240:
smaller objects, such as a potassium ion attempting to fit into a sodium channel. Conversely, some objects are too small to be properly stabilized by certain channel pores, such as a sodium ion attempting to pass through a potassium channel. In both cases, channel flux is not permitted. However, as long as a particular compound possesses adequate chemical affinity to a channel, that compound may be able to bind and block the channel pore. For example, TTX can bind and inactivate voltage-gated sodium channels, despite the fact that TTX is much larger and chemically different than sodium ions. Given the disparities in size and chemical properties between TTX and a sodium ion, this is an example of structure being used to block usually specific channels.
81:
253:. Local anesthetics work by inducing a phasic block state in the targeted neurons. Initially, open channel blockers do not effectively prevent action potentials, as few channels are blocked and the blocker itself can be released from the channel either quickly or slowly depending on its characteristics. However, phasic blocks occur as repeated depolarization increases blockers’ affinity for channels in the neuron. The combination of an increase in available channels and the change in channel conformation to increase blocker binding affinity are responsible for this action.
342:, as they can inhibit the hyper-excitable tissues in a patient. Introducing specific sodium channel blockers into a tissue allows for the preferential binding of the blocker to sodium channels, which results in an ultimate inhibition of the flow of sodium into the tissue. Over time, this mechanism leads to an overall decrease in tissue excitation. Prolonged hyperpolarization interrupts normal channel recovery and allows for constant inhibition, providing dynamic control of the anesthetics in a given setting.
86:
85:
82:
87:
204:
84:
306:
treatment, memantine has been shown to allow excitatory post-synaptic currents to remain unaffected while decreasing the incidence and amplitude of inhibitory post-synaptic currents. Evidence supports the hypothesis that both the strong voltage dependency and fast kinetics of memantine may be responsible for the decreased side effects and cognitive progress.
282:, as a treatment option for neurotoxicity. They have hypothesized that the faster blocking and unblocking rates, and overall kinetics, of memantine could be the underlying reason for the clinical tolerance. As an uncompetitive antagonist, memantine should bring NMDA levels close to normal despite high
60:
Molecules that act as channel blockers are important in the field of pharmacology, as a large portion of drug design is the use of ion channel antagonists in regulating physiological response. The specificity of channel block molecules on certain channels makes it a valuable tool in the treatment of
56:
permit the selective passage of ions through cell membranes by utilizing proteins that function as pores, which allow for the passage of electrical charge in and out of the cell. These ion channels are most often gated, meaning they require a specific stimulus to cause the channel to open and close.
207:
This diagram of a NMDA receptor shows the binding points for a diverse array of molecules which can affect the receptor function. Legend: 1. Cell membrane 2. Channel blocked by Mg at the block site (3) 3. Block site by Mg 4. Hallucinogen compounds binding site 5. Binding site for Zn 6. Binding site
177:
have been essential in locating the binding sites of open channel block molecules. By studying the biological and chemical makeup of ion channels, researchers can determine the makeup of the molecules that bind to certain regions. X-ray crystallography provides a structural image of the channel and
305:
interruptions that are believed to result in the staple cognitive symptoms of
Alzheimer's. Researchers suggest that noncompetitive NMDA receptor agonists can be used to aid in the management of these symptoms without producing severe side effects. As one of the only drugs approved for Alzheimer's
354:
In an attempt to prevent further neurodegeneration, researchers have used memantine, an open channel block, as a form of treatment. Thus far, the use of memantine in patients with
Alzheimer's disease quickly results in clinical progress across many different symptoms. Memantine is thought to work
350:
Excessive exposure to glutamate leads to neurotoxicity in patients with
Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, over-activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors have been linked to neural cell excitotoxicity and cell death. A potential solution to this is a decrease in NMDA receptor activity, without
239:
can act as channel blockers despite channel specificity. Channels have evolved structures that, due to their membrane spanning regions, can discriminate between various ions or compounds. For example, some objects are too large for to fit into channels that are structurally specified to transport
217:
Channel blockers are antagonists for the respective ion channels. Many channels have binding spots for regulatory elements which can promote or repress normal function depending on the requirements within the cell and organism. The normal function of agonist binding is the generation of cellular
226:
open and close based on membrane potential and are critical in the generation of action potentials by their allowance of ions to flow down established gradients. However, open channels blockers can bind to these channels to prevent ions from flowing, thus inhibiting the initiation of an action
378:
Various types of substances have been known to block CFTR chloride ion channels. Some of the best-known and studied substances include sulfonylureas, arylaminobenzenoates, and disulfonic stilbenes. These blockers are side-dependent as they enter the pore exclusively from the cytoplasmic side,
379:
voltage-dependent as hyperpolarized membrane potentials favor negatively-charged substance entry into the pore from the cytoplasmic side, and chloride ion concentration-dependent as high extracellular chloride ions electrostatically repel negatively-charged blockers back into the cytoplasm.
321:) dysfunction. Blockage of this channel by certain cytoplasmic, negatively-charged substances results in reduced chloride ion and bicarbonate anion transport, as well as reduced fluid and salt secretion. This results in a buildup of thick mucus, which is characteristic of cystic fibrosis.
31:
182:
also provides clues to the chemical makeup of the molecule and why it binds to a certain region. For example, if a protein binds to a hydrophobic region of the channel (and therefore, has a transmembrane region), the molecule in question might be composed of the amino acids
195:, as they are all hydrophobic themselves. Electrophysiology is also an important tool in identifying channel structure, as analyzing the ionic factors that lead to channel activation can be critical to understanding the inhibiting actions of open channel block molecules.
161:(TTX), a toxin found in pufferfish, completely blocks sodium ion transportation by blocking the selectivity filter region of the channel. Much of the structure of the pores of ion channels has been elucidated from studies that used toxins to inhibit channel function.
107:
membrane, an unfavorable process. To assist in ion transport, ion channels form a hydrophilic pore through the membrane which allows for the usually unfavorable transfer of hydrophilic molecules. Various ion channels have varying mechanisms of function. They include:
286:
concentration. Based on this information, researchers have speculated that someday memantine could be used as an open channel block to prevent increasing glutamate levels associated with neurotoxicity with few to no side effects compared to other treatment options.
83:
355:
effectively due to its ability to quickly modify its kinetics, which prevents buildup in the channel and allows normal synaptic transmission. Other channel blockers have been found to block all NMDA receptor activity, leading to adverse clinical side effects.
