912:
764:
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896:
944:
928:
830:
880:
40:
798:
814:
782:
730:
27:
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846:
124:
One frequently suggested hypothesis for the evolution of cauliflory is to allow trees to be pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by animals, especially bats, that climb on trunks and sturdy limbs to feed on the nectar and fruits. Some species may instead have fruit which drops from the canopy and
163:
where long, whip-like branches descend from the main trunk and bear all the inflorescences. The branches grow to and along the ground and even below it. As a result, the plant or tree's flowers can appear to emerge from the soil. Examples are known mostly from the plant families
52:
is a botanical term referring to plants that flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks, rather than from new growth and shoots. It is rare in temperate regions but common in tropical forests.
140:. Alternative hypotheses have focused on competition for sugar and minerals between flowers and young leaves, mechanical support for larger flowers and fruits particularly in
32:
83:
The development of buds in axillary cauliflorous species occurs through either the re-use of the same position or old tissue over seasons of growth or
1793:
1235:
911:
1082:
1098:
wissenschafliche
Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1910-1911underFuhrung Adolph Friedrichs. Herzogs zu Meckleburg
56:
There have been several strategies to distinguish among types of cauliflory historically, including the location or age of branch where
961:
1493:"Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology: Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms"
1116:"Evolution of Fruit Traits in Ficus Subgenus Sycomorus (Moraceae): To What Extent Do Frugivores Determine Seed Dispersal Mode?"
1011:
943:
1534:"Adenocalymma cauliflorum (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae), a New Cauliflorous Species from the Atlantic Forest of Eastern Brazil"
763:
879:
829:
895:
927:
1403:
125:
ripen only after they reach the ground, an alternative strategy termed nonfunctionally caulicarpic fruits. In
886:
746:
654:
1404:"Le genre Uvariopsis(Annonaceae) en Afriquetropicale, avec la description d'une espèce nouvelle du Cameroun"
861:
813:
797:
729:
133:
1850:
1766:
1689:
1658:
1627:
781:
1926:
1737:
543:
487:
1479:
1462:
121:
flowers may be produced from axillary buds in young plants and change to adventitious buds later.
1533:
820:
572:
390:
836:
443:
245:
1794:"Averrhoa bilimbiLinn.: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology"
1114:
Harrison, Rhett D.; Rønsted, Nina; Xu, Lei; Rasplus, Jean-Yves; Cruaud, Astrid (2012-06-05).
1076:
711:
695:
584:
413:
239:
227:
178:
1127:
918:
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495:
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397:
276:
233:
188:
39:
8:
1921:
788:
451:
383:
137:
114:
tissues and may be reactive to immediate environmental conditions. In certain species of
107:
1357:
1131:
1059:
1036:
1820:
1561:
1514:
1373:
1323:
1229:
1158:
1115:
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549:
77:
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1604:
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1377:
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1163:
1145:
1064:
991:
869:
597:
517:
458:
101:
1906:
1565:
1518:
1439:
1037:"Desmopsisterriflora, an extraordinary new species of Annonaceae with flagelliflory"
1815:
1805:
1596:
1545:
1504:
1475:
1457:
1369:
1307:
1153:
1135:
1054:
1044:
613:
270:
260:
207:
List of some species of cauliflorous plants with articles (list may be incomplete)
1140:
1049:
934:
902:
852:
736:
678:
590:
529:
437:
111:
92:
80:
phenomenon with several different sources of development and evolutionary value.
535:
511:
153:
65:
1221:
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1319:
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986:
705:
662:
407:
334:
183:
57:
26:
1829:
1167:
1068:
292:
286:
69:
689:
630:
624:
607:
345:
303:
253:
20:
1876:
1327:
1296:"Ecological Aspects of Flower Evolution. II. Zoophilous Flower Classes"
672:
648:
351:
328:
314:
307:
299:
217:
211:
165:
142:
1211:
132:
there is not an association between the evolution of cauliflory as an
1580:
1295:
1250:
1030:
1028:
981:
566:
523:
481:
431:
367:
361:
222:
193:
84:
43:
1600:
1311:
16:
Botanical term referring to plants that flower from their main stems
951:
637:
505:
377:
169:
110:
pattern. If flowers develop adventitiously, they form similarly to
88:
73:
1025:
1034:
1252:
The origin of the cauliflorous inflorescence of
Theobroma cacao
771:
472:
156:
and differential rates of mutations across large plant bodies.
148:
61:
1213:
Cercis (Fabaceae) : Evolution of cauliflory in the genus
753:
421:
318:
127:
116:
95:
of the bud must occur from pre-existing tissue, such as the
1532:
Fonseca, Luiz
Henrique M.; Lohmann, LĂşcia G. (2017-09-25).
96:
1274:
Pundir, YP (1972). "Cauliflory in Ficus
Glomerata Roxb".
1113:
1035:
Fernanda MartĂnez-Velarde, Maria; 6 others, and (2023).
1792:
Ahmed, QamarUddin; Alhassan, AlhassanMuhammad (2016).
1358:"The Durian Theory or the Origin of the Modern Tree"
225:, cauliflorous or both.) Cauliflorous species are:
152:, and evolutionary theory built on the plant as a
1913:
1531:
1791:
1579:Moody, Michael; Hufford, Larry (2000-08-01).
