Cervix - Knowledge

705: 722: 436: 649: 883: 61: 678: 665: 5105: 761:(or Nabothian follicles) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands. A buildup of mucus in the glands forms Nabothian cysts, usually less than about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, which are considered physiological rather than pathological. Both gland openings and Nabothian cysts are helpful to identify the transformation zone. 49: 6248: 373: 6272: 852:—a period of high estrogen levels— the mucus is thin and serous to allow sperm to enter the uterus and is more alkaline and hence more hospitable to sperm. It is also higher in electrolytes, which results in the "ferning" pattern that can be observed in drying mucus under low magnification; as the mucus dries, the salts crystallize, resembling the leaves of a fern. The mucus has a stretchy character described as 874:, called the operculum, forms inside the cervical canal during pregnancy. This provides a protective seal for the uterus against the entry of pathogens and against leakage of uterine fluids. The mucus plug is also known to have antibacterial properties. This plug is released as the cervix dilates, either during the first stage of childbirth or shortly before. It is visible as a blood-tinged mucous discharge. 6260: 3995: 452: 704: 840:; mucus is composed of around 93% water, reaching 98% at midcycle. These changes allow it to function either as a barrier or a transport medium to spermatozoa. It contains electrolytes such as calcium, sodium, and potassium; organic components such as glucose, amino acids, and soluble proteins; trace elements including zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and selenium; free fatty acids; enzymes such as 934:. Generally, the active first stage of labour, when the uterine contractions become strong and regular, begins when the cervical dilation is more than 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in). The second phase of labor begins when the cervix has dilated to 10 cm (4 in), which is regarded as its fullest dilation, and is when active pushing and contractions push the baby along the 396:. Around 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) in length, it is the lower narrower part of the uterus continuous above with the broader upper part—or body—of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix bulges through the anterior wall of the vagina, and is referred to as the vaginal portion of cervix (or ectocervix) while the rest of the cervix above the vagina is called the 1096:(VIA). Instituting and sustaining cytology-based programs in these regions can be difficult, due to the need for trained personnel, equipment and facilities and difficulties in follow-up. With VIA, results and treatment can be available on the same day. As a screening test, VIA is comparable to cervical cytology in accurately identifying precancerous lesions. 222:, over 2,000 years ago. The cervix is approximately 4 cm long with a diameter of approximately 3 cm and tends to be described as a cylindrical shape, although the front and back walls of the cervix are contiguous. The size of the cervix changes throughout a woman's life cycle. For example, during the fertile years of a woman's 721: 1029:

In 2008, cervical cancer was the third-most common cancer in women worldwide, with rates varying geographically from less than one to more than 50 cases per 100,000 women. It is a leading cause of cancer-related death in poor countries, where delayed diagnosis leading to poor outcomes is common. The

747:

and change to tougher metaplastic squamous epithelium in days or weeks, which is very similar to the original squamous epithelium when mature. The new squamocolumnar junction is therefore internal to the original squamocolumnar junction, and the zone of unstable epithelium between the two junctions

742:

girls, the functional squamocolumnar junction is present just within the cervical canal. Upon entering puberty, due to hormonal influence, and during pregnancy, the columnar epithelium extends outward over the ectocervix as the cervix everts. Hence, this also causes the squamocolumnar junction to

1033:

Cervical cancer nearly always involves human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a virus with numerous strains, several of which predispose to precancerous changes in the cervical epithelium, particularly in the transformation zone, which is the most common area for cervical cancer to start.

689:

The endocervical mucosa is about 3 mm (0.12 in) thick and lined with a single layer of columnar mucous cells. It contains numerous tubular mucous glands, which empty viscous alkaline mucus into the lumen. In contrast, the ectocervix is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous

1111:

is a possible result of the biopsy and represents dysplastic changes that may eventually progress to invasive cancer. Most cases of cervical cancer are detected in this way, without having caused any symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include vaginal bleeding, discharge, or discomfort.

984:

are reusable, firm-rimmed plastic devices inserted by a woman prior to intercourse that cover the cervix. Pressure against the walls of the vagina maintain the position of the diaphragm, and it acts as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus, preventing

1001:

are effective as a contraceptive because they thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to pass along the cervical canal. In addition, they may also sometimes prevent ovulation. In contrast, contraceptive pills that contain both oestrogen and progesterone, the

2622: 910:, rests on and is supported by the cervix. As labour progresses, the cervix becomes softer and shorter, begins to dilate, and withdraws to face the anterior of the body. The support the cervix provides to the fetal head starts to give way when the uterus begins its 502:

has taken place. In women who have not had a vaginal delivery, the external opening is small and circular, and in women who have had a vaginal delivery, it is slit-like. On average, the ectocervix is 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide.

1030:

introduction of routine screening has resulted in fewer cases of (and deaths from) cervical cancer, however this has mainly taken place in developed countries. Most developing countries have limited or no screening, and 85% of the global burden occurring there.

997:. In one year, 12% of women using the diaphragm will undergo an unintended pregnancy, and with optimal use this falls to 6%. Efficacy rates are lower for the cap, with 18% of women undergoing an unintended pregnancy, and 10–13% with optimal use. Most types of 628:

and the original columnar epithelium is derived from the paramesonephric duct. The point at which these two original epithelia meet is called the original squamocolumnar junction. New studies show, however, that all the cervical as well as large part of the

1218:

is a rare congenital condition in which the cervix completely fails to develop, often associated with the concurrent failure of the vagina to develop. Other congenital cervical abnormalities exist, often associated with abnormalities of the vagina and

1154:, which may appear whiteish due to exudate, and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria. Special tests may be used to identify particular bacteria. If the inflammation is due to a bacterium, then antibiotics may be given as treatment. 710:

The squamocolumnar junction of the cervix, with abrupt transition: The ectocervix, with its stratified squamous epithelium, is visible on the left. Simple columnar epithelium, typical of the endocervix, is visible on the right. A layer of

786:. Some sperm remains in cervical crypts, infoldings of the endocervix, which act as a reservoir, releasing sperm over several hours and maximising the chances of fertilisation. A theory states the cervical and uterine contractions during 624:, twice as large during childhood, and decreasing to its adult size, smaller than the uterus, after puberty. Previously, it was thought that during fetal development, the original squamous epithelium of the cervix is derived from the 1173:, used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent preterm labour and miscarriage, is also strongly associated with the development of cervical stenosis and other abnormalities in the daughters of the exposed women. Other abnormalities include: 2633: 805:

involve estimating a woman's periods of fertility and infertility by observing physiological changes in her body. Among these changes are several involving the quality of her cervical mucus: the sensation it causes at the

690:

epithelium, which resembles the squamous epithelium lining the vagina. The junction between these two types of epithelia is called the squamocolumnar junction. Underlying both types of epithelium is a tough layer of

2658:

Su M, Hannah WJ, Willan A, Ross S, Hannah ME (October 2004). "Planned caesarean section decreases the risk of adverse perinatal outcome due to both labour and delivery complications in the Term Breech Trial".

918:

to a diameter of more than 10 cm (3.9 in) to accommodate the head of the fetus as it descends from the uterus to the vagina. In becoming wider, the cervix also becomes shorter, a phenomenon known as

482:

adults. It is wider in the middle and narrower at each end. The anterior and posterior walls of the canal each have a vertical fold, from which ridges run diagonally upwards and laterally. These are known as

6114: 252:. The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina. The endocervix borders the uterus. The cervical canal has at least two types of 573:. However, there are variations as lymphatic drainage from the cervix travels to different sets of pelvic nodes in some people. This has implications in scanning nodes for involvement in cervical cancer. 487:, due to their resemblance to a palm leaf. The anterior and posterior ridges are arranged in such a way that they interlock with each other and close the canal. They are often effaced after pregnancy. 859:

At other times in the cycle, the mucus is thick and more acidic due to the effects of progesterone. This "infertile" mucus acts as a barrier to keep sperm from entering the uterus. Women taking an

620:. The cervix grows in size at a smaller rate than the body of the uterus, so the relative size of the cervix over time decreases, decreasing from being much larger than the body of the uterus in 467:, which also extends over the sides of the cervix. To the rear, the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum, which runs onto the back of the vaginal wall and then turns upwards and onto the 1212:

abnormality; its presence, however is usually indicative of DES exposure, and as such women who experience these abnormalities should be aware of their increased risk of associated pathologies.

790:

draw semen into the uterus. Although the "upsuck theory" has been generally accepted for some years, it has been disputed due to lack of evidence, small sample size, and methodological errors.

3630:

Herbst AL, Poskanzer DC, Robboy SJ, Friedlander L, Scully RE (February 1975). "Prenatal exposure to stilbestrol. A prospective comparison of exposed female offspring with unexposed controls".

588:

approaches, the cervix becomes softer and rises to open in response to the higher levels of estrogen present. These changes are also accompanied by changes in cervical mucus, described below.

2982:

Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F (October 2013). "Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors".

