a 1812: 1638: 1601: 1473: 1353: 1337:

Modern Israeli 10 agorot coin, reproducing the menorah image from a coin issued by

1259: 1243: 1149: 909:

A better practice is to light one light each night for each member of the household

861: 781: 773: 641: 505: 365: 338: 277: 254: 116: 57: 8026: 5237: 5207: 4285: 3444:

rabbis do not object, they also do not object to the presence of Christmas trees.

2124:. At the end of the Shabbat, there are those who light the Hanukkah lights before 8986: 8855: 8805: 8765: 8683: 8658: 8644: 8598: 8593: 8542: 8532: 8459: 8184: 8053: 8017: 7972: 6956: 4281: 3556: 3550: 3540: 3515: 3469: 3281: 3218: 3171: 3120: 3070: 3012: 2865: 2653:

dynasty, it is customary for the rebbes to play violin after the menorah is lit.

2604: 2525: 2496: 2325: 2121: 2050: 1761: 1725: 1706: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1632: 1614: 1554: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1271: 1153: 1006: 850: 816: 769: 602: 571: 553: 405: 353: 342: 326: 8977:

Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran

2932:. The fourth side of some dreidels sold in Israel are inscribed with the letter 1370:, not a nine-branched vessel that would correspond to an eight-day oil miracle. 819:. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches consider the books of Maccabees as a 8936: 8926: 8825: 8815: 8760: 8693: 8537: 8409: 8394: 8219: 8158: 6940: 6398: 6368: 6254: 6176: 5780: 5642: 5510: 5132:

Yitzchak Meitlis, פרשת דרכים: מבט ארכאולוגי וגאוגרפי בפרשיות השבוע, pp. 294–295

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to have a separate menorah for each family member (customs vary), whereas most

2030: 2022: 1978:

candle first and then use it to light the others. So altogether, including the

1871: 1859: 1773: 1743: 1658: 1606: 1580: 1572: 1367: 1358: 1192: 1052: 1036: 820: 788: 695:, while adapting the modern Hebrew pronunciation with no gemination and uvular 631: 386: 6544: 5944: 5447:

For several centuries there was another hero associated with Hanukkah: Judith.

4269: 3139:

In December 2014, two Hanukkah celebrations were held at the White House. The

2767: 1583:

to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf. The Roman general

1476:

against Antiochus. Judah becomes known as Judah Maccabee ("Judah the Hammer").

9077: 8916: 8906: 8865: 8860: 8770: 8701: 8404: 8306: 8228: 8194: 8153: 7963: 7612: 6962: 6463: 6195: 4798: 4463: 4451: 4192: 3868: 3545: 3477: 3473: 3425: 2998: 2989: 2845: 2761: 2692: 2609: 2582: 2573: 2466: 2422: 2285: 2279: 2034: 2014: 1591:. The Priests of the Temple are struck down at the Altar. Rome annexes Judea. 1536: 1438: 1412: 1239:(circumcision) and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the temple. 1220: 1032: 892: 777: 716: 382:

until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the festival.

334: 166: 144: 8433: 7415: 6654:

Oh Chanukah (or Oj Chanukah) is a very popular modern English Chanukah song.

6565: 5924:"40 Years Later: How the Chanukah Menorah Made Its Way to the Public Sphere" 5142: 3920: 3236: 1959:

the prevalent custom is to have one set of lights for the entire household.

1667:: Judas defeats the forces of Nicanor after killing him early in the battle. 348:

Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of

8921: 8800: 8743: 8527: 8075: 7534:

Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond

6403: 6384: 6259: 6181: 5785: 5647: 5515: 5111: 4613: 3606: 3347: 3312: 3241: 3144: 3105: 3093: 3089: 2837: 2720: 2656: 2533: 2309: 2155: 2038: 1749: 1682: 1565: 1521: 1431: 950:(probably composed in the 2nd century) concludes with the following words: 888: 845: 614: 7701: 6776: 6642: 5743: 3432:. Today, the presence of Hanukkah bushes is generally discouraged by most 3061: 795:(Hebrew and Aramaic language Jewish Bible) used and accepted by normative 8901: 8835: 8782: 8419: 8263: 7805:

Ask the Rabbi: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, & How of Being Jewish

3457: 3140: 3124: 3109: 3078: 2853: 2849: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2749: 2640: 2446: 2373: 1991: 1576: 1349: 1290:

Tertiary sources in the Jewish tradition make reference to this account.

1177:

in Jerusalem, were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE when the high priest

1141: 1101: 964: 896: 356:, which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the 263: 7974:

A Different Light: A Pluralist Anthology : the Big Book of Hanukkah

5998: 2799:

book of Judith (Yehudit or Yehudis in Hebrew), which is not part of the

2741: 2491:: "This was the dedication of the altar". According to the teachings of 1803:

Chanukah Menorah opposite Nazi building in Kiel, Germany, December 1931.

1106: 751:‎) "Festival of Lamps", but the translation "Festival of Lights" ( 9014: 8870: 8845: 8820: 8711: 8522: 8517: 8204: 8066: 6105:

Shulchan Aruch OC 672:1, as understood by the Magen Avraham and others.

4469: 3726: 3686: 3453: 3305: 3096:

took part in the first public Hanukkah candle-lighting ceremony of the

2994: 2804: 2771: 2745: 2537: 2500: 2293: 2059:, so people passing through the door are surrounded by the holiness of 1952: 1895: 1880: 1777: 1755: 1719: 1620:

Selected battles between the Maccabees and the Seleucid Syrian-Greeks:

1453: 1400: 1293: 1247: 1236: 1158: 1068: 984: 980: 912:

The most preferred practice is to vary the number of lights each night.

812: 804: 513: 439: 398: 378:‎, "attendant"). Each night, one additional candle is lit by the 361: 156: 61: 8209: 4375: 2049:, or in parts of Europe before and during World War II. However, most 2041:

were lamps supposed to be hidden from public view, as was the case in

1661:, another of Mattathias's sons, is killed in battle by a war elephant. 131:, even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day's lighting. 8941: 8931: 8787: 8469: 8174: 8021: 7560:"Reinventing Hanukkah: The Israeli Politics of the Maccabean Holiday" 4978: 4945: 4548:

This is the first reference to the Feast of Dedication by this name (

3700: 3565: 3402: 3222: 3074: 2882: 2688: 2680: 2400: 2396: 2305: 2013:

In the United States, Hanukkah became a more visible festival in the

1956: 1884: 1695: 1610: 1558: 1543: 1532: 1319: 1311: 1087:(a close synonym), which literally means 'renewal' or 'to make new'. 955: 800: 416: 330: 112: 6667: 6566:"Google Dreidel: A Modern Spin on Traditional Fun - SEO Focus Point" 5005: 2736: 2687:

There is a custom of eating foods fried or baked in oil (preferably

2380:

The same prayer is added to the grace after meals. In addition, the

1839: 1082: 9029: 8733: 8373: 8080: 7939: 7241:"Arab–Jewish school's menorah lights up White House Hanukkah party" 3677: 3364: 3040: 2833: 2829: 2775: 2724: 2492: 2427: 2388: 2337: 2125: 1928: 1887: 1550: 1487: 1479:

166 BCE: Mattathias dies, and Judah takes his place as leader. The

1384: 1019: 998: 828: 734: 682: 519: 6050:. Coalition on Environment and Jewish Life (COEJL). Archived from 3839:

Being Jewish: The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today

3011:

for "Chanukkah money"), known in Israel by the Hebrew translation

2893:

After lighting the candles, it is customary to play (or spin) the

2663:

was instrumental in the beginning of Americanization of Hanukkah.

2262: 9024: 8963: 8750: 8678: 8179: 8148: 5166:

M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria,"

4383: 3342: 3297: 3044: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2753: 2691:) to commemorate the miracle of a small flask of oil keeping the 2650: 2591: 2569: 2487:, from the verse read on this day in the synagogue Numbers 7:84, 2404: 2128:

and those who make Havdalah before the lighting Hanukkah lights.

