1108:
step-wise. Prolonged complete mental or physical rest (beyond 24β48 hours after the accident that lead to the concussion) may worsen outcomes, however, rushing back to full school work load before the person is ready, has also been associated with longer-lasting symptoms and an extended recovery time. Students with a suspected concussion are required to see a doctor for an initial medical assessment and for suggestions on recovery, however, medical clearance is not required for a student to return to school. Since students may appear 'normal', continuing education of relevant school personnel may be needed to ensure appropriate accommodations are made such as part-days and extended deadlines. Accommodations should be based on the monitoring of symptoms that are present during the return-to-school transition including headaches, dizziness, vision problems, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and abnormal behavior. Students must have completely resumed their school activities (without requiring concussion-related academic supports) before returning to full-contact or competitive sports.
1189:
the concussion began), gradually and safely returning to the workplace with accommodations and support in place, should be prioritized over staying home and resting for long periods of time, to promote physical recovery and reduce the risk of people becoming socially isolated. The person should work with their employer to design a step-wise "return-to-work" plan. For those with a high-risk job, medical clearance may be required before resuming an activity that could lead to another head injury. Students should have completed the full return-to-school progression with no academic accommodations related to the concussion required before starting to return to part-time work.
1258:, memory and attention problems, sleep problems, and irritability. Rest, a previously recommended recovery technique, has limited effectiveness. A recommended treatment in both children and adults with symptoms beyond 4 weeks involves an active rehabilitation program with reintroduction of non-contact aerobic activity. Progressive physical exercise has been shown to reduce long-term post-concussive symptoms. Symptoms usually go away on their own within months but may last for years. The question of whether the syndrome is due to structural damage or other factors such as psychological ones, or a combination of these, has long been the subject of debate.
759:
certain symptoms such as visual disturbances, but other sets of symptoms, especially those of a psychological nature, are more likely to be caused by reversible pathophysiological changes in cellular function that occur after concussion, such as alterations in neurons' biochemistry. These reversible changes could also explain why dysfunction is frequently temporary. A task force of head injury experts called the
Concussion In Sport Group met in 2001 and decided that "concussion may result in neuropathological changes but the acute clinical symptoms largely reflect a functional disturbance rather than structural injury."
1090:, for general cases this is not supported by current evidence. People may be released after assessment from their primary care medical clinic, hospital, or emergency room to the care of a trusted person with instructions to return if they display worsening symptoms or those that might indicate an emergent condition ("red flag symptoms") such as change in consciousness, convulsions, severe headache, extremity weakness, vomiting, new bleeding or deafness in either or both ears. Education about symptoms, their management, and their normal time course, may lead to an improved outcome.
787:, leading to local swelling. After this increase in glucose metabolism, there is a subsequent lower metabolic state which may persist for up to 4 weeks after injury. A completely separate pathway involves a large amount of calcium accumulating in cells, which may impair oxidative metabolism and begin further biochemical pathways that result in cell death. Again, both of these main pathways have been established from animal studies and the extent to which they apply to humans is still somewhat unclear.
1348:
1356:
how common the condition is. Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example, due to under reporting. At least 25% of people with mTBI fail to get assessed by a medical professional. The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of mTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 1β3 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people.
8217:
298:. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1β2 days after the accident. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness.
66:
1497:
401:
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risk of repeat concussions. New "Head Impact
Telemetry System" technology is being placed in helmets to study injury mechanisms and may generate knowledge that will potentially help reduce the risk of concussions among American Football players. Mouth guards have been put forward as a preventative measure, and there is mixed evidence supporting its use in preventing concussions but rather has support in preventing dental trauma.
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867:
525:
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in turn resulting in sustained depolarization, impaired nerve activity and potential nerve damage. Human studies have failed to identify changes in glutamate concentration immediately post-mTBI, though disruptions have been seen 3 days to 2 weeks post-injury. In an effort to restore ion balance, the sodium-potassium ion pumps increase activity, which results in excessive ATP (
1512:
physical damage, and this view continued to be widely held throughout the 18th century. The word "concussion" was used at the time to describe the state of unconsciousness and other functional problems that resulted from the impact, rather than a physiological condition. In 1839, Guillaume
Dupuytren described brain contusions, which involve many small hemorrhages, as
1072:
their injury. Self-reported concussion rates among U-20 and elite rugby union players in
Ireland are 45β48%, indicating that many concussions go unreported. Changes to the rules or enforcing existing rules in sports, such as those against "head-down tackling", or "spearing", which is associated with a high injury rate, may also prevent concussions.
885:, which is assumed to be injured in any athlete who is found to be unconscious after head or neck injury. Indications that screening for more serious injury is needed include 'red flag symptoms' or 'concussion danger signs': worsening headaches, persisting vomiting, increasing disorientation or a deteriorating level of consciousness, seizures, and
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to the head are also causes. A retrospective survey in 2005 suggested that more than 88% of concussions are unrecognized. Particularly, many younger athletes struggle with identifying their concussions, which often result in the non-disclosure of concussions and consequently under-representing the incidence of concussions in the context of sport.
581:
major component in concussion and its severity. As of 2007, studies with athletes have shown that the amount of force and the location of the impact are not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion or its symptoms, and have called into question the threshold for concussion previously thought to exist at around 70β75
479:, which requires some form of structural brain damage, not just a momentary disruption in normal brain functioning. Concussive convulsions are thought to result from temporary loss or inhibition of motor function and are not associated either with epilepsy or with more serious structural damage. They are not associated with any particular
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susceptible to another one, particularly if the new injury occurs before symptoms from the previous concussion have completely gone away. It is also a negative process if smaller impacts cause the same symptom severity. Repeated concussions may increase a person's risk in later life for dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression.
1710:'simple' or 'complex' classification. However, the 2008 meeting in Zurich abandoned the simple versus complex terminology, although the participants did agree to keep the concept that most (80β90%) concussions resolve in a short period (7β10 days) and although the recovery time frame may be longer in children and adolescents.
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contact, falling, or bumping the head should be avoided until the person has clearance from a doctor or nurse practitioner. Low-risk activities can be started even while a person has symptoms. Resting completely for longer than 24β48 hours following concussion has been shown to be associated with longer recovery.
1210:, poor health before the injury or additional injuries sustained during it, and life stress. Longer periods of amnesia or loss of consciousness immediately after the injury may indicate longer recovery times from residual symptoms. Other strong factors include participation in a contact sport and body mass size.
404:
403:
408:
407:
402:
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estimates that 300,000 sports-related concussions occur yearly in the U.S., but that number includes only athletes who lost consciousness. Since loss of consciousness is thought to occur in less than 10% of concussions, the CDC estimate is likely lower than the real number. Sports in which concussion
1302:
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or "CTE", is an example of the cumulative damage that can occur as the result of multiple concussions or less severe blows to the head. The condition was previously referred to as "dementia pugilistica", or "punch drunk" syndrome, as it was first noted in boxers. The
935:
Concussion may be under-diagnosed because of the lack of the highly noticeable signs and symptoms while athletes may minimize their injuries to remain in the competition. Direct impact to the head is not required for a concussion diagnosis, as other bodily impacts with a subsequent force transmission
766:
and stretching forces disrupting the cell membrane of nerve cells through "mechanoporation". This results in potassium outflow from within the cell into the extracellular space with the subsequent release of excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate which leads to enhanced potassium extrusion,
1546:
The terms mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mild head injury (MHI), and concussion may be used interchangeably; although the term "concussion" is still used in sports literature as interchangeable with "MHI" or "mTBI", the general clinical medical literature uses "mTBI" instead,
1537:
Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of mTBI are not known, but they are estimated to be very high. These high costs are due in part to the large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that is due to mild head trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and
1511:
Until the 17th century, a concussion was usually described by its clinical features, but after the invention of the microscope, more physicians began exploring underlying physical and structural mechanisms. However, the prevailing view in the 17th century was that the injury did not result from
1456:, and discusses loss of speech, hearing, and sight that can result from "commotion of the brain". This idea of disruption of mental function by "shaking of the brain" remained the widely accepted understanding of concussion until the 19th century. In the 10th century, the Persian physician
1201:
A person's recovery may be influenced by a variety of factors that include age at the time of injury, intellectual abilities, family environment, social support system, occupational status, coping strategies, and financial circumstances. Factors such as a previous head injury or a coexisting medical
1098:
Physical and cognitive rest is recommended for the first 24β48 hours following a concussion after which injured persons should gradually start gentle low-risk physical and cognitive activities that do not make current symptoms worse or bring on new symptoms. Any activity for which there is a risk of
1080:
Adults and children with a suspected concussion require a medical assessment with a doctor or nurse practitioner to confirm the diagnosis of concussion and rule out more serious head injuries. After life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions are ruled
1071:
Due to the incidence of concussion in sport, younger athletes often do not disclose concussions and their symptoms. Common reasons for non-disclosure include a lack of awareness of the concussion, the belief that the concussion was not serious enough, and not wanting to leave the game or team due to
1355:
Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health
Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild. However, due to under reporting and to the widely varying definitions of concussion and mTBI, it is difficult to estimate
1107:
The resumption of low-risk school activities should begin as soon as the student feels ready and has completed an initial period of cognitive rest of no more than 24β48 hours following the acute injury. Long absences from school are not suggested, however; the return to school should be gradual and
423:
Concussion symptoms vary between people and include physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed by 1β2 days. Delayed onset of symptoms may still be serious and require a medical assessment. Up to one-third of people with concussion experience longer or
1472:
described concussion as brain "commotion", also recognizing a difference between concussion and other types of traumatic brain injury (though many of his contemporaries did not), and discussing the transience of post-concussion symptoms as a result of temporary loss of function from the injury. In
1188:
Determining the ideal time for a person to return to work will depend on personal factors and job-related factors including the intensity of the job and the risk of falling or hitting one's head at work during recovery. After the required initial recovery period of complete rest (24β48 hours after
1063:
Protective equipment such as helmets and other headgear and policy changes such as the banning of body checking in youth hockey leagues have been found to reduce the number and severity of concussions in athletes. Secondary prevention such as a Return to Play
Protocol for an athlete may reduce the
758:
The debate over whether concussion is a functional or structural phenomenon is ongoing. Structural damage has been found in the mildly traumatically injured brains of animals, but it is not clear whether these findings would apply to humans. Such changes in brain structure could be responsible for
754:
in subcortical white matter tracts. Axonal damage has been found in the brains of concussion patients who died from other causes, but inadequate blood flow to the brain due to other injuries may have contributed. Findings from a study of the brains of deceased NFL athletes who received concussions
409:
955:
No single definition of concussion, minor head injury, or mild traumatic brain injury is universally accepted. In 2001, the expert
Concussion in Sport Group of the first International Symposium on Concussion in Sport defined concussion as "a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain,
580:
Forces may cause linear, rotational, or angular movement of the brain or a combination of them. In rotational movement, the head turns around its center of gravity, and in angular movement, it turns on an axis, not through its center of gravity. The amount of rotational force is thought to be the
333:
supply. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical provider working in their scope of practice (such as a physician or nurse practitioner) is required to rule out life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions and to use information obtained from the
1709:
At least 41 systems measure the severity, or grade, of a mild head injury, and there is little agreement about which is best. In an effort to simplify, the 2nd
International Conference on Concussion in Sport, meeting in Prague in 2004, decided that these systems should be abandoned in favor of a
1321:
Second-impact syndrome, in which the brain swells dangerously after a minor blow, may occur in very rare cases. The condition may develop in people who receive a second blow days or weeks after an initial concussion before its symptoms have gone away. No one is certain of the cause of this often
905:
such as the SCAT5/child SCAT5 may be suggested measure cognitive function. Such tests may be administered hours, days, or weeks after the injury, or at different times to demonstrate any trend. Some athletes are also being tested pre-season (pre-season baseline testing) to provide a baseline for
1266:
As of 1999, cumulative effects of concussions were poorly understood, especially the effects on children. The severity of concussions and their symptoms may worsen with successive injuries, even if a subsequent injury occurs months or years after an initial one. Symptoms may be more severe and
384:
Worldwide, concussions are estimated to affect more than 3.5 per 1,000 people a year. Concussions are classified as mild traumatic brain injuries and are the most common type of TBIs. Males and young adults are most commonly affected. Outcomes are generally good. Another concussion before the
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was the first to write about concussion as distinct from other types of head injury. He may have been the first to use the term "cerebral concussion", and his definition of the condition, a transient loss of function with no physical damage, set the stage for the medical understanding of the
1067:
Educational interventions, such as handouts, videos, workshops, and lectures, can improve concussion knowledge of diverse groups, particularly youth athletes and coaches. Strong concussion knowledge may be associated with greater recognition of concussion symptoms, higher rates of concussion
507:
may be present immediately or may develop over several minutes. A person may repeat the same questions, be slow to respond to questions or directions, have a vacant stare, or have slurred or incoherent speech. Other concussion symptoms include changes in sleeping patterns and difficulty with
900:
Diagnosis of concussion requires an assessment performed by a physician or nurse practitioner to rule out severe injuries to the brain and cervical spine, mental health conditions, or other medical conditions. Diagnosis is based on physical and neurological examination findings, duration of
1238:
For unknown reasons, having had one concussion significantly increases a person's risk of having another. Having previously sustained a sports concussion has been found to be a strong factor increasing the likelihood of a concussion in the future. People who have had a concussion seem more
975:. Also, by definition, concussion has historically involved a loss of consciousness. However, the definition has evolved over time to include a change in consciousness, such as amnesia, although controversy continues about whether the definition should include only those injuries in which
914:
is present, there is suspected increased risk for bleeding, age greater than 60, or less than 16. Most concussions, without complication, cannot be detected with MRI or CT scans. However, changes have been reported on MRI and SPECT imaging in those with concussion and normal CT scans, and
1032:) are not necessarily precluded in mTBI or mild head injury, as they are in concussion. mTBI associated with abnormal neuroimaging may be considered "complicated mTBI". "Concussion" can be considered to imply a state in which brain function is temporarily impaired and "mTBI" to imply a
1197:
The majority of children and adults fully recover from a concussion, however some may experience a prolonged recovery. There is no single physical test, blood test (or fluid biomarkers), or imaging test that can be used to determine when a person has fully recovered from concussion.