942:

is a strong factor in influencing how rapidly the cervix is able to dilate in labour. The time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface is one factor used in reporting systems such as the

283:

tests can detect cervical cancer and its precursors, and enable early successful treatment. Ways to avoid HPV include avoiding heterosexual sex, utilising penile condoms, and receiving the

3700:

Patton PE, Novy MJ, Lee DM, Hickok LR (June 2004). "The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum".

1442:

among early writers, who used the term to refer to both the cervix and the internal uterine orifice. The first attested use of the word to refer to the cervix of the uterus was in 1702.

478:

The cervical canal varies greatly in length and width between women or over the course of a woman's life, and it can measure 8 mm (0.3 inch) at its widest diameter in

752:

of the cervix. Histologically, the transformation zone is generally defined as surface squamous epithelium with surface columnar epithelium or stromal glands/crypts, or both.

584:, the cervix undergoes a series of changes in position and texture. During most of the menstrual cycle, the cervix remains firm, and is positioned low and closed. However, as 1261:, rodents, aardvarks and hyraxes have a duplex uterus and two cervices. Lagomorphs and rodents share many morphological characteristics and are grouped together in the clade 1269:

are unusual in that they lack a defined cervix; they are thought to have lost the characteristic rather than other mammals developing a cervix on more than one lineage. In

498:, connecting the cervix with the vagina. The size and shape of the ectocervix and the external opening (external os) can vary according to age, hormonal state, and whether 287:. HPV vaccines, developed in the early 21st century, reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by preventing infections from the main cancer-causing strains of HPV. 743:

move outwards onto the vaginal portion of the cervix, where it is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment. The exposed columnar epithelium can undergo physiological

6119: 654:

Transformation zone mucosa, when the squamocolumnar junction has a gradual transition. It consists of a mix of stratified squamous epithelium and mucinous glands.

964:

is a condition in which shortening of the cervix due to dilation and thinning occurs, before term pregnancy. Short cervical length is the strongest predictor of

490:

The ectocervix (also known as the vaginal portion of the cervix) has a convex, elliptical shape and projects into the cervix between the anterior and posterior

329:, preventing the passage of sperm through the cervix. Other approaches aiming to prevent contraception include methods that observe cervical mucus, such as the 162: 3859: 443:. The functional squamocolumnar junction surrounds the external os and is visible as the irregular demarcation between the lighter and darker shades of pink 2841: 4027: 2618: 2055: 2888: 2071:"European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for clinical management of abnormal cervical cytology, part 1" 1930:

Reich O, Fritsch H (October 2014). "The developmental origin of cervical and vaginal epithelium and their clinical consequences: a systematic review".

1181:; cervical ridges and hoods; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance, which is the condition wherein, as the name suggests, the cervix of the 3357: 1130:. This inflammation may be of the endocervix or ectocervix. When associated with the endocervix, it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and 1644:. Illustrations by Frank H. Netter, contributing illustrators, Joe Chovan, et al. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 416. 1237:, which are benign overgrowths of endocervical tissue, if present, may cause bleeding, or a benign overgrowth may be present in the cervical canal. 1165:

is an abnormally narrow cervical canal, typically associated with trauma caused by removal of tissue for investigation or treatment of cancer, or

1903:

McLean JM (November 2006). "Morphogenesis and Differentiation of the cervicovaginal epithelium". In Jordan J, Singer A, Jones H, Shafi M (eds.).

3665:

Fujimoto VY, Miller JH, Klein NA, Soules MR (December 1997). "Congenital cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature".

1328:

but also to an analogous narrowed part of an object. The cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) is thus the uterine cervix, but in English the word

3595:

Mittendorf R (June 1995). "Teratogen update: carcinogenesis and teratogenesis associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero".

1838:

Sharif K, Olufowobi O (2006). "The structure chemistry and physics of human cervical mucus". In Jordan J, Singer A, Jones H, Shafi M (eds.).

138: 3971: 993:

are a similar method, although they are smaller and adhere to the cervix by suction. Diaphragms and caps are often used in conjunction with

2060: 5094: 4936: 1142:. As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic. Other causes include overgrowth of the 384:. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus situated between the external os (external orifice) and internal os (internal orifice). The 1093: 6298: 6170: 302:, which releases when a woman's uterus dislodges from her womb every month of her fertile years, unless the mechanics through which an 6303: 1807:

Taking charge of your fertility : the definitive guide to natural birth control, pregnancy achievement, and reproductive health

6229: 4020: 3177:

Diamantis A, Magiorkinis E, Androutsos G (November 2010). "Different strokes: Pap-test and Babes method are not one and the same".

3018: 6276: 6152: 886:

When the head of the fetus pushes against the cervix, a signal (2) is sent to the brain. This causes a signal to be sent to the

6190: 2776:

Trussell J, Strickler J, Vaughan B (May–Jun 1993). "Contraceptive efficacy of the diaphragm, the sponge and the cervical cap".

1208:

lining the cervix are usually considered or grouped into the same overarching description. It is in and of itself considered a

3952: 3773: 3746: 3399: 3340: 3123: 3060: 2882: 2835: 2711: 2486: 2171: 2036: 1914: 1880: 1855: 1819: 1713: 1649: 1624: 1541: 2217: 420:, and the mucosa covering the ectocervix is known as the exocervix. The cervix has an inner mucosal layer, a thick layer of 4860: 3816:

Novacek MJ, Wyss AR (September 1986). "Higher-Level Relationships of the Recent Eutherian Orders: Morphological Evidence".

1273:, the cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads that hold the boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation. 848:. Its consistency is determined by the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. At midcycle around the time of 798: 755:

After menopause, the uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the cervical canal.

694:. The mucosa of the endocervix is not shed during menstruation. The cervix has more fibrous tissue, including collagen and 2428:

Becher N, Adams Waldorf K, Hein M, Uldbjerg N (May 2009). "The cervical mucus plug: structured review of the literature".

6124: 4013: 890:

to release oxytocin (4). Oxytocin is carried in the bloodstream to the uterus, causing contractions to induce childbirth.

832:

a day, increasing to 600 mg around the time of ovulation. It is viscous because it contains large proteins known as

6264: 6234: 4339: 1241:

refers to the horizontal overgrowth of the endocervical columnar lining in a one-cell-thick layer over the ectocervix.

1108: 1074: 6129: 5277: 3800: 3424: 3231: 3085: 3028: 2520: 2371: 2003: 1783: 1596: 260:; while the ectocervical part of the conduit contains squamous epithelium. Squamous epithelium line the conduit with 1766:

Mould TA, Chow C (2005). "The Vascular, Neural and Lymphatic Anatomy of the Cervix". In Jordan JA, Singer A (eds.).

1046:, reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, by inoculating against the viral strains involved in cancer development. 5462: 3867: 2243:

Levin RJ (November 2011). "The human female orgasm: a critical evaluation of its proposed reproductive functions".

1003: 405: 1619:. Illustrations by Richardson P, Tibbitts R. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 415, 423. 5831: 5654: 5428: 5087: 4772: 2822: 1069:, an instrument used to see a magnified view of the cervix, was invented in 1925. The Pap smear was developed by 5117: 4417: 1131: 495: 413: 397: 6212: 6180: 6078: 4789: 3999: 3221: 2869: 280: 157: 6157: 6073: 5411: 4865: 4722: 4492: 4304: 4266: 4161: 3363: 3142:

Gasparini R, Panatto D (May 2009). "Cervical cancer: from Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen".

17: 5686: 5629: 5193: 4941: 4845: 4130: 3892: 6308: 6252: 6217: 6207: 5247: 5129: 5080: 4593: 4166: 4036: 3918: 1499: 1162: 779: 562: 554: 393: 4321: 1871:

Schoenwolf GC, Bleyl SB, Brauer PR, Francis-West PH (2009). ""Development of the Urogenital system"".

1085:

in 1927. In some parts of the developed world including the UK, the Pap test has been superseded with

6010: 5880: 5838: 5699: 4983: 4931: 4870: 4835: 4702: 3247:

Sherris J, Wittet S, Kleine A, Sellors J, Luciani S, Sankaranarayanan R, Barone MA (September 2009).

2957: 2187: 1178: 1010:. They also thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus, enhancing their effectiveness. 981: 903: 802: 633:

are derived from Müllerian duct tissue and that phenotypic differences might be due to other causes.

597: 326: 3441:

Valle RF, Sankpal R, Marlow JL, Cohen L (2002). "Cervical Stenosis: A Challenging Clinical Entity".

2069:

Jordan J, Arbyn M, Martin-Hirsch P, Schenck U, Baldauf JJ, Da Silva D, et al. (December 2008).

