340:. Each section of bi-directional track would have a traffic control lever associated with it to establish the direction of traffic on that track. Often, both towers would need to set their traffic levers in the same way before a direction of travel could be established. Block signals in the direction of travel would display according to track conditions and signals against the flow of traffic would always be set to their most restrictive aspect. Furthermore, no train could be routed into a section of track against its flow of traffic and the traffic levers would not be able to be changed until the track section was clear of trains. Both APB and manual traffic control would still require train orders in certain situations, and both required trade-offs between human operators and granularity of routing control.
200:
390:
interlocking to set the flow of traffic and check for a clear route through the interlocking. If a command could not be carried out due to the interlocking logic, the display would not change on the CTC machine. This system provided the same degree flexibility that the manual traffic control has before it, but without the cost and complexity associated with providing a manned operator at the end of every route segment. This was especially true for lightly used lines that could never hope to justify so much
502:
349:
138:
445:
36:
519:
occupancy is displayed via bold or colored lines overlaying the track display, along with tags to identify the train (usually the number of the lead locomotive). Signals which the dispatcher can control are represented as either at Stop (typically red) or "displayed" (typically green). A displayed signal is one which is not displaying Stop and the exact aspect that the crew sees is not reported to the dispatcher.
379:. CTC was designed to enable the train dispatcher to control train movements directly, bypassing local operators and eliminating written train orders. Instead, the train dispatcher could directly see the trains' locations and efficiently control the train's movements by displaying signals and controlling switches. It was also designed to enhance safety by reporting any track occupancy (
307:, where the orders would be written down on standardized forms and a copy provided to the train crew when they passed that station, directing them to take certain actions at various points ahead: for example, take a siding to meet another train, wait at a specified location for further instructions, run later than scheduled, or numerous other actions. The development of
336:(APB), where trains entering a stretch of single track would cause all of the opposing signals between there and the next passing point to "tumble down" to a Stop position thus preventing opposing trains from entering. In areas of higher traffic density, sometimes bi-directional operation would be established between manned
737:
CTC-controlled track is significantly more expensive to build than non-signalled track, due to the electronics and failsafes required. CTC is generally implemented in high-traffic areas where the reduced operating cost from increased traffic density and time savings outweigh the capital cost. Most of
323:
which allowed for efficient and failsafe setting of conflicting routes at junctions and that kept trains following one another safely separated. However, any track that supported trains running bi-directionally, even under ABS protection, would require further protection to avoid the situation of two
478:, which is automatically controlled by the conditions of the track in that signal's block and by the condition of the following signal. Train dispatchers cannot directly control intermediate signals and so are almost always excluded from the dispatcher's control display except as an inert reference.
424:
CTC machines started out as small consoles in existing towers only operating a few nearby remote interlockings and then grew to control more and more territory, allowing less trafficked towers to be closed. Over time, the machines were moved directly into dispatcher offices, eliminating the need for
286:
that would form the advanced routing plan for train movements. Trains following the timetable would know when to take sidings, switch tracks and which route to take at junctions. However, if train movements did not go as planned, the timetable would then fail to represent reality, and attempting to
270:
that allow one of the trains to move out of the way. Initially, the only two ways for trains to arrange such interactions was to somehow arrange it in advance or provide a communications link between the authority for train movements (the dispatcher) and the trains themselves. These two mechanisms
237:
and traffic flows in portions of the rail system designated as CTC territory. One hallmark of CTC is a control panel with a graphical depiction of the railroad. On this panel, the dispatcher can keep track of trains' locations across the territory that the dispatcher controls. Larger railroads may
466:
to convey the dispatcher's instructions to the trains. These take the form of routing decisions at controlled points that authorize a train to proceed or stop. Local signaling logic will ultimately determine the exact signal to display based on track occupancy status ahead and the exact route the
389:
What made CTC machines different from standard interlocking machines and ABS was that the vital interlocking hardware was located at the remote location and the CTC machine only displayed track state and sent commands to the remote locations. A command to display a signal would require the remote
314:
Where traffic density warranted it, multiple tracks could be provided, each with a timetable-defined flow of traffic which would eliminate the need for frequent single track-style "meets." Trains running counter to this flow of traffic would still require train orders, but other trains would not.