2116: 2061: 2055: 2037:

light one for the whole household. Only when there was danger of

1967: 1941: 1564:

85–82 BCE: Consolidation of the Kingdom in territory east of the

1506: 1502: 1442: 1424: 1224: 1170: 509: 501: 475: 463: 390: 53: 3609:. Hebcal.com by Danny Sadinoff and Michael J. Radwin (CC-BY-3.0) 2092: 9044: 9034: 8755: 8643: 8399: 7848:"Kwanzakkah: A way to celebrate dual heritage, and combat hate" 7845: 7679:. Internet Archive. New York : New York University Press. 7345:"How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time" 4910:

Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion

3406:

the 1800s. During this time period, Jewish leaders (especially

3331: 3249: 3175: 3128: 3036: 2861: 2800: 2413: 2408: 2382: 2368: 2333: 2108: 1891: 1848: 1816: 1733: 1729: 1711: 1510: 1404: 1366:

between 40 and 37 BCE, but these coins depict a seven-branched

1322:

contesting with Hellenizing High Priests with Greek names like

968: 917: 884: 857: 833: 792: 451: 412: 402: 370: 349: 180: 148: 140: 124: 5711:"Why Don't Women Work While the Chanukah Candles Are Burning?" 2635:

Among the best known songs in English-speaking countries are "

1215:

High Priest pouring oil over the menorah, Jewish new year card

9039: 9004: 8994: 8830: 8199: 8189: 5090: 5006:

Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000).

4555: 4549: 3960:"Is There a Right Way to Spell Hanukkah? Chanukah? Hannukah?" 3433: 3179: 2676: 2595: 2499:, this day is the final "seal" of the High Holiday season of 2462: 2386:(praise) Psalms are sung during each morning service and the 2301: 2258: 1876: 1737: 1420: 1251: 1129: 1062: 1056: 1040: 921: 394: 286: 250: 191: 152: 6668:"Belz resumed practice of playing violin at candle lighting" 6274:"Maoz Tzur: Translation & Explanation – Jewish Holidays" 2519: 875: 81:

English translation: 'Establishing' or 'Dedication' (of the

9049: 9019: 8999: 8971: 8071: 7735:"Since the 1800s, Hanukkah in the US is a response to Xmas" 7085:"Gyration Nation: The Weird Ancient History of the Dreidel" 6643:"Oh Chanukah (Jewish Traditional) sheet music for Trombone" 3997:"Hanukah or Chanukah? Have the chutzpah to embrace Yiddish" 3104:

displayed a menorah in the White House. In 1993, President

2671: 2580:

Hanukkah songs (in Hebrew except where indicated) include "

2042: 1844: 1514: 1449: 1232: 807:). However, the books of Maccabees were included among the 646: 636: 541: 298: 292: 93: 7584:

Abramitzky, Ran; Einav, Liran; Rigbi, Oren (1 June 2010).

7446: 6348:"The Fifth Night Project: Teaching Giving During Hanukkah" 3701:"01. The Mitzva to Light Ĥanuka Candles – Peninei Halakha" 1770:. Seleucid king controlling the region during this period. 7319:"Thanksgivukka: Please pass the turkey-stuffed doughnuts" 7293:"Why Hanukkah and Thanksgiving Will Never Again Coincide" 6666:

Greenberg, Shlomo; Haredim, Behadrey (15 December 2012).

5800:"The following is a response from Hakham Ya'aqob Menashe" 5562:"Education Ministry Changes Start of School Year – Again" 3780:"The Christmas effect: How Hanukkah became a big holiday" 2760:

traditionally eat cheese pancakes known as "cassola" or "

1125: 906:

The law requires only one light each night per household,

8278:

Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah

7434: 2828:, fried dough balls soaked in a sweet syrup, similar to 2194: 755:‎) appeared by the end of the nineteenth century. 360:. The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a 5662:"How to Light the Menorah – Light Up Your Environment!" 5535: 2860:, a dish made with pumpkin and bulgur wheat similar to 1758:, also referred to as Johanan Maccabeus and John Gaddi. 1752:, also referred to as Simon Maccabeus and Simon Thassi. 129:

wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days

5387:

God's Intertestamental Silence: Then Came Jesus Christ

4054:"Which Is Correct: Hanukkah or Chanukah? | Britannica" 3401:, who wanted to celebrate a Jewish alternative to the 3327:

played an early role in promoting these celebrations.

3208:

Sunset, 12 December 2028 – nightfall, 20 December 2028

3199:

Sunset, 14 December 2025 – nightfall, 22 December 2025

3190:

Sunset, 18 December 2022 – nightfall, 26 December 2022

2158:

blessing is added, making a total of three blessings.

1539:

become Seleucid vassals but retain religious autonomy.

971:

prayer, which was formalized in the late 1st century.

7801:

But that would seem to be overstating the case, vide

7579: 7577: 7176:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 October 1996 7111:"Why Do We Give Hanukkah Gelt and Hanukkah Presents?" 6958:

Eat and be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food

5383: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 3202:

Sunset, 4 December 2026 – nightfall, 12 December 2026

3193:

Sunset, 7 December 2023 – nightfall, 15 December 2023

3187:

Sunset, 28 November 2021 – nightfall, 6 December 2021

3100:

held across the White House lawn. In 1989, President

2343: 2292:, praising God for survival despite these tragedies ( 2261:. During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are 1549:

96 BCE: Beginning of an eight-year civil war between

545:

Spelling variations due to transliteration of Hebrew

295: 289: 7846:

Stewart Ain and TaRessa Stovall (23 December 2022).

7583: 6868:

Minsberg, Tali; Lidman, Melanie (10 December 2009).

5969:"The Obligation of Women Regarding Chanukah Candles" 3487: 3205:

Sunset, 24 December 2027 – nightfall, 1 January 2028

3196:

Sunset, 25 December 2024 – nightfall, 2 January 2025

3026: 2165: 2142:

List of Jewish prayers and blessings § Hanukkah

1776:. Acclaimed for her heroism in the assassination of 967:

prayer is recited on Hanukkah as an addition to the

868:

suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the

728: 702: 696: 686: 580: 565: 527: 461: 7702:"Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices" 7420:. New York: New York University Press. p. 29. 6917:"The Story of Yehudit: The Woman Who Saved the Day" 4454:(1964). "מגלת בני חשמונאי". In Yosef Ḥubara (ed.). 1081:). The Aramaic New Testament uses the Aramaic word 776:, which describe in detail the rededication of the 411:Originally instituted as a feast "in the manner of 283: 280: 7574: 7036:"8 Foods You Didn't Know Jews Eat During Hanukkah" 5847: 4173: 4016:Romanization of Hebrew § How to transliterate 3428:, which is considered a Jewish counterpart to the 1827:Public Hanukkiah lighting in Brussels next to the 1595: 768:The story of Hanukkah is told in the books of the 431:The name "Hanukkah" derives from the Hebrew verb " 401:, and dairy foods. Since the 1970s, the worldwide 6223:Celebrate!: The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook 3773: 3771: 3213:In 2013, on 28 November, the American holiday of 2699:alight for eight days. Traditional foods include 2661:Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations 2510: 1546:Jewish Kingdom throws off Syrian rule completely. 1067:). The same root appears in 2 Esdras 6:16 in the 975:describes the history of the holiday as follows: 879:Hanukkah lamp unearthed near Jerusalem about 1900 9075: 7693: 7219:"From the Archives: Hanukkah at the White House" 7109:Golinkin, Rabbi Prof. David (19 December 2014). 6845:The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey 6665: 5850:A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to be Jewish 3946:"Yes, Virginia, Hanukkah Has a Correct Spelling" 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 2132:present at the lighting of the Hannukah lights. 939:Section from the Aramaic Scroll of Antiochus in 7699: 7642:"How Christmas Transformed Hanukkah in America" 6779:. The Philadelphia Jewish Voice. 7 January 2006 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 5529: 5527: 5525: 1905: 1786:. Arrested, tortured and killed one by one, by 7521: 7267:"A Most Inspiring Hanukkah at the White House" 6867: 6823: 5091:Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum, eds. (2007). 3768: 3050: 2340:(charity) in lieu of presents for themselves. 1437:168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the 1296:(12th century) described Hanukkah as follows: 1223:in Jerusalem was looted and services stopped, 784:. These books, however, are not a part of the 8629: 8096: 7494: 6590: 6215: 6213: 5877: 5875: 5182:Newsom, Carol Ann; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). 5169:Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 4506:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930 4196: 3590: 2479:The last day of Hanukkah is known by some as 2135: 7365: 7143:(PDF). Vol. 17, no. 6. p. 3. 6982:"Hanukkah's a-Coming: Geese Are Getting Fat" 6896:"Why All the Oil and Cheese (and Potatoes)?" 6066: 6046:Dobb, Rabbi Fred Scherlinder (6 July 2011). 5522: 3382: 3330:With the advent of Zionism and the state of 3296:The emergence of Jewish nationalism and the 3178:and concludes on the second or third day of 3170:The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the 2952: 2946: 2933: 2908: 2902: 2465:. It still forms part of the liturgy of the 2209: 2199: 2180: 2170: 1867:activities that are forbidden on the Sabbath 1076: 7970: 7476: 7452: 6630:As one of the most famous Chanukah songs... 6543:Gutfreund, Sara Debbie (23 December 2014). 5967:Yosef, Rabbeinu Ovadia (11 December 2017). 5181: 5065: 3092:with a Hanukkah menorah. In 1979 President 1673:: Judas dies in battle against the army of 1242:Antiochus's actions provoked a large-scale 442:explanations have been given for the name: 385:Other Hanukkah festivities include singing 143:each night. Singing special songs, such as 8636: 8622: 8103: 8089: 7802: 7758: 7504:Rereading Israel: The Spirit of the Matter 7238: 7132:Lebowitz, Rabbi Aryeh (11 December 2005). 6690: 6688: 6415: 6413: 6345: 6210: 6196:"The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs" 5872: 4560:) in Jewish literature (Hengel 1999: 317). 4134:"The Old Testament in the Orthodox Church" 3940: 3938: 3921:"The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs" 3447: 2836:, as part of their Hanukkah celebrations. 920:, or in the window closest to the street. 803:between the 7th and 10th centuries of the 151:prayer. Eating food fried in oil, such as 47: 7527: 7082: 6999: 6979: 6542: 5993:Waskow, Rabbi Arthur (16 November 2007). 5904: 5775: 5773: 5436:"December: Judith and the Hanukkah Story" 5186:. Presbyterian Publish Corp. p. 26. 4876: 4816: 4642:(1st engl. ed.). London: SCM Press. 3680:Bible_(King_James)/2_Maccabees#Chapter_10 3108:invited a group of schoolchildren to the 3043:injunction against handling money on the 2520:Hanukkah as the end of the High Holy Days 1635:defeats two smaller Seleucid detachments. 1115:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period 839: 7937: 7876: 7839: 7821: 7500: 7488: 7464: 7440: 7131: 7108: 6980:Fabricant, Florence (23 November 1994). 6893: 6477:"133. Days on Which Tachanun is Omitted" 5587:"לוח החופשות והימים המיוחדים לשנת תשע"ח" 5257: 5135: 4847: 4688: 4493: 4334: 3866: 3375:as the defining meaning of the holiday. 3341: 3240:Second night of Hannukah at Jerusalem's 3235: 3073:(left) a Hanukkah menorah as ambassador 3060: 2993: 2881: 2766: 2670: 2564: 2091: 1927: 1919: 1838: 1822: 1806: 1798: 1699: 1689: 1605: 1434:(Epiphanes) ascends the Seleucid throne. 1394: 1383: 1332: 1210: 1105: 1026: 992: 934: 874: 540: 536: 262: 8902:Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) 7923:. New York: New York University Press. 7781: 7290: 7000:Yoskowitz, Jeffrey (24 December 2016). 6685: 6517: 6410: 6373:"Chanukkah, or the Feast of Dedication" 6346:Maidenberg, Rhiana (11 December 2012). 6019: 5095:. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 332. 4907: 4850:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 4590:The History of the Second Temple Period 4583: 4581: 4450: 3935: 3835: 2659:'s Hannukah Hymn published in the 1842 2411:for the first Sabbath is almost always 2087: 1486:164 BCE: The Jewish revolt against the 500:‎ – "Eight candles, and the 14: 9076: 7916: 7858: 7759:Rosenstock, Natasha (1 October 2016). 7672: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7586:"Is Hanukkah Responsive to Christmas?" 7413: 7310: 7264: 7239:Ghert-Zand, Renee (18 December 2014). 7216: 7063:"The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel" 6954: 6797: 6725: 6694: 6619:"Chanukah – Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel" 6474: 6367: 6319: 6022:"'Green Hanukkia' Campaign Sparks Ire" 5992: 5921: 5884:"How Hanukkah Came to the White House" 5882:Sarna, Jonathan D. (2 December 2009). 5770: 5686:Aiken, Richard B. (30 November 2015). 4968: 4939: 4637: 4587: 3994: 3627: 3452:In December 2022, New York City Mayor 3231: 2226:After the lights are kindled the hymn 1764:, also referred to as Jonathan Apphus. 1657:: The Seleucids defeat the Maccabees. 1647:: Judas Maccabeus defeats the army of 1448:167 BCE: Antiochus orders an altar to 474:‎ (Hanukkah) is also the Hebrew 454:, the day on which the holiday begins. 364:with nine branches, commonly called a 9063:Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 8617: 8084: 7342: 7316: 7150:from the original on 29 December 2016 7060: 6497: 6444:"Al Hanisim: Concerning the Miracles" 5966: 5881: 5845: 5685: 5404: 5068:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews 4572:Aramaic English New Testament, 3rd Ed 4335:Dolanksy, Shawna (23 December 2011). 4102: 3867:Scherman, Nosson (23 December 2005). 3777: 3555: 3549: 3539: 3174:. Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of 3166:Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 2624:" ("These Candles Which We Light"), " 2195:Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah 1681:, and eventually their other brother 1411:198 BCE: Armies of the Seleucid King 763: 758: 710: 9089:Cultural depictions of the Maccabees 8110: 7944:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 7700:Jacob R. Straus (16 November 2012). 7676:Hanukkah in America : a history 7557: 7217:Donius, Susan K. (5 December 2013). 