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227:, originally a tea distributor based in New York, into a grocery chain that operated almost 200 stores. Dozens of other grocery, drug, tobacco, and variety stores opened additional locations, around the same time, so that retail chains were common in the United States by 1910. Several state legislatures considered measures to restrict the growth of chains, and in 1914 concern about chain stores contributed to passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.
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332:(in the US), or as exceeding municipal zoning authority (i.e., regulating "who owns it" rather than the characteristics of the business). Non-codified restrictions will sometimes target "chains". A municipal ordinance may seek to prohibit "formula businesses" in order to maintain the character of a community and support local businesses that serve the surrounding neighborhood.
323:
While chains are typically "formula retail", a chain refers to ownership or franchise, whereas "formula retail" or "formula business" refers to the characteristics of the business. There is considerable overlap because key characteristic of a formula retail business is that it is controlled as a part
304:
being the largest. By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, and stopped increasing their total market share. Court decisions against the chains' price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups. State
635:
that sells hamburgers, but not the formula franchise operation with the golden arches and standardized menu, uniforms, and procedures. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is aesthetics and tourism. Proponents of formula restaurants and formula retail allege the restrictions are used to
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taxes on chain stores were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1931. Between then and 1933, 525 chain-store tax bills were introduced in state legislatures, and by the end of 1933 special taxes on retail chains were in force in 17 states.
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clothing for men and children and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear. Isidore owned 51% of the company, while his brothers split the remaining 49%. Under
Isidore's (and later his son Louis') leadership,
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restaurant (as opposed to a take-away) in London, and its instant popularity led to a chain comprising 22 restaurants with locations around London and seaside resorts in southern
England including
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by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. These efforts include community-based organizing through
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of a business relationship, and is generally part of a chain. Nevertheless, most codified municipal regulation relies on definitions of formula retail (e.g.,
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and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A
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910:"English: This is the letterhead for the Bordeaux location of Maison Dewachter, a chain of men's and boys' clothing stores in Belgium and France"
285:
would become one of the most recognized names in
Belgium and France with stores in 20 cities and towns. Some cities had multiple stores, such as
627:—closely regulate, even exclude, chain stores. They don't exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula the chain uses, described as "
1638:
Newman, Benjamin J., and John V. Kane. "Backlash against the 'Big Box', Local Small
Business and Public Opinion toward Business Corporations."
373:
361:
is the last remaining music chain store in the United States and has shrunk from over 1,000 at its height to 270 locations in 2018. In 2019,
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313:
A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business.
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385:
224:
1384:
1655:
Schragger, Richard. "The Anti-Chain Store
Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940."
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Annexes to the
Belgian Monitor of 1875. Acts, Extracts of Acts, Minutes and Documents relating to Corporations, Book #3, Page 67
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in
Belgium in 1868, ten years before A&P began offering more than coffee and tea. They started with four locations for
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A variety of towns and cities in the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as
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WH Smith is the world's oldest national retail chain after being started by Henry Smith as a newspaper shop in 1792
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79:
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are the most common, but sit-down restaurant chains also exist. Restaurant chains locations are often found near
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Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor
Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005."
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In the U.S., chain stores likely began with J. Stiner & Company, which operated several tea shops in
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289:. Louis Dewachter also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym
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328:), in part because a restriction directed to "chains" may be deemed an impermissible restriction on
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that would become a national concern in the mid-19th century under the management of their grandson
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retail establishment is one form of a chain store. In 2005, the world's largest retail chain,
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By the early 1920s, chain retailing was well established in the United States, with A&P,
205:
1620:
Levinson, Marc. "The Great A&P and the
Struggle for Small Business in America" (2019).
552:
414:
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beginning in 1848. The firm, now called WHSmith, had more than 1,400 locations as of 2017.
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in 1884. From 1909 Lyons began operating a chain of teashops which became a staple of the
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provide research and tools for pro-independent business education and policy while the
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through architectural prototype development and offer a standard menu and/or services.
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1606:. "Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti-Chain-Store Legislation in America."
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Scroop, Daniel. "The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption."
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in many different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or
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1219:"Amid brick-and-mortar shakeup, Greater Hartford's retail vacancy rate shrinks"
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442:
358:
1373:. The road and American culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68–.
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257:
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1041:"Formula Business | legal definition of Formula Business by Law Insider"
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Hayward WS, White P, Fleek HS, Mac Intyre H (1922). "The chain store field".
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249:
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Post card ad listing eight cities and towns where
Dewachter Frères offered "
200:. The world's oldest national retail chain, the firm took advantage of the
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Winship, Janice. "Culture of restraint: the British chain store 1920–39."
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353:, leading to historically high retail vacancy rates. The hundred-year-old
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and American Specialty Toy Retailers do national promotion and advocacy.
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153:
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Phillips, Charles F. "The Chain Store in the United States and Canada,"
1082:, Public Hearing January 22, 2018, Town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire (.pdf)
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402:
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stated that it would be closing all remaining 2,100 stores in the US.