1081:
out, exclusion of neck or head injury, observation should be continued for several hours. If repeated vomiting, worsening headache, dizziness, seizure activity, excessive drowsiness, double vision, slurred speech, unsteady walk, or weakness or numbness in arms or legs, or signs of
410:
1253:
In post-concussion syndrome, symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months, or years after a concussion, and may occasionally be permanent. About 10% to 20% of people have persisting concussion symptoms for more than a month. Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue,
646:
events. As one example, in animal models, after an initial increase in glucose metabolism, there is a subsequent reduced metabolic state which may persist for up to four weeks after injury. Though these events are thought to interfere with neuronal and brain function, the
406:
1085:
develop, immediate assessment in an emergency department is needed. Observation to monitor for worsening condition is an important part of treatment. While it is common advice that someone who is concussed should not be allowed to fall asleep in case they go into a
3639:
Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Shankar V, Marshall SW, Crowell DH, Oliaro SM, et al. (December 2007). "Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion".
1120:
Stage 1 (Immediately after injury): 24β48 hours (maximum) of relative physical and cognitive rest. This can include gentle daily activities such as walking in the house, gentle housework, and light school work that do not make symptoms worse. No sports
1338:
review article stated that there is debate whether the brain swelling is due to two separate hits or to just one hit, but in either case, catastrophic football head injuries are three times more likely in high school athletes than in college athletes.
1271:
can occur with the third and subsequent concussions. As of 2006, studies had conflicting findings on whether athletes have longer recovery times after repeat concussions and whether cumulative effects such as impairment in cognition and memory occur.
1368:
of mTBI is lower in older age groups (graph at right). Studies suggest males develop mTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts. However, female athletes may be at a higher risk of sustaining a concussion than their male counterparts.
1334:, and the brain stem can fail within five minutes. Except in boxing, all cases have occurred in athletes under age 20. Due to the very small number of documented cases, the diagnosis is controversial, and doubt exists about its validity. A 2010
1015:
Concussion falls under the classification of mild TBI, but it is not clear whether concussion is implied in mild brain injury or mild head injury. "mTBI" and "concussion" are often treated as synonyms in medical literature but other injuries such as
432:, which is defined as concussion symptoms lasting for 4 weeks or longer in children and adolescents, and symptoms lasting for more than 14 days in an adult. The severity of the initial symptoms is the strongest predictor of recovery time in adults.
1140:
At each step, the person should not have worsening or new symptoms for at least 24 hours before progressing to the next. If symptoms worsen or new symptoms begin, athletes should drop back to the previous level for at least another 24 hours.
1036:
state, but in practice, few researchers and clinicians distinguish between the terms. Descriptions of the condition, including the severity and the area of the brain affected, are now used more often than "concussion" in clinical neurology.
515:
including crankiness, loss of interest in favorite activities or items, tearfulness, and displays of emotion that are inappropriate to the situation. Common symptoms in concussed children include restlessness, lethargy, and irritability.
901:
unconsciousness (usually less than 30 minutes) and post-traumatic amnesia (usually less than 24 hours), and the
Glasgow Coma Scale (people with mTBI have scores of 13 to 15). A CT scan or MRI is not required to diagnose concussion.
5128:
Kerr ZY, Register-Mihalik JK, Marshall SW, Evenson KR, Mihalik JP, Guskiewicz KM (July 2014). "Disclosure and non-disclosure of concussion and concussion symptoms in athletes: review and application of the socio-ecological framework".
1059:
in cars, and protective equipment such as helmets for high-risk sports. Older people are encouraged to reduce fall risk by keeping floors free of clutter and wearing thin, flat shoes with hard soles that do not interfere with balance.
1406:
Concussions may also be common and occur in the workplace. According to the US Bureau of Labour
Statistics, the most common causes of mTBI-related hospitalizations and deaths from the workplace are falls, force of heavy objects, and
1427:
often carry the most risk. Despite these findings, there still remain important gaps in data compilation on workplace-related mTBIs, which has raised questions about increased concussion surveillance and preventive measures in
7359:
1176:
that have not been approved by a doctor as they can impede healing. Activation database-guided EEG biofeedback has been shown to return the memory abilities of the concussed individual to levels better than the control group.
6013:
Schneider DK, Grandhi RK, Bansal P, Kuntz GE, Webster KE, Logan K, et al. (October 2017). "Current state of concussion prevention strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, controlled studies".
357:. Treatment includes physical and mental rest for 1β2 days, with a gradual step-wise return to activities, school, and work. Prolonged periods of rest may slow recovery and result in greater depression and anxiety.
1394:", i.e. give a mild traumatic brain injury to, the opponent). The injury is so common in the latter that several medical groups have called for a ban on the sport, including the American Academy of Neurology, the
939:
Diagnosis can be complex because concussion shares symptoms with other conditions. For example, persisting concussion symptoms such as cognitive problems may be misattributed to brain injury when, in fact, due to
4337:"Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries"
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In the past, the decision to allow athletes to return to participation was frequently based on the grade of concussion. However, current research and recommendations by professional organizations including the
909:
If the Glasgow coma scale is less than 15 at two hours or less than 14 at any time, a CT is recommended. In addition, a CT scan is more likely to be performed if observation after discharge is not assured or
5819:
Emery CA, Black AM, Kolstad A, Martinez G, Nettel-Aguirre A, Engebretsen L, et al. (June 2017). "What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in sport? A systematic review".
931:
readings. A blood test known as the Brain Trauma Indicator was approved in the United States in 2018 and may be able to rule out the risk of intracranial bleeding and thus the need for a CT scan for adults.
1423:) have more elevated mTBI incidence rates ranging from 10 to 20 cases per 100,000 workers. In particular, as vehicular collisions are the leading cause of workplace mTBI-related injuries, workers from the
1630:
recommend against such use of these grading systems. Currently, injured athletes are prohibited from returning to play before they are symptom-free during both rest and exertion and until results of the
405:
755:
suggest that lasting damage is done by such injuries. This damage, the severity of which increases with the cumulative number of concussions sustained, can lead to a variety of other health issues.
7970:
Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, et al. (November 2018). "Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Systematic Review".
3856:
Mouzon BC, Bachmeier C, Ferro A, Ojo JO, Crynen G, Acker CM, et al. (February 2014). "Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model".
1291:
players with a history of three or more concussions than for those with no concussion history. An experience of three or more concussions is associated with a fivefold greater chance of developing
321:
and a prior history of concussion. The mechanism of injury involves either a direct blow to the head or forces elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. This is believed to result in
1148:
athletes, are typically followed closely by team athletic trainers during this period but others may not have access to this level of health care and may be sent home with minimal monitoring.
979:
occurs. This debate resurfaces in some of the best-known concussion grading scales, in which those episodes involving loss of consciousness are graded as being more severe than those without.
8399:
2604:
2157:
Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC, Davis GA, Echemendia RJ, Makdissi M, McNamee M, Broglio S, Emery CA, Feddermann-Demont N, Fuller GW, Giza CC (2023).
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located in these areas and that this disruption produces the loss of consciousness often seen in concussion. Other areas of the brain that may be affected include the upper part of the
7167:
2709:
990:(ICD-10) provided a consistent, authoritative definition across specialties in 1992. Since then, various organizations such as the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the
956:
induced by traumatic biomechanical forces." It was agreed that concussion typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function that heals by itself within time, and that
2507:
Vuu S, Barr CJ, Killington M, Jill G, van den Berg ME (2022). "Physical exercise for people with mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
1202:
condition have been found to predict longer-lasting persisting concussion symptoms. Other factors that may lengthen recovery time after mTBI include psychological problems such as
1538:
early retirement account for the bulk of the costs. These direct and indirect costs cause the expense of mild brain trauma to rival that of moderate and severe head injuries.
906:
comparison in the event of an injury, though this may not reduce risk or affect return to play and baseline testing is not required or suggested for most children and adults.
4616:
2634:
1595:
capability shows a moving object in a predictive pattern for the person to follow with their eyes. People without brain injury will be able to track the moving object with
5210:
Mannix R, Levy R, Zemek R, Yeates KO, Arbogast K, Meehan WP, et al. (October 2020). "Fluid Biomarkers of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review".
1485:. In the 16th-century, the term "concussion" came into use, and symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and memory problems were described. The 16th century physician
553:, which protects it from light trauma. More severe impacts, or the forces associated with rapid acceleration, may not be absorbed by this cushion. Concussions, and other
8392:
1364:
Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups. However, most people with a concussion are young adults. A Canadian study found that the yearly
4877:
731:(which are not always applicable to humans), large numbers of neurons can die during this period in response to slight, normally innocuous changes in blood flow.
3287:
3207:
897:
may be suggested, but should be avoided unless there are progressive neurological symptoms, focal neurological findings, or concern of skull fracture on exam.
6492:
5253:
Satz P, Zaucha K, McCleary C, Light R, Asarnow R, Becker D (September 1997). "Mild head injury in children and adolescents: a review of studies (1970-1995)".
881:
such as an intracranial hemorrhage or other serious head or neck injuries. This includes the "ABCs" (airway, breathing, circulation) and stabilization of the
8385:
996:
968:
889:. Those with such symptoms, or those who are at higher risk of a more serious brain injury, require an emergency medical assessment. Brain imaging such as a
342:. Diagnostic imaging such as a CT scan or an MRI may be required to rule out severe head injuries. Routine imaging is not required to diagnose concussion.
6336:"What factors must be considered in 'return to school' following concussion and what strategies or accommodations should be followed? A systematic review"
5769:"Primary prevention of contact sports-related concussions in amateur athletes: a systematic review from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma"
3043:
Erlanger DM, Kutner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R (May 1999). "Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia Pugilistica to Post Concussion Syndrome".
1862:"Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
8708:
6725:
1218:
Most children recover completely from concussion in less than four weeks, however 15β30% of youth may experience symptoms that last longer than a month.
7734:"Non-surgical intervention and cost for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
6810:
Zemek RL, Farion KJ, Sampson M, McGahern C (March 2013). "Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: a systematic review".
6643:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).
4994:
5090:
Delaney JS, Abuzeyad F, Correa JA, Foxford R (August 2005). "Recognition and characteristics of concussions in the emergency department population".
1307:, speech and memory problems, slowed mental processing, tremor, depression, and inappropriate behavior. It shares features with Alzheimer's disease.
5504:
Petchprapai N, Winkelman C (October 2007). "Mild traumatic brain injury: determinants and subsequent quality of life. A review of the literature".