1430:; cervical cancer was first described more than 2,000 years ago, with descriptions provided by both 6222: 5746: 5562: 5529: 5421: 4885: 4850: 4695: 4487: 4271: 1375:, referring to a "structure that projects". Thus, the word cervix is linguistically related to the 515: 435: 121: 4668: 2051:

International Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy (IFCPC) classification. References:

256:(lining): the endocervical lining is glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix with a single 6175: 6029: 5821: 5514: 4875: 4840: 4673: 4261: 4256: 3979: 2961: 860: 783: 265: 31: 2389:"Electrolytes in vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle of coitally active and inactive women" 1250: 6088: 5956: 5946: 5811: 5534: 5467: 5442: 5378: 5252: 4812: 4807: 4797: 4707: 4678: 4281: 4276: 3391: 3332: 3331:. Illustrated by Britton R (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 3115: 2028: 1197: 566: 440: 169: 145: 133: 2478: 2472: 1847: 1257:(placental) mammal species have a single cervix and a single, bipartite or bicornuate uterus. 670:

Histology of endocervix, with mucinous columnar epithelium and mucinous glands. H&E stain.

475:. The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus. 6068: 5870: 5674: 5349: 5018: 5013: 4777: 4507: 2913:

Arbyn M, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S, Bruni L, Saraiya M, Bray F, Ferlay J (December 2011).

1811: 1805: 1775: 1588: 1086: 1070: 998: 961: 907: 558: 526:, transmit the sensation of pain from the cervix to the brain. These nerves travel along the 523: 519: 3520: 3383: 3382:

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2008).

3362:. Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. pp. Chapter 7: Cervicitis. Archived from 3324: 3107: 3106:

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2008).

2020: 1839: 1767: 774:

The cervical canal is a pathway through which sperm enter the uterus after being induced by

6083: 6034: 5354: 5344: 5272: 5267: 5242: 5227: 5222: 4548: 4528: 4502: 4084: 3249:"Evidence-based, alternative cervical cancer screening approaches in low-resource settings" 1344: 601: 527: 276: 272: 81: 4648: 1150:

virus. Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a

648: 8: 6313: 5587: 5544: 5509: 5416: 5396: 5061: 5056: 4729: 4145: 1368: 1324:, where it means "neck", and like its Germanic counterpart, it can refer not only to the 1135: 920: 911: 871: 794: 605: 472: 401: 311: 261: 240:

In relation to the vagina, the part of the cervix that opens to the uterus is called the

207: 2744: 685:, visible as the darker red mucosa surrounding the cervical os. Viewed on speculum exam. 6185: 5914: 5768: 5539: 5524: 5051: 4663: 4658: 4598: 4469: 4309: 4140: 4053: 3841: 3829: 3572: 3547: 3497: 3472: 3202: 2793: 2753: 2728: 2684: 2565: 2540: 2515:(22nd ed.). New York; Toronto: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 157–60, 537–39. 2453: 2339: 2322: 2303: 2260: 2136: 2119: 2100: 1955: 1338: 1238: 1190: 1177:, in which the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar; cancers such as 1170: 1151: 1050: 682: 630: 257: 223: 60: 3678: 2556: 1146:

of the vagina. When associated with the ectocervix, inflammation may be caused by the

218:. The human female cervix has been documented anatomically since at least the time of 6005: 5924: 5848: 5826: 5339: 5257: 5108: 4767: 4653: 4497: 4329: 4118: 4101: 3948: 3833: 3796: 3769: 3742: 3717: 3682: 3647: 3612: 3577: 3502: 3420: 3395: 3384: 3336: 3325: 3305: 3270: 3227: 3194: 3159: 3119: 3108: 3081: 3056: 3024: 2999: 2936: 2878: 2831: 2801: 2758: 2707: 2676: 2672: 2570: 2516: 2482: 2445: 2410: 2367: 2344: 2295: 2264: 2167: 2141: 2092: 2087: 2070: 2032: 2021: 1999: 1947: 1910: 1876: 1851: 1815: 1779: 1709: 1645: 1620: 1592: 1582: 1537: 1228: 1224: 1215: 955: 927: 915: 712: 546: 416:(or external os), respectively. The mucosa lining the cervical canal is known as the 361: 353: 3845: 2688: 2457: 2307: 2278:

Borrow AP, Cameron NM (March 2012). "The role of oxytocin in mating and pregnancy".

2104: 1840: 1768: 882: 677: 290:

The conduit of the cervix is the organ that allows for blood to flow from a woman's

5567: 5334: 5329: 4784: 4762: 4717: 4553: 4299: 4188: 4176: 4123: 4071: 3825: 3709: 3674: 3639: 3604: 3567: 3559: 3492: 3484: 3450: 3297: 3260: 3186: 3151: 2991: 2926: 2785: 2748: 2740: 2668: 2560: 2552: 2437: 2400: 2334: 2287: 2252: 2225: 2131: 2082: 2027:(5th ed.). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 1959: 1939: 1743: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1288: 1205: 1174: 947: 939: 625: 538: 338: 3206: 3155: 863:

also have thick mucus from the effects of progesterone. Thick mucus also prevents

6063: 5919: 5783: 5741: 5602: 5577: 5501: 5391: 5373: 5319: 5203: 5046: 5041: 4392: 4181: 4094: 3790: 3763: 3736: 2256: 1993: 1943: 1904: 1356: 1266: 1166: 1143: 1024: 951: 931: 887: 837: 460: 444: 334: 330: 126: 5072: 3643: 3301: 3080:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA; Toronto, ON: Elsevier Mosby. pp. 350–51. 2291: 1747: 1475: 1092:

An inexpensive, cost-effective and practical alternative in poorer countries is

569:, and the posterior section of the cervix drains to the obturator and presacral 6106: 5933: 5909: 5853: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5704: 5582: 5366: 5237: 5183: 4988: 4978: 4973: 4946: 4926: 4890: 4683: 4586: 4479: 4402: 4380: 4248: 4135: 3713: 3454: 3359:

The Practitioner's Handbook for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

2995: 1412: 1399: 1234: 1186: 1147: 845: 758: 739: 550: 507: 491: 385: 249: 230: 215: 97: 93: 6115:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

3563: 2441: 608:. During development, the outer parts of the two ducts fuse, forming a single 360:

to progress along the birth canal. Midwives and doctors use the extent of the

6292: 6144: 6058: 6019: 5995: 5904: 5788: 5721: 5592: 5496: 5457: 5314: 5149: 4993: 4897: 4576: 4571: 4523: 4424: 4224: 4111: 4106: 4089: 4005: 1062: 986: 977: 965: 421: 318: 268:(SCJ). This junction changes location dynamically throughout a woman's life. 150: 4825: 4581: 3972:"Intrapartum care: Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth" 3608: 2931: 2914: 2704:

Contraception : healthy choices : a contraceptive clinic in a book

561:. The posterior and lateral cervix drains along the uterine arteries to the 5973: 5968: 5709: 5609: 5554: 5282: 5161: 5156: 5008: 5003: 4690: 4643: 4442: 3837: 3721: 3506: 3274: 3198: 3163: 3003: 2940: 2762: 2680: 2574: 2449: 2348: 2299: 2145: 2096: 1951: 1426:

The cervix was documented in anatomical literature in at least the time of

1350: 1270: 1035: 990: 943: 828:

Several hundred glands in the endocervix produce 20–60 mg of cervical

812: 733:

Type 3: Endocervical component, not fully visible (common after menopause).

655: 577: 511: 479: 322: 299: 284: 203: 3686: 3651: 3616: 3581: 3488: 3309: 2981: 2805: 2414: 2405: 2388: 664: 248:, while between is the conduit of the cervix, commonly referred to as the 5963: 5899: 5736: 5679: 5619: 5614: 5452: 5401: 5262: 4817: 4464: 4457: 4447: 4412: 4407: 4385: 4375: 4346: 4193: 2511:

Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Hauth J, Gilstrap L, Wenstrom K (2005).

1431: 1427: 1104: 1082: 935: 731:

Type 2: Endocervical component but fully visible (common before puberty).

464: 409: 388:

connects the interior of the vagina and the cavity of the body of uterus.

237:

have a larger sized cervix than females who have not produced offspring.

219: 5104: 4757: 2229: 5361: 5301: 5232: 4712: 4638: 4452: 4334: 3789:

Feldhamer GA, Drickamer LC, Vessey SH, Merritt JF, Krajewski C (2007).

2797: 1774:(2nd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1578: 1439: 1201: 1139: 1127: 1121: 1066: 1058: 994: 895: 744: 609: 570: 542: 499: 429: 417: 349: 253: 76: 4434: 3288:

Cannistra SA, Niloff JM (April 1996). "Cancer of the uterine cervix".

2120:"Audit of the histological definition of cervical transformation zone" 1193:-treated mothers (i.e. in-utero exposure) develop a cockscomb cervix. 604:(also called Müllerian ducts), which develop around the sixth week of 175: 48: 5751: 5624: 5484: 5474: 5309: 5287: 5214: 4612: 4203: 4044: 3947:. Translated by Johnston I. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 3190: 2706:(2nd ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: UNSW Press. pp. 27–37. 1258: 1100: 1054: 1007: 849: 817: 775: 585: 342: 234: 3265: 3248: 2789: 1998:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 408–11. 1380: 6134: 5951: 5865: 5843: 5763: 5664: 5572: 5479: 5406: 5324: 5144: 4749: 4291: 4211: 3023:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 72. 2477:(7th ed.). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Elsevier Mosby. p. 2364:

The Billings Method: Controlling Fertility Without Drugs or Devices

1536:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 185–201. 1435: 1254: 1078: 1043: 1039: 864: 691: 581: 303: 1875:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 1049:

Potentially precancerous changes in the cervix can be detected by

729:

Type 1: Completely ectocervical (common under hormonal influence).