518:
will prevent the dispatcher from giving two trains conflicting authority without needing to first have the command fail at the remote interlocking. Modern computer systems generally display a highly simplified mock-up of the track, displaying the locations of absolute signals and sidings. Track
417:" (i.e., of unknown status) as far as the dispatcher was concerned. The CTC system would allow the flow of traffic to be set over many sections of track by a single person at a single location as well as control of switches and signals at interlockings, which also came to be referred to as
287:
follow the printed schedule could lead to routing errors or even accidents. This was especially common on single-track lines that comprised the majority of railroad route miles in North
America. Pre-defined "meets" could lead to large delays if either train failed to show up, or worse, an
485:, as they may be either remotely controlled by the train dispatcher or by manually operating a lever or pump on the switch mechanism itself (although the train dispatcher's permission is generally required to do so). These switches may lead to a
509:
Although some railroads still rely on older, simpler electronic lighted displays and manual controls, in modern implementations, dispatchers rely on computerized systems similar to supervisory control and data acquisition
757:
Recently the costs of CTC has fallen as new technologies such as microwave, satellite and rail based data links have eliminated the need for wire pole lines or fiber optic links. These systems are starting to be called
1234:
294:
Therefore, timetable operation was supplemented with train orders, which superseded the instructions in the timetable. From the 1850s until the middle of the twentieth century, train orders were telegraphed in
331:
Before the advent of CTC there were a number of solutions to this problem that did not require the construction of multiple single direction tracks. Many western railroads used an automatic system called
640:
in 1943; the continuation of tablet control on the short single-track section would have required manned tablet stations with a stationmaster and three (tablet) porters at each end of the section (see
436:
mechanisms have been developed in other countries, what sets CTC apart is the paradigm of independent train movement between fixed points under the control and supervision of a central authority.
324:
trains approaching each other on the same section of track. Such a scenario not only represents a safety hazard, but also would require one train to reverse direction to the nearest
1432:
759:
262:
as it applies to North
American railroads. Trains moving in opposite directions on the same track cannot pass each other without special infrastructure such as
238:
have multiple dispatcher's offices and even multiple dispatchers for each operating division. These offices are usually located near the busiest
152:
1189:
1099:
884:
53:
100:
1179:
1124:
17:
72:
706:
in stages from 1969 to completion in
February 1980. The older CTC installation from St Leonards to Oamaru was replaced in stages with
367:
company as their trademarked "Centralized
Traffic Control" technology. Its first installation in 1927 was on a 40-mile stretch of the
1594:
566:
429:. In the late 20th century, the electromechanical control and display systems were replaced with computer operated displays. While
79:
1452:
1089:
413:, the CTC machine displayed the status of every block between interlockings, where previously such sections had been considered "
552:
333:
1447:
1406:
86:
807:
405:
systems utilizing a single common communications link and relay-based telecommunications technology similar to that used in
1249:
982:
430:
1244:
1194:
1164:
386:) to a human operator and automatically preventing trains from entering a track against the established flow of traffic.
68:
1437:
924:
1169:
840:
1543:
1538:
1427:
288:
186:
119:
1139:
493:, which allows movement to an adjacent track, or a "turnout" which routes a train to an alternate track (or route).
1396:
877:
481:
The majority of control points are equipped with remote control, power-operated switches. These switches often are
164:
1214:
1462:
1442:
1035:
582:
311:
via radio or telephone between dispatchers and train crews made telegraph orders largely obsolete by the 1970s.
1264:
1229:
1025:
225:
that originated in North
America. CTC consolidates train routing decisions that were previously carried out by
57:
291:
train not listed in the timetable could suffer a head-on collision with another train that did not expect it.
1493:
1478:
934:
771:
474:, which is directly controlled by the train dispatcher and helps design the limits of a control point, or an
1154:
944:
746:'s track operates under CTC; the portions that are generally lighter-traffic lines that are operated under
514:) systems to view the location of trains and the aspect, or display, of absolute signals. Typically, these
467:
train needs to take, so the only input required from the CTC system amounts to the go, no-go instruction.