3407:"Concussion in professional football: summary of the research conducted by the National Football League's Committee on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
7659:
2445:
338:
score 13 to 15, loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, and memory loss for less than 24 hours may be used to rule out moderate or severe
2053:
738:, meaning that the dysfunction occurs over a widespread area of the brain rather than in a particular spot. It is thought to be a milder type of
697:
At the same time, cerebral blood flow is relatively reduced for unknown reasons, though the reduction in blood flow is not as severe as it is in
385:
symptoms of a prior concussion have resolved is associated with worse outcomes. Repeated concussions may also increase the risk in later life of
3579:
2596:
1995:
1767:
1960:
8230:
2701:
7457:
McKeever CK, Schatz P (2003). "Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries".
4251:
3692:
3492:
King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, Gissane C (April 2014). "Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review".
4598:
2244:
2021:
1116:
For persons participating in athletics, it is suggested that participants progress through a series of graded steps. These steps include:
4642:"Diagnostic procedures in mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
3258:
7652:"Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Rehabilitation | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
7598:
4056:
2738:
2083:
1627:
1617:
National and international clinical practice guidelines do not recommend a concussion grading system for use by medical professionals.
1548:
1382:
920:
6454:"Efficacy of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: interventions of QEEG-guided biofeedback, computers, strategies, and medications"
6120:
3813:
Rousseau P, Post A, Hoshizaki TB (2009). "The effects of impact management materials in ice hockey helmets on head injury criteria".
1226:
Mild traumatic brain injury recovery time in people over age 65 may have increased complications due to elevated health concerns, or
6854:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children"
6524:
947:
There are no fluid biomarkers (i.e., blood or urine tests) that are validated for diagnosing concussion in children or adolescents.
7053:
6944:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008"
5398:
4602:
4289:
McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (December 2001). "Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions".
7799:
2626:
6058:
2288:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016"
8220:
5293:
Comper P, Bisschop SM, Carnide N, Tricco A (October 2005). "A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury".
2917:
Bowen AP (June 2003). "Second impact syndrome: a rare, catastrophic, preventable complication of concussion in young athletes".
8742:
1587:
Measurement of predictive visual tracking is being studied as a screening technique to identify mild traumatic brain injury. A
750:
in which rodents were concussed have revealed lifelong neuropathological consequences such as ongoing axonal degeneration and
8543:
8199:
Shurley, Jason P., and Janice S. Todd. "Boxing lessons: An historical review of chronic head trauma in boxing and football."
7782:
7592:
6652:
5751:
5602:
5435:
5392:
5032:
3252:
2667:
2159:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in SportβAmsterdam, October 2022"
8139:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012"
6430:
3948:
McAllister TW, Sparling MB, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ (December 2001). "Neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury".
6198:
2673:
429:
7800:"Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem"
7190:
6383:
Reymond MA, Marbet G, RadΓΌ EW, Gratzl O (1992). "Aspirin as a risk factor for hemorrhage in patients with head injuries".
5069:
2656:
Graham R, Rivara FP, Ford MA, Spicer CM, eds. (2014). "Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions".
7503:
Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM (2006). "The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview".
6195:"Guideline for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Persistent Symptoms: 3rd Edition (for Adults 18+ years of age)"
6086:
4870:
3322:
499:. Loss of consciousness may occur, but is not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion if it is brief.
17:
963:
However, although no structural brain damage occurs according to the classic definition, some researchers have included
4482:
4443:
Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC (May 2016). "The Molecular Pathophysiology of Concussive Brain Injury - an Update".
3751:
2959:"Posttraumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia: Pathophysiology and Implications in Grading and Safe Return to Play"
796:
Red flags are warning signs that may indicate a more serious problem and require immediate emergency medical attention
642:
In both animals and humans, mTBI can alter the brain's physiology for hours to years, setting into motion a variety of
8204:
771:) consumption and glucose utilization, quickly depleting glucose stores within the cells. Simultaneously, inefficient
6284:"Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review"
6146:"Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review"
4987:"Press Announcements β FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults"
3078:
McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (February 1998). "Concussive convulsions. Incidence in sport and treatment recommendations".
2362:"Living Concussion Guidelines: Guideline for Concussion & Prolonged Symptoms for Adults 18 years of Age or Older"
4751:
3214:
1452:
The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical works from ancient Greece, mentions concussion, later translated to
8643:
7627:
7235:
3283:
1719:
1276:
991:
386:
130:
6453:
5661:
Savitsky EA, Votey SR (January 2000). "Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries".
5381:
Head Injury: Triage, Assessment, Investigation and Early Management of Head Injury in Infants, Children and Adults
8678:
2045:
1457:
1287:. For example, the risk of developing clinical depression has been found to be significantly greater for retired
678:
that serve to stimulate nerve cells, are released in excessive amounts. The resulting cellular excitation causes
4902:
Binder LM (August 1986). "Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: a review of the postconcussive syndrome".
1987:
1759:
1551:
report outlined it as an important strategy. In this article, "concussion" and "mTBI" are used interchangeably.
1477:
pointed out the relatively good prognosis of concussion as compared to more severe types of head trauma such as
1230:. This often results in longer hospitalization duration, poorer cognitive outcomes, and higher mortality rates.
7031:
2075:
1635:
have returned to pre-injury levels. Three grading systems have been most widely followed: by Robert Cantu, the
941:
735:
1952:
1647:
Comparison of historic concussion grading scales β not currently recommended for use by medical professionals
1326:
lose the ability to regulate their diameter, causing a loss of control over cerebral blood flow. As the brain
1068:
reporting behaviors, and reduced body checking-related penalties and injuries, thereby lowering risk of mTBI.
8377:
3123:"Concussive convulsions: emergency department assessment and management of a frequently misunderstood entity"
1640:
3815:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
6745:
4986:
2383:
1808:
Mahooti N (January 2018). "Sports-Related Concussion: Acute Management and Chronic Postconcussive Issues".
1596:
1168:
is preferred to minimize the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Concussed individuals are advised not to use
924:
574:
370:
7843:
8581:
8576:
8090:"Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004"
6852:
Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, et al. (November 2018).
6193:
Marshall S, Bayley M, McCullagh S, Berrigan L, Fischer L, Ouchterlony D, Rockwell C, Velikonja D (2018).
603:
37:
7651:
3325:[An outline of the current concepts of mild brain injury with emphasis on the adult population]
8785:
8189:
Harrison, Emily A. "The first concussion crisis: head injury and evidence in early American football."
2437:
2215:"American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report--sport-related concussion in children and adolescents"
1724:
1612:
467:, or a ringing in the ears, is also commonly reported. In one in about seventy concussions, concussive
3538:
Poirier MP (2003). "Concussions: Assessment, management, and recommendations for return to activity".
2384:"The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Diagnostic Criteria for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
8724:
8536:
5863:
Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, et al. (January 2013).
3622:
1395:
1046:
983:
719:
For a period of minutes to days after a concussion, the brain is especially vulnerable to changes in
374:
8683:
6517:"Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
5618:
van der Naalt J (December 2001). "Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: a review".
3601:
2730:
1411:. As a consequence, jobs in the construction, transportation, and natural resource industries (e.g.
8754:
8628:
8322:
6904:
Flanagan SR, Hibbard MR, Gordon WA (February 2005). "The impact of age on traumatic brain injury".
3205:
2382:
Silverberg ND, Iverson GL, Cogan A, Dams-O'Connor K, Delmonico R, Graf MJ, et al. (May 2023).
1636:
1365:
1248:
916:
425:
302:
160:
142:
4185:"Lifelong behavioral and neuropathological consequences of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury"
8737:
8703:
8660:
8601:
8568:
8510:
7054:"Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury"
4779:
Moser RS, Iverson GL, Echemendia RJ, Lovell MR, Schatz P, Webbe FM, et al. (November 2007).
4243:
4225:
3684:
1734:
1632:
1482:
1017:
902:
476:
125:
6766:
Schulz MR, Marshall SW, Mueller FO, Yang J, Weaver NL, Kalsbeek WD, Bowling JM (November 2004).
5904:
Campbell KR, Marshall SW, Luck JF, Pinton GF, Stitzel JD, Boone JS, et al. (October 2020).
5547:
Lee LK (August 2007). "Controversies in the sequelae of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury".
4822:"Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk?"
2017:
59:
Mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mild head injury (MHI), minor head trauma
8759:
8749:
8633:
8560:
3596:
2214:
2158:
1429:
1316:
1292:
1082:
1005:
928:
911:
768:
747:
500:
472:
390:
339:
134:
8351:
8271:
7095:
Willer B, Leddy JJ (September 2006). "Management of concussion and post-concussion syndrome".
7081:
6768:"Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996-1999"
4335:
Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, et al. (February 2002).
3242:
3165:
Cantu RC, Aubry M, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, et al. (October 2006).
2557:"The International Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
365:
may be recommended to help with a headache. Prescribed aerobic exercise may improve recovery.
8693:
8688:
8650:
7732:
Borg J, Holm L, Peloso PM, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, von Holst H, et al. (February 2004).
7582:
6545:
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS (June 2017).
5423:
5020:
4087:
2561:
The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques
1860:
Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L, et al. (February 2004).
1729:
1001:
784:
739:
720:
283:
5175:
Bryant RA (January 2008). "Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions".
4781:"Neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis and management of sports-related concussion"
2555:
Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, Kwon CS, Jette N, Frolkis AD, et al. (November 2016).
1520:
and that due to concussion, without such injury. In 1941, animal experiments showed that no
1322:
fatal complication, but it is commonly thought that the swelling occurs because the brain's
1180:
About one percent of people who receive treatment for mTBI need surgery for a brain injury.
8795:
8790:
8638:
8529:
8426:
8013:
7926:
7151:
4738:
4640:
Borg J, Holm L, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, Carroll LJ, von Holst H, Ericson K (February 2004).
4183:
Mouzon BC, Bachmeier C, Ojo JO, Acker CM, Ferguson S, Paris D, et al. (January 2018).
1588:
1577:
1021:
776:
772:
709:
683:
627:
569:
can occur when the head is struck by an object or surface (a 'direct impact'), or when the
378:
310:
168:
30:
8301:
8088:
McCrory P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. (April 2005).
7773:
Kraus JF, Chu LD (2005). "Epidemiology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.).
6113:
1136:
Stage 6: Return to full-contact sport or high-risk activities (requires medical clearance)
8:
8655:
8618:
8311:
8137:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu RC, DvoΕΓ‘k J, Echemendia RJ, et al. (2013).
6942:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M, Cantu R (JulβAug 2009).
6516:
6091:
3587:
2286:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, DvoΕΓ‘k J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al. (June 2017).
1672:
Loss of consciousness <5 minutes or amnesia lasting 30 minutesβ24 hours
1500:
1207:
1145:
667:
550:
512:
503:, in which events following the injury cannot be recalled, is a hallmark of concussions.
8194:
7930:
7806:
7435:
7155:
5379:
4057:"Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement"
2823:
2798:
2438:"CDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
960:
normally shows no gross structural changes to the brain as the result of the condition.
8670:
8613:
8490:
8163:
8138:
8114:
8089:
8065:
8040:
7995:
7947:
7914:
7890:
7865:
7864:
Toledo E, Lebel A, Becerra L, Minster A, Linnman C, Maleki N, et al. (July 2012).
7706:
7681:
7528:
7482:
7341:
7298:
7251:
7120:
7023:
6968:
6943:
6878:
6853:
6625:
6571:
6546:
6484:
6408:
6365:
6308:
6283:
6259:
6170:
6145:
6039:
5987:
5954:
5930:
5905:
5845:
5793:
5768:
5724:
5643:
5572:
5529:
5479:
5361:
5318:
5235:
5154:
4963:
4938:
4851:
4580:
4537:
4415:
4390:
4361:
4336:
4314:
4209:
4184:
4075:
4033:
4021:
3973:
3925:
3900:
3881:
3838:
3665:
3653:
3614:
3517:
3471:
3139:
3122:
3103:
2532:
2414:
1445:
1416:
1387:
1327:
1009:
882:
763:
687:
444:
335:
306:
164:
105:
94:
7832:"Current concepts in concussion diagnosis and management in sports: A clinical review"
7559:
7163:
7139:
5865:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport"
5674:
4698:
4681:
4158:
4122:
4105:
3551:
3459:
2975:
2958:
2659:
Sports-related concussions in youth : improving the science, changing the culture
1516:
and showed the difference between unconsciousness associated with damage to the brain
701:. Thus cells get less glucose than they normally do, which causes an "energy crisis".
483:
and have the same high rate of favorable outcomes as concussions without convulsions.