6053: 6024: 6000: 5982: 5778: 5758: 4918: 1870: 1672:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. pp. 495–98. 926:

Along with other factors, midwives and doctors use the extent of

841: 695: 425: 321:

aim to prevent fertilization by blocking this conduit, including

3629: 2912: 2166:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. p. 1027. 506:

Blood is supplied to the cervix by the descending branch of the

5891: 5773: 5597: 5519: 5178: 5168: 5036: 4902: 4563: 4360: 4219: 3994: 3788: 2427: 2068: 1992:

Beckmann CR, Herbert W, Laube D, Ling F, Smith R (March 2013).

1262: 1220: 1209: 1182: 787: 617: 613: 531: 468: 451: 381: 377: 357: 295: 291: 211: 88: 3176: 2323:"Are vaginal symptoms ever normal? a review of the literature" 494:. On the rounded part of the ectocervix is a small, depressed 5653: 5188: 5139: 4734: 4630: 4621: 4229: 4062: 3051:

Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).

2877:. Family Planning Association (UK). January 2014. p. 4. 2539:

Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R (January 2008).

2023:

Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas

1640:

Ovalle WK, Nahirney PC (2013). "Female Reproductive System".

1403: 1318: 899: 833: 829: 807: 621: 307: 275:(HPV) can cause changes in the epithelium, which can lead to 109: 3419:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. 3253:

International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health

2623:"Obstetric Data Definitions Issues and Rationale for Change" 1297: 408:

with the lumen of the vagina. The openings are known as the

337:. Curvical mucus changes in consistency throughout women's 5858: 4234: 3975: 2538: 1846:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1476:"Anatomy of the uterine cervix and the transformation zone" 1473: 1325: 541:

from the cervix. The anterior and lateral cervix drains to

463:, separated from it by cellular connective tissue known as 372: 3473:"Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?" 3390:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 3381: 3246: 3114:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 3105: 2510: 2117: 1474:

Prendiville, Walter; Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy (2017),

439:

A normal cervix of an adult viewed through vagina using a

244:

and the opening of the cervix in the vagina is called the

27:

Lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system

5669: 3755: 3664: 3050: 2956: 1303: 902:

descends within the uterus in preparation for birth, the

6120:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

2775: 1991: 1667: 3440: 2320: 428:

covering consisting of connective tissue and overlying

2056:"Transformation zone (TZ) and cervical excision types" 1081:

to excise a patch of cervical tissue was developed by

5810: 3761: 3322: 1309: 1306: 1294: 1223:. The cervix may be duplicated in situations such as 1103:

is usually further investigated, such as by taking a

1061:

cells are scraped from the surface of the cervix and

3055:(8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 716–21. 1810:(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Collins. pp. 1332:

used alone usually refers to it. Thus the adjective

1300: 1204:

constitute a cockscomb cervix. Similarly, cockscomb

946:, used to recommend whether interventions such as a 836:. The viscosity and water content varies during the 455:

Cervix before (left) and after vaginal birth (right)

