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large and are built with sandstone walls connected with bastions at intervals and have elegant balconies. There are several gates in the fortifications and the enclosed area within also have barracks and jails. The west gate has fortifications running from the ridge to the north built of brick and cement, followed by a freely laid stone wall for about a mile, then followed by a second line of old wall (of 30 feet (9.1 m) height) which extends 220 yards (200 m) and rises to join the first line (known as
1176:(also spelled "Jama Masjid") near the east gate, built by Sultan Begada, is one of the most notable among the 114 monuments listed by the Baroda Heritage Trust. It has a blend of Hindu and Muslim architecture preserving the Islamic ethos and with its elegant interiors is considered one of the finest mosques in Western India. The masjid is built over a high plinth, has a central dome, two minarets each 30 metres (98 ft) high, 172 pillars, seven mihrabs and ornately carved entry gates fitted with stone
500:. What ensued in the following years was the complete defeat of the Rajputs by Sultan Begada. The hill was surrounded and the fort held under siege for more than a year and was finally captured on 17 November 1484, when Kivamul Mulk and Malik Ayaz Sultani penetrated the walls and broke the main gate, destroyed the army and injured the leaders of the Rajput . Raval Jaisingh was wounded and for six months was given amnesty but was then killed since he refused to convert to Islam.
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A Master Plan for an archaeological park was developed for
Champaner City and Pavagarh as a cultural sanctuary, and the Archaeological Survey of India, supported by the Baroda Heritage Trust, submitted a proposal to UNESCO to declare the site a World Heritage Site. In July 2004, UNESCO approved the proposal and inscribed the site on the World Heritage List with the justification of its "joint significance as a living Hindu pilgrimage center, its cluster of
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1212:(jewel mosque), about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) to the south of the citadel, built with pure white stone; a stepwell decorated with arches is close to this mosque. Tombs have been built adjacent to mosques, invariably to a square plan with columns and domes erected over them, and also embellished with decorations. The tomb of Sikander Shah seen near Halol is a simple single storied building in Muslim architectural style. The shrine of
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and paved streets which lead to the city centre. The residential area consists of houses of both rich and poor; rich people's houses are built with scenic gardens and water channels. Public parks and pavilions surround the housing complex. However, temples, mosques, and tombs are mostly concentrated in the
Pavagarh Hills. The walk up the hill from the plains is called the
421:. The Pavagadh Hill has a historical fort where the ancient Kalika Mata Temple is situated. The path to the summit passes through many old gates and cuts through staircase-like natural ledges of rock with precipitous sides. Midway up this path is a flat area strewn with boulders. Above this point there is a very steep scarp with a marble temple and two lantern towers.
531:), and colourful silks. Merchants and craftsmen prospered. Mahmud died in 1511 and his successors continued to rule from Champaner until the death of Bahadur Shah (1536). The city of Champaner had been very well planned with streets and whitewashed stone houses. In 1526, young Sikander Shah died and Bahadur Shah became the next ruler of Champaner. In 1535, the
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wells". The
Vishamitri River is the only stream that rises from the Pavgadh hills, and was tapped for feeding wells in Champaner and tanks in Pavagadh. The tanks served the pilgrims and other utilitarian, recreational, spiritual and aesthetic needs. Some of the tanks were built by constructing embankments and diverting the stored water into stone
417:, about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south of Pavagadh Hill. Pavagadh Hill rises to a height of 800 metres (2,600 ft), has a geological setting of reddish-yellow stone, and is considered to be one of the oldest rock formations in India. The highest point of the hill presents an undulating forested topography in the direction of
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were desecrated and broken down. Jain monk
Jinpremvijaya spearheaded a peaceful but powerful protest at the local collector's office where local Jains turned up in huge numbers. The protest is said to have begun on the evening of June 16, 2024 and went on overnight into June 17, 2024. Most desecrated
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In the last decade the site has received attention by archaeologists and
Heritage Trusts working in the area to develop it into a tourist attraction and a World Heritage Site. The Baroda Heritage Trust took the initiative in this direction and carried out a landscape study of the former urban centre.