7197:"Stamp Announcement 09-47: Hanukkah" 7083:Rosenberg, Anat (14 December 2014). 6498:Enkin, Rabbi Ari (7 December 2010). 6219: 6048:"CFL Hannukah Installation Ceremony" 6045: 5922:Posner, Menachem (1 December 2014). 5854:. Rutgers University Press. p. 5618:"Chanukah: Performances and Customs" 5559: 5458: 5390:. Saundra L Washington. p. 14. 5105: 5040: 4914:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4703: 4662: 4578: 4569: 4131: 3875:from the original on 7 December 2012 2852:as a traditional Hanukkah dish, and 2367:" (thanksgiving) benediction in the 1879:(potato pancakes), jelly doughnuts ( 393:and eating oil-based foods, such as 8006:Hanukah – Story and Art Activities. 7714:from the original on 3 January 2014 7659: 7343:Byrne, Christine (2 October 2013). 7194: 6842: 6824:Jeffay, Nathan (17 December 2009). 5997:. The Shalom Center. Archived from 5463:. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. 5412:"On Hanukkah, Women As Role Models" 5358: 4880:The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays 4772: 4473: 3995:Powney, Harriet (7 December 2012). 3574:Ḥanukah, Chanuka, Chanukkah, Hanuka 3016: 2976:neighborhoods sell the traditional 2947: 2934: 2903: 2868:spiced with allspice and cinnamon. 2732: 2457:synagogues on Hanukkah just as the 2395:The Torah is read every day in the 1441:is looted, Jews are massacred, and 1314:between the Maccabean Jews and the 1305: 1200: 1077: 902:The Talmud presents three options: 333:and subsequent rededication of the 24: 8350:The One with the Holiday Armadillo 7910: 7890:. 20 December 2022. Archived from 7707:. Congressional Research Service. 7507:. Urim Publications. p. 152. 7501:Haberman, Bonna (1 October 2014). 7291:Hoffman, Joel (24 November 2013). 6756: 6591:Ask the Rabbi (22 December 2017). 6441: 6138:"CTI Laws and Customs of Chanukah" 5708: 5615: 5533: 4804:"Hilchot Megilot v Hanukkah 3:2–3" 4428: 3813:. 17 December 2014. Archived from 3778:Moyer, Justin (22 December 2011). 3628:Miller, Jason (21 December 2011). 3088:presented United States President 2864:, as well as their own version of 2602:" ("I Have a Hanukkah Menorah"), " 2344:Special additions to daily prayers 1136:of Egypt until 200 BCE, when King 941:Babylonian supralinear punctuation 719:, Hanukkah may also be called the 127:, the Temple was purified and the 25: 9115: 7999: 7732: 7265:Eisner, Jane (18 December 2014). 7174:"Israeli-American Hanukkah Stamp" 6826:"Why Israel is a latke-free zone" 6798:Nathan, Joan (12 December 2006). 6726:Parker, Adam (18 December 2011). 6523: 6320:Newman, Bruce (7 December 2012). 6140:. 5 November 2015. Archived from 5235: 4574:. Netzari Press LLV. p. 266. 4456:Sefer Ha-Tiklāl (Tiklāl Qadmonim) 4376:"Babylonian Talmud: Shabbath 21b" 3662:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. 3264: 2809:beheading of Holofernes by Judith 2435:reading is from 1 Kings 7:40–50. 2392:penitential prayers are omitted. 2249: 2219: 2166:Blessing for lighting the candles 1677:. He is succeeded by his brother 1542:129 BCE: Antiochus VII dies. The 1493:142 BCE: Re-establishment of the 1235:erected in the Temple. He banned 446:The name can be broken down into 8917:Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day) 8912:Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day) 8432: 7956:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2012.01155.x 7775: 7752: 7726: 7634: 7605:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02305.x 7551: 7407: 7382: 7366:Stu Bykofsky (11 October 2013). 7359: 7336: 7284: 7258: 7232: 7210: 7188: 7166: 7125: 7102: 7076: 7054: 7028: 6946: 6934: 6909: 6887: 6861: 6836: 6817: 6791: 6769: 6750: 6719: 6659: 6635: 6611: 6584: 6558: 6536: 6491: 6468: 6457: 6435: 6391: 6361: 6339: 6313: 6288: 6266: 6247: 6188: 6169: 6148: 6130: 6108: 6099: 6039: 6020:Hoffman, Gil (4 December 2007). 6013: 5986: 5960: 5951: 5937: 5915: 5147:Center for Online Judaic Studies 5009:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 4883:. Simon & Schuster. p. 4211:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4186: 3842:. Simon & Schuster. p. 3734:from the original on 5 June 2017 3640:from the original on 25 May 2021 3490: 3337: 2983: 2421:'s dream and his enslavement in 2319: 2300:, the miracle of the holiday of 2187:Translation: "Blessed are You, L 1858:, and a section is added to the 1152:. Judea then became part of the 276: 7317:Spiro, Amy (17 November 2013). 7195:Service, United States Postal. 6226:. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. 6116:"Some Light Chanukah Questions" 5898: 5839: 5817: 5792: 5761: 5725: 5713:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center 5702: 5679: 5654: 5635: 5609: 5579: 5553: 5503: 5477: 5452: 5428: 5377: 5352: 5334: 5305: 5279: 5251: 5229: 5218: 5200: 5175: 5160: 5126: 5099: 5093:Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 8 5084: 5059: 5034: 4999: 4962: 4933: 4901: 4870: 4841: 4810: 4792: 4766: 4748: 4723: 4697: 4691:"The Works of Flavius Josephus" 4682: 4656: 4631: 4606: 4563: 4542: 4526: 4487: 4484:Babylonian Talmud, Berachot 28a 4478: 4444: 4422: 4397: 4368: 4354: 4328: 4302: 4290: 4255: 4237: 4226: 4215: 4162: 4151: 4125: 4096: 4071: 4046: 4021: 4007: 3988: 3970: 3952: 3913: 3887: 3860: 3829: 3799: 2620:" ("Dreidel, Spin and Spin"), " 2472: 2371:(thrice-daily prayers), called 1790:for refusing to bow to an idol. 1596:Battles of the Maccabean Revolt 556:, the word Hanukkah is written 516:adopted the position of Hillel. 159:, and dairy foods. Playing the 8876:Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah 7971:Zion, N.; Spectre, B. (2000). 7920:Hanukkah in America: A History 7558:Zion, Noah (4 December 2012). 7417:Hanukkah in America: A History 6847:. Schocken. pp. 238–243. 6698:Hanukkah in America: A History 6526:"The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans" 6423:. Orthodox Union. 29 June 2006 6276:. Orthodox Union. 29 June 2006 6220:Ross, Lesli Koppelman (2000). 6198:. Orthodox Union. 9 April 2014 5957:Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat 23a 5733:"Hakirah Volume 25, Fall 2018" 5560:Skop, Yarden (24 March 2014). 5384:Saundra L. Washington (2010). 5314:"Alexander Jannæus (Jonathan)" 5288:"Alexander Jannæus (Jonathan)" 4519:digital Loeb Classical Library 4197:Kaufmann, Kohler (1901–1906). 3923:. Orthodox Union. 9 April 2014 3746: 3714: 3693: 3670: 3652: 3621: 3528: 2844:(a fried sweet rice pancake). 2511:Other related laws and customs 2002:being Hebrew for 'lamp') or a 1483:begins; It lasts until 63 BCE. 983:ben Yohanan, high priest, the 660:voiceless pharyngeal fricative 329:commemorating the recovery of 13: 1: 7002:"Goose: A Hanukkah Tradition" 6701:. NYU Press. pp. 42–46. 6421:"Chanukah with Torah Tidbits" 5911:. HarperCollins. p. 269. 5688:"Halacha L'Maaseh on Chanuka" 5485:"Chanukah with Torah Tidbits" 5340: 5066:Tcherikover, Victor (1999) . 4942:A Survey of the New Testament 4848:Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). 4570:Roth, Andrew Gabriel (2008). 4337:"The Truth(s) About Hanukkah" 4298:Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud 3869:"Origin of the Name Chanukah" 3583: 2842:fritelle de riso par Hanukkah 2540:when the judgment is sealed: 1579:, both of whom appeal to the 1095: 8907:Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day) 6593:"Final Judgment on Chanukah" 6500:"Chanuka – Lighting in Shul" 6377:New Era Illustrated Magazine 5043:A Survey of Israel's History 4556: 4550: 4079:"How Do You Spell Hanukkah?" 3630:"How Do You Spell Hanukkah?" 3521: 3117:United States Postal Service 2778:filled with strawberry jelly 2612:: "Eight Little Candles"), " 2536:when humanity is judged and 2363:An addition is made to the " 2271: 2252: 1906:Kindling the Hanukkah lights 1122:death of Alexander the Great 1083: 1063: 943:, with an Arabic translation 658:) from in classical Hebrew ( 426: 161: 7: 8502:Miracle of the cruse of oil 6083:"How to Celebrate Chanukah" 5459:Dice, Elizabeth A. (2009). 4908:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). 4775:"All's Well – When it Ends" 4309:Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah 4245:"Megillat Taanit, Kislev 7" 4034:. 1 January 2011. p. 2 3506:Miracle of the cruse of oil 3483: 3051:Hanukkah in the White House 3027: 2953: 2909: 2210: 2181: 1932:Hanukkah lights in the dark 1916:Miracle of the cruse of oil 1843:Hanukkah celebrated in the 1524:recognizes Jewish autonomy. 