3699: 3623: 2701: 2321:Anderson M, Karasz A, Friedland S (November 2004). 1291: 3728: 2830:. Family Planning Association (UK). pp. 3–4. 2657: 2215: 2118:Mukonoweshuro P, Oriowolo A, Smith M (June 2005). 459:In front of the upper part of the cervix lies the 5102: 3323:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010). 3101: 3099: 3097: 2952: 2950: 2534: 2532: 2361: 2157: 2155: 1703: 1688:Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract 1614: 1534:Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract 545:along the uterine arteries, travelling along the 424:, and posteriorly the supravaginal portion has a 6290: 3886: 3884: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3431:Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh. 3377: 3375: 3373: 3141: 3137: 3135: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 1411:), and the Welsh and Romanian words for "deer" ( 3762:Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M (30 January 1987). 3471:Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). 3287: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2470: 1837: 1681: 1679: 262:multiple layers of cells topped with flat cells 4035: 3734: 3588: 3327:Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine 3094: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2947: 2586: 2584: 2529: 2152: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1639: 1480:Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Precancer 1276: 1107:, which may also remove the cancerous lesion. 65:Diagram of the female human reproductive tract 5088: 4021: 3881: 3702:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3667:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3539: 3461: 3370: 3316: 3132: 2915:"Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008" 2430:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2366:. Toronto, ON: Life Cycle Books. p. 37. 2277: 2202: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1833: 1831: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1699: 1697: 1482:, International Agency for Research on Cancer 1126:Inflammation of the cervix is referred to as 856:most prominent around the time of ovulation. 530:, which pass from the uterus to the anterior 364:to assist decision-making during childbirth. 233:females; likewise, females who have produced 2975: 2729:"Contraceptive failure in the United States" 2601: 2599: 2495: 2314: 2111: 2061:Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia 2012: 1929: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1676: 1670:Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 3815: 3075: 3037: 2581: 2386: 2380: 1966: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1663: 1661: 1610: 1608: 1157: 867:from interfering with a nascent pregnancy. 6171:International Center for Research on Women 5095: 5081: 4028: 4014: 3594: 3408: 3386:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3219: 3110:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2864: 2862: 2817: 2815: 2541:"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth" 2161: 1889: 1828: 1754: 1694: 715:is visible under both types of epithelium. 59: 47: 3795:. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press. p. 198. 3792:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology 3782: 3571: 3545: 3496: 3349: 3264: 2930: 2906: 2752: 2596: 2564: 2404: 2338: 2135: 2086: 1923: 1765: 1736:Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 1734:Ellis H (2011). "Anatomy of the uterus". 1722: 1668:Gardner E, Gray DJ, O'Rahilly R (1969) . 1573: 1518: 1057:(also called a cervical smear), in which 816:), its transparency, and the presence of 681:A nulliparous woman's ectocervix showing 404:, runs along its length and connects the 3281: 3069: 3010: 2726: 1803: 1792: 1658: 1605: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1013: 881: 676: 450: 434: 371: 3809: 3240: 2859: 2824:Your Guide to the progesterone-one pill 2812: 1438:. However, there was some variation in 226:, females tend to have a larger cervix 14: 6291: 3414: 3226:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 613. 2222:The Global Library of Women's Medicine 1932:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 1902: 1690:(5th ed.). Springer. p. 207. 1685: 1615:Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW (2005). 1531: 1492: 5890: 5076: 4009: 3942: 3765:Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials 3355: 2393:Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 2387:Wagner G, Levin RJ (September 1980). 2242: 2018: 1733: 1550: 1500:"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines" 1196:Enlarged folds or ridges of cervical 940:The number of past vaginal deliveries 600:, the cervix is derived from the two 6259: 6153:Office of Research on Women's Health 4798:Infra-corporeal residual spongy part 4620: 3708:(6): 1669–75, discussion p.1675–78. 3016: 2617: 2190:. Seattle Sperm Bank. 4 January 2014 2188:"Demystifying IUI, ICI, IVI and IVF" 1577: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1336:may refer either to the neck (as in 580:and directly under the influence of 264:. These two linings converge at the 6271: 6191:Society for Women's Health Research 6125:International Day of the Girl Child 3632:The New England Journal of Medicine 3513: 3417:Comprehensive neonatal nursing care 3290:The New England Journal of Medicine 2745:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 2216:Brannigan RE, Lipshultz LI (2008). 1392: 1189:. About one third of women born to 191: 24: 6235:Birth control in the United States 3916: 3890: 3830:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00463.x 2218:"Sperm Transport and Capacitation" 1348:) or to the uterine cervix (as in 1109:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1094:visual inspection with acetic acid 938:leading to the birth of the baby. 25: 6325: 6299:Mammal female reproductive system 6130:Commission on the Status of Women 5140:External female genitalia (vulva) 3987: 3860:"The Female - Swine Reproduction" 3525:National Cancer Institute Visuals 3521:"Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cervix" 1909:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 1704:Daftary SN, Chakravari S (2011). 1456: 1004:combined oral contraceptive pills 930:to assist decision making during 894:The cervix plays a major role in 823: 6304:Human female reproductive system 6270: 6258: 6247: 6246: 5463:Assisted reproductive technology 5103: 3993: 3978:. September 2007. Archived from 2673:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00266.x 2471:Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE (2006). 2362:Westinore A, Billings E (1998). 2088:10.1111/j.1365-2303.2008.00623.x 1506:. Bethesda, MD. 29 December 2011 1287: 1244: 971: 720: 703: 663: 647: 406:cavity of the body of the uterus 400:. A central canal, known as the 5429:Breastfeeding and mental health 4794:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa 3945:Galen: On Diseases and Symptoms 3936: 3910: 3852: 3693: 3658: 3548:"The daughters of stilboestrol" 3434: 3220:Gray W, Kocjan G, eds. (2010). 3213: 3170: 2894:from the original on 2013-11-02 2871:Your Guide to the combined pill 2847:from the original on 2014-03-27 2769: 2720: 2695: 2651: 2611: 2464: 2421: 2355: 2271: 2245:Sexual and Relationship Therapy 2236: 2180: 2045: 1864: 1132:sexually transmitted infections 1115: 698:, than the rest of the uterus. 3964: 3768:. Cambridge University Press. 3443:Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 2164:Textbook of Medical Physiology 1633: 1398:), the Greek word for "head" ( 958:should be used in childbirth. 591: 414:external orifice of the uterus 398:supravaginal portion of cervix 352:, the cervix must flatten and 13: 1: 6079:Social determinants of health 3679:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70085-1 3156:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.069 2557:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4 2124:Journal of Clinical Pathology 1445: 877: 596:As a component of the female 271:Cervical infections with the 6074:Gender disparities in health 5412:Mother-to-child transmission 2962:"Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer" 2778:Family Planning Perspectives 2702:NSW Family Planning (2009). 2257:10.1080/14681994.2011.649692 1944:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000023 1642:Netter's Essential Histology 1450: 1053:, using methods including a 1006:, work mainly by preventing 769: 636: 367: 258:layer of column-shaped cells 7: 5687:Pelvic inflammatory disease 5630:Hormone replacement therapy 5194:Reproductive system disease 4942:Internal urethral sphincter 3864:livestocktrail.illinois.edu 3644:10.1056/NEJM197502132920704 3527:. National Cancer Institute 3302:10.1056/NEJM199604183341606 3076:Lowe A, Stevens JS (2005). 2607:Normal labour: second stage 2292:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.001 2162:Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005). 1748:10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.11.005 1708:. Elsevier. pp. 1–16. 1617:Gray's Anatomy for Students 1581:(1995). Williams PL (ed.). 1317:) came to English from the 1277:Etymology and pronunciation 1063:examined under a microscope 764: 612:canal that will become the 202:is a dynamic fibromuscular 10: 6330: 6181:Black Women's Health Study 5248:Complications of pregnancy 4037:Female reproductive system 3735:Tyndale-Biscoe CH (2005). 3714:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.046 3455:10.1089/104240602762555939 2996:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.024 2984:European Journal of Cancer 2605:NICE (2007). Section 1.7, 2592:Normal labour: first stage 2590:NICE (2007). Section 1.6, 1404: 1265:. Anteaters of the family 1179:clear cell adenocarcinomas 1119: 1022: 780:penile-vaginal intercourse 727:Transformation zone types: 563:internal iliac lymph nodes 555:external iliac lymph nodes 537:Three channels facilitate 394:female reproductive system 392:The cervix is part of the 29: 6242: 6199: 6158:Women's Health Initiative 6143: 6105: 6096: 6045: 6011:Major depressive disorder 5879: 5839:Intimate partner violence 5801: 5700:Female genital mutilation 5695: 5644: 5553: 5495: 5441: 5387: 5300: 5213: 5202: 5128: 5115: 5029: 4963: 4947:External urethral orifice 4937:External sphincter muscle 4932:Internal urethral orifice 4917: 4748: 4741:Vestibular gland openings 4703:Posterior labial arteries 4629: 4611: 4562: 4541: 4516: 4478: 4433: 4368: 4359: 4320: 4290: 4247: 4202: 4154: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 3564:10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1414 3546:Wingfield M (June 1991). 