371:-172 and GlyH-101, have been shown to be efficient in treatment of secretory diarrheas. Theoretically, CFTR channel blockers may also be useful as male contraceptives. CFTR channels mediate bicarbonate anion entry which is essential for sperm
278:. Researchers have examined many different NMDA antagonists and their therapeutic efficacy, none of which have concluded to be both safe and effective. For years, researchers have been investigating the effects of an open channel block,
248:
A channel block can be induced by many different types of organic compounds as long as they can bind to some portion of the target channel's pore. The kinetics of channel blockers are primarily understood though their use as
1299:
Müller WE, Mutschler E, Riederer P (July 1995). "Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with fast open-channel blocking kinetics and strong voltage-dependency as potential therapeutic agents for
Alzheimer's dementia".
208:
for agonists(glutamate) and/or antagonist ligands(APV) 7. Glycosylation sites 8. Proton binding sites 9. Glycine binding sites 10. Polyamines binding site 11. Extracellular space 12. Intracellular space
367:
cells in respiratory, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tissues. Abnormally-elevated CFTR function results in excessive fluid secretion. High-affinity CFTR inhibitors, such as CFTR
599:"Failures and successes of NMDA receptor antagonists: molecular basis for the use of open-channel blockers like memantine in the treatment of acute and chronic neurologic insults"
1839:"Disulphonic stilbene block of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channels expressed in a mammalian cell line and its regulation by a critical pore residue"
46:
response in a cell. Channel blocking is conducted by different types of molecules, such as cations, anions, amino acids, and other chemicals. These blockers act as ion channel
153:
Molecules that act as ion channel blockers can be used in relation to any of these various channels. For example, sodium channels, which are essential to the production of
363:
Cystic
Fibrosis transmembrane regulators (CFTRs) function in chloride ion, bicarbonate anion, and fluid transport. They are expressed primarily in apical membranes of
5708:
5659:
4424:
4269:
541:"Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Prevention: The Brain, Neural Pathology, N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors, Tau Protein and Other Risk Factors"
3220:
3091:
5541:
5536:
5526:
95:
To comprehend the mechanism of channel blockers, it is critical to understand the composition of ion channels. Their main function is to contribute to the
5476:
4765:
884:"Stapled Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (CaV) α-Interaction Domain (AID) Peptides Act As Selective Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors of CaV Function"
318:
3149:
3144:
3215:
1533:
Lipton SA (May 2007). "Pathologically-activated therapeutics for neuroprotection: mechanism of NMDA receptor block by memantine and S-nitrosylation".
3101:
2811:
2751:
2656:
5610:
4231:
2976:
2921:
2916:
2881:
1247:"Open-channel block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses by memantine: therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity"
5092:
4855:
4785:
3714:
3571:
3446:
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2901:
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2871:
2826:
2771:
2761:
2756:
1954:
1759:
Schultz BD, DeRoos AD, Venglarik CJ, Singh AK, Frizzell RA, Bridges RJ (August 1996). "Glibenclamide blockade of CFTR chloride channels".
5294:
4416:
4396:
4381:
4351:
3769:
3679:
3111:
3016:
3006:
2986:
2966:
2946:
1888:"Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel blockers: Pharmacological, biophysical and physiological relevance"
1170:
Mert T, Gunes Y, Guven M, Gunay I, Ozcengiz D (March 2002). "Comparison of nerve conduction blocks by an opioid and a local anesthetic".
5330:
5087:
5082:
5067:
4371:
3285:
3068:
3819:
3799:
3195:
3175:
57:
These ion channel types regulate the flow of charged ions across the membrane and therefore mediate membrane potential of the cell.
5112:
4434:
4083:
3180:
2408:
1794:
Zhang ZR, Zeltwanger S, McCarty NA (May 2000). "Direct comparison of NPPB and DPC as probes of CFTR expressed in
Xenopus oocytes".
5350:
3303:
42:
is the biological mechanism in which a particular molecule is used to prevent the opening of ion channels in order to produce a
3200:
3126:
1671:"Thiazolidinone CFTR inhibitor identified by high-throughput screening blocks cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion"
1446:
Lubamba B, Dhooghe B, Noel S, Leal T (October 2012). "Cystic fibrosis: insight into CFTR pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy".
1205:
Mitolo-Chieppa D, Carratu MR (May 1983). "Anaesthetic drugs: electrophysiological bases of their conduction blocking effect".
882:
Findeisen F, Campiglio M, Jo H, Abderemane-Ali F, Rumpf CH, Pope L, Rossen ND, Flucher BE, DeGrado WF, Minor DL (March 2017).
5645:
4135:
1622:"Discovery of glycine hydrazide pore-occluding CFTR inhibitors: mechanism, structure-activity analysis, and in vivo efficacy"
795:
Miller C (December 1988). "Competition for block of a Ca2(+)-activated K+ channel by charybdotoxin and tetraethylammonium".
222:. Conversely, when open channel blockers bind to the cell they prevent the normal function of agonist binding. For example,
4575:
4553:
2649:
4448:
5377:
2682:
2561:
2505:
838:
Aiyar J, Withka JM, Rizzi JP, Singleton DH, Andrews GC, Lin W, Boyd J, Hanson DC, Simon M, Dethlefs B (November 1995).
2214:
218:
changes leading to various downstream effects; these effects range from altering membrane potential to initiation of
3647:
2398:
1947:
17:
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1940:
103:
through a cell membrane. To accomplish this task, ions must be able to cross the hydrophobic region of a
2309:
2148:
2135:
2106:
2051:
840:"Topology of the pore-region of a K+ channel revealed by the NMR-derived structures of scorpion toxins"
466:
334:
Channel blockers are essential in the field of anesthetics. Sodium channel inhibitors are used as both
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5244:
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4149:
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2605:
2122:
470:
401:
223:
132:
112:
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474:
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122:
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2012:
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142:
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3615:
3606:
3170:
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3139:
3081:
2705:
2481:
2287:
406:
295:
91:
Example of voltage-dependent potassium ion channel in relation to changing ion concentrations
5286:
5187:
2612:
2456:
2189:
2076:
1669:
Ma T, Thiagarajah JR, Yang H, Sonawane ND, Folli C, Galietta LJ, Verkman AS (December 2002).
1245:
Chen HS, Pellegrini JW, Aggarwal SK, Lei SZ, Warach S, Jensen FE, Lipton SA (November 1992).