1415:(Antiochus the Great) oust 1373: 1207:Miracle of the cruse of oil 832:eight-day Feast of Booths ( 823:part of the Old Testament. 729: 703: 697: 687: 618:. The sound represented by 581: 566: 528: 462: 10: 9120: 8778:Yom tov sheni shel galuyot 7938:Conforti, Yitzhak (2012). 7562:. Shalom Hartman Institute 5905:Telushkin, Joseph (2014). 5846:Plaut, Joshua Eli (2012). 5045:. Zondervan. p. 357. 4969:Grabbe, Lester L. (2000). 4940:Gundry, Robert H. (2003). 4877:Greenberg, Irving (1993). 4817:Telushkin, Joseph (1991). 4689:Josephus, Flavius (1825). 4103:dimap (17 December 2019). 3722:"How to Light the Menorah" 3386: 3350:attends Menorah Lighting, 3269: 3163: 3057:White House Hanukkah Party 3054: 2987: 2875: 2871: 2628:" ("Who Can Retell") and " 2558: 2549: 2277: 2139: 2136:Blessings over the candles 2017:from the 1970s when Rabbi 1909: 1831:, the headquarters of the 1794: 1693: 1599: 1495:Second Jewish Commonwealth 1377: 1227:was outlawed. In 167 BCE, 1204: 1175:Hellenizing Jewish faction 1099: 1090: 1057: 843: 656:voiceless uvular fricative 644:. Furthermore, the letter 606:, and the style guides of 597:Collins English Dictionary 29: 9104:Traditions involving fire 9058: 8985: 8950: 8922:Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) 8888: 8796: 8720: 8692: 8671: 8656: 8556: 8510: 8483: 8452: 8441: 8430: 8387: 8366: 8339: 8305: 8218: 8167: 8136: 8127: 8052:27 September 2015 at the 7141:Dvarim Hayotzim Min Halev 7134:"Chanukah Gelt and Gifts" 7113:. The Schecter Institutes 6894:Soloveitchik, Benyamina. 6296:"Maoz Tzur: Rock of Ages" 5534:Becher, Rabbi Mordechai. 5260:"Antiochus VII., Sidetes" 5143:"Menorah Coin, 40-37 BCE" 5041:Wood, Leon James (1986). 4693:– via Google Books. 4592:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4472:). Original Aramaic text: 4431:"The Scroll of Antiochus" 3564:; a transliteration also 3535: 3383:Relationship to Christmas 3069:(center) gives President 2637:Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel 2244: 2241: 2200: 2171: 2146:Typically two blessings ( 1924:Boy in front of a menorah 1784:Hannah and her seven sons 752: 748: 733:), based on a comment by 724: 691:can lead to the spelling 651: 561: 557: 523: 479: 471: 457: 447: 432: 375: 307: 246: 236: 226: 216: 206: 198: 186: 175: 135: 107: 99: 89: 76: 72: 68: 46: 41: 32:Hanukkah (disambiguation) 8651:holidays and observances 8058:Jewish Agency for Israel 8016:12 February 2017 at the 7061:Golinknin, Rabbi David. 6475:Abramowitz, Rabbi Jack. 6156:"What to do on Chanukah" 5767:Tractate Shabbat 21b–23a 5258:Ginzburg, Louis (1901). 5106:Frankiel, Rabbi Yaakov. 4854:Harvard University Press 4640:Judaism and Hellenism. 1 4105: 3978:"Definition of HANUKKAH" 3836:Goldman, Ari L. (2000). 3634:The New York Jewish Week 3308:are prominent examples. 3159: 2945:, rendering the acronym 2723:families eat jam-filled 2666: 2554: 2489:Zot Hanukkat Hamizbe'ach 2407:(Saturdays). The weekly 2198: 2169: 1994:referred to as either a 1655:Battle of Beth Zechariah 1481:Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom 1456:and his five sons John, 1399:Tombs of the Maccabees, 1005:XII, how the victorious 846:Mishnah § Omissions 780:and the lighting of the 345:in the 2nd century BCE. 337:at the beginning of the 8257:I Have a Little Dreidel 8252:(Eat Fattened Animals)" 8243:Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta 7917:Ashton, Dianne (2013). 7833:New York Amsterdam News 7782:Diamant, Anita (1998). 7673:Ashton, Dianne (2013). 7477:Zion & Spectre 2000 7453:Zion & Spectre 2000 7414:Ashton, Dianne (2013). 7368:"Thanks for Thanukkah!" 6759:Southern Jewish History 6695:Ashton, Dianne (2013). 6545:"Hanukkah's Last Light" 5346:Antiquities of the Jews 5238:"Antiochus VII Sidetes" 4735:EarlyJewishWritings.com 4638:Hengel, Martin (1974). 4522:(subscription required) 4208:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3982:www.merriam-webster.com 3448:Relationship to Kwanzaa 3154:Angela Warnick Buchdahl 3065:Israeli Prime Minister 2632:" ("I have a Candle"). 2039:antisemitic persecution 1998:(the traditional name, 1452:erected in the Temple. 1356:, in as much as Karo's 1138:Antiochus III the Great 740:Antiquities of the Jews 640:) is not native to the 570:). It is most commonly 8707:Ten Days of Repentance 8548:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8379:Latke–Hamantash Debate 7537:. BRILL. p. 244. 6728:"Celebrating Hanukkah" 5536:"The Laws of Chanukah" 5461:Christmas and Hanukkah 4588:Sacchi, Paolo (2004). 4517: – via 4205:; et al. (eds.). 4138:OrthodoxChristian.info 3359: 3278: 3244: 3112:for a small ceremony. 3081: 3001: 2890: 2824:traditionally consume 2779: 2684: 2577: 2352: 2103: 2045:under the rule of the 2019:Menachem M. Schneerson 1933: 1925: 1869:, as specified in the 1851: 1836: 1820: 1804: 1788:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1768:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1715: 1625:Battle with Apollonius 1617: 1585:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 1407: 1392: 1341: 1303: 1288: 1216: 1198: 1163:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1117: 1011:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1001:narrates in his book, 999:Titus Flavius Josephus 961: 944: 880: 840:Early rabbinic sources 809:deuterocanonical books 701:leads to the spelling 549: 526:‎, the "Song of 389:, playing the game of 268: 242:nightfall, 12 December 232:nightfall, 22 December 212:nightfall, 15 December 121:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8739:Fast of the Firstborn 8297:The Hanukkah Sessions 7950:(1). Wiley: 155–171. 7739:www.timesofisrael.com 6955:Cooper, John (1993). 6777:"Chanukah is upon us" 6442:Nulman, Cantor Macy. 5825:"OU's Chanukah Guide" 5616:Glazer, Rabbi Chalm. 4823:. W. Morrow. p. 4169:2 Maccabees 1:18–1:36 4158:1 Maccabees 4:36–4:59 3345: 3274: 3239: 3164:Further information: 3119:has released several 3064: 2997: 2889:in a Jerusalem market 2885: 2770: 2674: 2568: 2348: 2095: 1931: 1923: 1910:Further information: 1894:and how she overcame 1842: 1826: 1811:Hanukkah festival at 1810: 1802: 1762:Jonathan the Maccabee 1703: 1690:Characters and heroes 1609: 1529:Antiochus VII Sidetes 1398: 1387: 1378:Further information: 1336: 1298: 1277: 1214: 1183: 1109: 1100:Further information: 1027:Other ancient sources 997:The Jewish historian 993:Narrative of Josephus 952: 938: 878: 673:than to the Scottish 544: 537:Alternative spellings 266: 230:Sunset, 14 December – 220:Sunset, 25 December – 8841:Counting of the Omer 7763:. My Jewish Learning 7593:The Economic Journal 6732:The Post and Courier 6504:www.torahmusings.com 5359:Missler, Dr. Chuck. 5184:Daniel: A Commentary 4708:The Wars of the Jews 4667:The Wars of the Jews 4111:האקדמיה ללשון העברית 3607:"Dates for Hanukkah" 3538:‎, pronounced 2715:families. Sephardi, 2616:" ("A Small Jug"), " 2399:morning services in 2298:Babylonian captivity 2088:Candle-lighting time 1860:blessing after meals 1856:daily prayer service 1756:Johanan the Maccabee 1744:Eleazar the Maccabee 1720:Matityahu the Priest 1380:Second Temple period 1364:Mattathias Antigonus 1339:Mattathias Antigonus 1254:, and his five sons 1231:ordered an altar to 240:Sunset, 4 December – 222:nightfall, 2 January 210:Sunset, 7 December – 30:For other uses, see 9050:Adar and Adar Sheni 8584:Campaigns of 163 BC 8497:The War of the Jews 8484:Historical accounts 8465:Temple in Jerusalem 8245:(I will Thank You)" 8041:Jewish Encyclopedia 7894:on 25 December 2022 7835:. 21 December 2022. 7803:Ron Isaacs (2003). 6054:on 28 November 2013 5329:Jewish Encyclopedia 5300:Jewish Encyclopedia 5265:Jewish Encyclopedia 5225:1 Maccabees 8:17–20 5114:on 13 December 2017 5014:Eerdmans Publishing 4704:Josephus, Flavius. 4663:Josephus, Flavius. 4618:TheLatinLibrary.com 3948:. 30 December 2011. 3817:on 26 December 2018 3785:The Washington Post 3660:"What Is Hanukkah?" 