2958:World Health Organization 2442:10.1080/00016340902852898 1995:Obstetrics and Gynecology 1873:Larsen's human embryology 1706:Manual of Obstretics, 3/e 1504:National Cancer Institute 1251:paired uteri and cervices 1018: 914:. During childbirth, the 441:bivalved vaginal speculum 168: 156: 144: 132: 120: 108: 103: 87: 75: 70: 58: 46: 41: 5747:Gynaecological disorders 5563:Culture and menstruation 5530:Contraceptive prevalence 5422:Compulsory sterilization 4861:Superficial dorsal veins 4851:Internal pudendal artery 3223:Diagnostic Cytopathology 3179:Diagnostic Cytopathology 1158:Anatomical abnormalities 516:pelvic splanchnic nerves 6030:Urinary tract infection 5822:Abuse during childbirth 5014:Uterine venous plexuses 4876:Internal pudendal veins 4674:Posterior labial nerves 3609:10.1002/tera.1420510609 3483:(2): 147–50, quiz 151. 3477:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3053:Robbins basic pathology 2727:Trussell J (May 2011). 1686:Kurman RJ, ed. (2002). 1532:Kurman RJ, ed. (1994). 1249:Female marsupials have 1077:using a heated loop of 861:oral contraceptive pill 784:artificial insemination 266:squamocolumnar junction 32:Cervix (disambiguation) 5947:Cardiovascular disease 5535:Contraceptive security 5468:In vitro fertilization 5379:Postpartum confinement 5253:Hyperemesis gravidarum 4708:Posterior labial veins 4679:Anterior labial nerves 4508:Pubocervical ligaments 3943:Galen IJ, ed. (2011). 1416: 1200:(fibrous tissues) and 999:progestogen-only pills 891: 686: 567:paraaortic lymph nodes 559:paraaortic lymph nodes 456: 448: 389: 362:dilation of the cervix 170:Anatomical terminology 6069:Healthcare inequality 5871:Gender discrimination 5675:Human papilloma virus 5350:Vesicovaginal fistula 5019:Vaginal venous plexus 4503:Uterosacral ligaments 3489:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512 2932:10.1093/annonc/mdr015 2406:10.1530/jrf.0.0600017 2280:Hormones and Behavior 1589:Churchill Livingstone 1087:liquid-based cytology 1071:Georgios Papanikolaou 1014:Clinical significance 962:Cervical incompetence 885: 680: 602:paramesonephric ducts 528:uterosacral ligaments 454: 438: 375: 82:Paramesonephric ducts 6176:Nurses' Health Study 6084:Reproductive justice 6035:Urinary incontinence 5655:Sexually transmitted 5510:Intrauterine devices 5355:Rectovaginal fistula 5345:Obstetrical fistulae 5273:Gestational diabetes 5268:Obstetrical bleeding 5243:Adolescent pregnancy 5228:Gravidity and parity 5223:Unintended pregnancy 5062:Uterotubal junctions 4664:Posterior commissure 4529:Urogenital diaphragm 4418:Supravaginal portion 4340:Vesicular appendages 4305:Suspensory ligaments 4249:Fallopian tubes 4002:at Wikimedia Commons 3741:. Csiro Publishing. 1591:. pp. 1870–73. 1345:cervical lymph nodes 980:involve the cervix. 782:, and some forms of 510:and drains into the 294:and out through her 277:cancer of the cervix 273:human papillomavirus 30:For other uses, see 6089:Women's empowerment 5957:Alzheimer's disease 5588:Cloth menstrual pad 5545:Fertility awareness 5515:Oral contraceptives 5397:Perinatal mortality 5057:Vesicouterine pouch 4808:Commissure of bulbs 4773:Suspensory ligament 4659:Anterior commissure 4282:Intramural segments 4162:Germinal epithelium 4146:Perivitelline space 3558:(6790): 1414–1415. 2513:Williams obstetrics 2230:10.3843/GLOWM.10316 1804:Weschler T (2006). 1369:Proto-Indo-European 982:Cervical diaphragms 976:Several methods of 872:cervical mucus plug 795:fertility awareness 750:transformation zone 598:reproductive system 565:and ultimately the 557:and ultimately the 549:at the base of the 473:recto-uterine pouch 341:, which may signal 327:cervical diaphragms 317:Several methods of 208:reproductive system 6186:Cartwright Inquiry 6097:Politics, research 5915:Endometrial cancer 5769:Sexual intercourse 5540:Planned parenthood 5525:Male contraceptive 5052:Rectouterine pouch 4778:Fundiform ligament 4594:Support structures 4549:Bartholin's glands 4498:Cardinal ligaments 4310:Pampiniform plexus 4141:Membrana granulosa 3738:Life of Marsupials 3150:(Suppl 1): A4–A5. 3020:Hardcore pathology 2919:Annals of Oncology 2639:on 6 November 2013 1339:cervical vertebrae 1239:Cervical ectropion 1191:diethylstilbestrol 1171:Diethylstilbestrol 1051:cervical screening 916:cervix must dilate 892: 810:, its elasticity ( 687: 683:cervical ectropion 631:vaginal epithelium 547:cardinal ligaments 539:lymphatic drainage 457: 449: 390: 224:reproductive cycle 210:that connects the 6286: 6285: 6166: 6165: 5991: 5990: 5942: 5941: 5925:Papanicolaou test 5881:Non-communicable 5849:Sexual harassment 5827:Domestic violence 5797: 5796: 5640: 5639: 5437: 5436: 5340:Retained placenta 5258:Ectopic pregnancy 5070: 5069: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4866:Deep dorsal veins 4846:Arteries of bulbs 4790:Corpora cavernosa 4713:Interlabial sulci 4654:Labiocrural folds 4607: 4606: 4542:Vestibular glands 4537: 4536: 4355: 4354: 4322:Wolffian vestiges 4300:Ovarian ligaments 4243: 4242: 4119:Follicular antrum 3998:Media related to 3954:978-1-139-46084-2 3775:978-0-521-33792-2 3748:978-0-643-06257-3 3415:Kenner C (2014). 3401:978-0-07-147692-8 3342:978-0-7020-3084-0 3296:(16): 1030–1038. 3125:978-0-07-147692-8 3062:978-1-4160-2973-1 2990:(15): 3262–3273. 2960:(February 2014). 2925:(12): 2675–2686. 2884:978-1-908249-50-0 2837:978-1-908249-53-1 2784:(3): 100–5, 135. 2713:978-1-74223-136-5 2667:(10): 1065–1074. 2488:978-0-323-03366-4 2474:Maternity Nursing 2173:978-0-7216-0240-0 2038:978-0-443-06850-8 1916:978-1-4051-3137-7 1882:978-0-443-06811-9 1857:978-1-4051-3137-7 1821:978-0-06-088190-0 1715:978-81-312-2556-1 1651:978-1-4557-0631-0 1626:978-0-8089-2306-0 1587:(38th ed.). 1543:978-1-4757-3889-6 1387:word for "head" ( 1229:uterine didelphys 1225:bicornuate uterus 1216:Cervical agenesis 1185:is shaped like a 1163:Cervical stenosis 956:Caesarean section 928:cervical dilation 713:connective tissue 339:menstrual periods 281:Cervical cytology 184: 183: 179: 16:(Redirected from 6321: 6274: 6273: 6262: 6261: 6250: 6249: 6103: 6102: 5888: 5887: 5808: 5807: 5802:Non-reproductive 5651: 5650: 5568:Feminine hygiene 5335:Cesarian section 5330:Obstructed labor 5211: 5210: 5126: 5125: 5107: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5073: 4974:Ovarian arteries 4907:Tunica albuginea 4669:Dartos muliebris 4627: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4366: 4365: 4177:Cumulus oophorus 4167:Tunica albuginea 4124:Follicular fluid 4068: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4007: 4006: 3997: 3983: 3959: 3958: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3923:Etymology Online 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3897:Etymology Online 3888: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3866:. Archived from 3856: 3850: 3849: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3673:(6): 1419–1425. 3662: 3656: 3655: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3389: 3379: 3368: 3367: 3356:Stamm W (2013). 3353: 3347: 3346: 3330: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3191:10.1002/dc.21347 3174: 3168: 3167: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3113: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3048: 3035: 3034: 3017:Wahl CE (2007). 3014: 3008: 3007: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2893: 2876: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2638: 2632:. Archived from 2627: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2508: 2493: 2492: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2408: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2139: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2090: 2065: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2026: 2019:Young B (2006). 2016: 2010: 2009: 1989: 1964: 1963: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1900: 1887: 1886: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1845: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1773: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1575: 1548: 1547: 1529: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1471: 1407: 1406: 1394: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1175:vaginal adenosis 948:forceps delivery 793:Some methods of 724: 707: 667: 651: 626:urogenital sinus 496:external opening 492:vaginal fornices 380:and part of the 193: 176:edit on Wikidata 173: 63: 51: 39: 38: 21: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6238: 6223:Family planning 6201: 6195: 6162: 6139: 6098: 6092: 6064:Gender equality 6047: 6041: 5987: 5938: 5920:Cervical cancer 5882: 5875: 5813: 5803: 5793: 5784:Sex differences 5742:Forced marriage 5691: 5656: 5646: 5636: 5578:Menstrual cycle 5549: 5502:Family planning 5500: 5491: 5444: 5433: 5392:Maternal deaths 5383: 5374:Postpartum care 5320:Multiple births 5296: 5205: 5198: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5111: 5101: 5071: 5066: 5047:Perineal sponge 5042:Urethral sponge 5025: 4994:Spiral arteries 4951: 4913: 4836:Dorsal arteries 4813:Pars intermedia 4744: 4730:Vaginal orifice 4603: 4558: 4533: 4512: 4493:Broad ligaments 4488:Round ligaments 4474: 4429: 4351: 4330:Gartner's ducts 4316: 4286: 4239: 4198: 4150: 4039: 4034: 3990: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3698: 3694: 3663: 3659: 3628: 3624: 3593: 3589: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3469: 3462: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3380: 3371: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3321: 3317: 3286: 3282: 3266:10.1363/3514709 3245: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3185:(11): 857–859. 3175: 3171: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3104: 3095: 3088: 3078:Human histology 3074: 3070: 3063: 3049: 3038: 3031: 3015: 3011: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2948: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2790:10.2307/2136156 2774: 2770: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2700: 2696: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2551:(9606): 75–84. 