933:"The hydrophobic moment and its use in the classification of amphiphilic structures (review)"
170:
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3326:
2617:
2461:
2314:
2267:
438:
339:
8:
5531:
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47:
3941:
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1914:
1887:
1863:
1838:
1819:
1646:
1621:
1620:
Muanprasat C, Sonawane ND, Salinas D, Taddei A, Galietta LJ, Verkman AS (August 2004).
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2439:
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2055:
1919:
1868:
1811:
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1741:
1700:
1651:
1602:
1550:
1515:
1463:
1423:
1415:
1374:
1329:
1317:
1276:
1222:
1187:
1152:
1109:
1104:
1087:
1063:
1014:
954:
913:
861:
856:
839:
812:
808:
777:
726:
677:
628:
570:
302:
267:
174:
96:
1823:
1772:
966:
824:
50:, preventing the response that is normally provided by the opening of the channel.
5368:
4865:
4780:
4580:
4299:
4088:
3426:
2524:
2318:
2233:
1987:
1909:
1899:
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1682:
1641:
1633:
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1542:
1505:
1497:
1455:
1405:
1392:
Dominguez, Evangelyn; Chin, Ting-Yu; Chen, Chih-Ping; Wu, Tzong-Yuan (2011-12-01).
1364:
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996:
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903:
895:
851:
804:
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610:
560:
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236:
154:
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5615:
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5414:
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5012:
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4967:
4932:
4539:
4514:
3981:
3674:
3556:
2711:
2673:
2452:
2364:
2202:
2197:
2067:
2031:
2021:
1501:
1000:
899:
429:
314:
1588:
1345:"Effects of memantine on the excitation-inhibition balance in prefrontal cortex"
1135:
Evans MH (September 1969). "Mechanism of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin poisoning".
317:
is a progressive, genetic disease that is linked to CF transmembrane regulator (
178:
molecule in question. Determining the hydrophobicity of channel domains through
5595:
5551:
5142:
5042:
4952:
4626:
4482:
4425:
4270:
4226:
4181:
3926:
3916:
3536:
3456:
3053:
2956:
2144:
1999:
1982:
1546:
1410:
491:
335:
3086:
2681:
1360:
1246:
949:
932:
127:
Ion channels mediated by the binding of small molecules to the channel protein
5722:
5605:
5498:
5444:
5429:
5215:
5152:
4885:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4770:
4590:
4524:
4376:
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4016:
3709:
3591:
3431:
3311:
3290:
3265:
3185:
2806:
2801:
2380:
2279:
2271:
2254:
2193:
1419:
762:
450:
275:
271:
192:
104:
1736:
1719:
614:
556:
469:. The type of inhibition mediated by channel blockers may be referred to as
5477:
5225:
5137:
5127:
5037:
4972:
4870:
4800:
4735:
4725:
4680:
4304:
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4236:
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4046:
4001:
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3976:
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3901:
3541:
3521:
3461:
3011:
2866:
2726:
2359:
2225:
2208:
1963:
1923:
1815:
1745:
1720:"Regulation of male fertility by CFTR and implications in male infertility"
1704:
1655:
1606:
1554:
1519:
1467:
1427:
1378:
1191:
1067:
1018:
958:
917:
781:
681:
632:
574:
462:
372:
158:
1904:
1872:
1807:
1780:
1637:
1394:"Management of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: Focus on memantine"
1321:
1313:
1280:
1226:
1156:
1113:
1049:
865:
816:
730:
712:
663:
387:
There are several different major classes of channel blockers, including:
27:
Molecule able to block protein channels, frequently used as pharmaceutical
5276:
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5107:
5102:
5097:
5022:
5007:
5002:
4957:
4936:
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4176:
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4051:
4041:
4031:
4026:
3996:
3971:
3966:
3946:
3931:
3896:
3881:
3844:
3779:
3739:
3729:
3586:
3581:
3566:
3551:
3491:
3356:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3116:
3063:
3058:
3043:
2886:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2634:
2516:
2489:
2422:
2115:
1995:
486:
75:
53:
5580:
5508:
5503:
5439:
5434:
5424:
5419:
5399:
5220:
5209:
5205:
5172:
5057:
5052:
5027:
5017:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4923:
4913:
4895:
4890:
4860:
4850:
4810:
4775:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4695:
4660:
4585:
4529:
4506:
4474:
4401:
4361:
4319:
4309:
4284:
4256:
4216:
4201:
4121:
4116:
4056:
4036:
4021:
4011:
3876:
3866:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3734:
3689:
3684:
3596:
3576:
3516:
3506:
3436:
3416:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3366:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3321:
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3225:
3205:
3131:
3121:
3106:
3096:
3048:
2996:
2931:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2816:
2791:
2786:
2766:
2746:
2716:
2342:
2157:
364:
137:
Ion channels that respond to stretch, vibration, or temperature changes
43:
1486:"State-dependent trapping of flecainide in the cardiac sodium channel"
746:"Neurotoxins and their binding areas on voltage-gated sodium channels"
5600:
5546:
5462:
5345:
5335:
5266:
5195:
5157:
5132:
5122:
5047:
4997:
4942:
4918:
4845:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4675:
4534:
4406:
4386:
4366:
4356:
4314:
4294:
4211:
4006:
3921:
3911:
3891:
3829:
3814:
3804:
3764:
3749:
3719:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3620:
3561:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3481:
3471:
3451:
3441:
3421:
3396:
3026:
2991:
2971:
2936:
2926:
2891:
2876:
2351:
2301:
1932:
1686:
299:
283:
279:
5271:
5077:
5072:
5032:
4947:
4795:
4670:
4608:
3991:
3956:
3861:
3476:
3406:
3376:
3336:
3230:
3021:
2981:
2961:
2392:
1034:"The hitchhiker's guide to the voltage-gated sodium channel galaxy"
648:"The hitchhiker's guide to the voltage-gated sodium channel galaxy"
881:
5340:
5162:
4962:
4487:
3886:
3824:
3486:
3466:
3162:
3033:
2016:
188:
184:
697:"Basis of tetrodotoxin's selectivity in blockage of squid axons"
203:
117:
Ion channels that are activated by changes in membrane potential
5166:
4430:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4279:
4275:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3951:
3871:
3754:
3744:
3526:
3295:
2529:
2098:
1978:
1619:
694:
30:
351:
interfering so drastically as to cause clinical side effects.