3436:, but some Reform, 3369:national liberation 3313:nationalist holiday 3232:Symbolic importance 2711:, especially among 2618:S'vivon Sov Sov Sov 2598:, Little Latke"), " 2586:" (Rock of Ages), " 2505:Gmar chatimah tovah 2485:Chanukat HaMizbeach 2235: 2234:Ashkenazi version: 2082:energy independence 2078:energy conservation 1962:The purpose of the 1833:European Commission 1829:Berlaymont building 1146:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 1132:became part of the 1049:Solomon's Colonnade 778:Temple in Jerusalem 603:Oxford Style Manual 547:Ḥet Nun Vav Kaf Hey 123:. According to the 83:Temple in Jerusalem 9094:Kislev observances 8491:Books of Maccabees 8357:A Rugrats Chanukah 8323:Full-Court Miracle 8316:Eight Crazy Nights 8291:Puppy for Hanukkah 7786:. Schocken Books. 7646:My Jewish Learning 7529:Berkowitz, Michael 7323:The Jerusalem Post 7040:My Jewish Learning 7006:The New York Times 6986:The New York Times 6874:The Jerusalem Post 6843:Gur, Jana (2008). 6804:The New York Times 6800:"Hanukkah Q&A" 6383:: 621 – via 6300:My Jewish Learning 6144:on 1 January 2017. 6118:. 25 November 2013 6026:The Jerusalem Post 5973:Halachayomit.co.il 5709:Posner, Menachem. 5070:. Baker Academic. 4537:Jewish Antiquities 4497:Jewish Antiquities 4429:Zvieli, Benjamin. 4083:My Jewish Learning 4058:www.britannica.com 3984:. 5 December 2023. 3764:on 6 October 2007. 3389:Jews and Christmas 3360: 3245: 3082: 3002: 2897:. The dreidel, or 2891: 2780: 2685: 2578: 2453:" was read in the 2451:Megillat Antiochus 2233: 2104: 2102:lights the menorah 1934: 1926: 1912:Menorah (Hanukkah) 1852: 1837: 1821: 1805: 1750:Simon the Maccabee 1726:Judah the Maccabee 1716: 1645:Battle of Beth Zur 1618: 1589:Siege of Jerusalem 1408: 1393: 1342: 1217: 1118: 1047:courts walking in 1003:Jewish Antiquities 948:Megillat Antiochus 945: 881: 797:Rabbinical Judaism 764:Books of Maccabees 759:Historical sources 721:Festival of Lights 711:Festival of Lights 609:The New York Times 550: 358:Gregorian calendar 269: 9099:Tevet observances 9071: 9070: 8884: 8883: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8475:Hasmonean Kingdom 8428: 8427: 8415:Mensch on a Bench 8330:The Hebrew Hammer 8271:The Chanukah Song 8149:Dreidel (Sevivon) 7984:978-1-930143-37-1 7930:978-0-8147-0739-5 7793:978-0-8052-1095-8 7686:978-0-8147-0739-5 7544:978-90-04-13184-2 7514:978-965-524-202-7 7427:978-0-8147-0739-5 7245:TimesOfIsrael.com 7042:. 8 December 2016 7014:on 1 January 2022 6972:978-0-87668-316-3 6854:978-0-8052-1224-2 6738:on 5 January 2015 6708:978-1-4798-5895-8 6570:seofocuspoint.com 6233:978-1-4616-2772-2 6001:on 7 October 2018 5749:on 7 October 2018 5597:on 7 October 2018 5470:978-1-4381-1971-7 5397:978-1-4523-9735-1 5311:Ginzberg, Louis. 5285:Ginzberg, Louis. 5236:Smith, Mahlon H. 5193:978-0-664-22080-8 5172:38 (1960) 363–389 5108:"Why Eight Days?" 5077:978-0-8010-4785-5 5052:978-0-310-34770-5 5027:978-0-8028-2400-4 4992:978-0-415-21250-2 4955:978-0-310-23825-6 4923:978-0-8386-1707-6 4894:978-0-671-87303-5 4863:978-0-674-01517-3 4834:978-0-688-08506-3 4773:Epstein, Baruch. 4649:978-0-334-00788-3 4599:978-0-567-04450-1 4539:xii. 7, § 7, #323 4533:Perseus.tufts.edu 4494:Josephus (1930). 4266:Rosh HaShanah 1:3 4132:Stergiou, Fr. R. 4029:"Hebrew Alphabet" 3853:978-0-684-82389-8 3576:, and other forms 3557:[ˈχanikə] 3551:[ˈχanukə] 3541:[χanuˈka] 3440:and more liberal 3438:Reconstructionist 3373:religious freedom 3325:Mandate Palestine 3259:Bar Kochba revolt 3102:George H. W. Bush 3025: 2600:Hanukkiah Li Yesh 2588:Latke'le Latke'le 2483:and by others as 2269: 2268: 2208:Transliteration: 2179:Transliteration: 1629:Battle with Seron 1535:. The Jews under 1389:Hasmonean Kingdom 1134:Ptolemaic Kingdom 870:Bar Kochba revolt 866:Reuvein Margolies 634:pronunciation of 630:, similar to the 352:according to the 261: 260: 165:game, and giving 16:(Redirected from 9111: 8723:Three Pilgrimage 8669: 8668: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8450: 8449: 8436: 8284:Light One Candle 8144:Hanukkah menorah 8134: 8133: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8082: 8081: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7967: 7934: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7800: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7761:"Hanukkah Gifts" 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7713: 7706: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7670: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7599:(545): 612–630. 7590: 7581: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7138: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7008:. Archived from 6996: 6994: 6992: 6976: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6734:. Archived from 6723: 6717: 6716: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6528:. Archived from 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6479:. Orthodox Union 6472: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6417: 6408: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6326:The Mercury News 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6270: 6264: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6192: 6186: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6079: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5879: 5870: 5869: 5853: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5827:. Orthodox Union 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5796: 5790: 5777: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5742:. Archived from 5737: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5690:. Orthodox Union 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5658: 5652: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5593:. Archived from 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5361:"Happy Hanukkah" 5356: 5350: 5338: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5212:xiii, 9:1., via" 5204: 5198: 5197: 5179: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5110:. Archived from 5103: 5097: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4976: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4762:on 27 June 2004. 4758:. Archived from 4756:"1 Macc. iv. 59" 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4233:2 Maccabees 10:6 4230: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3760:. Archived from 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3603: 3577: 3559: 3553: 3543: 3537: 3534:Usually spelled 3532: 3511:Jewish greetings 3500: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3416:Isaac Mayer Wise 3356:Washington, D.C. 3317:Shmuel Mohilever 3292: 3098:National Menorah 3086:David Ben-Gurion 3030: 3020: 3018: 2971: 2950: 2949: 2937: 2936: 2927: 2906: 2905: 2797:deuterocanonical 2734: 2359: 2296:from Egypt, the 2242:Transliteration 2236: 2232: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2190: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2174: 1996:Hanukkah menorah 1900:cut off his head 1813:Brandenburg Gate 1639:Battle of Emmaus 1602:Maccabean Revolt 1354:Orthodox Judaism 1306:Academic sources 1250:(Mattityahu), a 1201:Traditional view 1196: 1150:Battle of Panium 1148:of Egypt at the 1086: 1080: 1079: 1066: 1060: 1059: 862:Nissim ben Jacob 774:Second Maccabees 754: 750: 732: 726: 706: 700: 690: 668: 653: 642:English language 629: 584: 569: 563: 559: 531: 529:Ḥănukkāt HaBayit 525: 510:House of Shammai 499: 473: 467: 459: 449: 434: 377: 339:Maccabean Revolt 324: 323: 322: 320: 309: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 257:decreed holiday. 90:Observed by 78: 74: 58:Hanukkah menorah 51: 39: 38: 21: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9054: 8981: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8895: 8892: 8880: 8856:The Three Weeks 8806:Fast of Gedalia 8792: 8766:Shemini Atzeret 8727: 8724: 8716: 8688: 8684:Special Shabbat 8665: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8642: 8612: 8603: 8552: 8506: 8479: 8460:Seleucid Empire 8444: 8437: 8424: 8383: 8362: 8335: 8301: 8250:Ichlu Mashmanim 8238:(These lights)" 8236:Haneirot Halalu 8231:(Rock of Ages)" 8214: 8185:Fritas de prasa 8163: 8123: 8121: 8109: 8054:Wayback Machine 8031:History channel 8018:Wayback Machine 8002: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7931: 7913: 7911:Further reading 7908: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7844: 7840: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7815: 7807:. Jossey-Bass. 7794: 7780: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7671: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7390:"Chanukah FAQs" 7388: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7297:Huffington Post 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7017: 7015: 6990: 6988: 6973: 6965:. p. 192. 