1548:
870:
574:
355:
Southern Region (Columbus
Division) Train Dispatcher controlling train movements at the CTC "B" board in
93:
1558:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1119:
949:
601:
533:
283:
1553:
1508:
1411:
1269:
1114:
1066:
914:
909:
605:
368:
316:
160:
406:
1563:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1483:
1401:
1209:
1134:
1040:
1002:
668:
641:
617:
613:
586:
556:
168:
1568:
1366:
1351:
1109:
1081:
901:
609:
545:
208:
204:
46:
1346:
1336:
1285:
1204:
1199:
929:
777:
751:
743:
691:
645:
449:
364:
308:
276:
148:
1573:
1007:
997:
959:
954:
747:
707:
680:
570:
456:
402:
272:
271:
for control would be formalized by
American railroad companies in a set of procedures called
226:
409:. Also, instead of only displaying information about trains approaching and passing through
1129:
578:
577:. Upon its completion, that CTC system covered the 39 mi-long (63 km) portion of
796:
General
Railway Signal Co. "Elements of Railway Signaling." GRS pamphlet #1979 (June 1979)
363:
The ultimate solution to the costly and imprecise train order system was developed by the
8:
1356:
1239:
391:
304:
969:
893:
672:
649:
541:
337:
320:
222:
1391:
1295:
1071:
433:
247:
1457:
1386:
1361:
1341:
1159:
726:
633:
625:
555:
completed installation of
Australia's first large-scale application of CTC, on the
490:
359:. At this position, one person could handle about 25 through train movements a day.
300:
230:
532:
The first CTC installation in
Australia was commissioned in September 1957 on the
811:
703:
687:
463:
325:
267:
243:
199:
1184:
1030:
1017:
486:
414:
376:
356:
426:
1588:
1371:
1259:
1061:
452:
383:
372:
263:
239:
1305:
1149:
1056:
987:
939:
739:
501:
410:
398:
352:
234:
1331:
713:
The most recent installations of CTC were completed in August 2013 on the
348:
992:
657:
637:
629:
1381:
1254:
1219:
977:
664:
653:
296:
592:
CTC has since been widely deployed to major interstate railway lines.
1290:
862:
841:"Track Capacity Improved, Operating Costs Lowered With New CTC Plant"
621:
537:
444:
229:
or the train crews themselves. The system consists of a centralized
35:
1376:
1300:
397:
Initially the communication was accomplished by dedicated wires or
1321:
1224:
722:
718:
695:
1326:
1174:
1144:
699:
676:
1104:
511:
505:
Computer-based controls for a modern electronic interlocking
1094:
714:
540:. 6 miles (9.7 km) in length, it was installed by the
425:
dispatchers to first communicate with block operators as
679:
in stages from 1955 to 1959. CTC was completed between
829:. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 176.
246:, and their operational qualities can be compared to
282:The starting point of each system was the railroad
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
683:and Paekākāriki on the NIMT on 12 December 1966.
470:Signals in CTC territory are one of two types: an
275:, which was later partly automated through use of
1586:
439:
315:This system was further automated by the use of
824:
600:CTC was first installed in New Zealand between
878:
644:). This was followed on the NIMT by Puketutu-
343:
207:Co relay based CTC machine at THORN tower in
145:The examples and perspective in this article
1190:Interoperable Communications Based Signaling
1125:Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)
258:Key to the concept of CTC is the notion of
885:
871:
663:On other lines, CTC was installed between
585:, on Perth's south eastern outskirts, and
375:, with the CTC control machine located at
833:
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
500:
443:
347:
198:
1090:Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System
805:
14:
1587:
892:
553:Western Australian Government Railways
448:CTC automatic block signals along the
1250:Train Protection & Warning System
866:
818:
729:as far as North Taieri in late 2015.
983:Integrated Electronic Control Centre
131:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1245:Train automatic stopping controller
1165:Continuous Automatic Warning System
401:, but later this was supplanted by
24:
925:Communications-based train control
25:
1606:
489:, or they may take the form of a
233:'s office that controls railroad
1595:Railway signalling block systems
732:
717:from Marton to Aramoho and from
136:
34:
1407:Westinghouse Brake & Signal
1170:Contrôle de vitesse par balises
1036:North American railroad signals
45:needs additional citations for
1265:Transmission balise-locomotive
1230:Sistema Controllo Marcia Treno
1140:Automatische treinbeïnvloeding
1026:Application of railway signals
799:
790:
595:
13:
1:
1215:Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung
935:European Train Control System
808:"Centralized Traffic Control"
783:
772:Advanced Train Control System
522:
440:Signals and controlled points
253:
69:"Centralized traffic control"
1155:Chinese Train Control System
945:Radio Electronic Token Block
806:Calvert, J.B. (1999-05-29).