5646:
4136:
3906:
3759:
695:
Moore JW, Blaustein MP, Anderson NC, Narahashi T (May 1967).
4554:
5482:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5404:
4449:
4107:
4069:
3852:
1758:
5378:
2683:
1032:
Ahern CA, Payandeh J, Bosmans F, Chanda B (January 2016).
1031:
646:
Ahern CA, Payandeh J, Bosmans F, Chanda B (January 2016).
645:
1668:
1244:
837:
100:
3648:
4339:
4159:
1573:"Physiology of epithelial chloride and fluid secretion"
1298:
1793:
1718:
Chen H, Ruan YC, Xu WM, Chen J, Chan HC (2012-11-01).
1445:
298:, a specific neurodegenerative disorder, is linked to
34:
Tetrodotoxin, an example of a channel block molecule.
4636:
1204:
1085:
743:
1088:"Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review"
147:
Ion channels that open or close in response to light
1391:
1169:
1081:
1079:
1077:
5671:
5245:
5720:
5309:
1836:
1570:
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1342:
1074:
5709:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1441:
1439:
1437:
978:
976:
1717:
1398:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1294:
1292:
1290:
744:Stevens M, Peigneur S, Tytgat J (2011-11-09).
534:
532:
530:
416:(LGICs) via binding to their pore also exist:
274:activation meant to mediate calcium dependent
5651:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
4141:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2650:
1948:
1561:
930:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
4559:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1434:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1086:Butterworth JF, Strichartz GR (April 1990).
973:
545:Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
538:
4457:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1577:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1287:
527:
358:
230:
5383:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
3675:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
2688:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
2664:
2657:
2643:
1955:
1941:
1343:Povysheva NV, Johnson JW (December 2016).
581:
449:Channel blockers are also known to act at
2156:
1913:
1903:
1862:
1837:Linsdell P, Hanrahan JW (November 1996).
1735:
1711:
1694:
1645:
1596:
1509:
1409:
1368:
1270:
1233:
1103:
1057:
1008:
948:
907:
855:
771:
761:
720:
671:
622:
564:
157:, are affected by many different toxins.
3653:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1885:
345:
256:
202:
79:
29:
4347:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
4167:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1207:Pharmacological Research Communications
982:
14:
5721:
1962:
1571:Frizzell RA, Hanrahan JW (June 2012).
1532:
794:
596:
290:
212:
4641:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2638:
1936:
1892:World Journal of Biological Chemistry
1675:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1479:
1477:
1134:
4576:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1484:Ramos E, O'leary ME (October 2004).
877:
875:
539:Kocahan S, Doğan Z (February 2017).
270:have been associated with excessive
3670:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
931:Phoenix DA, Harris F (2002-01-01).
511:"Medical Definition of Ion channel"
261:
24:
2562:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
2506:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
1761:The American Journal of Physiology
1474:
1263:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04427.1992
1149:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070715
309:
25:
5740:
5676:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
5250:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
2453:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
2215:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1626:The Journal of General Physiology
1460:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.034
1038:The Journal of General Physiology
872:
701:The Journal of General Physiology
652:The Journal of General Physiology
412:The following types which act on
5314:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1172:European Journal of Pharmacology
1105:10.1097/00000542-199004000-00022
2581:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
2495:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
1879:
1830:
1796:The Journal of Membrane Biology
1787:
1773:10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.2.L192
1752:
1662:
1613:
1526:
1385:
1336:
1198:
1163:
1128:
1025:
985:"Open channel block and beyond"
924:
324:
69:
3132:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
2567:Endothelin receptor antagonist
2431:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
2190:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
1855:10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021719
831:
788:
737:
688:
639:
503:
402:Potassium (K) channel blockers
397:Chloride (Cl) channel blockers
329:
13:
1:
5705:Receptor/signaling modulators
3107:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2399:Glutamate receptor antagonist
2315:Serotonin receptor antagonist
2268:Histamine receptor antagonist
2043:Negative allosteric modulator
2037:Positive allosteric modulator
1219:10.1016/s0031-6989(83)80064-2
1184:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01368-7
497:
392:Calcium (Ca) channel blockers
198:
133:mechanosensitive ion channels
64:
2556:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
2490:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
2409:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
2328:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
2239:Dopamine receptor antagonist
1886:Linsdell P (February 2014).
1502:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.065003
1001:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.183210
983:Jackson MB (February 2010).
900:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00454
857:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90104-3
809:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90157-2
467:Zinc (Zn)-activated channels
407:Sodium (Na) channel blockers
7:
2244:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
2166:Adrenergic receptor agonist
1589:10.1101/cshperspect.a009563
1251:The Journal of Neuroscience
480:
243:
164:
10:
5745:
4668:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
2535:Opioid receptor antagonist
2389:Glutamate receptor agonist
2310:Serotonin receptor agonist
2263:Histamine receptor agonist
1547:10.2174/138945007780618472
1411:10.1016/j.tjog.2011.10.004
937:Molecular Membrane Biology
597:Lipton SA (January 2004).
268:neurodegenerative diseases
113:voltage-gated ion channels
99:of a cell via the flow of
97:resting membrane potential
73:
5698:
5669:
5644:
5637:
5571:
5564:
5517:
5489:
5475:
5453:
5390:
5376:
5367:
5321:
5307:
5285:
5257:
5243:
5186:
5178:Tricyclic antidepressants
4648:
4634:
4625:
4599:
4566:
4552:
4496:
4464:
4447:
4328:
4187:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4148:
4134:
4097:
3660:
3646:
3637:
3605:
2695:
2672:
2593:
2548:
2515:
2480:
2421:
2379:
2350:
2341:
2300:
2253:
2234:Dopamine receptor agonist
2224:
2143:
2129:
2114:
2097:
2090:
1970:
1843:The Journal of Physiology
1724:Human Reproduction Update
1490:The Journal of Physiology
1361:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.006
989:The Journal of Physiology
950:10.1080/09687680110103631
888:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
750:Frontiers in Pharmacology
444:NMDA receptor antagonists
439:nACh receptor antagonists
414:ligand-gated ion channels
2500:Endocannabinoid enhancer
2446:Cholinesterase inhibitor
2365:GABA receptor antagonist
1137:British Medical Bulletin
763:10.3389/fphar.2011.00071
382:
359:CFTR channel dysfunction
231:Specificity of molecules
143:light-gated ion channels
123:ligand-gated ion channel
61:numerous disorders.
