5343:
5868:
5848:
5819:
5777:
5741:
5712:
5683:
5647:
5605:
5569:
5540:
5511:
5475:
5453:
5417:
5388:
5359:
36:
5900:
4912:
4071:
1255:, with the former symbol denoting a semivowel with compressed rounding typical of front vowels, and the latter symbol denoting a semivowel with protruded rounding typical of central and back vowels, though an additional verbal clarification is usual in such cases, as the IPA does not provide any official means to distinguish sounds with compressed and protruded rounding.
851:
yet another. The IPA chart has been organized so that the raising diacritic moves the value of a letter through these series toward the top of the chart, and the lowering diacritic toward the bottom of the chart, but this only works for some of the consonants. While it would be convenient if all
1196:
and therefore a more narrow transcription of it is . However, this symbol is not commonly used mainly because of the common practice of avoiding using diacritics wherever possible, and because very few languages contrast front and central open unrounded vowels.
1184:
However, since the IPA does not specify the exact amount of centralization that centralized vowels have, the symbols and can in modern transcriptions be used at times to transcribe fully central vowels, or vowels that have a variable amount of centralization.
1250:
can be centralized much like vowels; for instance, the semivowels corresponding to the close central vowels can be written as centralized palatal semivowels , or centralized velar semivowels . The transcription vs. may also denote a distinction in the
2413:
2449:
1223:
the centralized and the advanced/retracted diacritics, generally the former indicates a more central vowel, so that e.g. indicates an only slightly centralized (retracted) front vowel
778:. More precise transcription will use the fricative symbols with the lowering diacritic, (the last symbol may be rendered as , but that may not display properly in some browsers).
1284:
are closer to the midpoint of the vowel space than their referent vowels. That is, they are closer to the mid-central vowel schwa not just by means of centralization, but also by
2423:
852:
consonants could be so ordered, consonants are too diverse for a single dimension to capture their relationships. In addition, many of the points along the series may be
755:. The ambiguous symbols for rear approximant/fricatives may be specified as fricatives with the raising diacritic, , or as approximants with the lowering diacritic, . In
2433:
545:, rather than the front vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign , although a number of other transcriptions are also possible.
2418:
1308:
In most languages, vowels become mid-centralized when spoken quickly, and in some languages, such as
English and Russian, many vowels are also mid-centralized when
2403:
2380:
2370:
774:, or intermediate between fricative and approximant. This may be partially due to the fact there is only a dedicated IPA symbol for one of them, the
782:, on the other hand, requires the opposite: Its fricated trill, which is a separate phoneme, may be transcribed as a raised trill, . Similarly, the
1177:⟩) will be seen instead of (by analogy with ). Before the letters were added to the IPA in 1993, the symbols were used for these near-
2365:
5272:
3318:
3064:
1646:
783:
616:
sound is articulated with the tongue or lip lowered (the mouth more open) than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the
3332:
3325:
3071:
1208:
diacritics may be used (an equivalent transcription of is retracted ), but the concept of centralization is convenient in cases where
17:
1181:
values. would now be assumed to represent articulations intermediate between and . Similarly, would be intermediate between and .
3546:
3304:
3050:
100:
2315:
72:
5061:
3339:
3036:
5234:
5164:
5100:
5023:
3311:
3057:
1571:
A simpler transcription is also possible, and involves putting an additional labialization diacritic next to the last symbol: .