471:
occur, but seizures that take place during or immediately after a concussion are not "
443:
are the most common mTBI symptom. Others include dizziness, vomiting, nausea, lack of
8764:
8596:
8591:
8168:
8119:
8070:
7987:
7983:
7952:
7938:
7895:
7778:
7755:
7711:
7624:"Nonfatal cases involving days away from work: Selected characteristics. (2003β2010)"
7588:
7563:
7520:
7516:
7474:
7439:
7401:
7397:
7333:
7290:
7255:
7202:
7112:
7073:
7069:
7015:
6973:
6921:
6883:
6869:
6827:
6789:
6737:
6691:
6648:
6629:
6617:
6576:
6476:
6400:
6357:
6313:
6263:
6251:
6175:
6031:
5992:
5974:
5935:
5886:
5837:
5798:
5747:
5716:
5678:
5647:
5635:
5598:
5564:
5521:
5517:
5471:
5431:
5388:
5365:
5353:
5310:
5270:
5239:
5227:
5192:
5158:
5146:
5107:
5061:
5028:
4968:
4954:
4919:
4843:
4802:
4743:
4703:
4663:
4572:
4529:
4524:
4507:
4460:
4420:
4366:
4318:
4306:
4214:
4162:
4127:
4079:
4025:
3965:
3930:
3873:
3842:
3830:
3795:
3743:
3657:
3521:
3509:
3463:
3428:
3380:
3338:
3248:
3188:
3144:
3095:
3091:
3060:
3022:
2980:
2934:
2886:
2828:
2663:
2578:
2536:
2524:
2489:
2418:
2406:
2319:
2236:
2186:
2178:
2136:
2131:
2114:
1931:
1883:
1825:
1465:
1408:
1288:
1029:
1025:
878:
751:
724:
659:
533:
448:
314:
204:
192:
172:
138:
89:
8316:
7999:
7881:
7866:"The young brain and concussion: imaging as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis"
7532:
7486:
7422:
Gordon KE, Dooley JM, Wood EP (May 2006). "Descriptive epidemiology of concussion".
7345:
7302:
7124:
7052:
Boake C, McCauley SR, Levin HS, Pedroza C, Contant CF, Song JX, et al. (2005).
7027:
6823:
6594:
Kamins J, Bigler E, Covassin T, Henry L, Kemp S, Leddy JJ, et al. (June 2017).
6412:
5849:
5728:
5576:
5533:
5483:
5322:
4855:
4584:
4541:
4037:
3977:
3885:
3669:
3618:
3475:
3107:
8608:
8469:
8362:
8158:
8150:
8109:
8101:
8060:
8052:
7979:
7942:
7934:
7885:
7877:
7745:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7555:
7512:
7466:
7431:
7393:
7325:
7282:
7247:
7159:
7104:
7065:
7007:
6963:
6955:
6913:
6873:
6865:
6819:
6779:
6681:
6607:
6566:
6558:
6488:
6468:
6392:
6369:
6347:
6303:
6295:
6241:
6165:
6157:
6043:
6023:
5982:
5966:
5925:
5917:
5906:"Head Impact Telemetry System's Video-based Impact Detection and Location Accuracy"
5876:
5829:
5788:
5780:
5767:
Enniss TM, Basiouny K, Brewer B, Bugaev N, Cheng J, Danner OK, et al. (2018).
5708:
5670:
5627:
5556:
5513:
5463:
5345:
5302:
5262:
5219:
5184:
5138:
5103:
5099:
4958:
4950:
4911:
4833:
4792:
4733:
4693:
4653:
4564:
4519:
4452:
4410:
4402:
4356:
4348:
4298:
4250:. Boston University: Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. 2009-01-27.
4204:
4196:
4154:
4117:
4071:
4017:
3957:
3920:
3912:
3865:
3822:
3785:
3733:
3649:
3606:
3547:
3501:
3455:
3418:
3372:
3178:
3134:
3087:
3052:
3014:
2970:
2926:
2876:
2818:
2810:
2568:
2516:
2479:
2398:
2309:
2299:
2226:
2170:
2126:
1923:
1873:
1817:
1581:
1331:
1284:
972:
762:
Using animal studies, the pathology of a concussion seems to start with mechanical
679:
671:
658:
Included in the cascade of events unleashed in the brain by concussion is impaired
504:
6596:"What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review"
6426:
3774:"Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome"
1486:
8327:
7797:
7011:
6612:
6595:
6562:
6352:
6335:
6027:
5921:
5881:
5864:
5833:
5712:
5560:
5467:
5142:
4838:
4821:
4611:
4607:
2881:
2864:
2304:
2287:
2174:
1504:
1474:
1280:
1268:
1203:
1156:
Medications may be prescribed to treat headaches, sleep problems and depression.
1130:
Stage 4: Non-contact training drills (exercise, coordination, and cognitive load)
1033:
976:
615:
611:
8365:
7286:
6647:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 111.
5266:
3901:"Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?"
3208:"Practice Parameter: The Management of Concussion in Sports (Summary Statement)"
2865:"Mild traumatic brain injury: toward understanding manifestations and treatment"
2657:
988:
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
651:
processes that follow concussion are reversible in a large majority of affected
232:
Physical and cognitive rest for a day or two with a gradual return to activities
6959:
6670:"Definition, diagnosis, and forensic implications of postconcussional syndrome"
6299:
6194:
6161:
5631:
5049:
4406:
3961:
3056:
3018:
3005:
Rees PM (December 2003). "Contemporary issues in mild traumatic brain injury".
2402:
1478:
1169:
691:
599:
492:
456:
291:
279:
184:
8407:
8286:
8154:
7750:
7733:
7470:
7108:
6917:
6686:
6669:
6472:
6246:
6229:
5784:
5306:
4915:
4797:
4780:
4658:
4641:
4568:
4456:
3790:
3773:
3505:
3376:
3346:
2360:
Marshall S, Lithopoulos A, Curran D, Fischer L, Velikonja D, Bayley M (2023).
1878:
1861:
1821:
982:
Definitions of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were inconsistent until the
29:
For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in children and adolescents, see
8779:
8439:
8105:
6741:
5978:
5970:
5357:
4478:
3916:
3834:
3688:
3610:
3423:
3406:
2182:
1603:
while it is hypothesized that those with mild traumatic brain injury cannot.
1378:
1227:
873:
is not a sign of concussion and can be a sign of a more serious brain injury.
705:
619:
394:
366:
114:
8234:
7210:
4597:
3721:
3206:
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (1997).
3183:
3166:
1127:
Stage 3: Sport-specific activities such as running drills and skating drills
8732:
8552:
8172:
8123:
8074:
8056:
7991:
7956:
7899:
7759:
7715:
7524:
7478:
7443:
7405:
7337:
7316:
Jordan BD (2000). "Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing".
7259:
7206:
7116:
7077:
7019:
6977:
6925:
6887:
6831:
6793:
6695:
6621:
6580:
6480:
6361:
6317:
6255:
6179:
6035:
5996:
5939:
5890:
5841:
5802:
5720:
5682:
5639:
5568:
5525:
5475:
5424:"Postconcussional disorder: Background to DSM-IV and future considerations"
5314:
5231:
5196:
5150:
5111:
5065:
4972:
4847:
4806:
4747:
4707:
4667:
4576:
4533:
4464:
4424:
4370:
4310:
4302:
4218:
4166:
4131:
4083:
4029:
3969:
3934:
3877:
3826:
3799:
3747:
3661:
3513:
3467:
3432:
3384:
3342:
3192:
3148:
3064:
3026:
2984:
2938:
2832:
2582:
2528:
2493:
2484:
2467:
2410:
2323:
2240:
2231:
2190:
2140:
1935:
1887:
1829:
1592:
1347:
1304:
957:
728:
623:
595:
295:
118:
81:
73:
7567:
7294:
6404:
5349:
5274:
5223:
4923:
3099:
2890:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
779:
of glucose and increased lactate accumulation. There is a resultant local
8713:
8409:
8346:
7805:. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
6784:
6767:
6119:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. September 2007.
4721:
4555:
Kay A, Teasdale G (September 2001). "Head injury in the United Kingdom".
4508:"Mild traumatic brain injury in children: just another bump on the head?"
2573:
2556:
1927:
1573:
1521:
1412:
1398:, and the medical associations of the UK, the US, Australia, and Canada.
1165:
713:
666:, deregulation of energy use and cellular metabolism, and a reduction in
554:
546:
532:
can deliver more rotational force to the head than the typical impact in
452:
358:
354:
275:
242:
179:
8216:
7329:
5188:
4352:
3323:"[Contemporary view on mild brain injuries in adult population]"
3244:
Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management
2930:
2018:"Brain Injury Safety Tips and Prevention | Heads Up | CDC Injury Center"
971:
definition includes physiological or physical disruption in the brain's
451:, or other problems with movement or sensation. Visual symptoms include
8698:
8464:
7623:
6805:
6803:
6723:
6396:
2814:
2520:
2381:
2098:
1600:
1517:
886:
877:
Head trauma recipients are initially assessed to exclude a more severe
870:
810:
652:
648:
607:
468:
237:
65:
8254:
8239:
7360:"Second Impact Syndrome: the Dangerous Effect of Multiple Concussions"
6547:"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review"
5027:. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 85β86.
3869:
3738:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2314:
1914:
Ropper AH, Gorson KC (January 2007). "Clinical practice. Concussion".
1697:
Confusion, symptoms last <15 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1675:
Loss of consciousness >5 minutes or amnesia >24 hours
1496:
369:
may be useful for persisting balance problems, headache, or whiplash;
8459:
8449:
8357:
8296:
5955:"Counseling Athletes on the Risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy"
4200:
1988:"How do health care providers diagnose traumatic brain injury (TBI)?"
1503:
distinguished between concussion and unconsciousness associated with
1424:
1323:
1161:
1157:
1124:
Stage 2: Light aerobic activity such as walking or stationary cycling
1093:
1052:
675:
643:
496:
350:
218:
196:
98:
6995:
6800:
1669:
Post-traumatic amnesia <30 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1493:, as well as "shaking of the brain", "commotion", and "concussion".
76:(g-forces) can exert rotational forces in the brain, especially the
8014:"Returning to Sports and Activities | HEADS UP | CDC Injury Center"
7617:
7615:
5430:. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 320.
5127:
5050:"Current Concepts in Concussion: Initial Evaluation and Management"
4008:
Iverson GL (May 2005). "Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury".
2753:
1703:
Loss of consciousness (IIIa, coma lasts seconds, IIIb for minutes)
1643:. Each employs three grades, as summarized in the following table:
1391:
1386:
is particularly common include American football, the rugby codes,
843:
830:
818:
780:
698:
634:/s are estimated to have 25, 50, or 80% risk of mTBI respectively.
598:. It is thought that the forces from the injury disrupt the normal
591:
464:
460:
440:
287:
110:
77:
7969:
7236:"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League"
6851:
4722:"Sport concussion assessment tool for children ages 5 to 12 years"
1440:
590:
The parts of the brain most affected by rotational forces are the
2799:"Persisting symptoms after concussion: Time for a paradigm shift"
2361:
1255:
890:
806:
582:
480:
326:
318:
188:
7612:
4145:
Hardman JM, Manoukian A (May 2002). "Pathology of head trauma".
3947:
3638:
2359:
1303:
disease can lead to cognitive and physical disabilities such as
8281:
8266:
7831:
6724:
Masferrer R, Masferrer M, Prendergast V, Harrington TR (2000).
6192:
5744:
The AβZ of Neurological Practice: a Guide to Clinical Neurology
5699:
Parikh S, Koch M, Narayan RK (2007). "Traumatic brain injury".
5387:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007.
4506:
Cook RS, Schweer L, Shebesta KF, Hartjes K, Falcone RA (2006).
1420:
1296:
1056:
987:
964:
631:
577:) and force is transmitted to the head (an 'indirect impact').
529:
373:
may be useful for mood changes. Evidence to support the use of
362:
346:
322:
290:; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea;
246:
222:
8521:
8235:"Facts about Concussion and Brain Injury and Where to Get Help
6941:
6228:
Zimmerman SD, Vernau BT, Meehan WP, Master CL (January 2021).
5862:
508:
reasoning, concentrating, and performing everyday activities.
475:", and, unlike post-traumatic seizures, are not predictive of
8087:
7384:
McCrory P (July 2001). "Does second impact syndrome exist?".