4791:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2540:Enkephalinase inhibitor
2530:Opioid receptor agonist
2370:GABA reuptake inhibitor
2075:♦ Miscellaneous:
1349:Neurobiology of Disease
615:10.1602/neurorx.1.1.101
557:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.1
4535:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
2666:Ion channel modulators
2123:Ion channel modulators
224:voltage-gated channels
209:
92:
35:
2892:Ryodipine (riodipine)
2360:GABA receptor agonist
1905:10.4331/wjbc.v5.i1.26
1808:10.1007/s002320001053
1737:10.1093/humupd/dms027
1638:10.1085/jgp.200409059
1448:Clinical Biochemistry
1314:10.1055/s-2007-979603
1050:10.1085/jgp.201511492
713:10.1085/jgp.50.5.1401
664:10.1085/jgp.201511492
257:Clinical significance
206:
171:X-ray crystallography
90:
33:
5729:Ion channel blockers
4881:Valproate semisodium
3412:Carboxyamidotriazole
3347:Gabapentin enacarbil
3327:Arbaclofen placarbil
1767:(2 Pt 1): L192-200.
1535:Current Drug Targets
434:receptor antagonists
425:receptor antagonists
180:hydrophobicity plots
5532:1,10-Phenanthroline
4089:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
3074:Tetrahydropalmatine
2576:receptor antagonist
605:. Neuroprotection.
346:Alzheimer's disease
296:Alzheimer's disease
291:Alzheimer's disease
213:Receptor antagonist
5542:7,8-Benzoquinoline
5537:4,7-Phenanthroline
5527:1,7-Phenanthroline
4903:Local anesthetics:
4435:ML-297 (VU0456810)
3942:Diallyl trisulfide
3937:Dextropropoxyphene
3840:Tetraethylammonium
3547:Pinaverium bromide
3317:4-Methylpregabalin
1964:Pharmacomodulation
1302:Pharmacopsychiatry
220:signaling cascades
210:
93:
36:
5716:
5715:
5694:
5693:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5591:Meclofenamic acid
5560:
5559:
5471:
5470:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5303:
5302:
5239:
5238:
5113:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
4876:Valproate pivoxil
4766:Acetylpheneturide
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4548:
4547:
4520:Meclofenamic acid
4483:Ethanol (alcohol)
4443:
4442:
4392:Minoxidil sulfate
4130:
4129:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3532:Otilonium bromide
3457:Ethanol (alcohol)
3221:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
2957:Phenylalkylamines
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2589:
2588:
2417:
2416:
2337:
2336:
2107:Enzyme inhibition
459:Kainate receptors
455:Glycine receptors
303:neurotransmission
237:organic compounds
175:electrophysiology
155:action potentials
88:
16:(Redirected from
5736:
5677:
5673:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5569:
5568:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
4866:Sodium valproate
4781:Chlorphenacemide
4763:Anticonvulsants:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4581:Arachidonic acid
4564:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4431:
4427:
4348:
4344:
4300:Dextromethorphan
4276:
4272:
4168:
4164:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4138:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3616:L-type-selective
3427:Dimeditiapramine
3389:Others/unsorted:
3171:T-type-selective
3158:R-type-selective
3140:P-type-selective
3092:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
3082:N-type-selective
2712:Dihydropyridines
2706:L-type-selective
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2606:Enzyme cofactors
2525:Opioid modulator
2482:Cannabinoidergic
2348:
2347:
2154:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2095:
2094:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1849:(Pt 3): 687–93.
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1687:10.1172/JCI16112
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1107:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1012:
980:
971:
970:
952:
928:
922:
921:
911:
894:(6): 1313–1326.
879:
870:
869:
859:
835:
829:
828:
792:
786:
785:
775:
765:
741:
735:
734:
724:
692:
686:
685:
675:
643:
637:
636:
626:
594:
579:
578:
568:
536:
525:
524:
522:
521:
507:
262:Therapeutic uses
89:
21:
18:Channel blockers
5744:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5690:
5675:
5665:
5650:
5625:
5621:Trifluoperazine
5616:Tolfenamic acid
5586:Flufenamic acid
5556:
5513:
5481:
5467:
5449:
5415:Flufenamic acid
5410:Ethacrynic acid
5382:
5355:
5313:
5299:
5281:
5249:
5235:
5182:
5013:Metabutoxycaine
4978:Diphenhydramine
4968:Cyclomethycaine
4933:Levobupivacaine
4640:
4613:
4595:
4558:
4544:
4540:Tolfenamic acid
4515:Flufenamic acid
4510:
4492:
4478:
4456:
4453:
4439:
4429:
4346:
4343:
4324:
4274:
4166:
4163:
4140:
4126:
4111:
4093:
4073:
3982:Norpropoxyphene
3859:11.1)-specific:
3858:
3652:
3625:
3601:
3557:Rhynchophylline
3307:
2687:
2668:
2663:
2633:
2624:
2585:
2575:
2544:
2511:
2476:
2413:
2375:
2333:
2322:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2249:
2220:
2134:
2125:
2110:
2086:
2032:Inverse agonist
2022:Partial agonist
1966:
1961:
1931:
1884:
1880:
1835:
1831:
1792:
1788:
1757:
1753:
1716:
1712:
1667:
1663:
1618:
1614:
1569:
1562:
1531:
1527:
1496:(Pt 1): 37–49.
1482:
1475:
1454:(15): 1132–44.
1444:
1435:
1390:
1386:
1341:
1337:
1297:
1288:
1257:(11): 4427–36.
1243:
1234:
1203:
1199:
1168:
1164:
1133:
1129:
1084:
1075:
1030:
1026:
995:(Pt 4): 553–4.
981:
974:
929:
925:
880:
873:
836:
832:
793:
789:
742:
738:
693:
689:
644:
640:
595:
582:
537:
528:
519:
517:
509:
508:
504:
500:
483:
433:
424:
385:
370:
361:
348:
340:antiarrhythmics
332:
327:
315:Cystic fibrosis
312:
310:Cystic fibrosis
293:
264:
259:
246:
235:Many different
233:
215:
201:
167:
80:
78:
72:
67:
40:channel blocker
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5742:
5732:
5731:
5714:
5713:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5680:
5678:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5653:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Mefenamic acid
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5552:Phenanthridine
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5484:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5252:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5200:Atracotoxins (
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5143:Zetekitoxin AB
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:Proxymetacaine
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Chloroprocaine
4950:
4945:
4940:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4561:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:Glyclopyramide
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Chlorpropamide
4179:
4174:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Clarithromycin
3924:
3919:
3917:Chlorpromazine
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Paramethadione
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:gabapentinoids
3305:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:Non-selective:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3150:ω-Agatoxin IVB
3147:
3145:ω-Agatoxin IVA
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Huwentoxin XVI
3099:
3094:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:Cyproheptadine
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Levniguldipine
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Dexniguldipine
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1878:
1829:
1786:
1751:
1710:
1681:(11): 1651–8.