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Raval's son, however, converted to Islam and was made a noble with the title "Nizam-ul-Mulk". After the fort was seized, Mahmud renamed the city "Muhmudabad
Champaner". It was during this period that Mahmud laid the foundation stone for his mosque. He built elaborate ornate structures, fortified both
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One of the innovative features of the two historic monuments centres was the development of methods for harvesting rainwater, in the form of tanks or ponds in the
Pavagadh hills (called the "hill of hundred pools") and innumerable wells in the city of Champaran, which was nicknamed "city of thousand
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The custom house was probably used as a guard room. It is well planned in a square shape with five rows of arches and five equal colonnaded aisles. From this location to the east gate, the view of present-day
Champaner consists of shabby houses on a lone street. Kabutarkhana Pavilion is situated on
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or the citadel of
Mahmudabad Champaner; the area enclosed by this fortification is 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 280 yards (260 m) wide. A rectangular building at the approach to the citadel is a guard room of size 150 feet (46 m)x1120 feet (37 m) with double gates, which has windows
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Remaining at the site are the Royal precincts within fortified walls, the entrance gate or the city gate, the mosque outside the fortifications, the royal walkway leading into the palace, and the second enclosure consisting of unexplored
Jahanpanah. The urban planning of the city reveals well laid
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epidemic reduced the population to 400 families by 1812. When the British finally usurped the area on 13 July 1829, it was almost deserted; efforts at that time to populate the place by inducting cultivators with an incentive of Rs 1260 to develop the lands at that time also failed. In 1879, a few
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The Champaner-Pavagadh heritage site is spread over an area of more than 1,329 hectares (3,280 acres) with a buffer zone of 2,812 hectares (6,950 acres). In addition to the Primary Heritage Zone of 983.27 hectares (2,429.7 acres), there are several other sites which include: Kabutarkhana, Maqbara,
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is said to have drawn from the architecture of the Sultanates, which is a blend of Hindu religious connotations and workmanship with Muslim ethos; the large domes are indicative of such a mix. In the Jami Masjid, the ornamentation of the surface areas of the mosque and tomb consists of symbols of
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The fortress built by the Solanki kings of Gujarat was further fortified by Khichi Chauhans. In 1484, Sultan Mahmud Begadah captured the fort and renamed it Muhammadabad Champaner. The fortifications start on the Mauliya plateau, which is situated on the hill and ends on the plains. They are very
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lists 114 monuments in the area, of which only 39 monuments are maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India, due to limited funding. The Forest Department owns 94% of the land here, while the temple trusts and other sectarian establishments provide facilities for boarding and lodging to the
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Several monks of the Achalgacch such as Mahendraprabhasuri, Merutungasuri, and Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Dharmaratnasuri, Hemvimalsuri, Laxmisagarsuri, Bhuvansundarsuri etc. consecrated numerous temples and idols on the hill. According to several
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motifs of the Sun, diamonds, pots and vines, and lotus insignia which were used in the earlier temples. This mosque has three mural plaques, in oblong shape, one at the top of the pulpit and the other two on the sides with engravings of hymns from the
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The temples of the Jain religion at Pavagadh are also noteworthy. They are of three different groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honour of the Tirthankaras
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visited the town of Champaner in 1803, at which time there were only 500 people residing there. The old city was in ruins and wildly overgrown. They re-founded it and it became a great exporter of silk, with facilities for washing and preparing
1055:. It had ornate decorations, mostly consisting of stone carvings. While this oldest temple is in a dilapidated condition and not in use, all the other temples are used as places of worship. They have ornate decorations, mostly stone carvings.
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invaded Champaner and looted the coffers. Upon Bahadur's death in 1536, the capital and the court shifted back to Ahmadabad. The city fell into rapid decline, was largely abandoned and for several centuries was neglected and almost deserted.
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capital, and remains of the 16th-century capital of the state of Gujarat. There are palaces, entrance gates and arches, mosques, tombs and temples, residential complexes, agricultural structures and water installations such as
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and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 AD, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess
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temple next to the Dudhia tank. These temples are deduced to have been constructed in the 14th–15th centuries on the basis of " stylistic and architectural features". Elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain
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There are eleven different types of buildings at Champaner-Pavagadh, including mosques, temples, granaries, tombs, wells, walls, and terraces. The monuments are situated at the foot of and around the Pavagadh hill. The
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Maqbara Mandvi, Maqbara near Patidar Village, Malik Sandal Ni Vav, Hathikhana, Sindh Mata, Sikander Ka Reuza, Babakhan Ki Dargah, Nau Kuan Sat Vavdi, and Chandrakala Vav. The site is 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of
278:, in the eighth century. He named it after the name of his friend and general Champa, also known later as Champaraj. The heritage site is studded with forts with bastions starting from the hills of
744:, resulting in conflicting interests in developing infrastructure such as roads, ropeway and accommodation facilities for the pilgrims and tourists visiting the various monuments in this site.