53:
5909:
5444:
5229:
5107:
5004:
4921:
4080:
3841:
3748:
2329:
79:
5184:
5121:
4926:
3931:
3823:
3730:
3043:
590:
sound is articulated with the tongue or lip raised higher than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the
5460:
5277:
5128:
5074:
5030:
4460:
4415:
3918:
3855:
3762:
3213:
2969:
5482:
5257:
5042:
5011:
4426:
4378:
4364:
4306:
4292:
3940:
3848:
3755:
2360:
1389:
1157:
418:
86:
5531:
5206:
5191:
4971:
4440:
3958:
3869:
3830:
3776:
3737:
3494:
1639:
1606:
787:
335:
sound is one that is pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, and its IPA diacritic is the subscript minus
119:
5703:
4957:
4433:
4085:
4012:
3949:
3862:
3769:
3276:
3220:
3185:
2976:
2941:
1153:
475:
68:
5768:
5547:
5502:
5067:
5049:
3994:
3262:
3018:
2324:
1896:
1670:
1133:
247:
diacritics under the letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of
232:
5719:
5674:
5560:
4977:
4916:
4911:
4343:
4271:
4075:
4070:
3876:
3783:
3429:
3388:
3124:
2791:
1869:
57:
697:
In other non-IPA transcription systems, raised vowels are indicated with the iconic upward-pointing arrowhead
5732:
5518:
5379:
4985:
4867:
4727:
4695:
4019:
3283:
3199:
3192:
2955:
2948:
2777:
1864:
1234:
1132:
than some point of reference, or that has undergone a shift in this direction. The diacritic for this in the
5839:
5690:
5576:
5267:
4963:
4858:
4847:
4759:
4371:
4299:
4001:
3459:
3269:
3248:
3171:
3025:
3004:
2927:
2408:
2308:
1876:
1859:
1851:
1632:
1193:
542:
1547:
1456:
1428:
1351:
1342:
1272:
1168:
1164:
1111:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1000:
995:
982:
977:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
937:
932:
925:
920:
910:
903:
898:
893:
791:
571:
562:
497:
486:
482:
478:
467:
459:
452:
441:
414:
410:
285:
276:
181:
173:
165:
5748:
5395:
5350:
5080:
4874:
4357:
4336:
4285:
4028:
3446:
3402:
3395:
3346:
3138:
3131:
3082:
2827:
2798:
2647:
2476:
1891:
1886:
1226:
802:
5904:
5899:
5810:
5408:
4991:
4888:
4810:
3688:
3581:
3468:
3374:
3290:
3206:
3110:
2962:
2809:
2784:
2763:
2156:
1881:
1500:
1189:
538:
515:
490:
471:
189:
156:
of a speech sound relative to some reference point. Typically, the comparison is made with a default,
5959:
5859:
5596:
5366:
5262:
4881:
4801:
4790:
4392:
4350:
4320:
4278:
3652:
3360:
3255:
3178:
3096:
3011:
2934:
2841:
2692:
2663:
1803:
1748:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1417:
1387:
1232:
1224:
5826:
5638:
5424:
4939:
4817:
4385:
4313:
4037:
3634:
3608:
3557:
3477:
3409:
3353:
3089:
2869:
2834:
2674:
2654:
2633:
1914:
1733:
1666:
805:) to most close (most stricture), there are several independent relationships among speech sounds.
153:
93:
5875:
5788:
5612:
4831:
4227:
3695:
3528:
3519:
3502:
3381:
3297:
3117:
2855:
2816:
2770:
2706:
2301:
2117:
2112:
2023:
1516:
1399:
46:
5654:
4824:
4588:
4526:
4218:
4207:
4152:
3674:
3659:
3539:
3367:
3103:
2848:
2734:
2699:
2590:
2575:
2559:
2134:
1944:
1743:
1718:
1662:
1231:, whereas indicates a more centralized (retracted) front vowel, or even a fully central vowel
732:
145:
1427:
have two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: spread, as in , and open-rounded ⟨
1325:('I saw two cars today'), instead of the standard . This can severely affect intelligibility.
4650:
4577:
4557:
4515:
4495:
4234:
4131:
3641:
3615:
3590:
3564:
2876:
2720:
2681:
2640:
2570:
2531:
2375:
1723:
1700:
1678:
1424:
1205:
752:
736:
494:
432:
The difference between a fronted and non-fronted consonant can be heard in the
English words
149:
1292:. The diacritic used to mark this in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the over-cross,
503:
Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol. For example,
5113:
4639:
4619:
4597:
4535:
4248:
4187:
3510:
2862:
2713:
2615:
2161:
2124:
1836:
1529:(), although the last transcription can also indicate an only somewhat advanced back vowel.
1470:
1410:
1309:
1201:
295:
2293:
8:
5914:
5177:
4781:
4668:
4659:
4568:
4506:
4255:
4241:
4159:
3681:
2741:
2595:
2552:
2232:
2102:
2079:
1828:
1781:
1753:
1447:
748:
744:
581:
518:) the way a prototypical is. A more precise transcription is therefore . Similarly, the
399:
may be used to indicate retraction, as above, or phrases like "retracted i" may be used.
5954:
5200:
4630:
4196:
4145:
4124:
2883:
2727:
2585:
2565:
2519:
2097:
1930:
1738:
1695:
1216:
move toward each other, rather than all advancing or retracting in the same direction.
379:
Both vowels and consonants may be fronted or backed. In verbal description, the prefix
679:
toward the top of the vowel chart. For example, represents a vowel somewhere between
5625:
5156:
4551:
4402:
4166:
4093:
3707:
2620:
2600:
2542:
2428:
2219:
2176:
2053:
2018:
1841:
1808:
1776:
1710:
1602:
1395:
1091:
857:
775:
395:. Otherwise phrases like "fronted u" may be used. For retraction, either the prefix
312:
than some reference point. The diacritic for this in the IPA is the subscript plus,
5435:
4489:
4180:
4138:
2610:
2580:
2547:
2537:
2244:
2237:
2092:
2048:
2043:
1906:
1818:
1795:
1771:
1728:
1687:
1319:
Mid-centralization of vowels can be a speech impediment. An example from Polish is
756:
690:
toward the bottom of the chart. For example, represents a vowel somewhere between
531:
403:
5759:
5493:
4950:
4480:
4173:
3602:
2605:
2471:
2209:
2107:
2087:
2028:
1996:
1813:
1596:
1313:
843:
740:
530:; that is, pronounced farther back than a prototypical velar, between velar and
519:
504:
391:
1405:
These diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of
5665:
2181:
1402:
is much more rounded than is typical for a low vowel, and may be transcribed .