1661:
1612:
1583:(6): a009563.
1560:
1525:
1473:
1433:
1404:(4): 415–423.
1384:
1335:
1286:
1232:
1197:
1178:(1–3): 77–81.
1162:
1127:
1092:Anesthesiology
1073:
1024:
972:
923:
871:
850:(5): 1169–81.
830:
803:(10): 1003–6.
787:
736:
707:(5): 1401–11.
687:
638:
580:
526:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
492:Channel opener
489:
482:
479:
471:noncompetitive
451:AMPA receptors
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
427:
422:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
384:
381:
368:
360:
357:
347:
344:
336:antiepileptics
331:
328:
326:
323:
311:
308:
292:
289:
263:
260:
258:
255:
245:
242:
232:
229:
214:
211:
200:
197:
169:Tools such as
166:
163:
151:
150:
149:
148:
140:
139:
138:
130:
129:
128:
120:
119:
118:
74:Main article:
71:
68:
66:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5741:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5697:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Niflumic acid
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Glibenclamide
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5445:Niflumic acid
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Glibenclamide
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Grayanotoxins
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Batrachotoxin
5214:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5202:ω-Atracotoxin
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:Buprenorphine
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Valproic acid
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Oxitriptyline
4829:
4827:
4826:Oxcarbazepine
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Licarbazepine
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Carbamazepine
4769:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4658:Antianginals:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:Norfluoxetine
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Niflumic acid
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Levcromakalim
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Acetohexamide
4170:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Roxithromycin
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Charybdotoxin
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Trimethadione
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Diproteverine
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Ruthenium red
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Levetiracetam
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:ω-Agatoxin TK
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Niflumic acid
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Levamlodipine
2805:
2803:
2802:Lercanidipine
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:Miscellaneous
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:Glutamatergic
2378:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2255:Histaminergic
2252:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1730:(6): 703–13.
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:(2): 125–37.
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:(5): 621–32.
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:(4): 113–24.
1307:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:(5): 439–50.
1212:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:(4): 711–34.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
783:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:(1): 101–10.
608:
604:
600:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
576:
572:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
531:
516:
512:
506:
502:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
476:
475:uncompetitive
472:
468:
464:
463:P2X receptors
460:
456:
452:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
428:
426:
419:
418:
417:
415:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
380:
376:
374:
366:
356:
352:
343:
341:
337:
322:
320:
316:
307:
304:
301:
300:glutaminergic
297:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:neurotoxicity
273:
272:NMDA receptor
269:
254:
252:
241:
238:
228:
225:
221:
205:
196:
194:
193:phenylalanine
190:
186:
181:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
146:
145:
144:
141:
136:
135:
134:
131:
126:
125:
124:
121:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:lipid bilayer
102:
98:
77:
62:
58:
55:
51:
49:
45:
44:physiological
41:
32:
19:
5701:
5700:
5611:Talniflumate
5149:
5138:Tetrodotoxin
5128:Neosaxitoxin
5119:
5064:
5038:Propoxycaine
4973:Dimethocaine
4906:
4902:
4871:Valnoctamide
4801:Fosphenytoin
4762:
4736:Procainamide
4726:Pilsicainide
4681:Disopyramide
4667:
4657:
4505:
4473:
4423:
4337:
4305:Ethosuximide
4290:Cloperastine
4268:
4237:Metahexamide
4232:Glycyclamide
4192:Glibornuride
4157:
4106:
4068:
4047:Thioridazine
4002:Promethazine
3987:Orphenadrine
3977:Ketoconazole
3962:Erythromycin
3851:
3614:
3542:Phensuximide
3522:Ochratoxin A
3462:Ethosuximide
3388:
3310:-selective (
3302:
3212:
3169:
3156:
3138:
3087:ω-Conotoxins
3080:
3030:
3012:Norverapamil
2977:Dexverapamil
2955:
2929:derivatives:
2925:
2922:Vatanidipine
2917:Trombodipine
2882:Palonidipine
2867:Nitrendipine
2822:Mepirodipine
2727:Azelnidipine
2710:
2704:
2616:
2604:
2302:Serotonergic
2226:Dopaminergic
2105:
2004:
1898:(1): 26–39.
1895:
1891:
1881:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1802:(1): 35–52.
1799:
1795:
1789:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1580:
1576:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1447:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1254:
1250:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1143:(3): 263–7.
1140:
1136:
1130:
1095:
1091:
1041:
1037:
1027:
992:
988:
940:
936:
926:
891:
887:
847:
843:
833:
800:
796:
790:
753:
749:
739:
704:
700:
690:
655:
651:
641:
606:
602:
548:
544:
518:. Retrieved
514:
505:
448:
411:
386:
377:
373:capacitation
362:
353:
349:
333:
325:Pharmacology
313:
294:
265:
247:
234:
216:
168:
159:Tetrodotoxin
152:
94:
70:Ion channels
59:
54:Ion channels
52:
39:
37:
5277:Triamterene
5231:Poneratoxin
5221:Ciguatoxins
5108:Raxatrigine
5103:Ralfinamide
5098:PF-05089771
5093:PF-04531083
5065:Analgesics:
5023:Piperocaine
5008:Meprylcaine
5003:Mepivacaine
4958:Cinchocaine
4937:Ropivacaine
4929:Bupivacaine
4856:Sipatrigine
4841:Pheneturide
4836:Phenacemide
4821:Mephenytoin
4806:Lamotrigine
4786:Elpetrigine
4741:Propafenone
4686:Dronedarone
4262:Tolbutamide
4252:Repaglinide
4247:Nateglinide
4242:Mitiglinide
4222:Glisoxepide
4207:Glimepiride
4197:Glicaramide
4177:Carbutamide
4079:Linopirdine
4062:Vernakalant
4052:Tolterodine
4042:Terfenadine
4032:Tamulotoxin
4027:Solifenacin
3997:PNU-282,987
3972:Haloperidol
3967:Gigactonine
3947:Domperidone
3932:Darifenacin
3897:Bedaquiline
3882:Azaspiracid
3845:Vernakalant
3780:Linopirdine
3740:Dronedarone
3730:Dendrotoxin
3715:Clamikalant
3587:Tolperisone
3582:Tetrandrine
3572:Sipatrigine
3567:Silperisone
3552:Prenylamine
3492:Lidoflazine
3447:Elpetrigine
3357:Mirogabalin
3261:Lamotrigine
3256:Flunarizine
3251:Efonidipine
3241:Cinnarizine
3236:Cilnidipine
3191:NNC 55-0396
3117:Ralfinamide
3064:Fantofarone
3059:Dronedarone
3044:Budiodarone
3039:Brinazarone
3002:Levemopamil
2902:Sornidipine
2897:Sagandipine
2887:Pranidipine
2862:Nisoldipine
2852:Nilvadipine
2842:Niguldipine
2832:Nicardipine
2797:Lemildipine
2782:Iganidipine
2777:Furnidipine
2742:Cronidipine
2737:Clevidipine
2732:Barnidipine
2722:Aranidipine
2618:Amino acids
2517:Opioidergic
2423:Cholinergic
2136:transporter
2116:Ion channel
2052:Transporter
1996:Ion channel
1044:(1): 1–24.