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period; however, it remained neglected until approximately 400 AD. The history also reports a local legend that the divinity of the hills was derived from the right toe of the goddess
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are seen on the outer walls of the temples. The Garbabrihas are enshrined with beautiful stone images of Tirthankaras in these temples. All the temples have been renovated over time.
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temples, its remarkable preserved medieval urban fabric, its exquisite sandstone-carved mosques and tombs and its intangible heritage values". Tourism in the area was affected by the
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1132:(nine-day festival), a fair is held at the Kalika Mata temple which is attended by thousands of devotees. The ruins of Patai Raval's palace can be seen on the way to the temple.
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the north bank of Bada Talao near Khajuri Masjid. Another building with columns is also located on the Pavagadh Hill, above the roof of the Mahakali temple.
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Champaner is named after Champa Bhil, a last Bhil king of Champaner. Champa Bhil built Champaner Fort He also established this city during the rule of
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and other mosques. The setting is undulating hillocks and plateaus. There are steep rock exposures formed by ancient volcanic eruptions and lava flows.
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469:(from 746 to 806 AD). In the eleventh century, Ram Gaur Tuar ruled, and Champaner was under the Anhilwad until 1297 or so when they were defeated by
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pilgrims and tourists. On the southern side near the foot of the hill some dilapidated houses and the foundations of Jain temples can also be seen.
757:(pilgrim's route); considered to be the "soul of Champaner", it has thousands of steps and is embellished with ornamental and essential structures.
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473:, who made it their stronghold. During this period, the Chauhan Rajput had also settled in Champaner. The Pavagadh Hill was where the
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tribes resided there, but over the next few years, it became well known in India for its rulers and the monuments left behind by them
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There is a reference to a temple called “Sarvatobhadra” (transl. auspicious on all sides) built by Minister Tejpal in 12th century.
516:(meaning Lord of the Hill) and his citadel over a period of 23 years and eventually moved his capital from Ahmadabad to Champaner.
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740 metres (2,430 ft) in length which can carry 1200 people per hour and is stated to be the country's highest ropeway. On
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and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the
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and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century AD, the temples existing here are described in detail.
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temple earlier on the hill, which faced multiple invasions. The ruins of this temple were used to construct 3 smaller
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scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at
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Researches in Indian Archaeology, Art, Architecture, Culture and Religion: Vijayakanta Mishra Commemorative Volume
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The earliest temple on Pavagadh hill in the Mauliya plateau is dated to the 10th–11th century and is dedicated to
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587:. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of
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Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 AD.
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on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.
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Judging by early archaeological remains and according to records, the area had already been inhabited in the
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in the late 15th to early 16th century is documented in the park, particularly the early Islamic and pre-
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city that has remained without any change. It was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2004.
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On June 16, 2024, an incident of severe vandalism was reported to have happened on the hill. Several
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Tomb with a big dome in the centre and small corner domes on way to Khajuri Masjid near Wada Talao
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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1460:. National InformaticCentre (NIC) for Archaeological Survey of India (ISI). Archived from
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built fortresses and ruled from. However, they lost their authority in Champaner in 1484.
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Three cells inside the citadel wall between Sahar ki Masjid the local fund Dharmashala
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Planet India: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World
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496:'s captain, Malik Asad, was raiding through Champaner, he was attacked and killed by
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idols were over 400 years old, some even more ancient and belong exclusively to the
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The fort of Pavagad and ruined Hindu and Jain temples on the top of Pavagad hills
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In 1689 AD, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of
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In 1418 and in about 1450, Khichis managed to fight off their neighbour, Rao of
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shrine in the region, attracting large numbers of pilgrims throughout the year.
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A UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Panchmahal district, Gujarat, India.
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1820:"Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh"
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1891:. Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State. p. 188.
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Kabutarkhana Pavilion on the north bank of Wada Talao near Khajuri Masjid
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1208:(city mosque), an elegant structure located inside the citadel; and the
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idols cemented on the sides of the steps on the old path to reach the
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on the left. The spire of this temple carries a shrine of Sadanandsha
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pilgrimage. There were several attempts to destroy evidences of its
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which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.
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and the third group, situated on the southeast of Pavagarh Hill (
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are the images seen in this temple. The temple was built in the
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Sat Manzil between gate Nos. 4 and 5 right up to bastions on top
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City walls at south-east corner of the citadel going up the hill
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1346:"Advisory Body Evaluation, Champaner-Pavagadh (India) No 1101"
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appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform
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Location of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park in Gujarat
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India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat (1964).