837:
833:
779:
691:
680:
1386:, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. For example, the English
5948:
5324:
4841:
4683:
4097:
2267:
2227:
2204:
2171:
2144:
1413:
1406:
1129:
426:
422:
683:
and , or may even be . Lowering, on the other hand, means that the vowel is
5170:
2892:
2277:
2196:
2186:
2166:
1440:
853:
523:
510:
is a postalveolar sibilant. While this is often transcribed as , it is not
5922:
5336:
5319:
5093:
4613:
3417:
2486:
2464:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2149:
2006:
1252:
1209:
819:
815:
771:
674:
449:
425:, or somewhere between and , may need to be clarified verbally, or on a
309:
248:
164:
in a neutral sound environment. For example, the
English velar consonant
638:
When a letter has a descender, the tack may be written after it, using:
541:. However, in most languages where it is used, actually stands for the
5801:
5329:
2627:
2481:
2065:
1475:
1213:
807:
407:
1188:
In the majority of languages described as having an (which denotes a
5587:
5089:
4330:
4263:
3149:
2905:
2509:
2254:
2060:
2011:
1971:
1966:
1953:
1420:
distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either or .
1247:
847:
823:
811:
767:
763:
456:
413:
is farther forward than what is normally indicated by the IPA letter
244:
240:
236:
137:
133:
986:
685:
35:
5893:
5224:
5146:
5140:
4905:
4064:
2902:
1988:
1976:
1462:
760:
157:
1452:
4997:
4201:
2757:
2459:
1961:
827:
635:. Both consonants and vowels may be marked as raised or lowered.
385:
161:
489:
in the phrase "I need that" is farther front than normal due to
1624:
1542::133), who transcribes the central realizations of the English
795:
5300:
2454:
2001:
1178:
1125:
417:. This fronting may be shown explicitly, especially within a
228:
1394:
often has very little rounding, and may be transcribed . In
860:
as well, and these parameters are independent of stricture.
308:
sound is one that is pronounced farther to the front of the
2323:
1553:
383:
may be used to indicate fronting, especially in the terms
723:. Thus, IPA is equivalent to , IPA is equivalent to .
672:
In the case of a vowel, raising means that the vowel is
1586:
Clark, John; Yallop, Collin; Fletcher, Janet (2007),
1160:
near-close central vowels, the symbols may be used.
239:
over the vowel letter. The others are used with both
195:
The relative position of a sound may be described as
4102:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
735:
to have more or less stricture. For example, raised
1585:
376:may instead be used after the letter, as in and .
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1163:In other (non-IPA) transcription systems, ⟨
731:With consonants, raising and lowering changes the
1200:Instead of the diacritic for centralization, the
790:as . (A dedicated letter for this sound, ⟨
766:of the voiced stops are generally transcribed as
710:while lowered vowels have the downward arrowhead
5946:
726:
1478:(vowel fronting or raising, triggered by or )
5273:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2309:
1640:
1614:
1590:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 22–26, 264–266
1559:
1465:(vowel raising and partly fronting in Greek)
1320:
667:
1764:
537:Officially, the IPA symbol stands for the
2316:
2302:
1647:
1633:
1594:
1539:
1443:involve changes in place of articulation:
227:. The latter two terms are only used with
2371:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1258:
1242:
262:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1360:There are also diacritics, respectively
1328:
421:: . Whether this is as far front as the
1588:Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
798:and may be used in IPA transcription.)
14:
5947:
2541:
1312:. This is a general characteristic of
448:is fronted under the influence of the
5298:
4780:
4479:
4195:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2507:
2342:
2297:
1628:
1097:
548:
485:may be transcribed . In English, the
5309:
5250:
4943:
4153:
4114:
2523:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5278:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4132:
4092:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1431:⟩ (), as in English and .