943:(1): 1–10.
658:(1): 1–24.
515:MedicineNet
487:Ion channel
330:Anesthetics
251:anesthetics
227:potential.
76:Ion channel
48:antagonists
5581:Bumetanide
5519:Activators
5509:Piretanide
5504:Lonidamine
5455:Activators
5440:Mibefradil
5435:Mefloquine
5425:Furosemide
5420:Fluoxetine
5400:Crofelemer
5287:Activators
5210:Versutoxin
5206:Robustoxin
5188:Activators
5173:Safinamide
5123:Conotoxins
5058:Trimecaine
5053:Tetracaine
5028:Prilocaine
5018:Orthocaine
4993:Iontocaine
4988:Hexylcaine
4983:Etidocaine
4924:Benzocaine
4914:Amylocaine
4896:Zonisamide
4891:Valpromide
4861:Topiramate
4851:Rufinamide
4811:Lacosamide
4776:Cenobamate
4731:Prajmaline
4721:Moricizine
4716:Mexiletine
4711:Lorcainide
4696:Flecainide
4661:Ranolazine
4601:Activators
4586:Fluoxetine
4530:Nimesulide
4512:-specific:
4498:Activators
4480:-specific:
4432:-specific:
4412:Rilmakalim
4402:Nicorandil
4362:Cromakalim
4349:-specific:
4330:Activators
4320:Tipepidine
4310:Ifenprodil
4285:Caramiphen
4277:-specific:
4257:Tolazamide
4217:Gliquidone
4202:Gliclazide
4169:-specific:
4122:Retigabine
4117:Flupirtine
4114:-specific:
4099:Activators
4076:-specific:
4057:Vanoxerine
4037:Terodiline
4022:Sertindole
4012:Ranolazine
3877:Astemizole
3867:Amiodarone
3835:Terikalant
3810:Pinokalant
3795:Nifekalant
3790:Maurotoxin
3785:Lolitrem B
3775:Kaliotoxin
3735:Dofetilide
3725:Dalazatide
3720:Conotoxins
3690:Amiodarone
3685:Almokalant
3607:Activators
3597:Valperinol
3577:Terodiline
3517:Naftopidil
3507:Mesuximide
3437:Enpiperate
3417:Cycleanine
3402:Bevantolol
3392:Bencyclane
3382:Pregabalin
3372:PD-299,685
3367:PD-217,014
3362:PD-200,347
3352:Imagabalin
3342:Gabapentin
3332:Atagabalin
3322:Arbaclofen
3281:Mibefradil
3276:Loperamide
3271:Lomerizine
3246:Dotarizine
3226:Benidipine
3206:Zonisamide
3122:Safinamide
3097:Caroverine
3049:Celivarone
2997:Gallopamil
2952:Siratiazem
2942:Iprotiazem
2932:Clentiazem
2912:Tiamdipine
2907:Teludipine
2872:Olradipine
2857:Nimodipine
2847:Niludipine
2837:Nifedipine
2827:Mesudipine
2817:Manidipine
2792:Lacidipine
2787:Isradipine
2772:Flordipine
2767:Felodipine
2762:Elnadipine
2757:Elgodipine
2747:Darodipine
2717:Amlodipine
2466:Ganglionic
2457:Muscarinic
2435:Muscarinic
2158:Adrenergic
2027:Antagonist
551:(1): 1–8.
520:2017-03-20
498:References
365:epithelial
199:Physiology
65:Background
5702:See also:
5601:Mepacrine
5547:Ivacaftor
5463:Carbachol
5346:Ibuprofen
5336:Amiloride
5295:Solnatide
5267:Amiloride
5196:Aconitine
5158:Evenamide
5133:Saxitoxin
5048:Risocaine
4998:Lidocaine
4943:Butacaine
4919:Articaine
4846:Phenytoin
4756:Tocainide
4751:Sparteine
4746:Quinidine
4706:Lorajmine
4701:Lidocaine
4691:Encainide
4676:Aprindine
4417:Sarakalim
4407:Pinacidil
4397:Naminidil
4387:Minoxidil
4382:Mazokalim
4367:Diazoxide
4357:Bimakalim
4352:Aprikalim
4315:Tertiapin
4295:Clozapine
4212:Glipizide
4007:Quinidine
3957:Ergtoxins
3922:Cisapride
3912:BRL-32872
3892:Azimilide
3855:(KCNH2, K
3830:Tedisamil
3815:Quinidine
3805:Paxilline
3770:Inakalant
3765:Ibutilide
3750:Hanatoxin
3705:Bunaftine
3700:Bretylium
3695:Azimilide
3680:Adekalant
3639:Potassium
3621:Bay K8644
3562:Sesamodil
3512:Monatepil
3502:Manoalide
3497:Magnesium
3482:Imepitoin
3472:Fendiline
3452:Ethadione
3442:Eperisone
3422:Dauricine
3397:Berbamine
3308:δ subunit
3112:PD-173212
3027:Verapamil
3017:Ronipamil
3007:Nexopamil
2992:Falipamil
2987:Etripamil
2972:Devapamil
2967:Dagapamil
2947:Nictiazem
2937:Diltiazem
2927:Diltiazem
2877:Oxodipine
2613:Precursor
2462:Nicotinic
2440:Nicotinic
2352:GABAergic
2077:Precursor
2062:Inhibitor
1988:Inhibitor
1420:1028-4559
1355:: 75–83.