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agreements. Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a
1280:"Bob Higgins, Pioneering Founder of Trans World and FYE, Dead at 75"
737:"WH Smith expansion is given wings with takeover of Marshall Retail"
490:
35:
600:
450:
446:
1250:"RadioShack Is Now Selling in Unexpected Places. Will Anyone Buy?"
559:(in the U.S. and Canada) and "buy local" campaigns. In the U.S.,
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in Britain. ABC would be overtaken as the leader in the field by
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189:
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The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America
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in the UK, and at its peak, the firm numbered around 200 cafes.
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193:
160:, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
141:
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The changing face of Japanese retail: Working in a chain store
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Town of Jaffrey Planning Board Proposed Zoning Changes Summary
377:
Opening the first of its chain of teashops in 1894, branch of
276:(Dewachter Brothers) on January 1, 1875. The brothers offered
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145:
1112:"Chapter 17.54 FORMULA RETAIL AND RESTAURANT ESTABLISHMENTS"
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866:
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chain went from 7,400 stores in 2001 to 400 stores in 2018.
978:
631:". For example, there could often be a restaurant owned by
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provides direct assistance for community-level organizing.
568:
349:
chain stores have been in decline as retail has shifted to
1492:"Compromise reached on San Francisco's chain store limits"
677:
List of clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom
1453:
Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940
1092:
Permit how-to guides - chain stores (formula retail use)
27:
Retail outlets that share a brand and central management
1153:
1467:"Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs"
1370:
Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
908:
France, Maison Dewachter, Bordeaux (August 2, 2018).
1522:"USATODAY.com - Cities put shackles on chain stores"
1150:
Calif. Ct. App., 2nd. Dist. Filed 21-Jun-2017 (.pdf)
643:
1554:
Analysis of Cities with Formula Business Ordinances
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1671:Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces
1360:
1309:Business, Ahiza Garcia, CNN (February 16, 2019).
636:protect independent businesses from competition.
250:originated the idea of the chain department store
1697:
1435:
1101:, Planning Dept., City and Cty. of San Francisco
861:
859:
857:
851:Le Pantheon de L'Industrie, Paris, 1891, Page 20
707:"Wal-Mart Stores on the Forbes Global 2000 List"
1438:The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History
1160:Chain Store Ordinance Resurrected From the Dead
867:"The Dewis Collection - The Art of Louis Dewis"
319:Difference between a "chain" and formula retail
1573:"Cape Cod Residents Keep the Chain Stores Out"
238:clothes and by measure for men and children,"
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1311:"Payless is closing all its 2,100 US stores"
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982:Chain Stores: Their Management and Operation
934:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
225:The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
1617:(Chain Store Publishing Corporation, 1963).
1436:Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, W. (2011).
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950:"Magasins de prêt-à-porter sur Montpellier"
586:
519:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1613:Lebhar, Godfrey Montague, and W. C. Shaw.
1407:"The 20 best chain restaurants in America"
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144:outlet in which several locations share a
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1547:
1352:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1141:The Park at Cross Creek v. City of Malibu
1012:. New York: Chain Store Publishing Corp.
1007:
539:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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248:Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter
229:
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1582:article by Beth Greenfield June 8, 2010
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778:from the original on December 29, 2011
672:List of Canadian clothing store chains
581:American Independent Business Alliance
381:in Reading, Berkshire pictured in 1945
1290:from the original on December 6, 2018
1260:from the original on December 1, 2018
960:from the original on January 10, 2019
808:from the original on October 26, 2017
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1229:from the original on January 8, 2019
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1051:from the original on August 31, 2020
877:from the original on August 21, 2017
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768:"History of WHSmith - About WHSmith"
517:adding citations to reliable sources
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368:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1532:from the original on March 12, 2017
1502:from the original on March 12, 2017
1248:Carter, Clint (November 27, 2018).
889:
24:
1615:Chain stores in America, 1859-1962
1589:
1450:
1440:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 457.
1387:from the original on July 27, 2020
1367:Jakle, J.A.; Sculle, K.A. (2002).
1122:from the original on June 26, 2018
1010:Chain Stores in America: 1859–1950
985:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
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308:
25:
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1199:from the original on May 24, 2018
1192:Institute for Local Self-Reliance
717:from the original on May 18, 2012
461:(ABC) began operating a chain of
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916:from the original on May 3, 2018
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565:American Booksellers Association
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1711:Retail processes and techniques
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1187:"Formula Business Restrictions"
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441:, east London opened the first
425:and densely populated urban or
45:needs additional citations for
924:– via Wikimedia Commons.
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557:Independent Business Alliances
192:as a news vending business in
188:and his wife Anna established
13:
1:
1608:American Journal of Sociology
692:
654:Business and economics portal
625:Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
480:
272:. They later incorporated as
239:
1455:. A&C Black. p. 34.