656:from 1954 to 1957; and from
527:
496:
371:between Stanley, Toledo and
7:
920:Centralized traffic control
765:
632:in 1940, and extended from
546:North East standard project
215:Centralized traffic control
163:, discuss the issue on the
18:Centralized Traffic Control
10:
1611:
1120:Automatic train protection
608:on the heavily trafficked
344:Development and technology
149:the English-speaking world
1471:
1420:
1412:Westinghouse Rail Systems
1314:
1278:
1270:Transmission Voie-Machine
1115:Automatic train operation
1080:
1067:Track circuit interrupter
1049:
1016:
968:
915:Automatic block signaling
910:Absolute block signalling
900:
827:Victorian Railways to '62
369:New York Central Railroad
334:absolute permissive block
317:Automatic Block Signaling
27:Railway signalling system
1210:Pulse code cab signaling
1135:Automatic Warning System
1041:Railway semaphore signal
1003:Solid State Interlocking
847:: 36–38, 44. August 1959
825:Leo J. Harrigan (1962).
760:train management systems
558:3 ft 6 in
483:dual-controlled switches
1110:Automatic train control
690:CTC was installed from
610:North Island Main Trunk
544:as a prototype for the
277:Automatic Block Signals
209:Thorndale, Pennsylvania
205:Union Switch and Signal
151:and do not represent a
1286:Level crossing signals
1205:Positive Train Control
1200:Linienzugbeeinflussung
930:Direct traffic control
845:Railway Transportation
778:Positive train control
752:Direct Traffic Control
744:Union Pacific Railroad
506:
459:
450:Union Pacific Railroad
365:General Railway Signal
360:
309:Direct Traffic Control
227:local signal operators
211:
1008:Westlock Interlocking
998:Rail operating centre
960:Train order operation
955:Track Warrant Control
748:Track Warrant Control
708:Track Warrant Control
567:South Western Railway
504:
457:Coachella, California
447:
351:
273:train order operation
202:
1130:Automatic train stop
671:in 1955 and between
660:to Amokura in 1954.
642:North–South Junction
612:in 1938 followed by
169:create a new article
161:improve this article
147:deal primarily with
54:improve this article
710:in 1991 and 1992.
620:in 1939. and from
476:intermediate signal
338:interlocking towers
321:interlocking towers
970:Signalling control
894:Railway signalling
650:Frankton, Hamilton
551:In June 1959, the
542:Victorian Railways
534:Glen Waverley line
507:
460:
361:
248:air traffic towers
223:railway signalling
212:
1582:
1581:
1392:Smith and Yardley
750:(BNSF and UP) or
727:Taieri Gorge Line
648:in 1945, between
589:, further south.
579:single-track line
462:CTC makes use of
434:signaling control
407:crossbar switches
197:
196:
189:
171:, as appropriate.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1602:
1458:Transport Canada
1342:General Electric
1279:Crossing signals
1160:Cityflo 650 CBTC
1082:Train protection
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
822:
816:
815:
810:. Archived from
803:
797:
794:
564:
559:
516:control machines
231:train dispatcher
192:
185:
181:
178:
172:
140:
139:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1467:
1416:
1310:
1274:
1076:
1050:Train detection
1045:
1012:
964:
896:
891:
861:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
823:
819:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
768:
735:
704:Main South Line
688:Main South Line
598:
562:
557:
530:
525:
499:
472:absolute signal
464:railway signals
442:
346:
260:traffic control
256:
221:) is a form of
193:
182:
176:
173:
158:
141:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1574:United Kingdom
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Integra-Signum
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Cab signalling
1028:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
898:
897:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
859:
858:
832:
817:
814:on 2021-04-19.