1330:260240191
284:glutamate
280:memantine
5723:Category
5687:instead.
5662:instead.
5573:Blockers
5565:Unsorted
5491:Blockers
5392:Blockers
5369:Chloride
5331:A-317567
5323:Blockers
5272:Benzamil
5259:Blockers
5088:NKTR-171
5083:GDC-0276
5078:Funapide
5073:DSP-2230
5068:AZD-3161
5033:Procaine
4948:Butamben
4796:Ethotoin
4671:Ajmaline
4650:Blockers
4609:Riluzole
4568:Blockers
4466:Blockers
4372:Emakalim
4150:Blockers
3992:Pimozide
3862:Ajmaline
3662:Blockers
3477:Fostedil
3407:Canadine
3377:Phenibut
3337:Baclofen
3286:NP078585
3231:Bepridil
3069:SR-33805
3022:Tiapamil
2982:Emopamil
2962:Anipamil
2697:Blockers
2601:Cofactor
2471:Muscular
2131:Receptor
2082:Cofactor
2068:Releaser
2056:Enhancer
2050:♦
2013:Receptor
2011:♦
1994:♦
1977:♦
1924:24600512
1824:19341540
1816:10811966
1746:22709980
1705:12464670
1656:15277574
1607:22675668
1555:17504105
1520:15272045
1468:22698459
1428:22212311
1379:27546057
1192:11937095
1068:26712848
1019:20173077
967:19943697
959:11989818
918:28278376
825:32262373
782:22084632
682:26712848
633:15717010
575:28138104
481:See also
266:Various
244:Kinetics
165:Identity
5341:Aspirin
5163:Menthol
5150:Others:
5120:Toxins:
4963:Cocaine
4488:GAL-021
4108:KCNQ (K
4070:KCNQ (K
3887:AZD1305
3825:Sotalol
3820:ShK-186
3800:Notoxin
3487:JTV-519
3467:Fasudil
3196:ProTx I
3176:ABT-639
3163:SNX-482
3034:AH-1058
3031:Others:
2674:Calcium
2558:(AdoRI)
2508:(eCBRI)
2091:Classes
2017:Agonist
2005:Blocker
1983:Inducer
1915:3942540
1873:8930836
1864:1160856
1781:8770056
1647:2229623
1598:3367533
1511:1665201
1370:5102806
1322:7491365
1281:1432103
1272:6576016
1227:6351107
1157:5812102
1122:8277924
1114:2157353
1059:4692491
1010:2828128
909:5481814
866:7576659
817:2483092
773:3210964
731:6033592
722:2225715
673:4692491
603:NeuroRx
566:5290713
189:leucine
185:alanine
5638:Others
4627:Sodium
4280:Barium
4084:XE-991
3952:E-4031
3902:BeKm-1
3872:AmmTX3
3755:HgeTx1
3745:E-4031
3527:Osthol
3296:TROX-1
3181:ML-218
2502:(eCBE)
2099:Enzyme
2000:Opener
1979:Enzyme
1922:
1912:
1871:
1861:
1822:
1814:
1779:
1744:
1703:
1696:151633
1693:
1654:
1644:
1605:
1595:
1553:
1518:
1508:
1466:
1426:
1418:
1377:
1367:
1328:
1320:
1279:
1269:
1225:
1190:
1155:
1120:
1112:
1066:
1056:
1017:
1007:
965:
957:
916:
906:
864:
844:Neuron
823:
815:
797:Neuron
780:
770:
756:: 71.
729:
719:
680:
670:
631:
624:534915
621:
573:
563:
5672:LGICs
5379:CaCCs
5351:PcTX1
5310:ASICs
4637:VGSCs
3907:BmTx3
3760:HsTx1
3649:VGKCs
2684:VDCCs
2615:(see
2603:(see
2549:Other
2372:(GRI)
2330:(SRI)
2246:(DRI)
2217:(NRI)
2133:&
2045:(NAM)
2039:(PAM)
1971:Types
1820:S2CID
1326:S2CID
1118:S2CID
963:S2CID
821:S2CID
383:Types
191:, or
5685:here
5683:See
5660:here
5658:See
5647:TRPs
5478:CFTR
5405:DIDS
5246:ENaC
5167:mint
4555:K2Ps
4426:GIRK
4271:GIRK
4137:IRKs
3853:hERG
3201:Z944
3127:Z160
2403:NMDA
2393:AMPA
2319:5-HT
2121:See
2104:see
2070:(RA)
2064:(RI)
2058:(RE)
1920:PMID
1869:PMID
1812:PMID
1777:PMID
1742:PMID
1701:PMID
1652:PMID
1603:PMID
1551:PMID
1516:PMID
1464:PMID
1424:PMID
1416:ISSN
1375:PMID
1318:PMID
1277:PMID
1223:PMID
1188:PMID
1153:PMID
1110:PMID
1064:PMID
1015:PMID
955:PMID
914:PMID
862:PMID
813:PMID
778:PMID
727:PMID
678:PMID
629:PMID
571:PMID
465:and
430:GABA
421:5-HT
338:and
319:CFTR
173:and
101:ions
4909:FBT
4342:ATP
4162:ATP
1910:PMC
1900:doi
1859:PMC
1851:doi
1847:496
1804:doi
1800:175
1769:doi
1765:271
1732:doi
1691:PMC
1683:doi
1679:110
1642:PMC
1634:doi
1630:124
1593:PMC
1585:doi
1543:doi
1506:PMC
1498:doi
1494:560
1456:doi
1406:doi
1365:PMC
1357:doi
1310:doi
1267:PMC
1259:doi
1215:doi
1180:doi
1176:439
1145:doi
1100:doi
1054:PMC
1046:doi
1042:147
1005:PMC
997:doi
993:588
945:doi
904:PMC
896:doi
852:doi
805:doi
768:PMC
758:doi
717:PMC
709:doi
668:PMC
660:doi
656:147
619:PMC
611:doi
561:PMC
553:doi
473:or
369:inh
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5707:•
5208:,
5204:,
4935:,
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4507:BK
4477:Ca
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4452:Ca
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