798:"Our stores - About WHSmith"
437:In 1896, Samuel Isaacs from
7:
1563:, Malibu, California (.pdf)
639:
597:Provincetown, Massachusetts
10:
1737:
1578:November 18, 2016, at the
687:List of supermarket chains
563:organizations such as the
432:
339:
335:
221:George Huntington Hartford
208:by opening news-stands at
163:
1223:Hartford Business Journal
1165:November 5, 2017, at the
682:List of restaurant chains
613:Port Townsend, Washington
178:Pickering railway station
1647:American Economic Review
1640:Public Opinion Quarterly
667:List of bookstore chains
587:Regulation and exclusion
577:New Economics Foundation
1649:27#1 (1937), pp. 87–95
1526:Usatoday30.usatoday.com
1411:Business Insider France
830:, 2nd ed (2019), p. 14.
300:, American Stores, and
256:(Houses of Dewachter):
1642:78#4 (2014): 984–1002.
1610:110#2 (2004): 446–487.
1146:June 25, 2018, at the
1078:June 13, 2018, at the
553:independent businesses
394:
382:
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219:around 1860. By 1900,
181:
1666:60#4 (2008): 925–949.
1559:May 23, 2018, at the
1097:June 2, 2018, at the
459:Aerated Bread Company
415:Fast food restaurants
388:
376:
233:
206:Industrial Revolution
171:
1692:at Wikimedia Commons
1631:Matsunaga, Louella.
1597:City & Community
1498:. November 5, 2014.
551:The displacement of
513:improve this section
401:is a set of related
393:franchise restaurant
54:improve this article
621:Windermere, Florida
330:interstate commerce
326:formula restaurants
302:United Cigar Stores
198:William Henry Smith
180:in North Yorkshire
1664:American Quarterly
1635:(Routledge, 2012).
1602:Ingram, Paul, and
1599:10#1 (2011): 1–24.
1345:has generic name (
1116:Codepublishing.com
1045:www.lawinsider.com
1008:Lebhar GM (1952).
662:Formula restaurant
629:formula businesses
395:
383:
363:Payless ShoeSource
246:
186:Henry Walton Smith
182:
150:central management
1688:Media related to
1659:90 (2005): 1011+.
1626:978-0-578-56210-0
1380:978-0-8018-6920-4
1195:. December 2008.
1030:Levinson, p. 122.
573:New Rules Project
549:
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369:Restaurant chains
342:Retail apocalypse
283:Maisons Dewachter
254:Maisons Dewachter
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18:Chain restaurants
16:(Redirected from
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43:This article
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1471:The Guardian
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1391:December 29,
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1254:Entrepreneur
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954:Dewachter.fr
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529:October 2017
526:
511:Please help
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471:Joseph Lyons
436:
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202:railway boom
183:
138:retail chain
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1343:|last=
605:Bristol, RI
475:High Street
439:Whitechapel
407:franchising
403:restaurants
355:Radio Shack
298:Woolworth's
291:Louis Dewis
258:La Louvière
243: 1885
204:during the
134:chain store
1721:Franchises
1700:Categories
1673:31 (2000).
1496:Sfgate.com
1294:January 8,
1264:January 8,
1233:January 8,
1173:1-Nov-2017
1055:August 31,
964:January 8,
693:References
633:McDonald's
603:villages;
599:and other
481:Opposition
223:had built
190:W.H. Smith
174:W.H. Smith
80:newspapers
1536:August 2,
1506:August 2,
1284:Billboard
1126:August 2,
995:255149441
920:August 2,
812:August 2,
782:August 2,
741:The Times
571:like the
500:does not
184:In 1792,
176:stall at
172:Heritage
154:franchise
1651:in JSTOR
1576:Archived
1557:Archived
1530:Archived
1500:Archived
1476:June 26,
1415:Archived
1385:Archived
1335:cite web
1319:Archived
1288:Archived
1258:Archived
1227:Archived
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1163:Archived
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1120:Archived
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1076:Archived
1049:Archived
958:Archived
930:cite web
914:Archived
875:Archived
806:Archived
776:Archived
746:June 22,
715:Archived
640:See also
601:Cape Cod
463:teashops
451:Ramsgate
447:Brighton
419:highways
1421:June 7,
1203:May 23,
721:June 7,
521:removed
506:sources
455:Margate
433:Britain
336:Decline
164:History
158:Walmart
94:scholar
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1018:243136
1016:
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711:Forbes
391:Subway
194:London
142:retail
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561:trade
467:Lyons
379:Lyons
270:Leuze
266:Namur
146:brand
140:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1622:ISBN
1538:2018
1508:2018
1478:2022
1423:2017
1393:2017
1375:ISBN
1354:link
1347:help
1327:2019
1296:2019
1266:2019
1235:2019
1205:2018
1128:2018
1057:2020
1014:OCLC
991:OCLC
966:2019
936:link
922:2018
883:2019
814:2018
784:2018
748:2022
723:2017
623:and
575:and
569:NGOs
504:any
502:cite
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262:Mons
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515:by
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