466:, is farther back than an alveolar
24:
4188:
2361:International Phonetic Association
721:MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOWN ARROWHEAD
25:
5971:
5874:
5858:
5838:
5825:
5809:
5787:
5767:
5747:
5731:
5718:
5702:
5689:
5673:
5653:
5637:
5624:
5611:
5595:
5575:
5559:
5546:
5530:
5517:
5501:
5481:
5459:
5443:
5423:
5407:
5394:
5378:
5365:
5349:
5205:
5190:
5183:
5163:
5139:
5127:
5120:
5106:
5099:
5073:
5060:
5048:
5041:
5029:
5022:
5010:
5003:
4984:
4970:
4956:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4846:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4789:
4758:
4726:
4694:
4667:
4658:
4649:
4638:
4629:
4618:
4596:
4587:
4576:
4567:
4556:
4534:
4525:
4514:
4505:
4494:
4459:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4414:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4206:
4160:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4011:
4000:
3993:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3917:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3829:
3822:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3736:
3729:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3658:
3651:
3640:
3633:
3614:
3607:
3589:
3580:
3563:
3556:
3545:
3538:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3493:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3445:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2815:
2808:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2673:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2616:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1598:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
1219:When a transcription system uses
788:voiceless velar lateral fricative
455:. In English, the plosive in the
5898:
5866:
5846:
5817:
5775:
5739:
5710:
5681:
5645:
5603:
5567:
5538:
5509:
5473:
5451:
5415:
5386:
5357:
5341:
4910:
4146:
4125:
4069:
2414:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1654:
1434:
1090:For non-lateral consonants, see
708:MODIFIER LETTER LOW UP ARROWHEAD
243:and vowels, and are marked with
34:
27:Description of producing a sound
4167:
2325:International Phonetic Alphabet
1671:International Phonetic Alphabet
1578:
1371:COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW
1134:International Phonetic Alphabet
500:, and may be transcribed as .
350:. For letters with descenders,
233:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
5258:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4181:
4139:
2508:
2434:IPA chart for English dialects
2343:
1565:
1550:with the symbols instead of .
1532:
1491:
1384:COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW
1192:vowel), the vowel is actually
1085:
784:non-sibilant coronal fricative
180:) compared to articulation of
13:
1:
4174:
1615:Wierzchowska, Bożena (1971),
1484:
1322:zobaczyłem dziś dwa samochody
866:Examples of stricture series
794:⟩, is provided by the
727:Raised and lowered consonants
5268:Voiceless bidental fricative
2376:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1289:
534:, and is thus transcribed .
7:
2477:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1601:(8th ed.), Routledge,
1285:
1152:For example, to transcribe
481:. In narrow transcription,
188:). This fronting is called
184:before other vowels (as in
10:
5976:
5299:
1497:They include: centralized
1418:voiceless velar fricatives
1089:
579:
539:open front unrounded vowel
374:MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN
348:COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
293:
18:Centralization (phonetics)
5800:
5758:
5664:
5586:
5492:
5434:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5307:
5294:
5263:Nasal palatal approximant
4940:Co-articulated consonants
4840:
4785:
4748:
4716:
4681:
4612:
4550:
4488:
4449:
4401:
4329:
4262:
4200:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4121:
3973:
3895:
3802:
3706:
3601:
3501:
3416:
3243:
3147:
2999:
2901:
2756:
2626:
2558:
2530:
2516:
2503:
2442:
2396:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2253:
2218:
2195:
2133:
2078:
2039:
1987:
1952:
1943:
1923:
1905:
1850:
1827:
1794:
1709:
1686:
1677:
1660:
1619:(in Polish), Warsaw: PZWS
1595:Cruttenden, Alan (2014),
1398:, on the other hand, the
1349:
1340:
1335:
1270:
1265:
1109:
1104:
668:Raised and lowered vowels
662:MODIFIER LETTER DOWN TACK
633:COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW
569:
560:
555:
361:MODIFIER LETTER PLUS SIGN
325:COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW
283:
274:
269:
160:articulation of the same
231:, and are marked in the
4112:Non-pulmonic consonants
3244:Non-sibilant fricative
3000:Non-sibilant affricate
2366:History of the alphabet
1400:open back rounded vowel
694:and , or may even be .