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made of stone that are embellished with intricate carvings.
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or Hunters Fort is located to the east of the Citadel. The
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Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History: With Biographical Notes
1458:"Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2004), Gujarat"
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Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
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Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
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Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
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Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
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or the Great Lake is next to the ruins of the palace.
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Gate No. 4 with big bastion with cells in the interior
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monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of
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Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
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Other notable mosques in the heritage area are: the
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1435:. New Delhi: Visual Communication. 2009. p. 5.
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Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
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Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (South Asia)
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987:. However, the temple is in ruins, with only the
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2296:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
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1204:(five-domed mosque) in a forested area; the
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1484:"Champaner, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879"
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1782:. Equitable Tourism Options. p. 141.
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1409:. Worldheritagesite.org. Archived from
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2020:Champaner Pavagadh Archaeological Park
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2185:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
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1796:. Union of Public Service Commission
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2280:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
1756:. Springer. pp. 91–93, 96–97.
1691:. Simon and Schuster. p. 217.
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1650:"Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5"
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355:and 42 miles (68 km) south of
286:sites, a hill fortress of an early
13:
1656:
1621:
1601:
1568:
1548:
1425:
1300:
512:the forts, made the hill fort his
14:
2510:
2007:
1850:. Akshara Prakashan. p. 128.
1538:. Kheechi Chauhan Shodh Sansthan.
662:In a laudatory poem dedicated to
274:, the most prominent king of the
2301:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
2285:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
1647:
1577:
921:Palace of Patai Rawal with tanks
747:
693:
595:. Legend says that demi-goddess
445:
225:
218:
197:
190:
167:
160:
111:2,911.74 ha (7,195.1 acres)
103:1,328.89 ha (3,283.8 acres)
2489:Archaeological sites in Gujarat
1975:
1946:
1920:
1895:
1794:"Historic Monuments in Gujarat"
1672:"Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta"
1641:
1635:"Structural Temples of Gujarat"
1586:
1542:
1532:Nizami, Akhtar Hussain (1990).
872:Lila Gumbaz ki Masjid, Chapaner
2484:Tourist attractions in Gujarat
2268:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1525:
1498:
441:Ruined tomb at Champaner, 1893
270:, a city which was founded by
1:
2479:World Heritage Sites in India
2235:Khangchendzonga National Park
2061:World Heritage Sites in India
1866:. Bisleri Beverages Ltd. 1990
1750:; Silverman, Helaine (2009).
1293:
849:Stepwell north of Jama Masjid
338:Map of the Archiological Park
2356:Churches and convents of Goa
2351:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
2105:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
2087:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
2082:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
1992:. Springer. pp. 56–60.
1927:DeshGujarat (17 June 2024).
1753:Intangible Heritage Embodied
1724:Silverman & Ruggles 2008
1712:Silverman & Ruggles 2008
1593:Education Committee, JAINA.
1113:of Gujarat and is known for
962:(the world shelter) and the
773:
367:. It includes the Palace of
329:
61:Panchmahal district, Gujarat
7:
2275:Group of Monuments at Hampi
1907:english.gujaratsamachar.com
1670:Acharya, Jagacchandrasuri.
1505:Mishra, Phanikanta (1995).
1043:style of architecture with
915:Gate No. 6 (Buland Darwaza)
832:East and South Bhadra Gates
823:City Gate near Kasbin Talao
488:, and the Muslim rulers of
10:
2515:
2450:Mountain Railways of India
2413:Historic City of Ahmadabad
2253:Great Living Chola Temples
2077:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
1223:
1200:(single dome mosque); the
1135:
978:
927:Gate No. 8 (Tarapore Gate)
777:
648:Under guidance of Acharya
424:
29:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2446:
2428:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
2361:Dholavira:a Harappan city
2331:
2243:
2215:
2139:
2095:
2067:
1613:Acharya, Kalaprabhasuri.
1041:Hindu temple architecture
868:Cenotaph of Nagina Masjid
853:Kevda Masjid and Cenotaph
835:Sahar ki Masjid (Bohrani)
742:Godhra Hindu-Muslim riots
154:
115:
107:
99:
87:
77:
67:
54:
35:
26:
2290:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
2230:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
2131:Sundarbans National Park
1648:Muni, Ratnaprabhavijay.