6906:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
4445:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
4226:"Mild traumatic brain injury causes long-term damage in mice"
3363:
Heegaard W, Biros M (August 2007). "Traumatic brain injury".
3213:. American Academy of Neurology. pp. 1β7. Archived from
2776:
2156:
1555:
1051:
Prevention of mTBI involves general measures such as wearing
866:
570:
566:
562:
558:
330:
7273:
Mendez MF (1995). "The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing".
6937:
6935:
5089:
5018:
4778:
4334:
3321:
SivΓ‘k S, Kurca E, Jancovic D, PetriscΓ‘k S, Kucera P (2005).
3164:
1620:
7621:
6544:
6227:
6144:
DeMatteo C, Bednar ED, Randall S, Falla K (February 2020).
6012:
5454:
Cobb S, Battin B (October 2004). "Second-impact syndrome".
5428:
The Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
5292:
5025:
The Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
3320:
2285:
1700:
Symptoms last >15 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1686:
Confusion, post-traumatic amnesia, no loss of consciousness
1173:
1133:
Stage 5: Full-contact practice (requires medical clearance)
1087:
743:
113:; trouble with thinking, memory, or concentration; nausea;
8136:
7798:
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2003).
6809:
6281:
6143:
5903:
5766:
4505:
3446:
Shaw NA (July 2002). "The neurophysiology of concussion".
524:
221:, gridiron football, martial arts, motorcycle, or bicycle
8480:
7863:
7502:
7058:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
7051:
6932:
6765:
6593:
6429:. Atlanta, GA: Center of Disease Control. March 8, 2010.
6063:
5818:
3042:
1810:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
894:
663:
5741:
3685:"Any football helmet hit can cause potential concussion"
3491:
3167:"Overview of concussion consensus statements since 2000"
2735:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
2554:
1859:
6427:"What Can I Do to Help Feel Better After a Concussion?"
6382:
5953:
Concannon LG, Kaufman MS, Herring SA (September 2014).
5952:
5252:
5021:"Mild head injury: The new frontier in sports medicine"
5019:
Barth JT, Varney NR, Ruchinskas RA, Francis JP (1999).
4182:
3855:
3778:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
682:
excessively. This creates an imbalance of ions such as
7913:
Maruta J, Lee SW, Jacobs EF, Ghajar J (October 2010).
6230:"Sports-Related Concussions and the Pediatric Patient"
5746:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
4442:
4388:
3577:
2655:
2468:"Sport-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents"
712:
to produce energy, increasing levels of the byproduct
8041:"Sport-related concussion: Evaluation and management"
7912:
7731:
7580:
6903:
6059:"Should you let someone with concussion fall asleep?"
5209:
4639:
4603:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
4438:
4436:
4434:
3812:
2796:
2731:"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Condition Information"
2506:
2465:
2076:"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Condition Information"
1330:, intracranial pressure rapidly rises. The brain can
1295:
earlier and a threefold greater chance of developing
997:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
969:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
850:
Numbness, weakness in extremities, or slurred speech
690:
across the cell membranes of neurons (a process like
8244:
7646:
7644:
5620:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
5592:
5503:
4904:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
4871:"Statement on Concussion Baseline Testing in Canada"
4481:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006.
4391:"Concussion Pathophysiology and Injury Biomechanics"
3950:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
2797:
Broshek DK, Pardini JE, Herring SA (December 2022).
746:
may be injured to a minor extent due to stretching.
528:
Rotational force is key in a concussion. Punches in
8709:
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
7546:Cantu RC (January 1998). "Second-impact syndrome".
7191:"Assessment and management of concussion in sports"
4384:
4382:
4380:
4244:"Dead Athletes Brains Show Damage From Concussions"
3898:
2466:Halstead ME, Walter KD, Moffatt K (December 2018).
2432:
2430:
2428:
927:. Mild head injury may or may not produce abnormal
704:Concurrently with these processes, the activity of
317:. Risk factors include physical violence, drinking
7679:
6642:
6282:DeMatteo C, Bednar ED, Randall S, Falla K (2020).
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6008:
6006:
4431:
3247:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 236.
3240:
1221:
1094:Rest and return to physical and cognitive activity
855:Not usual self, aggressive, or agitated behaviour
837:Problem recognizing people or places or confusion
7641:
7587:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Pub. p. 77.
6899:
6897:
6333:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6087:"Is It Safe to Sleep After Getting a Concussion?"
5742:Larner AJ, Barker RJ, Scolding N, Rowe D (2005).
5698:
5288:
5286:
5284:
3281:
967:in which structural damage has occurred, and the
801:Red flag symptoms (emergent assessment required)
655:; however, a few cells may die after the injury.
8777:
7421:
6334:Purcell LK, Davis GA, Gioia GA (February 2019).
6329:
6327:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5014:
5012:
4682:"Sport concussion assessment tool - 5th edition"
4615:, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine,
4389:Romeu-Mejia R, Giza CC, Goldman JT (June 2019).
4377:
4144:
3007:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2777:"Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion Care"
2425:
2391:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2355:
2353:
919:may be associated with abnormalities visible on
825:Difficulty waking up (or loss of consciousness)
345:Prevention of concussions includes the use of a
7275:International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6667:
6451:
6212:
6003:
5597:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. v.
4288:
4178:
4176:
3120:
3077:
2662:. National Academies Press. p. Chapter 5.
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
1351:Annual incidence of MTBI by age group in Canada
7777:. American Psychiatric Pub., Inc. p. 23.
7498:
7496:
7456:
6894:
6270:
6186:
5281:
4939:"Traumatic brain injury: An EEG point of view"
4501:
4499:
4189:Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3899:Smith DH, Johnson VE, Stewart W (April 2013).
3236:
3234:
2699:
2212:
708:may be reduced, which causes cells to rely on
424:persisting concussion symptoms, also known as
8537:
8393:
8231:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8130:
8032:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6587:
6538:
6324:
5694:
5692:
5660:
5617:
5490:
5009:
4936:
4635:
4633:
3362:
3038:
3036:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
334:medical evaluation to diagnose a concussion.
7857:
7673:
7417:
7415:
7229:
7227:
6838:
5897:
5336:Parkinson D (1999). "Concussion confusion".
5123:
5121:
4930:
4813:
4599:American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
4173:
3941:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3487:
3485:
3404:
3160:
3158:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2330:
1913:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1000:have defined mTBI using some combination of
414:Video explanation of concussions in children
7727:
7725:
7680:Denny-Brown D, Russell WR (December 1940).
7581:Solomon GS, Johnston KM, Lovell MR (2006).
7493:
7450:
7377:
7094:
6114:"Information about NICE clinical guideline"
5959:Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach
5910:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
5611:
5335:
5170:
5168:
4554:
4548:
4496:
4395:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
4064:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
3984:
3365:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3231:
3121:Perron AD, Brady WJ, Huff JS (March 2001).
3071:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2040:
2038:
1947:
1945:
1242:
8544:
8530:
8400:
8386:
7919:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7829:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6702:
5689:
5663:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
5654:
5593:Benton AL, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM (1989).
5588:
5586:
5453:
5246:
5047:
4630:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4106:"The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion"
3849:
3632:
3578:Anderson T, Heitger M, Macleod AD (2006).
3537:
3533:
3531:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3356:
3033:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2589:
2281:
2068:
1975:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1836:
1383:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
736:diffuse (as opposed to focal) brain injury
561:acting on the head are transferred to the
486:
64:
8162:
8113:
8064:
7946:
7889:
7766:
7749:
7705:
7505:The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
7412:
7309:
7224:
7088:
6967:
6877:
6783:
6759:
6685:
6611:
6570:
6351:
6307:
6245:
6169:
5986:
5929:
5880:
5792:
5421:
5415:
5118:
4962:
4868:
4837:
4796:
4737:
4697:
4657:
4591:
4523:
4479:"Facts About Concussion and Brain Injury"
4414:
4360:
4208:
4138:
4121:
4103:
4097:
3924:
3892:
3789:
3737:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3600:
3558:
3482:
3422:
3182:
3155:
3138:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2974:
2880:
2839:
2822:
2774:
2688:
2572:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2483:
2313:
2303:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2230:
2213:Halstead ME, Walter KD (September 2010).
2130:
1877:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1747:
1621:Historical information on grading systems
1584:show tentative success in animal models.
1310:
7772:
7722:
7539:
6726:"Grading scale for cerebral concussions"
6645:Bradley's neurology in clinical practice
6461:Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
5735:
5165:
4895:
4819:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4471:
4330:
4328:
3765:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3277:
3275:
2197:
2035:
1942:
1495:
1464:In the 13th century, the physician
1439:
1346:
865:
523:
399:
8038:
7823:
7383:
7266:
7182:
6984:
6661:
6084:
6056:
5583:
5540:
5449:
5447:
5083:
4265:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4007:
3682:
3676:
3528:
3391:
3241:Anderson MK, Hall SJ, Martin M (2004).
3199:
2945:
2897:
2862:
1894:
1807:
1628:National Athletic Trainers' Association
1213:
14:
8778:
7870:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7791:
7315:
7272:
7188:
7097:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
7045:
6288:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
6150:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
6106:
5174:
4901:
4739:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097492childscat5
3771:
3722:"Observations on concussion. A review"
3719:
3706:
3439:
3114:
2991:
2543:
2258:
1782:
1527:
573:rapidly changes position (i.e. from a
511:A concussion can result in changes in
491:Cognitive symptoms include confusion,
8525:
8408:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
8381:
7545:
7233:
7137:
6668:Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ (2005).
6452:Thornton KE, Carmody DP (June 2008).
5814:
5812:
4997:from the original on 9 September 2018
4765:
4325:
4147:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
3540:Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
3405:Pellman EJ, Viano DC (October 2006).
3301:
3272:
2956:
2916:
2706:The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2152:
2150:
1261:
418:
294:; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and
6994:Ryan LM, Warden DL (November 2003).
5773:Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open
5701:International Anesthesiology Clinics
5444:
5372:
4785:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
4104:Giza CC, Hovda DA (September 2001).
4044:
3445:
3004:
1233:
860:Neck pain or tenderness in the neck
430:persisting symptoms after concussion
325:dysfunction, as there are increased
7436:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.007
6433:from the original on April 28, 2021
5546:
5506:The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing
5426:. In Varney NR, Roberts RJ (eds.).
5177:The New England Journal of Medicine
5023:. In Varney NR, Roberts RJ (eds.).
4236:
1916:The New England Journal of Medicine
1683:Confusion, no loss of consciousness
1473:the 14th century, the surgeon
1102:
24:
8183:
8094:British Journal of Sports Medicine
7775:Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury
7738:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
7682:"Experimental cerebral concussion"
7386:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
7252:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255514.73967.90
7170:from the original on March 8, 2021
7000:International Review of Psychiatry
6600:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6551:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6340:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6197:. Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation.
6016:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5869:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5822:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5809:
4883:from the original on July 17, 2020
4726:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4686:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4646:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
4341:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4076:10.1249/01.mss.0000186726.18341.70
4022:10.1097/01.yco.0000165601.29047.ae
3654:10.1227/01.neu.0000306103.68635.1a
3648:(6): 1244β52, discussion 1252β53.
3140:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01312.x
2741:from the original on 18 April 2021
2607:from the original on 23 March 2021
2601:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
2292:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2163:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2147:
2119:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2086:from the original on 18 April 2021
2056:from the original on 22 March 2021
2046:"What are the treatments for TBI?"
1866:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
1770:from the original on 18 March 2021
1606:
1111:
637:
25:
8807:
8210:
8191:American journal of public health
7915:"A unified science of concussion"
7622:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
7140:"Pure oxygen can help concussion"
6425:
5092:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
4699:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097506SCAT5
4619:from the original on 29 July 2014
3580:"Concussion and mild head injury"
1998:from the original on 8 March 2021
1963:from the original on 9 March 2021
1565:, "action of striking together".
1183:
950:
795:
191:, playing contact sports such as
8644:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
8215:
8081:
8006:
7984:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2847
7963:
7939:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05695.x
7906:
7584:The Heads-up on Sport Concussion
7574:
7517:10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001
7398:10.1097/00042752-200107000-00004
7352:
7131:
7070:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.350
6870:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853
6772:American Journal of Epidemiology
6636:
6509:
6445:
6419:
6376:
6137:
6078:
6050:
5518:10.1097/01376517-200710000-00002
5338:Critical Reviews in Neurosurgery
5048:Scorza KA, Cole W (April 2019).