649:MODIFIER LETTER UP TACK
607:COMBINING UP TACK BELOW
69:"Relative articulation"
2424:Sinological extensions
1663:Articulatory phonetics
1409:. For example, in the
1321:
1282:Mid-centralized vowels
1259:Mid-centralized vowels
1243:Centralized semivowels
944:Approximant / Vibrant
801:From most open (least
733:manner of articulation
476:postalveolar fricative
263:Advanced and retracted
144:is description of the
1837:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1425:Extensions to the IPA
1329:More and less rounded
1167:⟩ (or ⟨
786:is written , and the
770:even though they are
495:interdental consonant
142:relative articulation
3896:Lateral approximant
2162:Labio-palatalization
1471:fronting (phonology)
1336:More or less rounded
419:narrow transcription
296:Fronting (phonetics)
54:improve this article
2520:Pulmonic consonants
1852:Double articulation
1560:Wierzchowska (1971)
1448:raising (phonology)
1411:Athabaskan language
1147:COMBINING DIAERESIS
867:
582:Raising (phonetics)
270:Advanced, retracted
4450:Lateral fricative
4096:, to the left are
3803:Lateral fricative
2591:Postalveolar
2576:Linguolabial
2419:Naming conventions
2382:Journal of the IPA
1459:raising in Arabic)
1136:is the diaeresis,
1098:Centralized vowels
865:
747:, whereas lowered
556:Raised and lowered
549:Raised and lowered
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5885:
5884:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5243:
5242:
5068:Uvular–epiglottal
4935:
4934:
4897:
4896:
4108:
4107:
4056:
4055:
3974:Lateral tap/flap
2571:Labiodental
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2429:World Orthography
2291:
2290:
2177:Pharyngealization
2074:
2073:
1939:
1938:
1897:Uvular–epiglottal
1790:
1789:
1358:
1357:
1303:COMBINING X ABOVE
1279:
1278:
1122:centralized vowel
1118:
1117:
1092:Central consonant
1081:
1080:
992:Near-close vowel
776:velar approximant
578:
577:
462:, as in the word
292:
291:
172:before the vowel
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5967:
5960:Speech disorders
5926:
5902:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5792:
5791:
5779:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5694:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5629:
5628:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5486:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5370:
5369:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5296:
5295:
5248:
5247:
5209:
5194:
5187:
5167:
5143:
5131:
5124:
5110:
5103:
5077:
5064:
5052:
5045:
5036:Labial–retroflex
5033:
5026:
5014:
5007:
4988:
4978:Labial–retroflex
4974:
4960:
4944:
4914:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4850:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4793:
4764:
4732:
4700:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4644:
4635:
4624:
4602:
4593:
4582:
4573:
4562:
4540:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4500:
4486:bottom: uvular)
4463:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4418:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4210:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4103:
4073:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4015:
4004:
3997:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3921:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3833:
3826:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3740:
3733:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3662:
3655:
3644:
3637:
3618:
3611:
3593:
3584:
3567:
3560:
3549:
3542:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3497:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3449:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2895:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2684:
2677:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2505:
2504:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2245:Voice onset time
1950:
1949:
1870:Labial–retroflex
1762:
1761:
1684:
1683:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1591:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:Cruttenden (2014
1536:
1530:
1528:
1521:() and advanced
1520:
1512:
1505:(), centralized
1504:
1495:
1458:
1430:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1253:type of rounding
1238:
1230:
1176:
1166:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1052:Near-open vowel
1047:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1012:
1007:Close-mid vowel
1002:
997:
984:
979:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
939:
934:
927:
922:
912:
905:
900:
895:
868:
864:
841:is another; and
793:
722:
719:
716:
714:
709:
706:
703:
701:
663:
660:
657:
655:
650:
647:
644:
642:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
574:
573:
565:
564:
553:
552:
520:velar consonants
499:
488:
484:
480:
469:
461:
454:
443:
416:
412:
375:
372:
369:
367:
362:
359:
356:
354:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
327:. Conversely, a
326:
323:
322:
318:
316:
288:
287:
279:
278:
267:
266:
183:
175:
167:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5934:
5924:
5923:unrounded
5919:
5881:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5808:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5766:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5594:
5582:
5581:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5442:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5303:
5282:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5212:Labial–alveolar
5210:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5144:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5017:Labial–alveolar
5015:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4964:Labial–alveolar
4961:
4953:
4936:
4931:
4761:
4729:
4717:Voiced lateral
4697:
4672:
4661:
4652:
4641:
4632:
4621:
4599:
4590:
4579:
4570:
4559:
4537:
4528:
4517:
4508:
4497:
4485:
4483:
4101:
4090:
2596:Retroflex
2512:
2491:
2450:ASCII encodings
2438:
2392:
2345:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2292:
2287:
2249:
2214:
2191:
2136:
2129:
2070:
2035:
1983:
1935:
1919:
1901:
1865:Labial–alveolar
1846:
1823:
1804:Alveolo-palatal
1786:
1760:
1749:Palato-alveolar
1705:
1673:
1667:Co-articulation
1656:
1653:
1623:
1609:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1437:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1314:vowel reduction
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1271:
1266:Mid-centralized
1261:
1245:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1037:Open-mid vowel
729:
720:
717:
712:
711:
707:
704:
699:
698:
670:
661:
658:
653:
652:
648:
645:
640:
639:
632:
628:
627:
622:
621:
606:
602:
601:
596:
595:
584:
570:
561:
551:
373:
370:
365:
364:
360:
357:
352:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
324:
320:
319:
314:
313:
298:
284:
275:
265:
225:mid-centralized
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5687:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5651:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5609:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5363:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5161:
5155:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5114:Labial–palatal
5112:
5105:
5098:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4749:Nasal lateral
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Bilabial
2563:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2397:Special topics
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:Glottalization
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Palatalization
2154:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:Velopharyngeal
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Labial–palatal
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1860:Labial–coronal
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1734:Denti-alveolar
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1562:, p. 131.