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6870:"Love Me Dough" 6866: 6862: 6855: 6841: 6837: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6709: 6693: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6664: 6660: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6532:on 28 May 2007. 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6369:Singer, Isidore 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6218: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5532: 5523: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5457: 5453: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5365: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5339: 5335: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5180: 5176: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4916:. p. 155. 4906: 4902: 4895: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4856:. p. 186. 4846: 4842: 4835: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4771: 4767: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4586: 4579: 4568: 4564: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4409:www.sefaria.org 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4341:Huffington Post 4333: 4329: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4260: 4256: 4249:www.sefaria.org 4243: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4222:2 Maccabees 1:9 4220: 4216: 4203:Singer, Isidore 4187: 4185: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3776: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3516:Jewish holidays 3496: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3470:Shmuley Boteach 3466:Robert F. Smith 3450: 3391: 3385: 3340: 3302:Jewish holidays 3294: 3282:Joseph Klausner 3280: 3272: 3267: 3234: 3219:Abraham Lincoln 3211: 3172:Hebrew calendar 3168: 3162: 3147:and First Lady 3121:Hanukkah-themed 3077:watches in the 3059: 3053: 3017:דְּמֵי חֲנֻכָּה 2992: 2986: 2880: 2874: 2866:keftes de prasa 2803:, records that 2744:(fritters) and 2701:potato pancakes 2669: 2622:Haneirot Halolu 2605:Ocho Kandelikas 2563: 2557: 2552: 2522: 2513: 2477: 2405:Jewish Sabbaths 2361: 2355:Translation of 2354: 2346: 2322: 2282: 2276: 2224: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2144: 2138: 2122:Shabbat candles 2090: 2023:public menorahs 1918: 1908: 1819:, December 2019 1797: 1707:Judas Maccabeus 1705:The Triumph of 1698: 1692: 1679:Jonathan Apphus 1671:Battle of Elasa 1665:Battle of Adasa 1633:Judas Maccabeus 1615:Knesset Menorah 1604: 1598: 1555:Alexander Yanai 1513:(also known as 1382: 1376: 1316:Hellenized Jews 1308: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1190: 1154:Seleucid Empire 1104: 1098: 1093: 1029: 1007:Judas Maccabeus 995: 979:In the days of 924:, in a note to 851:Megillat Taanit 848: 842: 817:3rd century BCE 791:version of the 766: 761: 749:חַג הַמְּאֹרוֹת 713: 592:Merriam–Webster 586:. The spelling 539: 506:House of Hillel 429: 354:Hebrew calendar 343:Seleucid Empire 327:Jewish festival 318: 315: 314: 279: 275: 247:Related to 241: 231: 221: 211: 147:. Reciting the 80: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9117: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8953:Israeli ethnic 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8937:Jabotinsky Day 8934: 8929: 8927:Ben-Gurion Day 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8891:Israeli public 8889: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8851:17th of Tammuz 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8826:Fast of Esther 8823: 8818: 8816:Tenth of Tevet 8813: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8761:Hoshana Rabbah 8753: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8730: 8728: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8694:High Holy Days 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8666: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8641: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8589:Beth Zechariah 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8564:Ma'aleh Levona 8560: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8438: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8410:Hanukkah Harry 8407: 8402: 8397: 8395:Thanksgivukkah 8391: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8353: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8159:Public menorah 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8069: 8060: 8044: 8033: 8024: 8008: 8001: 8000:External links 7998: 7997: 7996: 7983: 7977:. Devora Pub. 7968: 7935: 7929: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7875: 7857: 7838: 7820: 7813: 7792: 7774: 7751: 7733:Rubin, Debra. 7725: 7692: 7685: 7658: 7633: 7573: 7550: 7543: 7520: 7513: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7443:, p. 159. 7433: 7426: 7406: 7381: 7370:. The Inquirer 7358: 7335: 7309: 7283: 7257: 7231: 7209: 7187: 7165: 7124: 7101: 7075: 7053: 7027: 7025: 7024: 6997: 6977: 6971: 6945: 6941:Mishna Berurah 6933: 6908: 6886: 6860: 6853: 6835: 6816: 6790: 6768: 6749: 6718: 6707: 6684: 6658: 6634: 6610: 6599:. Aish HaTorah 6583: 6557: 6535: 6516: 6490: 6467: 6456: 6434: 6409: 6399:Shulkhan Arukh 6390: 6360: 6338: 6312: 6287: 6265: 6255:Shulkhan Arukh 6246: 6232: 6209: 6187: 6177:Shulkhan Arukh 6168: 6147: 6129: 6107: 6098: 6065: 6038: 6012: 5985: 5959: 5950: 5936: 5914: 5897: 5871: 5864: 5838: 5816: 5791: 5781:Shulkhan Arukh 5769: 5760: 5724: 5701: 5678: 5653: 5643:Shulkhan Arukh 5634: 5608: 5578: 5552: 5521: 5511:Shulkhan Arukh 5502: 5491:. 29 June 2006 5476: 5469: 5451: 5427: 5403: 5396: 5376: 5351: 5333: 5304: 5278: 5250: 5228: 5217: 5199: 5192: 5174: 5159: 5134: 5125: 5098: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5026: 4998: 4991: 4961: 4954: 4932: 4922: 4900: 4893: 4869: 4862: 4840: 4833: 4809: 4791: 4765: 4747: 4722: 4696: 4681: 4655: 4648: 4630: 4605: 4598: 4577: 4562: 4541: 4525: 4486: 4477: 4443: 4421: 4405:"Sukkah 46a:8" 4396: 4367: 4353: 4327: 4301: 4289: 4282:Moed Katan 3:9 4254: 4236: 4225: 4214: 4172: 4161: 4150: 4124: 4095: 4070: 4045: 4020: 4006: 3987: 3969: 3951: 3934: 3912: 3886: 3859: 3852: 3828: 3798: 3767: 3745: 3713: 3692: 3669: 3651: 3620: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3498:Judaism portal 3485: 3482: 3464:, businessman 3462:Conrad Tillard 3449: 3446: 3430:Christmas tree 3421:Ashkenazi Jews 3412:Max Lilienthal 3384: 3381: 3352:Lafayette Park 3339: 3336: 3290:Sefer Hanukkah 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265:Modern history 3263: 3233: 3230: 3226:Thanksgivukkah 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3161: 3158: 3149:Michelle Obama 3133:George W. Bush 3055:Main article: 3052: 3049: 3005:Chanukkah gelt 2999:Chocolate gelt 2988:Main article: 2985: 2982: 2948:נס גדול היה פה 2930:Beit Hamikdash 2904:נס גדול היה שם 2876:Main article: 2873: 2870: 2858:Kibbet Yatkeen 2758:Hungarian Jews 2679:frying in hot 2668: 2665: 2630:Ner Li, Ner Li 2561:Hanukkah music 2559:Main article: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2530:High Holy Days 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2476: 2471: 2459:Book of Esther 2347: 2345: 2342: 2321: 2318: 2290:Jewish history 2278:Main article: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2228:Hanerot Halalu 2223: 2221:Hanerot Halalu 2218: 2196: 2193: 2167: 2164: 2137: 2134: 2089: 2086: 2031:Ashkenazi Jews 1938:hiddur mitzvah 1907: 1904: 1872:Shulkhan Arukh 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1723: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1668: 1662: 1659:Eleazar Avaran 1652: 1642: 1636: 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1581:Roman Republic 1573:Aristobulus II 1569: 1562: 1547: 1540: 1525: 1518: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1446: 1435: 1428: 1375: 1372: 1368:Temple menorah 1359:Shulchan Aruch 1307: 1304: 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1193:The Jewish War 1188: 1173:, who led the 1144:defeated King 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 994: 991: 990: 989: 914: 913: 910: 907: 841: 838: 789:Masoretic Text 765: 762: 760: 757: 712: 709: 574:to English as 572:transliterated 538: 535: 534: 533: 517: 469: 455: 428: 425: 421:festive season 387:Hanukkah songs 267:Hanukkah table 259: 258: 248: 244: 243: 238: 237:2026 