4955:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-010002
4525:10.1097/00043860-200604000-00007
4070:(11): 2012β2016. November 2005.
3337:(7): 445β50, discussion 451β54.
3092:10.2165/00007256-199825020-00005
2676:from the original on 15 May 2021
2132:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097508CRT5
2115:"Concussion recognition tool 5Β©"
1720:Concussions in American football
1277:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1164:can be taken for headaches, but
992:American Psychiatric Association
783:in the brain and increased cell
387:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
217:Head protection equipment, like
199:, previous history of concussion
131:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
8679:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
8551:
7882:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.007
7846:from the original on 2016-09-25
7662:from the original on 2021-06-10
7630:from the original on 2021-07-10
7601:from the original on 2021-03-23
7034:from the original on 2019-12-10
6824:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216
6527:from the original on 2021-07-10
6498:from the original on 2021-03-07
6201:from the original on 2021-06-08
6126:from the original on 2013-02-22
6085:Bennett M (February 21, 2014).
5946:
5856:
5760:
5404:from the original on 2013-02-22
5329:
5203:
5072:from the original on 2021-04-29
5041:
4979:
4943:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
4862:
4826:Current Sports Medicine Reports
4754:from the original on 2021-02-25
4714:
4674:
4485:from the original on 2007-12-17
4254:from the original on 2017-01-07
3806:
3754:from the original on 2021-07-09
3695:from the original on 2008-05-17
3290:from the original on 2011-06-12
3261:from the original on 2021-08-28
2790:
2723:
2712:from the original on 2014-12-02
2700:Kenneth Maiese (January 2008).
2649:
2637:from the original on 7 May 2021
2619:
2500:
2459:
2448:from the original on 2021-04-17
2375:
2247:from the original on 2016-11-18
2024:from the original on 2021-11-01
1760:"What are common TBI symptoms?"
1342:
1275:Cumulative effects may include
1222:People aged 65+ with concussion
195:, playing martial arts such as
8045:Paediatrics & Child Health
7698:10.1113/jphysiol.1940.sp003887
5104:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.01.020
3045:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
2631:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
2010:
1694:American Academy of Neurology
1554:The term "concussion" is from
1541:
1151:
942:post-traumatic stress disorder
917:persisting concussion symptoms
13:
1:
7560:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70059-4
7164:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)32192-9
5675:10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90060-3
5456:The Journal of School Nursing
4937:Ianof JN, Anghinah R (2017).
4159:10.1016/S1052-5149(02)00009-6
4010:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
3552:10.1016/S1522-8401(03)00061-2
3460:10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00018-7
2869:Archives of Internal Medicine
1740:
1641:American Academy of Neurology
1524:damage occurs in concussion.
1390:and boxing (a boxer aims to "
1040:
329:requirements, but not enough
8143:Journal of Athletic Training
7189:Harmon KG (September 1999).
7012:10.1080/09540260310001606692
6948:Journal of Athletic Training
6613:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097464
6563:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729
6353:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097853
6028:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095645
5922:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002371
5882:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941
5834:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097452
5713:10.1097/AIA.0b013e318078cfe7
5561:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31813444ea
5468:10.1177/10598405040200050401
5143:10.3109/02699052.2014.904049
4839:10.1249/JSR.0b013e318207831d
4110:Journal of Athletic Training
3683:Gever D (December 7, 2007).
2963:Journal of Athletic Training
2919:Journal of Emergency Nursing
2882:10.1001/archinte.158.15.1617
2305:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
2175:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106898
1597:smooth pursuit eye movements
1401:
1192:
1075:
790:
729:studies performed on animals
519:
371:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
8582:Intraventricular hemorrhage
8577:Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
7287:10.2190/CUMK-THT1-X98M-WB4C
6057:Hammond C (June 18, 2016).
5267:10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.107
4869:Parachute (November 2018).
3127:Academic Emergency Medicine
2957:Cantu RC (September 2001).
2627:"Sports-Related Concussion"
1713:
1568:
1166:paracetamol (acetaminophen)
604:reticular activating system
435:
268:mild traumatic brain injury
38:Concussion (disambiguation)
10:
8812:
8223:sports-related concussions
7548:Clinics in Sports Medicine
6996:"Post concussion syndrome"
6960:10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.434
6300:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
6234:Clinics in Sports Medicine
6162:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
5632:10.1076/jcen.23.6.837.1018
5555:(8): 580β83, quiz 584β86.
4732:(11): 862β869. June 2017.
4692:(11): 851β858. June 2017.
4407:10.1007/s12178-019-09536-8
3962:10.1076/jcen.23.6.775.1026
3772:Bigler ED (January 2008).
3282:Mayo Clinic Staff (2007).
3057:10.1076/clin.13.2.193.1963
3019:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.001
2403:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.036
1725:Concussions in rugby union
1689:Any loss of consciousness
1613:Concussion grading systems
1610:
1561:, "to shake violently" or
1458:Muhammad ibn ZakarΔ«ya RΔzi
1435:
1381:are concussions. The U.S.
1314:
1246:
1044:
495:, and difficulty focusing
35:
28:
8755:Injury of accessory nerve
8723:
8669:
8559:
8503:
8478:
8447:
8436:
8417:
8337:
8248:
8155:10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.05
8039:Purcell LK (March 2014).
7830:Brooks D, Hunt B (2006).
7751:10.1080/16501960410023840
7686:The Journal of Physiology
7471:10.1207/S15324826AN1001_2
7195:American Family Physician
7109:10.1007/s11940-006-0031-9
6918:10.1016/j.pmr.2004.06.012
6687:10.1176/appi.psy.46.3.195
6473:10.1007/s10484-008-9056-z
6247:10.1016/j.csm.2020.08.010
5785:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000153
5422:Ruff RM, Grant I (1999).
5307:10.1080/02699050400025042
5054:American Family Physician
4916:10.1080/01688638608401325
4798:10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.004
4659:10.1080/16501960410023822
4569:10.1007/s00268-001-0084-6
4512:Journal of Trauma Nursing
4457:10.1016/j.pmr.2016.01.003
3905:Nature Reviews. Neurology
3791:10.1017/S135561770808017X
3506:10.1007/s40279-013-0134-x
3377:10.1016/j.emc.2007.07.001
1879:10.1080/16501960410023732
1822:10.1016/j.chc.2017.08.005
1680:Colorado Medical Society
1674:
1671:
1668:
1461:condition for centuries.
1396:World Medical Association
1372:
1047:Prevention of concussions
984:World Health Organization
540:
375:hyperbaric oxygen therapy
278:that temporarily affects
256:6 per 1,000 people a year
252:
236:
228:
213:
203:
178:
156:
148:
124:
104:
88:
72:
63:
55:
50:
8629:Post-concussion syndrome
8106:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018614
7234:Cantu RC (August 2007).
7138:Klein A (Nov 11, 2017).
5971:10.1177/1941738114530958
5549:Pediatric Emergency Care
4557:World Journal of Surgery
3917:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.29
3611:10.1136/jnnp.2006.106583
3448:Progress in Neurobiology
3424:10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.13
2775:Zemek R, Reed N (2023).
2597:"Traumatic Brain Injury"
1637:Colorado Medical Society
1633:neuropsychological tests
1532:
1249:Post-concussion syndrome
1243:Post-concussion syndrome
1018:intracranial hemorrhages
903:Neuropsychological tests
662:, loss of regulation of
455:, seeing bright lights,
426:post concussion syndrome
340:traumatic brain injuries
303:motor vehicle collisions
161:Motor vehicle collisions
143:post-concussion syndrome
8738:Peripheral nerve injury
8704:Posterior cord syndrome
8661:Penetrating head injury
8602:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
8569:Intracranial hemorrhage
8511:Penetrating head injury
8193:104.5 (2014): 822-833.
7459:Applied Neuropsychology
4610:: an initiative of the
3184:10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.4
1735:Helmet removal (sports)
1483:penetrating head trauma
630:of 4600, 5900, or 7900
487:Cognitive and emotional
477:post-traumatic epilepsy
473:post-traumatic seizures
282:. Symptoms may include
8760:Brachial plexus injury
8750:Wallerian degeneration
8684:Brown-SΓ©quard syndrome
8634:Second-impact syndrome
8561:Traumatic brain injury
5255:Psychological Bulletin
5212:Journal of Neurotrauma
4303:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283
3827:10.1243/17543371JSET36
3331:Casopis Lekaru Ceskych
2485:10.1542/peds.2018-3074
2232:10.1542/peds.2010-2005
2125:(11): 872. June 2017.
1508:
1449:
1377:Up to five percent of
1359:
1352:
1317:Second-impact syndrome
1311:Second-impact syndrome
1083:basilar skull fracture
1006:post-traumatic amnesia
874:
769:adenosine triphosphate
557:, occur when external
537:
501:Post-traumatic amnesia
415:
301:Common causes include
117:; sleep disturbances;
8694:Central cord syndrome
8689:Cauda equina syndrome
8651:Diffuse axonal injury
8203:1.3 (2012): 170-184.
7318:Seminars in Neurology
5350:10.1007/s003290050153
5224:10.1089/neu.2019.6956
1730:Head injury criterion
1499:
1448:mentioned concussion.
1443:
1425:transportation sector
1350:
1281:psychiatric disorders
1002:loss of consciousness
977:loss of consciousness
869:
785:membrane permeability
740:diffuse axonal injury
721:intracranial pressure
628:Angular accelerations
555:head-related injuries
527:
413:
284:loss of consciousness
8639:Dementia pugilistica
8221:Share your views on
8057:10.1093/pch/19.3.153
6385:Neurosurgical Review
4232:. December 14, 2017.
2574:10.1017/cjn.2016.290
1928:10.1056/NEJMcp064645
1589:head-mounted display
1409:vehicular collisions
1214:Pediatric concussion
1022:intra-axial hematoma
777:anaerobic metabolism
773:oxidative metabolism
734:Concussion involves
710:anaerobic metabolism
674:, chemicals such as
379:chiropractic therapy
36:For other uses, see
31:Pediatric concussion
8656:Abusive head trauma
8619:Cerebral laceration
8240:Concussion Alliance
7931:2010NYASA1208...58M
7744:(43 Suppl): 76β83.
7424:Pediatric Neurology
7330:10.1055/s-2000-9826
7156:2017NewSc.236...10K
5189:10.1056/NEJMe078235
4820:Randolph C (2011).
4652:(43 Suppl): 61β75.
4353:10.1136/bjsm.36.1.6
3858:Annals of Neurology
3588:Practical Neurology
3411:Neurosurgical Focus
3371:(3): 655β78, viii.
3171:Neurosurgical Focus
2931:10.1067/men.2003.90
2509:NeuroRehabilitation
1872:(43 Suppl): 28β60.
1648:
1528:Society and culture
1501:Guillaume Dupuytren
1293:Alzheimer's disease
1208:clinical depression
1144:Intercollegiate or
797:
668:cerebral blood flow
551:cerebrospinal fluid
391:Parkinson's disease
361:(acetaminophen) or
135:Parkinson's disease
18:Cerebral concussion
8671:Spinal cord injury
8614:Cerebral contusion
8491:Perforated eardrum
8338:External resources
8201:Kinesiology Review
8020:. 12 February 2019
7836:BC Medical Journal
7201:(3): 887β92, 894.
6785:10.1093/aje/kwh304
6397:10.1007/BF02352062
4153:(2): 175β87, vii.
3726:European Neurology
3720:Pearce JM (2007).
2863:Kushner D (1998).
2815:10.1002/pmrj.12884
2521:10.3233/NRE-220044
1953:"What causes TBI?"
1646:
1509:
1450:
1446:Hippocratic Corpus
1353:
1262:Cumulative effects
1034:pathophysiological
1010:Glasgow Coma Scale
887:unequal pupil size
875:
871:Unequal pupil size
723:, blood flow, and
602:activities in the
538:
445:motor coordination
419:Signs and symptoms
416:
336:Glasgow coma scale
266:, also known as a
185:Physical violences
95:Emergency medicine
8786:Athletic training
8773:
8772:
8765:Traumatic neuroma
8725:Peripheral nerves
8597:Epidural hematoma
8592:Subdural hematoma
8519:
8518:
8499:
8498:
8375:
8374:
7784:978-1-58562-105-7
7594:978-0-7360-6008-0
6654:978-1-4377-0434-1
6022:(20): 1473β1482.
5916:(10): 2198β2206.
5753:978-0-521-62960-7
5604:978-0-19-505301-2
5437:978-0-8058-2394-3
5394:978-0-9549760-5-7
5218:(19): 2029β2044.