860:Cenotaph of Kevda Masjid
802:Heritage Trust of Baroda
386:Champaner is located at
2376:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
2225:Kaziranga National Park
808:The monuments include:
621: protecting deity
363:descent), Rajputs, and
2418:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
2169:Keoladeo National Park
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1241:Issues and Controversy
1233:
1202:Panch Mahuda ka masjid
1169:
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1063:Jain temples, Pavagadh
950:
841:Mandvi or Custom House
796:
789:
707:
635:installed the idol of
508:
442:
434:
347:
339:
307:Hill, is an important
237:Show map of South Asia
2164:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
1984:Ruggles, D. Fairchild
1863:Limca Book of Records
1844:Vyas, Rajnee (2006).
1748:Ruggles, D. Fairchild
1685:Kamdar, Mira (2008).
1551:"Ancient Jaina Hymns"
1511:. Sundeep Prakashan.
1288:
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1272:
1264:
1232:Kabutarkhana Pavilion
1231:
1167:
1159:
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788:Eastern fortress gate
787:
701:
664:Jirawala Parshvanatha
506:
440:
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346:Path on Pavagadh Hill
345:
337:
44:Jain Temple, Pavagadh
2499:Geography of Gujarat
2494:Archaeological parks
2306:Chennakeshava Temple
2258:Airavatesvara Temple
2205:Complexe du Capitole
2174:Kalka–Shimla railway
1982:Silverman, Helaine;
1958:X (formerly Twitter)
1779:Documentation Update
1580:"Jainism by Vividus"
1407:"Champaner-Pavagadh"
1081:cliff), is near the
941:Fortresses and walls
936:Walls of fort on top
817:Helical stepped well
761:Rainwater harvesting
702:General view of the
570:Jirawala Parshvanath
2311:Hoysaleswara Temple
2025:Photos of Champaner
2018:A forgotten city -
1633:Sompura, Kantilal.
1549:Krause, Charlotte.
1182:Mughal architecture
1023:, various forms of
909:Mint above Gate No4
820:Sakar Khan's Dargah
401: /
260:Panchmahal district
256:World Heritage Site
181:Show map of Gujarat
135: /
23:
2474:History of Gujarat
2126:Sun Temple, Konark
1847:Welcome to Gujarat
1291:
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1251:Kalika Mata shrine
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301:Kalika Mata Temple
21:
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2455:
2014:UNESCO Fact Sheet
1999:978-0-387-76579-2
1763:978-1-4419-0071-5
1726:, pp. 59–60.
1714:, pp. 56–57.
1698:978-0-7432-9686-1
1518:978-81-85067-80-3
1413:on 6 October 2012
1198:Ek Minarka Masjid
993:sanctum sanctorum
477:kings and Khichi
405:22.500°N 73.500°E
246:
245:
209:Show map of India
139:22.483°N 73.533°E
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2190:Red Fort Complex
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467:Anhilwad Patan
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2121:Santiniketan
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2391:Gagron Fort
1933:DeshGujarat
1888:Panchmahals
1247:Tirthankara
1174:Jami Masjid
1144:Jami Masjid
1045:garbhagriha
969:Shikari Kot
845:Jami Masjid
542:This was a
408: /
381:Jama Masjid
142: /
117:Coordinates
91:2004 (28th
88:Inscription
2463:Categories
1555:jainqq.org
1294:References
1256:Śvetāmbara
973:Bada Talao
684:Śvetāmbara
673:Śvetāmbara
601:Sallekhana
593:Sallekhana
581:Śvetāmbara
566:Śvetāmbara
525:sandalwood
419:Jambughoda
373:Ahmed Shah
2448:^part of
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2217:Northeast
2195:Taj Mahal
2149:Agra Fort
1128:, during
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960:Jahapanah
812:Champaner
774:Monuments
690:temples.
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490:Ahmedabad
377:Ahmedabad
330:Geography
293:stepwells
268:Champaner
78:Reference
48:Champaner
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1214:Khon pir
1130:navratri
1088:pantheon
1079:Mataji's
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1001:antarala
985:Lakulish
768:cisterns
717:raw silk
688:Digambar
677:Palitana
637:Mahakali
629:Śrāvakas
610:Mahakali
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479:Chauhans
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2069:Central
1963:17 June
1954:"x.com"
1938:17 June
1912:17 June
1560:17 June
1224:Palaces
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979:Temples
721:cholera
712:British
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618:transl.
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521:mangoes
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475:Solanki
425:History
396:73°30′E
393:22°30′N
361:Turkish
316:culture
264:Gujarat
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2245:South
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1349:(PDF)
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