2537: 2530: 2523: 2509: 2496: 2489: 2469: 2465: 2426: 2422: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2360: 2356: 2319: 2315: 2276: 2272: 2241: 2237: 2214: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2160: 2153: 2116: 2112: 2066: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1967: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1901: 1890: 1883: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1802: 1793: 1786: 1764: 1755: 1732: 1723: 1716: 1702: 1695: 1684: 1677: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1576: 1551: 1544: 1530: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1472: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1357:cervical cancer 1290: 1286: 1279: 1267:myrmecophagidae 1247: 1235:Cervical polyps 1167:cervical cancer 1160: 1144:commensal flora 1124: 1118: 1027: 1025:Cervical cancer 1021: 1016: 974: 904:presenting part 888:pituitary gland 880: 838:menstrual cycle 826: 803:Billings method 799:Creighton model 772: 767: 759:Nabothian cysts 734: 732: 730: 728: 725: 716: 708: 675: 674: 673: 672: 671: 668: 660: 659: 652: 639: 594: 376:Diagram of the 370: 348:During vaginal 335:Billings method 331:Creighton Model 285:HPV vaccination 180: 66: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6309:Women's health 6306: 6301: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6200:Women's health 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6107:United Nations 6100: 6099:& advocacy 6094: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6046:Sociocultural 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5934:Ovarian cancer 5931: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5910:Uterine cancer 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5854:Sexual assault 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5732:Child marriage 5729: 5727:Breast ironing 5724: 5719: 5717:Breast binding 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5705:Clitoridectomy 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5583:Menstrual aids 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5367:Husband stitch 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5238:Antenatal care 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:Fallopian tube 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5136: 5134: 5130:Reproductive 5123: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109:Women's health 5100: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4989:Vaginal artery 4986: 4984:Arcuate artery 4981: 4979:Uterine artery 4976: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4927:Urethral crest 4923: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4891:Pudendal nerve 4888: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4871:Veins of bulbs 4868: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4684:Perineal nerve 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4649:Pudendal cleft 4641: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4554:Skene's glands 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136:Zona pellucida 4133: 4131:Corona radiata 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3989: 3988:External links 3986: 3985: 3984: 3982:on 2014-04-26. 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3935: 3909: 3880: 3851: 3824:(4): 257–287. 3808: 3801: 3781: 3774: 3754: 3747: 3727: 3692: 3657: 3638:(7): 334–339. 3622: 3603:(6): 435–445. 3587: 3538: 3512: 3460: 3433: 3425: 3407: 3400: 3369: 3366:on 2013-06-22. 3348: 3341: 3315: 3280: 3259:(3): 147–154. 3239: 3232: 3212: 3169: 3131: 3124: 3093: 3086: 3068: 3061: 3036: 3029: 3009: 2974: 2946: 2905: 2883: 2858: 2836: 2811: 2768: 2739:(5): 397–404. 2719: 2712: 2694: 2650: 2610: 2595: 2580: 2528: 2521: 2494: 2487: 2463: 2436:(5): 502–513. 2420: 2379: 2372: 2354: 2313: 2286:(3): 266–276. 2270: 2235: 2201: 2179: 2172: 2151: 2110: 2081:(6): 342–354. 2044: 2037: 2011: 2004: 1965: 1938:(4): 358–360. 1922: 1915: 1888: 1881: 1863: 1856: 1827: 1820: 1791: 1784: 1753: 1721: 1714: 1693: 1675: 1657: 1650: 1632: 1625: 1604: 1597: 1584:Gray's Anatomy 1549: 1542: 1517: 1491: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1367:came from the 1278: 1275: 1246: 1243: 1159: 1156: 1148:herpes simplex 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1075:LEEP procedure 1023:Main article: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 973: 970: 879: 876: 846:prostaglandins 825: 824:Cervical mucus 822: 797:, such as the 771: 768: 766: 763: 748:is called the 736: 735: 726: 719: 717: 709: 702: 669: 662: 661: 653: 646: 645: 644: 643: 642: 638: 635: 593: 590: 551:broad ligament 518:, emerging as 508:uterine artery 471:, forming the 402:cervical canal 386:cervical canal 369: 366: 250:cervical canal 231:postmenopausal 216:uterine cavity 206:of the female 182: 181: 172: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 101: 100: 98:uterine artery 94:Vaginal artery 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6326: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6279: 6278: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6145:United States 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6095: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Disadvantaged 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6020:Urinary tract 6018: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5996:Mental health 5994: 5993: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Breast cancer 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5814:against women 5809: 5806: 5800: 5790: 5789:Sex education 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Breast health 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Menstrual cup 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5497:Contraception 5494: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Childlessness 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5443:Reproductive 5440: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417:Sterilization 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315:Preterm birth 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150:Clitoral hood 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118:Reproductive 5114: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Ovarian veins 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4898:Clitoral hood 4896: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Dorsal nerves 4884: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Deep arteries 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4225:Ootidogenesis 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216:Oocytogenesis 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Hemorrhagicum 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3885: 3870:on 2022-02-10 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3802:9780801886959 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3449:(4): 129–43. 3448: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3426:9780826109750 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3233:9780702048951 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3087:0-323-03663-5 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3030:9781405104982 3026: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2863: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:Contraception 2730: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2522:0-07-141315-4 2518: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2373:0-919225-17-9 2369: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251:(4): 301–14. 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2189: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075:Cytopathology 2072: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2005:9781451144314 2001: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1787: 1785:9781405131377 1781: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1742:(3): 99–101. 1741: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1598:0-443-04560-7 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1271:domestic pigs 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1245:Other animals 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Cervical caps 988: 987:fertilisation 983: 979: 978:contraception 972:Contraception 969: 967: 966:preterm birth 963: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 889: 884: 875: 873: 868: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 821: 819: 815: 814: 809: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 762: 760: 756: 753: 751: 746: 741: 723: 718: 714: 706: 701: 700: 699: 697: 693: 684: 679: 666: 657: 656:H&E stain 650: 641: 634: 632: 627: 623: 619: 616:, cervix and 615: 611: 607: 606:embryogenesis 603: 599: 589: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 485:palmate folds 481: 480:premenopausal 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 453: 446: 442: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 422:smooth muscle 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 387: 383: 379: 374: 365: 363: 359: 356:to allow the 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:cervical caps 320: 319:contraception 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 189: 177: 171: 167: 164: 161: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147: 143: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125: 123: 119: 116: 113: 111: 107: 102: 99: 95: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 69: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6275: 6263: 6251: 5974:Hip fracture 5969:Osteoporosis 5710:Infibulation 5610:Dysmenorrhea 5603:Sanitary pad 5555:Menstruation 5283:Preeclampsia 5278:Hypertension 5173: 5162:Labia majora 5157:Labia minora 5009:Uterine vein 4964:Blood supply 4691:Labia minora 4644:Labia majora 4397: 4194:Retia ovarii 4171: 4079: 4000:Cervix uteri 3980:the original 3944: 3938: 3926:. Retrieved 3922: 3912: 3900:. Retrieved 3896: 3872:. Retrieved 3868:the original 3863: 3854: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3764: 3757: 3737: 3730: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3529:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3480: 3476: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3385: 3364:the original 3358: 3351: 3326: 3318: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3222: 3215: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3147: 3143: 3109: 3077: 3071: 3052: 3019: 3012: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2922: 2918: 2908: 2896:. Retrieved 2870: 2849:. Retrieved 2823: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2703: 2697: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2634:the original 2629: 2613: 2606: 2591: 2548: 2544: 2512: 2473: 2466: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2399:(1): 17–27. 