1552:
1531:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1436:
1433:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
988:
985:
980:
975:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
941:
940:
935:
930:
928:
923:
918:
914:
913:
908:
906:
901:
896:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
728:
725:
669:
666:
576:
575:
567:
566:
558:
557:
550:
547:
290:
289:
281:
280:
272:
271:
264:
261:
190:palatalization
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5972:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5929:
5928:
5927: rounded
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5877:
5861:
5854:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5812:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5790:
5783:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5676:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5620:
5614:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5504:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5410:
5403:
5397:
5381:
5374:
5368:
5352:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5081:Labial–uvular
5076:
5069:
5063:
5051:
5044:
5032:
5025:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Case variants
2407:
2405:
2404:Cursive forms
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Uvularization
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:Labialization
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Coronal–velar
1890:
1888:
1887:Labial–uvular
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1618:
1617:Wymowa polska
1613:
1610:
1608:9781444183092
1604:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:sound changes
1435:Sound changes
1432:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:labialization
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1128:that is more
1127:
1123:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
994:
991:
990:
981:
976:
973:
972:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
943:
942:
936:
931:
929:
924:
919:
916:
915:
909:
907:
902:
897:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
870:
869:
863:
862:
861:
859:
855:
850:
849:
845:
840:
839:
835:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
799:
797:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
695:
693:
689:
687:
682:
678:
676:
665:
636:
619:
615:
610:
593:
589:
583:
568:
559:
554:
546:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
526:are actually
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
501:
496:
492:
477:
473:
465:
458:
451:
447:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:vowel diagram
424:
423:central vowel
420:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
377:
334:
330:
311:
307:
303:
297:
282:
273:
268:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
179:
171:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5920:
5197:Labial–velar
5147:
5134:Labial–velar
5055:Labial–velar
4992:Labial–velar
4938:
4484:(top: velar;
4111:
4091:
2518:
2385:
2381:
2197:Tongue shape
2187:Nasalization
2167:Velarization
2137:articulation
1907:Pathological
1882:Labial–velar
1765:Active place
1744:Postalveolar
1719:Linguolabial
1655:Articulation
1616:
1597:
1587:
1579:Bibliography
1567:
1555:
1534:
1513:(), lowered
1493:
1438:
1422:
1404:
1359:
1318:
1307:
1281:
1280:
1246:
1220:
1218:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1151:
1121:
1119:
974:Close vowel
842:
832:
806:
800:
772:approximants
753:approximants
737:approximants
730:
696:
684:
673:
671:
637:
617:
613:
611:
591:
587:
585:
536:
527:
511:
507:
502:
491:assimilation
472:assimilation
463:
445:
440:, where the
437:
433:
431:
401:
396:
390:
384:
380:
378:
332:
328:
305:
301:
299:
257:less rounded
256:
253:more rounded
252:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
185:
177:
169:
154:articulation
141:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5159:approximant
5094:approximant
3418:Approximant
2487:IPA Braille
2465:Kirshenbaum
2007:Approximant
1724:Interdental
1701:Labiodental
1214:back vowels
1105:Centralized
1086:Centralized
1067:Open vowel
858:lateralized
820:approximant
816:close vowel
651:as in , or
516:palatalized
514:(partially
450:front vowel
310:vocal tract
249:roundedness
221:centralized
5949:Categories
5910:full chart
5436:Near-close
5230:full chart
5152:(variable)
4922:full chart
4405:affricate
4081:full chart
3710:affricate
2510:Consonants
2482:IPA number
2344:IPA topics
2135:Secondary
2125:Percussive
2093:Ingressive
2066:Continuant
1485:References
1476:i-mutation
1310:unstressed
1248:Semivowels
1022:Mid vowel
917:Fricative
846:→ trilled
808:Open vowel
768:fricatives
764:allophones
749:fricatives
745:fricatives
620:diacritic
594:diacritic
580:See also:
408:back vowel
386:prepalatal
294:See also:
241:consonants
237:diacritics
80:newspapers
5955:Phonetics
5760:Near-open
5494:Close-mid
5178:Implosive
5171:Velarized
5090:Fricative
4842:Voiceless
4782:Implosive
4331:Fricative
4264:Affricate
4098:voiceless
3150:fricative
3148:Sibilant
2906:affricate
2553:Laryngeal
2443:Encodings
2255:Phonation
2233:Aspirated
2228:Voiceless
2103:Implosive
2088:Egressive
2080:Airstream
2061:Occlusive
2012:Semivowel
1972:Fricative
1967:Affricate
1954:Obstruent
1829:Laryngeal
1782:Subapical
1754:Retroflex
1538:See e.g.