5034:978-0-8058-2394-3
4601:(24 April 2014),
4297:(12): 2283β2289.
4223:*Lay summary in:
3870:10.1002/ana.24064
3739:10.1159/000111872
3254:978-0-7817-5001-1
3013:(12): 1885β1894.
2875:(15): 1617β1624.
2809:(12): 1509β1513.
2669:978-0-309-28800-2
2050:www.nichd.nih.gov
1992:www.nichd.nih.gov
1957:www.nichd.nih.gov
1707:
1706:
1466:Lanfranc of Milan
1289:American football
1234:Repeat concussion
1030:subdural hematoma
1026:epidural hematoma
864:
863:
752:neuroinflammation
672:neurotransmitters
660:neurotransmission
549:is surrounded by
534:American football
453:light sensitivity
411:
315:bicycle accidents
280:brain functioning
260:
259:
245:(acetaminophen),
209:Based on symptoms
205:Diagnostic method
193:American football
173:bicycle accidents
45:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8803:
8609:Brain herniation
8546:
8539:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8470:Corneal abrasion
8445:
8444:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8379:
8378:
8246:
8245:
8225:with Wikiversity
8219:
8177:
8176:
8166:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8117:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8068:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8010:
8004:
8003:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7876:(6): 1510β1531.
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7709:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7648:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7500:
7491:
7490:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7231:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7209:. Archived from
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7080:. Archived from
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
6991:
6982:
6981:
6971:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6881:
6849:
6836:
6835:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6744:. Archived from
6721:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6615:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6458:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6355:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6311:
6279:
6268:
6267:
6249:
6225:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5595:Mild Head Injury
5590:
5581:
5580:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5501:
5488:
5487:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5386:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5290:
5279:
5278:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5137:(8): 1009β1021.
5125:
5116:
5115:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4841:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4776:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4741:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4563:(9): 1210β1220.
4552:
4546:
4545:
4527:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4386:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4286:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4212:
4201:10.1002/acn3.510
4180:
4171:
4170:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4086:. Archived from
4061:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4005:
3982:
3981:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3732:(3β4): 113β119.
3717:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3621:. Archived from
3604:
3584:
3575:
3556:
3555:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3345:. Archived from
3328:
3318:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2914:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2860:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2603:. October 2013.
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2478:(6): e20183074.
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2397:(8): 1343β1355.
2388:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2357:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1857:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1756:
1652:Guidelines
1649:
1645:
1582:N-acetylcysteine
1514:contusio cerebri
1491:commotio cerebri
1454:commotio cerebri
1430:private industry
1285:long-term memory
1103:Return-to-school
798:
794:
412:
68:
48:
47:
21:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8719:
8665:
8555:
8550:
8520:
8515:
8495:
8474:
8438:
8432:
8413:
8406:
8376:
8371:
8370:
8333:
8332:
8257:
8213:
8186:
8184:Further reading
8181:
8180:
8135:
8131:
8086:
8082:
8037:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8012:
8011:
8007:
7978:(11): e182847.
7972:JAMA Pediatrics
7968:
7964:
7911:
7907:
7862:
7858:
7849:
7847:
7828:
7824:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7785:
7771:
7767:
7730:
7723:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7663:
7650:
7649:
7642:
7633:
7631:
7620:
7613:
7604:
7602:
7595:
7579:
7575:
7544:
7540:
7501:
7494:
7455:
7451:
7420:
7413:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7314:
7310:
7271:
7267:
7232:
7225:
7216:
7214:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7136:
7132:
7093:
7089:
7050:
7046:
7037:
7035:
6992:
6985:
6940:
6933:
6902:
6895:
6864:(11): e182853.
6858:JAMA Pediatrics
6850:
6839:
6812:JAMA Pediatrics
6808:
6801:
6778:(10): 937β944.
6764:
6760:
6751:
6749:
6722:
6703:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6641:
6637:
6606:(12): 935β940.
6592:
6588:
6557:(12): 941β948.
6543:
6539:
6530:
6528:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6424:
6420:
6381:
6377:
6332:
6325:
6280:
6271:
6226:
6213:
6204:
6202:
6191:
6187:
6142:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6055:
6051:
6011:
6004:
5951:
5947:
5902:
5898:
5861:
5857:
5828:(12): 978β984.
5817:
5810:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5740:
5736:
5697:
5690:
5659:
5655:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5591:
5584:
5545:
5541:
5502:
5491:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5420:
5416:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5334:
5330:
5301:(11): 863β880.
5291:
5282:
5251:
5247:
5208:
5204:
5173:
5166:
5126:
5119:
5088:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5017:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4935:
4931:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4818:
4814:
4777:
4766:
4757:
4755:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4638:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4612:ABIM Foundation
4608:Choosing Wisely
4596:
4592:
4553:
4549:
4504:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4441:
4432:
4387:
4378:
4333:
4326:
4287:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4224:
4181:
4174:
4143:
4139:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4045:
4006:
3985:
3946:
3942:
3897:
3893:
3854:
3850:
3811:
3807:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3718:
3707:
3698:
3696:
3681:
3677:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3602:10.1.1.536.9655
3582:
3576:
3559:
3536:
3529:
3494:Sports Medicine
3490:
3483:
3444:
3440:
3403:
3392:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3326:
3319:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3286:. Mayo Clinic.
3280:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3255:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3163:
3156:
3119:
3115:
3080:Sports Medicine
3076:
3072:
3041:
3034:
3003:
2992:
2955:
2946:
2915:
2898:
2861:
2840:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2553:
2544:
2505:
2501:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2331:
2298:(11): 838β847.
2284:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2211:
2198:
2169:(11): 695β711.
2155:
2148:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2020:. 6 July 2021.
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1912:
1895:
1858:
1837:
1806:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1743:
1716:
1661:Grade III
1623:
1615:
1609:
1607:Grading systems
1571:
1544:
1535:
1530:
1505:brain contusion
1479:skull fractures
1475:Guy de Chauliac
1438:
1404:
1379:sports injuries
1375:
1362:
1345:
1319:
1313:
1269:neurophysiology
1264:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1224:
1216:
1204:substance abuse
1195:
1186:
1154:
1114:
1112:Return-to-sport
1105:
1096:
1078:
1049:
1043:
953:
793:
727:. According to
680:neurons to fire
640:
638:Pathophysiology
616:corpus callosum
543:
522:
489:
438:
421:
400:
311:sports injuries
286:; memory loss;
169:sports injuries
46:
41:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8809:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8743:classification
8740:
8729:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8716:(Quadriplegia)
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8675:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8526:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8487:
8485:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8454:
8442:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8405:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8354:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8319:
8304:
8289:
8274:
8258:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:Classification
8243:
8242:
8237:
8212:
8211:External links
8209:
8208:
8207:
8197:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8149:(4): 554β575.
8129:
8100:(4): 196β204.
8080:
8051:(3): 153β165.
8031:
8005:
7962:
7905:
7856:
7822:
7790:
7783:
7765:
7721:
7672:
7658:. 2019-01-31.
7640:
7611:
7593:
7573:
7538:
7511:(5): 375β378.
7492:
7449:
7430:(5): 376β378.
7411:
7392:(3): 144β149.
7376:
7351:
7324:(2): 179β185.
7308:
7281:(3): 249β262.
7265:
7246:(2): 223β225.
7223:
7181:
7130:
7103:(5): 415β426.
7087:
7084:on 2006-10-06.
7064:(3): 350β356.
7044:
7006:(4): 310β316.
6983:
6954:(4): 434β448.
6931:
6912:(1): 163β177.
6893:
6837:
6818:(3): 259β265.
6799:
6758:
6701:
6680:(3): 195β202.
6674:Psychosomatics
6660:
6653:
6635:
6586:
6537:
6523:. 2019-03-11.
6508:
6467:(2): 101β124.
6444:
6418:
6375:
6323:
6294:(1): e000667.
6269:
6240:(1): 147β158.
6211:
6185:
6156:(1): e000667.
6136:
6105:
6077:
6049:
6002:
5965:(5): 396β401.
5945:
5896:
5855:
5808:
5779:(1): e000153.
5759:
5752:
5734:
5707:(3): 119β135.
5688:
5653:
5626:(6): 837β851.
5610:
5603:
5582:
5539:
5512:(5): 260β272.
5489:
5462:(5): 262β267.
5443:
5436:
5414:
5393:
5371:
5328:
5280:
5261:(2): 107β131.
5245:
5202:
5183:(5): 525β527.
5164:
5117:
5098:(2): 189β197.
5082:
5060:(7): 426β434.
5040:
5033:
5008:
4978:
4929:
4910:(4): 323β346.
4894:
4861:
4812:
4791:(8): 909β916.
4764:
4713:
4673:
4629:
4590:
4547:
4495:
4470:
4451:(2): 373β393.
4430:
4401:(2): 105β116.
4376:
4324:
4264:
4235:
4172:
4137:
4116:(3): 228β235.
4096:
4093:on 2008-02-28.
4043:
4016:(3): 301β317.
3983:
3956:(6): 775β791.
3940:
3911:(4): 211β221.
3891:
3864:(2): 241β254.
3848:
3805:
3764:
3705:
3675:
3631:
3628:on 2007-07-01.
3557:
3527:
3500:(4): 449β471.
3481:
3454:(4): 281β344.
3438:
3390:
3355:
3352:on 2008-02-27.
3300:
3271:
3253:
3230:
3198:
3154:
3133:(3): 296β298.
3113:
3086:(2): 131β136.
3070:
3051:(2): 193β209.
3032:
2990:
2969:(3): 244β248.
2944:
2925:(3): 287β289.
2896:
2838:
2789:
2752:
2722:
2687:
2668:
2648:
2618:
2588:
2567:(6): 774β785.
2542:
2515:(2): 185β200.
2499:
2458:
2444:. 2020-07-28.
2424:
2374:
2329:
2257:
2225:(3): 597β615.
2196:
2146:
2097:
2067:
2034:
2009:
1974:
1941:
1922:(2): 166β172.
1893:
1835:
1781:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1622:
1619:
1611:Main article:
1608:
1605:
1570:
1567:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1489:used the term
1470:Chiurgia Magna
1437:
1434:
1403:
1400:
1374:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1344:
1341:
1315:Main article:
1312:
1309:
1263:
1260:
1247:Main article:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1184:Return to work
1182:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1077:
1074:
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
952:
951:Classification
949:
883:cervical spine
862:
861:
857:
856:
852:
851:
847:
846:
839:
838:
834:
833:
827:
826:
822:
821:
814:
813:
803:
802:
792:
789:
748:Animal studies
692:excitotoxicity
639:
636:
542:
539:
521:
518:
493:disorientation
488:
485:
457:blurred vision
437:
434:
420:
417:
292:blurred vision
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
240:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
215:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
182:
176:
175:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
128:
122:
121:
108:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
70:
69:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
44:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8808:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8542:
8540:
8535:
8533:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:facial trauma
8437:Extracranial/
8435:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8403:
8398:
8396:
8391:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8367:
8364:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8187:
8174:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7845:
7842:(9): 453β59.
7841:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7812:on 2008-02-28
7808:
7801:
7794:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7616:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7542:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7497:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7365:
7364:Revere Health
7361:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7228:
7213:on 2021-03-04
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7144:New Scientist
7141:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6898:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6804:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6748:on 2021-03-07
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6730:BNI Quarterly
6727:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5815:
5813:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:(1): 96β101.
5668:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5344:(6): 335β39.
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5013:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4230:Science Daily
4227:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:(4): 159β65.
3820:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3689:MedPage Today
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3595:(6): 342β57.
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3546:(3): 179β85.
3545:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:(in Slovak).
3332:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3220:on 2008-02-28
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:(1): 93β108.
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:Grade II
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1547:since a 2003
1539:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:Ambroise ParΓ©
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1228:comorbidities
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
948:
945:
943:
937:
933:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
907:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
859:
858:
854:
853:
849:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
831:Seeing double
829:
828:
824:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:. Excitatory
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:temporal lobe
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
585:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
535:
531:
526:
517:
514:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:double vision
458:
454:
450:
447:, difficulty
446:
442:
433:
431:
427:
398:
396:
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Physiotherapy
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:Up to 4 weeks
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
126:Complications
123:
120:
116:
115:blurry vision
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
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8733:Nerve injury
8623:
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8573:Intra-axial
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8418:Intracranial
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8022:. Retrieved
8017:
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7925:(1): 58β66.