2396: 2392: 2382: 2363: 2357: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2221: 2192:. Retrieved 2182: 2163: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2078: 2074: 2059: 2047: 2022: 2014: 1994: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1905: 1872: 1866: 1841: 1806: 1769: 1739: 1735: 1705: 1687: 1669: 1641: 1635: 1616: 1583: 1533: 1508:. Retrieved 1503: 1494: 1484:, retrieved 1479: 1425: 1420: 1419:, Romanian: 1408: 1395: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1351:cervical cap 1349: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1282: 1280: 1248: 1233: 1214: 1195: 1161: 1125: 1116:Inflammation 1099:A result of 1098: 1091: 1048: 1036:HPV vaccines 1032: 1028: 975: 960: 944:Bishop score 925: 912:contractions 893: 869: 858: 854:Spinnbarkeit 853: 827: 813:Spinnbarkeit 811: 792: 773: 757: 754: 749: 737: 688: 640: 595: 578:menstruation 575: 536: 512:uterine vein 505: 489: 484: 477: 458: 391: 347: 316: 300:menstruation 289: 270: 245: 241: 239: 227: 204:sexual organ 200:cervix uteri 199: 195: 187: 185: 139:A09.1.03.010 115:cervix uteri 114: 53:Human cervix 36: 18:Cervix uteri 6277:WikiProject 5964:Bone health 5900:Lung cancer 5737:Dyspareunia 5680:HPV vaccine 5620:Amenorrhoea 5615:Menorrhagia 5453:Infertility 5402:Stillbirths 5263:Miscarriage 4465:Parametrium 4458:Perimetrium 4448:Endometrium 4413:External os 4408:Internal os 4267:Infundibula 3965:Cited texts 1432:Hippocrates 1428:Hippocrates 1105:cone biopsy 1083:Aurel Babes 1073:in 1928. A 995:spermicides 936:birth canal 740:prepubertal 592:Development 571:lymph nodes 465:parametrium 410:internal os 308:sperm cells 246:external os 242:internal os 220:Hippocrates 104:Identifiers 6314:Sex organs 6293:Categories 6202:by country 6006:Depression 5657:infections 5362:Episiotomy 5302:Childbirth 5233:Obstetrics 4639:Mons pubis 4599:Epithelium 4470:Epithelium 4453:Myometrium 4347:Paroophora 3917:Harper D. 3891:Harper D. 3874:2017-03-07 3818:Cladistics 3597:Teratology 2898:9 November 2851:9 November 2643:4 November 2630:Revitalize 2194:9 November 2130:(6): 671. 1906:The Cervix 1842:The Cervix 1770:The Cervix 1486:2024-03-29 1446:References 1440:word sense 1259:Lagomorphs 1202:epithelium 1140:gonorrhoea 1128:cervicitis 1122:Cervicitis 1067:colposcope 1059:epithelial 1038:, such as 932:childbirth 921:effacement 906:, usually 896:childbirth 878:Childbirth 745:metaplasia 622:fetal life 610:urogenital 500:childbirth 430:peritoneum 418:endocervix 350:childbirth 5832:Pregnancy 5812:Violence 5752:Vaginitis 5625:Menopause 5485:Fostering 5475:Parenting 5445:life plan 5310:Midwifery 5288:Eclampsia 5215:Pregnancy 5204:Maternal 4970:Arteries 4832:Arteries 4718:Vestibule 4480:Ligaments 4335:Epoophora 4292:Ligaments 4204:Oogenesis 4072:Follicles 2333:(4): 49. 2327:MedGenMed 2265:143550619 1451:Citations 1281:The word 1255:eutherian 1187:cockscomb 1136:chlamydia 1101:dysplasia 1055:Pap smear 1008:ovulation 952:induction 898:. As the 865:pathogens 850:ovulation 776:estradiol 770:Fertility 637:Histology 586:ovulation 368:Structure 343:ovulation 312:fertilize 254:epithelia 235:offspring 228:vis á vis 214:with the 77:Precursor 6253:Category 6213:Ethiopia 6135:UN Women 5952:Dementia 5883:diseases 5866:Femicide 5844:Misogyny 5764:Polygamy 5665:Safe sex 5573:Menarche 5480:Adoption 5407:Abortion 5325:Oxytocin 5145:Clitoris 4826:Frenulum 4750:Clitoris 4696:Frenulum 4613:External 4587:Fornices 4272:Fimbriae 4262:Ampullae 4212:Oogonium 4095:Albicans 4045:Internal 3928:19 March 3902:19 March 3893:"Cervix" 3846:85140444 3838:34949071 3722:15284765 3507:21270291 3275:19805020 3199:20973044 3164:19480961 3004:23751569 2941:21471563 2889:Archived 2842:Archived 2763:21477680 2689:10086313 2681:15383108 2621:(2012). 2575:18177778 2458:23738950 2450:19330570 2349:15775876 2308:45783934 2300:22107910 2146:15917428 2105:16462929 2097:19040546 1952:24977630 1436:Aretaeus 1334:cervical 1169:itself. 1152:speculum 1134:such as 1079:platinum 1044:Cervarix 1040:Gardasil 908:the head 801:and the 765:Function 692:collagen 582:estrogen 306:permits 304:egg cell 196:cervices 6265:Commons 6054:Poverty 6048:factors 6025:Urethra 6001:Anxiety 5983:Anaemia 5779:Puberty 5759:Leblouh 5645:Sexual 5520:Condoms 4919:Urethra 4882:Nerves 4517:General 4393:Isthmus 4369:Regions 4189:Medulla 4112:Interna 4107:Externa 4063:Ovaries 3687:9423745 3652:1117962 3617:7502243 3582:2070103 3573:1670127 3498:3031439 3310:8598842 3144:Vaccine 2967:23 July 2806:8354373 2798:2136156 2754:3638209 2566:7134569 2415:7431318 2340:1480553 2137:1770692 1960:3060493 1510:18 June 1409:koruphe 1389:Persian 1385:Persian 1383:", the 1377:English 1253:. Most 842:amylase 818:ferning 696:elastin 553:to the 461:bladder 426:serosal 127:D002584 71:Details 6230:Russia 5892:Cancer 5804:health 5774:Orgasm 5647:health 5598:Tampon 5206:health 5179:Uterus 5174:Cervix 5169:Vagina 5120:health 5037:G-spot 5000:Veins 4910:Septum 4903:Fascia 4857:Veins 4822:Corona 4564:Vagina 4524:Glands 4435:Layers 4398:Cervix 4386:Fundus 4381:Cavity 4361:Uterus 4257:Isthmi 4220:Oocyte 4182:Stroma 4172:Cortex 4102:Thecae 4090:Luteum 4080:Corpus 4054:Adnexa 3951: 3919:"Horn" 3844: 3836: 3799: 3772: 3745: 3720: 3685: 3650: 3615: 3580: 3570: 3531:14 May 3505: 3495: 3423: 3398: 3339: 3308: 3273: 3230: 3207:823546 3205: 3197: 3162: 3122: 3084: 3059: 3027: 3002: 2939: 2881: 2834: 2804: 2796: 2761: 2751: 2710: 2687: 2679: 2573: 2563: 2545:Lancet 2519: 2485: 2456: 2448: 2413: 2370: 2347: 2337: 2306: 2298: 2263: 2170: 2144: 2134: 2103: 2095: 2035: 2002: 1958: 1950: 1913: 1879: 1854: 1818: 1812:59, 64 1782: 1712: 1648: 1623: 1595: 1579:Gray H 1540: 1405:κορυφή 1379:word " 1365:cervix 1363:Latin 1330:cervix 1322:cervīx 1283:cervix 1263:Glires 1221:uterus 1210:benign 1206:polyps 1198:stroma 1183:uterus 1065:. The 1019:Cancer 844:; and 834:mucins 788:orgasm 778:after 618:uterus 614:vagina 576:After 532:sacrum 514:. The 469:rectum 445:mucosa 382:vagina 378:uterus 358:foetus 354:dilate 296:vagina 292:uterus 212:vagina 188:cervix 89:Artery 42:Cervix 6218:India 6208:China 5499:& 5189:Ovary 5132:tract 5030:Other 4818:Glans 4802:Angle 4768:Bulbs 4763:Crura 4735:Hymen 4723:Fossa 4631:Labia 4622:Vulva 4582:Walls 4577:Rugae 4572:Canal 4425:Horns 4403:Canal 4277:Ostia 4230:Ootid 4155:Other 3842:S2CID 3394:–29. 3203:S2CID 3118:–09. 2892:(PDF) 2875:(PDF) 2845:(PDF) 2828:(PDF) 2794:JSTOR 2685:S2CID 2637:(PDF) 2626:(PDF) 2454:S2CID 2304:S2CID 2261:S2CID 2101:S2CID 1956:S2CID 1850:–68. 1778:–47. 1413:Welsh 1400:Greek 1371:root 1319:Latin 954:, or 900:fetus 830:mucus 808:vulva 543:nodes 314:it. 198:) or 174:[ 163:17740 110:Latin 5859:Rape 4785:Body 4758:Root 4443:Wall 4376:Body 4235:Ovum 3976:NICE 3949:ISBN 3930:2014 3904:2014 3834:PMID 3797:ISBN 3770:ISBN 3743:ISBN 3718:PMID 3683:PMID 3648:PMID 3613:PMID 3578:PMID 3533:2015 3503:PMID 3421:ISBN 3396:ISBN 3337:ISBN 3306:PMID 3271:PMID 3228:ISBN 3195:PMID 3160:PMID 3120:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3057:ISBN 3025:ISBN 3000:PMID 2969:2014 2937:PMID 2900:2014 2879:ISBN 2853:2014 2832:ISBN 2802:PMID 2759:PMID 2708:ISBN 2677:PMID 2661:BJOG 2645:2014 2619:ACOG 2571:PMID 2517:ISBN 2483:ISBN 2446:PMID 2411:PMID 2368:ISBN 2345:PMID 2296:PMID 2196:2014 2168:ISBN 2142:PMID 2093:PMID 2033:ISBN 2000:ISBN 1948:PMID 1911:ISBN 1877:ISBN 1852:ISBN 1816:ISBN 1780:ISBN 1710:ISBN 1646:ISBN 1621:ISBN 1593:ISBN 1538:ISBN 1512:2014 1434:and 1421:cerb 1417:carw 1381:horn 1373:ker- 1326:neck 1227:and 1138:and 1042:and 412:and 333:and 325:and 186:The 151:3508 134:TA98 122:MeSH 96:and 5670:HIV 3826:doi 3710:doi 3706:190 3675:doi 3671:177 3640:doi 3636:292 3605:doi 3568:PMC 3560:doi 3556:302 3552:BMJ 3493:PMC 3485:doi 3451:doi 3392:828 3333:276 3298:doi 3294:334 3261:doi 3187:doi 3152:doi 3116:608 2992:doi 2927:doi 2786:doi 2749:PMC 2741:doi 2669:doi 2665:111 2561:PMC 2553:doi 2549:371 2479:394 2438:doi 2401:doi 2335:PMC 2288:doi 2253:doi 2226:doi 2132:PMC 2083:doi 2029:376 1940:doi 1848:157 1744:doi 1423:). 1396:sar 1360:). 1354:or 1342:or 1298:ɜːr 738:In 310:to 298:at 192:pl. 158:FMA 146:TA2 6295:: 3974:. 3921:. 3895:. 3883:^ 3862:. 3840:. 3832:. 3820:. 3716:. 3704:. 3681:. 3669:. 3646:. 3634:. 3611:. 3601:51 3599:. 3576:. 3566:. 3554:. 3550:. 3523:. 3501:. 3491:. 3481:86 3479:. 3475:. 3463:^ 3447:18 3445:. 3372:^ 3335:. 3304:. 3292:. 3269:. 3257:35 3255:. 3251:. 3201:. 3193:. 3183:38 3181:. 3158:. 3148:27 3146:. 3134:^ 3096:^ 3039:^ 2998:. 2988:49 2986:. 2949:^ 2935:. 2923:22 2921:. 2917:. 2887:. 2861:^ 2840:. 2814:^ 2800:. 2792:. 2782:25 2780:. 2757:. 2747:. 2737:83 2735:. 2731:. 2683:. 2675:. 2663:. 2628:. 2598:^ 2583:^ 2569:. 2559:. 2547:. 2543:. 2531:^ 2497:^ 2481:. 2452:. 2444:. 2434:88 2432:. 2409:. 2397:60 2395:. 2391:. 2343:. 2329:. 2325:. 2302:. 2294:. 2284:61 2282:. 2259:. 2249:26 2247:. 2224:. 2220:. 2204:^ 2154:^ 2140:. 2128:58 2126:. 2122:. 2099:. 2091:. 2079:19 2077:. 2073:. 2067:- 2058:. 2031:. 1968:^ 1954:. 1946:. 1936:18 1934:. 1891:^ 1830:^ 1814:. 1794:^ 1776:41 1756:^ 1740:12 1738:. 1724:^ 1696:^ 1678:^ 1660:^ 1607:^ 1552:^ 1520:^ 1502:. 1478:, 1458:^ 1415:: 1402:: 1393:سر 1391:: 1231:. 1089:. 989:. 968:. 950:, 923:. 870:A 820:. 534:. 524:S3 520:S2 432:. 345:. 279:. 194:: 5096:e 5089:t 5082:v 4029:e 4022:t 4015:v 3957:. 3932:. 3906:. 3877:. 3848:. 3828:: 3822:2 3805:. 3778:. 3751:. 3724:. 3712:: 3689:. 3677:: 3654:. 3642:: 3619:. 3607:: 3584:. 3562:: 3535:. 3509:. 3487:: 3457:. 3453:: 3429:. 3404:. 3345:. 3312:. 3300:: 3277:. 3263:: 3236:. 3209:. 3189:: 3166:. 3154:: 3128:. 3090:. 3065:. 3033:. 3006:. 2994:: 2971:. 2943:. 2929:: 2902:. 2855:. 2808:. 2788:: 2765:. 2743:: 2716:. 2691:. 2671:: 2647:. 2577:. 2555:: 2525:. 2491:. 2460:. 2440:: 2417:. 2403:: 2376:. 2351:. 2331:6 2310:. 2290:: 2267:. 2255:: 2232:. 2228:: 2198:. 2176:. 2148:. 2107:. 2085:: 2064:. 2053:- 2041:. 2008:. 1962:. 1942:: 1919:. 1885:. 1860:. 1824:. 1788:. 1750:. 1746:: 1718:. 1654:. 1629:. 1601:. 1546:. 1514:. 1313:/ 1310:s 1307:k 1304:ɪ 1301:v 1295:s 1292:ˈ 1289:/ 1285:( 658:. 522:– 447:. 190:( 178:] 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index