1206:retracted
1158:unrounded
854:nasalized
848:fricative
824:fricative
812:mid vowel
803:stricture
686:more open
528:postvelar
493:with the
474:with the
457:affricate
329:retracted
205:retracted
138:phonology
134:phonetics
110:July 2018
5921:Legend:
5915:template
5894:IPA help
5666:Open-mid
5235:template
5225:IPA help
5201:Ejective
5173:alveolar
4927:template
4906:IPA help
4197:Ejective
4086:template
4065:IPA help
3503:Tap/flap
2903:Sibilant
2586:Alveolar
2150:Rounding
2118:Ejective
2113:Pulmonic
2098:Ejective
2024:Tap/flap
1989:Sonorant
1977:Sibilant
1931:Bidental
1739:Alveolar
1696:Bilabial
1463:iotacism
1396:Assamese
1290:lowering
1202:advanced
885:Lateral
831:is one;
692:cardinal
681:cardinal
664:as in .
629:◌̞
618:downtack
603:◌̝
524:Kwakiutl
392:prevelar
344:◌̠
321:◌̟
302:advanced
197:advanced
158:unmarked
5925:•
5325:Central
5157:Lateral
4998:Plosive
4786:Voiced
4684:lateral
4682:Tenuis
4673:
4403:Lateral
3708:Lateral
2758:Plosive
2621:Glottal
2601:Palatal
2543:Coronal
2460:X-SAMPA
2268:Breathy
2054:Lateral
2019:Vibrant
1962:Plosive
1842:Glottal
1809:Palatal
1777:Laminal
1711:Coronal
1381:̜
1368:̹
1300:̽
1286:raising
1194:central
1154:rounded
1144:̈
1130:central
828:plosive
761:lenited
757:Spanish
718:˯
705:˰
659:˕
646:˔
614:lowered
543:central
470:due to
404:English
371:˗
358:˖
306:fronted
217:lowered
201:fronted
176:(as in
170:fronted
162:phoneme
94:scholar
5903:
5301:Vowels
5150:-sound
4915:
4552:Voiced
4490:Tenuis
4094:voiced
4074:
3065:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2611:Uvular
2581:Dental
2560:Manner
2548:Dorsal
2538:Labial
2278:Creaky
2238:Tenuis
2205:Sulcal
2049:Rhotic
2044:Liquid
1945:Manner
1819:Uvular
1796:Dorsal
1772:Apical
1729:Dental
1688:Labial
1605:
1546:vowel
1378:
1376:U+031C
1365:
1363:U+0339
1352:◌̜◌˓◌͑
1343:◌̹◌˒◌͗
1297:
1295:U+033D
1141:
1139:U+0308
987:(N/A)
796:extIPA
759:, the
741:trills
715:
713:U+02EF
702:
700:U+02F0
675:closer
656:
654:U+02D5
643:
641:U+02D4
625:
623:U+031E
599:
597:U+031D
592:uptack
588:raised
572:◌̞◌˕◌
563:◌̝◌˔◌᷵
532:uvular
505:Polish
464:church
406:, the
368:
366:U+02D7
355:
353:U+02D6
340:
338:U+0320
333:backed
317:
315:U+031F
277:◌̟◌˖◌᫈
245:iconic
229:vowels
213:raised
209:backed
146:manner
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5905:audio
5337:Close
5320:Front
5251:Other
5185:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4951:Nasal
4917:audio
4614:Nasal
4481:Click
4076:audio
3603:Trill
3072:d̠ɹ̠˔
2628:Nasal
2606:Velar
2532:Place
2455:SAMPA
2330:chart
2283:Stiff
2273:Slack