798:
788:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
775:
767:
764:
734:
731:
597:
594:
569:, which links
529:
526:
524:
521:
498:
495:
487:passing siding
441:
438:
419:control points
415:dark territory
377:Fostoria, Ohio
357:Columbus, Ohio
345:
342:
255:
252:
195:
194:
155:of the subject
153:worldwide view
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:North America
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:Organisations
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Progress Rail
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:Manufacturers
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Trainguard MT
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Track circuit
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
902:Block systems
899:
895:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
846:
842:
836:
828:
821:
813:
809:
802:
793:
789:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
763:
761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:United States
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:1,067 mm
560:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
520:
517:
513:
503:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
465:
458:
455:Subdivision,
454:
451:
446:
437:
435:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:interlockings
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
387:
385:
384:track circuit
382:
378:
374:
373:Berwick, Ohio
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
341:
339:
335:
329:
327:
326:passing point
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
292:
290:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
235:interlockings
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
201:
191:
188:
180:
170:
166:
162:
156:
154:
150:
143:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2018
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1402:Union Switch
1306:Wayside horn
1150:Catch points
1057:Axle counter
988:Interlocking
940:Moving block
919:
849:. Retrieved
844:
835:
826:
820:
812:the original
801:
792:
756:
740:BNSF Railway
736:
712:
685:
662:
599:
591:
550:
536:in suburban
531:
515:
508:
482:
480:
475:
471:
469:
461:
423:
418:
396:
388:
380:
362:
353:Penn Central
330:
313:
293:
281:
259:
257:
218:
214:
213:
183:
174:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1564:Switzerland
1539:New Zealand
1534:Netherlands
1240:Slide fence
993:Lever frame
725:and on the
673:St Leonards
669:Featherston
658:Te Kauwhata
638:Paraparaumu
634:Paekākāriki
630:Kapiti Line
626:Paekākāriki
596:New Zealand
303:to a local
1472:By country
1255:Train stop
1220:RS4 Codici
978:Block post
784:References
665:Upper Hutt
654:Taumarunui
602:Taumarunui
523:By country
403:pulse code
399:wire pairs
301:dispatcher
297:Morse code
254:Background
80:newspapers
1479:Australia
1332:AŽD Praha
1291:Crossbuck
1195:Crocodile
698:north of
692:Rolleston
622:Tawa Flat
606:Okahukura
538:Melbourne
528:Australia
497:Operation
491:crossover
427:middlemen
284:timetable
177:July 2014
165:talk page
1589:Category
1569:Thailand
1377:Safetran
1367:Magnetic
1352:Griswold
1301:E-signal
766:See also
681:Hamilton
618:Puketutu
614:Te Kuiti
587:Pinjarra
583:Armadale
581:between
392:overhead
268:switches
244:stations
159:You may
1514:Germany
1504:Finland
1489:Belgium
1484:Bavaria
1387:Siemens
1362:Hitachi
1337:Federal
1322:Adtranz
1225:SelTrac
1072:Treadle
1018:Signals
851:23 June
742:'s and
723:Mosgiel
719:Dunedin
702:on the
696:Pukeuri
686:On the
628:on the
575:Bunbury
431:similar
305:station
289:"extra"
279:(ABS).
264:sidings
203:Active
94:scholar
1559:Sweden
1554:Poland
1549:Norway
1519:Greece
1509:France
1494:Canada
1397:Thales
1327:Alstom
1296:Wigwag
1175:EBICAB
1145:Balise
774:(ATCS)
754:(UP).
700:Oamaru
677:Oamaru
646:Kopaki
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1529:Japan
1524:Italy
1499:China
1433:AREMA
1382:Saxby
1235:SACEM
1180:IIATS
1105:ATACS
950:Token
573:with
571:Perth
512:SCADA
299:by a
240:yards
167:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1453:IRSE
1448:HMRI
1357:Hall
1100:ASFA
1095:ALSN
853:2024
715:MNPL
675:and
667:and
652:and
604:and
453:Yuma
319:and
266:and
73:news
1463:UIC
1443:FRA
1438:ERA
1428:AAR
1347:GRS
721:to
694:to
636:to
624:to
381:see
242:or
219:CTC
56:by
1591::
843:.
762:.
565:)
548:.
421:.
394:.
328:.
250:.
886:e
879:t
872:v
855:.
616:-
561:(
510:(
217:(
190:)
184:(
179:)
175:(
157:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