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7839:
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7172:. Retrieved
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6435:. Retrieved
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6188:
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5380:
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5294:
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5131:Brain Injury
5130:
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5057:
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4247:
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4188:
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3729:
3725:
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3678:
3645:
3642:Neurosurgery
3641:
3634:
3623:the original
3592:
3586:
3543:
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3334:
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3292:. Retrieved
3284:"Concussion"
3263:. Retrieved
3243:
3222:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3201:
3174:
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2743:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
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2705:
2702:"Concussion"
2678:. Retrieved
2658:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2600:
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2560:
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2450:. Retrieved
2441:
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2291:
2249:. Retrieved
2222:
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2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2049:
2026:. Retrieved
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1991:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1919:
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1869:
1865:
1813:
1809:
1772:. Retrieved
1763:
1708:
1655:Grade I
1624:
1616:
1599:and correct
1593:eye-tracking
1586:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1513:
1510:
1490:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1405:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1343:Epidemiology
1335:
1320:
1305:parkinsonism
1301:
1283:and loss of
1274:
1265:
1252:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1155:
1146:professional
1143:
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1115:
1106:
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1066:
1062:
1050:
1014:
995:
981:
962:
958:neuroimaging
954:
946:
938:
934:
912:intoxication
908:
899:
876:
761:
757:
733:
718:
706:mitochondria
703:
696:
657:
644:pathological
641:
624:frontal lobe
596:diencephalon
589:
583:
579:
544:
510:
490:
439:
422:
383:
381:is lacking.
344:
300:
296:mood changes
271:
267:
263:
261:
180:Risk factors
119:mood changes
82:diencephalon
74:Acceleration
42:
26:
8796:Neurotrauma
8791:Concussions
8714:Tetraplegia
8553:Neurotrauma
8504:Either/both
8427:neurotrauma
8410:head injury
8347:MedlinePlus
8024:14 November
8018:www.cdc.gov
7656:www.cdc.gov
7465:(1): 4β11.
7369:10 November
6521:www.cdc.gov
5001:24 February
4991:www.fda.gov
4347:(1): 6β10.
3784:(1): 1β22.
2782:February 9,
2680:18 December
2641:18 December
2611:18 December
2442:www.cdc.gov
2367:February 2,
2090:18 December
2060:18 December
2002:18 December
1967:18 December
1774:18 December
1574:Minocycline
1542:Terminology
1522:macroscopic
1413:agriculture
1267:changes in
1152:Medications
1121:activities.
811:convulsions
653:brain cells
469:convulsions
359:Paracetamol
355:motorbiking
276:head injury
243:Paracetamol
187:, drinking
56:Other names
8780:Categories
8699:Paraplegia
8624:Concussion
8465:Eye injury
8412:) and neck
7850:2010-09-27
7816:2008-01-19
7692:(1): 153.
7666:2020-12-07
7634:2020-12-07
7605:2018-03-06
7217:2008-01-09
7038:2019-07-13
6752:2012-04-30
6531:2020-12-07
6502:2012-07-03
6346:(4): 250.
6205:2020-08-05
6130:2008-01-26
5408:2008-01-26
5076:2020-12-07
4949:(1): 3β5.
4887:August 12,
4758:2020-08-12
4489:2008-01-13
4258:2009-01-28
3758:2018-07-13
3699:2008-02-27
3417:(4): E12.
3294:2008-01-10
3265:2018-03-06
3224:2008-03-05
2716:2012-07-03
2472:Pediatrics
2452:2020-08-05
2315:2263/61384
2251:2012-07-18
2219:Pediatrics
2028:2021-11-01
1741:References
1639:, and the
1601:trajectory
1591:unit with
1518:parenchyma
1336:Pediatrics
1324:arterioles
1299:deficits.
1158:Analgesics
1053:seat belts
1041:Prevention
1008:, and the
817:Worsening
742:, because
622:, and the
608:brain stem
575:body check
395:depression
264:concussion
238:Medication
214:Prevention
139:depression
51:Concussion
8460:Black eye
8366:sports/27
8358:eMedicine
6742:0894-5799
6630:206883066
6264:226947984
5979:1941-7381
5648:146179592
5366:195203684
5358:1433-0377
5240:215809672
5159:207448513
4319:219209099
4291:Neurology
3843:137153670
3835:1754-3371
3597:CiteSeerX
3522:207493127
3177:(4): E3.
2537:248569748
2419:258821806
2183:0306-3674
1563:concussus
1559:concutere
1402:Workplace
1392:knock out
1366:incidence
1193:Prognosis
1172:or other
1162:ibuprofen
1076:Treatment
925:PET scans
879:emergency
842:Repeated
791:Diagnosis
775:leads to
684:potassium
676:glutamate
649:metabolic
520:Mechanism
505:Confusion
497:attention
449:balancing
441:Headaches
351:bicycling
288:headaches
253:Frequency
229:Treatment
219:hard hats
197:muay thai
99:neurology
90:Specialty
8363:aaem/123
8173:23855364
8124:15793085
8075:24665227
8000:52175227
7992:30193325
7957:20955326
7900:22476089
7844:Archived
7760:15083872
7716:16995229
7660:Archived
7628:Archived
7599:Archived
7533:37525440
7525:16983222
7487:33825332
7479:12734070
7444:16647998
7406:11495318
7346:41087553
7338:10946737
7303:20238578
7260:17762733
7207:10498114
7168:Archived
7125:15289680
7117:16901381
7078:16179657
7032:Archived
7028:32790756
7020:15276952
6978:19593427
6926:15561549
6888:30193284
6832:23303474
6794:15522850
6696:15883140
6622:28455363
6581:28566342
6525:Archived
6493:Archived
6481:18551365
6431:Archived
6413:19344720
6362:29500251
6318:32153982
6256:33187605
6199:Archived
6180:32153982
6121:Archived
6098:June 29,
6092:Discover
6070:June 29,
6036:27251896
5997:25177414
5940:32936594
5891:23243113
5850:36589540
5842:28254746
5803:30023433
5729:46012183
5721:17622833
5683:10674544
5640:11910548
5577:33766395
5569:17726422
5534:24802904
5526:17966292
5484:38321305
5476:15469376
5399:Archived
5323:34912966
5315:16296570
5232:32303159
5197:18234757
5151:24738743
5112:16029831
5070:Archived
5066:30932451
4995:Archived
4973:29213487
4878:Archived
4856:42295204
4848:21228656
4807:17988831
4752:Archived
4748:28446448
4708:28446451
4668:15083871
4617:archived
4585:24959890
4577:11571960
4542:43369337
4534:16884134
4483:Archived
4465:27154851
4425:30820754
4371:11867482
4311:11756611
4252:Archived
4219:29376093
4167:12391630
4132:12937489
4084:16286874
4038:23068406
4030:16639155
3978:20266756
3970:11910544
3935:23458973
3886:20622669
3878:24243523
3800:18078527
3752:Archived
3748:18057896
3693:Archived
3670:32598614
3662:18162904
3619:73308864
3514:24403125
3476:46514293
3468:12207973
3433:17112190
3385:17826211
3343:16161536
3288:Archived
3259:Archived
3193:17112193
3149:11229957
3108:22738069
3065:10949160
3027:14669199
2985:12937491
2939:12776088
2833:36152344
2824:10087676
2803:PM&R
2739:Archived
2710:Archived
2674:Archived
2635:Archived
2605:Archived
2583:27670907
2529:35527580
2494:30420472
2446:Archived
2411:37211140
2324:28446457
2245:Archived
2241:20805152
2191:37316210
2141:28446447
2084:Archived
2054:Archived
2022:Archived
1996:Archived
1961:Archived
1936:17215534
1888:15083870
1830:29157505
1768:Archived
1714:See also
1569:Research
1332:herniate
1160:such as
1055:, using
973:synapses
965:injuries
944:(PTSD).
844:vomiting
819:headache
781:acidosis
764:shearing
699:ischemia
600:cellular
592:midbrain
481:sequelae
465:Tinnitus
436:Physical
274:), is a
149:Duration
111:Headache
106:Symptoms
78:midbrain
8328:D001924
8164:3715021
8115:1725173
8066:3959977
7948:3021720
7927:Bibcode
7891:3372677
7707:1394062
7568:9475969
7295:8567192
7152:Bibcode
6969:2707064
6879:7006878
6572:5466929
6489:7262160
6405:1584433
6370:3694730
6309:7047486
6171:7047486
6044:7183530
5988:4137675
5931:7503201
5794:6018851
5275:9283296
4964:5619208
4924:3091631
4623:29 July
4416:6542913
4362:1724447
4210:5771321
3926:4513655
3100:9519401
2891:9701095
1578:lithium
1436:History
1417:fishing
1256:anxiety
1170:alcohol
1057:airbags
994:in its
891:CT scan
807:Seizure
714:lactate
688:calcium
565:. Such
327:glucose
319:alcohol
223:helmets
189:alcohol
8352:000799
8302:S06.0X
8272:NA07.0
8205:online
8195:online
8171:
8161:
8122:
8112:
8073:
8063:
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7945:
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4123:155411
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3746:
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3617:
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3520:
3512:
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3466:
3431:
3383:
3341:
3251:
3191:
3147:
3106:
3098:
3063:
3025:
2983:
2976:155413
2973:
2937:
2889:
2831:
2821:
2745:1 June
2666:
2581:
2535:
2527:
2492:
2417:
2409:
2322:
2239:
2189:
2181:
2139:
1934:
1886:
1828:
1666:Cantu
1580:, and
1421:mining
1373:Sports
1328:swells
1297:memory
1028:, and
1020:(e.g.
725:anoxia
618:, the
614:, the
612:fornix
610:, the
567:forces
559:forces
541:Forces
530:boxing
459:, and
363:NSAIDs
347:helmet
323:neuron
313:, and
247:NSAIDs
157:Causes
8297:10-CM
8287:S06.0
7996:S2CID
7810:(PDF)
7803:(PDF)
7529:S2CID
7483:S2CID
7342:S2CID
7299:S2CID
7121:S2CID
7024:S2CID
6736:(1).
6626:S2CID
6496:(PDF)
6485:S2CID
6457:(PDF)
6409:S2CID
6366:S2CID
6260:S2CID
6124:(PDF)
6117:(PDF)
6040:S2CID
5846:S2CID
5725:S2CID
5644:S2CID
5573:S2CID
5530:S2CID
5480:S2CID
5402:(PDF)
5385:(PDF)
5362:S2CID
5319:S2CID
5236:S2CID
5155:S2CID
4881:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4852:S2CID
4581:S2CID
4538:S2CID
4315:S2CID
4091:(PDF)
4060:(PDF)
4034:S2CID
3974:S2CID
3882:S2CID
3839:S2CID
3666:S2CID
3626:(PDF)
3615:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3518:S2CID
3472:S2CID
3350:(PDF)
3327:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3104:S2CID
2533:S2CID
2415:S2CID
2387:(PDF)
2080:NICHD
1764:NICHD
1556:Latin
1533:Costs
1174:drugs
921:SPECT
744:axons
571:torso
563:brain
547:brain
349:when
331:blood
307:falls
165:falls
8425:see
8323:MeSH
8312:9-CM
8169:PMID
8120:PMID
8071:PMID
8026:2022
7988:PMID
7953:PMID
7923:1208
7896:PMID
7779:ISBN
7756:PMID
7712:PMID
7589:ISBN
7564:PMID
7521:PMID
7475:PMID
7440:PMID
7402:PMID
7371:2022
7334:PMID
7291:PMID
7256:PMID
7203:PMID
7176:2017
7113:PMID
7074:PMID
7016:PMID
6974:PMID
6922:PMID
6884:PMID
6828:PMID
6790:PMID
6738:ISSN
6692:PMID
6649:ISBN
6618:PMID
6577:PMID
6477:PMID
6439:2017
6401:PMID
6358:PMID
6314:PMID
6252:PMID
6176:PMID
6100:2024
6072:2024
6032:PMID
5993:PMID
5975:ISSN
5936:PMID
5887:PMID
5838:PMID
5799:PMID
5748:ISBN
5717:PMID
5679:PMID
5636:PMID
5599:ISBN
5565:PMID
5522:PMID
5472:PMID
5432:ISBN
5389:ISBN
5354:ISSN
5311:PMID
5271:PMID
5228:PMID
5193:PMID
5147:PMID
5108:PMID
5062:PMID
5029:ISBN
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