2263:Modal
2220:Voice
2210:Domed
2108:Click
2029:Trill
2002:Vowel
1997:Nasal
1924:Other
1814:Velar
1679:Place
1544:GOOSE
1527:]
1523:[
1519:]
1515:[
1511:]
1507:[
1503:]
1499:[
1453:imāla
1439:Many
1237:]
1233:[
1229:]
1225:[
1210:front
1190:front
1179:schwa
1126:vowel
1124:is a
890:Stop
882:Trill
876:Nasal
844:trill
780:Czech
512:domed
397:post-
235:with
223:, or
150:place
101:JSTOR
87:books
5802:Open
5330:Back
5207:t͡pʼ
4441:q𝼄ʼ
4434:k𝼄ʼ
4427:c𝼆ʼ
4293:t̠ʃʼ
4279:t̪θʼ
4272:p̪fʼ
4202:Stop
3653:ɽ̊r̥
3319:ɹ̠̊˔
3051:tɹ̝̊
2472:TIPA
2386:JIPA
1603:ISBN
1548:/uː/
1423:The
1414:Hupa
1373:and
1221:both
1212:and
1165:ᵻ, ᵿ
1156:and
879:Flap
873:Oral
838:stop
834:flap
751:are
743:are
739:and
483:/tʃ/
460:/tʃ/
436:and
389:and
381:pre-
363:and
286:◌̠◌˗
255:and
186:cool
178:keep
174:/iː/
148:and
136:and
73:news
5588:Mid
5192:ɠ͡ɓ
5075:q͡p
5062:q͡ʡ
5050:ɡ͡b
5043:k͡p
5031:ɖ͡b
5024:ʈ͡p
5012:d͡b
5005:t͡p
4986:ŋ͡m
4972:ɳ͡m
4958:n͡m
4653:ɴ𝼊
4651:ŋ𝼊
4591:ɢ𝼊
4589:ɡ𝼊
4529:q𝼊
4527:k𝼊
4416:tɬʼ
4321:qχʼ
4314:kxʼ
4307:tɕʼ
4300:tʂʼ
4286:tsʼ
4013:𝼈̥
3784:ɡʟ̝
3777:k𝼄
3770:ɟʎ̝
3763:c𝼆
3756:d𝼅
3333:ɻ̊˔
3326:ɹ̠˔
3058:dɹ̝
3044:d̪ð
3037:t̪θ
3026:b̪v
3019:p̪f
2949:d̠ʒ
2942:t̠ʃ
2354:IPA
1457:/a/
1288:or
1204:or
911:t͡ɬ
856:or
522:in
498:/ð/
487:/d/
479:/ʃ/
468:/t/
453:/i/
446:key
444:in
442:/k/
438:coo
434:key
415:‹u›
411:/u/
402:In
331:or
304:or
300:An
211:),
203:),
182:/k/
168:is
166:/k/
152:of
132:In
56:by
5951::
5655:o̞
5639:ɤ̞
5613:ø̞
5597:e̞
5148:Sj
5101:ɥ̊
4889:ʛ̥
4882:ɠ̊
4875:ʄ̊
4868:ᶑ̊
4859:ɗ̥
4848:ɓ̥
4762:ɴǁ
4760:ŋǁ
4730:ɢǁ
4728:ɡǁ
4698:qǁ
4696:kǁ
4662:ɴǂ
4660:ŋǂ
4642:ɴǃ
4640:ŋǃ
4633:ɴǀ
4631:ŋǀ
4622:ɴʘ
4620:ŋʘ
4600:ɢǂ
4598:ɡǂ
4580:ɢǃ
4578:ɡǃ
4571:ɢǀ
4569:ɡǀ
4560:ɢʘ
4558:ɡʘ
4538:qǂ
4536:kǂ
4518:qǃ
4516:kǃ
4509:qǀ
4507:kǀ
4498:qʘ
4496:kʘ
4461:ɬʼ
4393:χʼ
4386:xʼ
4379:ɕʼ
4372:ʂʼ
4365:ʃʼ
4358:sʼ
4351:θʼ
4344:fʼ
4337:ɸʼ
4256:ʡʼ
4249:qʼ
4242:kʼ
4235:cʼ
4228:ʈʼ
4219:tʼ
4208:pʼ
4189:EG
4161:RF
4154:PA
4133:LD
4126:BL
4100:.
4038:ʟ̆
4029:ʎ̆
4020:𝼈
3995:ɺ̥
3959:ʟ̠
3877:ʟ̝
3870:𝼄
3863:ʎ̝
3856:𝼆
3849:𝼅
3749:tꞎ
3738:dɮ
3731:tɬ
3675:ʀ̥
3660:ɽr
3635:r̥
3609:ʙ̥
3591:ʡ̆
3582:ɢ̆
3558:ɽ̊
3540:ɾ̥
3529:ɾ̼
3511:ⱱ̟
3495:ʔ̞
3340:ɻ˔
3312:ð̠
3305:θ̠
3284:ð̼
3277:θ̼
3139:ʔh
3132:ʡʢ
3125:ʡʜ
3118:ɢʁ
3111:qχ
3104:ɡɣ
3097:kx
3090:ɟʝ
3083:cç
3012:bβ
3005:pɸ
2977:dʑ
2970:tɕ
2963:dʐ
2956:tʂ
2935:dz
2928:ts
2799:d̼
2792:t̼
2785:b̪
2778:p̪
2735:ɴ̥
2721:ŋ̊
2707:ɲ̊
2693:ɳ̊
2675:n̥
2664:n̼
2648:ɱ̊
2634:m̥
2562:↓
2534:→
1669:–
1665:–
1416:,
1316:.
1305:.
1273:◌̽
1239:.
1172:,
1149:.
1120:A
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