date 234: 233: 228: 227:2025 date 224: 223: 218: 217:2024 date 214: 213: 208: 207:2023 date 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 188: 184: 183: 177: 173: 172: 137: 133: 132: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 70: 66: 65: 52: 44: 43: 27:Jewish holiday 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9116: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8987:Hebrew months 8984: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8887: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:The Nine Days 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8771:Simchat Torah 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8702:Rosh Hashanah 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8440: 8435: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8405:Hanukkah bush 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8341:In television 8338: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Noodle latkes 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8094: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7814:0-7879-6784-X 7810: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7762: 7755: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7578: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7489:Conforti 2012 7485: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7465:Conforti 2012 7461: 7455:, p. 13. 7454: 7449: 7442: 7441:Conforti 2012 7437: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7362: 7346: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7220: 7213: 7198: 7191: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7112: 7105: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7064: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6963:Jason Aronson 6960: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6897: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6644: 6638: 6631: 6620: 6614: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6572:. 22 May 2023 6571: 6567: 6561: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6464:Psalm 113–118 6460: 6445: 6438: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6349: 6342: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6117: 6111: 6102: 6095: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5954: 5946: 5945:"Shabbat 22a" 5940: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5885: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5865:9780813553818 5861: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5842: 5826: 5820: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5712: 5705: 5689: 5682: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5373: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5289: 5282: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5221: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4965: 4957: 4951: 4948:. p. 9. 4947: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4799:Mishneh Torah 4795: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4731:"1 Maccabees" 4726: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4520: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4432: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4362:"Shabbat 21b" 4357: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4315: 4314:"Hebrew text" 4310: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4286:Bava Kama 6:6 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4193:public domain 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4154: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3916: 3900: 3899:"Hebrew text" 3895: 3890: 3874: 3871:. Torah.org. 3870: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3547: 3546:Modern Hebrew 3542: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3478:Carnegie Hall 3475: 3474:Elisha Wiesel 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Hanukkah bush 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346:US President 3344: 3338:North America 3335: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3028:dmei Hanukkah 3023: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990:Hanukkah gelt 2984:Hanukkah gelt 2981: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:Romanian Jews 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2762:cheese latkes 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:Second Temple 2690: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Judeo-Spanish 2607: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2467:Yemenite Jews 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2438:The Hanukkah 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2417:, telling of 2416: 2415: 2410: 2409:Torah portion 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320:Other customs 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2192: 2185: 2183: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:Sephardi Jews 2032: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:public sphere 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537:John Hyrcanus 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520:139 BCE: The 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439:second Temple 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Antiochus III 1410: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:—Shabbat 21b 1284: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:Jewish priest 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Second Temple 1213: 1208: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1088: 1085: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:New Testament 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 986: 982: 978: 977: 976: 974: 970: 966: 960: 957: 951: 949: 942: 937: 933: 932:p. 46a. 931: 927: 923: 919: 911: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 877: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 847: 837: 835: 830: 824: 822: 818: 814: 811:added to the 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 756: 753:חַג הַאוּרִים 747:(1864) used ( 746: 742: 741: 736: 731: 725:חַג הַאוּרִים 722: 718: 717:Modern Hebrew 708: 705: 699: 694: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 666: 661: 657: 649: 648: 643: 639: 638: 633: 627: 621: 617: 616: 611: 610: 605: 604: 599: 598: 593: 589: 585: 583: 577: 573: 568: 555: 548: 543: 530: 524:שיר חנכת הבית 521: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 497: 493: 489: 485: 482: 477: 470: 466: 465: 456: 453: 445: 444: 443: 441: 436: 424: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 373: 372: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 335:Second Temple 332: 328: 321: 313: 303: 273: 265: 256: 252: 249: 245: 239: 235: 229: 225: 219: 215: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 171: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115:successfully 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 84: 71: 69:Official name 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8810: 8801:Rosh Chodesh 8744:Pesach Sheni 8661:holidays and 8328: 8321: 8314: 8111: 8076:Aish HaTorah 8039: 7990:17 September 7988:. Retrieved 7973: 7947: 7943: 7919: 7896:. Retrieved 7892:the original 7887: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7804: 7797: 7783: 7777: 7765:. Retrieved 7754: 7742:. Retrieved 7738: 7728: 7716:. Retrieved 7695: 7675: 7649:. Retrieved 7645: 7636: 7624:. Retrieved 7596: 7592: 7564:. Retrieved 7553: 7533: 7523: 7503: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7416: 7409: 7397:. Retrieved 7393: 7384: 7372:. Retrieved 7361: 7349:. Retrieved 7338: 7326:. Retrieved 7322: 7312: 7300:. Retrieved 7296: 7286: 7274:. Retrieved 7270: 7260: 7248:. Retrieved 7244: 7234: 7222:. Retrieved 7212: 7200:. Retrieved 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7168: 7159: 7152:. Retrieved 7140: 7127: 7115:. Retrieved 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7088: 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7056: 7044:. Retrieved 7039: 7030: 7016:. Retrieved 7011:the original 7005: 6989:. Retrieved 6985: 6957: 6948: 6936: 6924:. Retrieved 6920: 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6889: 6877:. Retrieved 6873: 6863: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6819: 6807:. Retrieved 6803: 6793: 6781:. 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