1480:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T45421A3001680.en
1463:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T45421A3001680.en
1401:
1578:
1343:The tropical rainforest; an ecological study
1293:
1234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1843:
1081:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1883:. Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1798:Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences
1819:
1809:
1615:
1508:
1461:
1437:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1157:
1139:
1095:
1058:
1048:
1907:Cauliflory in Malaysian Rainforest Trees
1769:Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm.
1740:Dysoxylum spectabile (G.Forst.) Hook.f."
1708:
1340:
1012:"PlantNET - NSW Flora Online - Glossary"
1004:
38:
25:
1759:
1730:
1677:
1646:
1490:
202:
60:grow, whether inflorescences attach to
1914:
1388:
1355:
1273:
1581:"Floral development and structure of
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1869:
1497:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1430:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1248:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
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1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1109:
1107:
1449:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1402:Gereau, E. R.; Kenfack, D. (2000).
13:
1374:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083225
14:
1938:
1900:
1356:CORNER, E. J. H. (October 1949).
1282:
1174:
1104:
106:dormant buds break annually in a
1510:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00087.x
1491:Endress, Peter K. (2010-07-12).
1209:
960:
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910:
894:
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828:
812:
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780:
762:
745:
728:
721:
1785:
1572:
1525:
1484:
1349:
1294:van der Pijl, L. (March 1961).
447:(cupuaçu) (and possibly others)
1334:
1267:
1242:
1089:
1:
1345:. Cambridge University Press.
997:
887:Englerophytum magalismontanum
655:Englerophytum magalismontanum
1141:10.1371/journal.pone.0038432
1050:10.3897/phytokeys.227.102279
7:
975:
10:
1943:
1589:Canadian Journal of Botany
18:
64:or branches, and whether
1811:10.4103/0975-7406.199342
1550:10.1600/036364417X696078
544:Artocarpus heterophyllus
488:Didymocheton spectabilis
19:Not to be confused with
1857:. Royal Botanic Gardens
1773:. Royal Botanic Gardens
1696:. Royal Botanic Gardens
1692:Cola Schott & Endl.
1665:. Royal Botanic Gardens
1634:. Royal Botanic Gardens
821:Castanospermum australe
573:Syzygium branderhorstii
391:Castanospermum australe
138:ecological associations
1630:Cercis siliquastrum L.
1210:Ann., Owens, Shirley.
159:An extreme version is
76:. Cauliflory is a non-
46:
36:
1442:Uvariopsis submontana
1096:Mildbraed, J (1922).
969:Phaleria clerodendron
712:Phaleria clerodendron
696:Recchia simplicifolia
414:Couroupita guianensis
179:Couroupita guianensis
172:such as a species of
42:
29:
1456:: e.T45421A3001680.
1341:Richards, P (1952).
952:Dysoxylum spectabile
919:Acnistus arborescens
837:Hippophaë rhamnoides
805:Pavonia strictiflora
496:Epicharis parasitica
467:Pavonia strictiflora
398:Cynometra cauliflora
277:Aristolochia arborea
203:Cauliflorous species
189:Weberocereus tunilla
74:reproductive tissues
33:Syzygium monospermum
1716:"Crescentia cujete"
1132:2012PLoSO...738432H
789:Cercis siliquastrum
452:Cola mossambicensis
384:Cercis siliquastrum
174:Desmopsisterriflora
1879:Halleria lucida L.
1661:Theobroma cacao L.
1438:Cheek, M. (2014).
1249:Lent, Roy (1966).
70:adventitious nodes
47:
37:
1538:Systematic Botany
1436:Cheek, M. (2014)
992:Adventitious buds
870:Plinia cauliflora
598:Plinia cauliflora
459:Crescentia cujete
417:(cannonball tree)
261:Annonidium mannii
221:(all species are
186:) and the cactus
176:but also include
102:Cercis canadensis
91:. In both cases,
1934:
1927:Plant morphology
1894:
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1612:
1595:(8): 1034–1043.
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1362:Annals of Botany
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1101:
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1087:
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1062:
1052:
1043:(227): 181–198.
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1008:
964:
946:
930:
914:
898:
882:
864:
848:
832:
816:
800:
784:
766:
749:
732:
715:(scented daphne)
614:Averrhoa bilimbi
533:(sycamore fig),
462:(calabash tree).
271:Aristolochiaceae
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1884:
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1853:Pancovia Willd.
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1601:10.1139/b00-073
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1312:10.2307/2405842
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967:Scented daphne
965:
956:
947:
938:
935:Latua pubiflora
931:
922:
915:
906:
903:Halleria lucida
899:
890:
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874:
865:
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853:Theobroma cacao
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785:
776:
767:
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750:
741:
737:Syzygium moorei
733:
724:
679:Halleria lucida
539:(sandpaper fig)
515:(cluster fig),
444:T. grandiflorum
438:Theobroma cacao
205:
199:
93:vascularization
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1940:
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1924:
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1901:External links
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1842:
1804:(4): 265–271.
1784:
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1707:
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1645:
1614:
1585:(Cunoniaceae)"
1571:
1544:(3): 584–589.
1524:
1503:(4): 225–239.
1483:
1429:
1387:
1368:(4): 367–414.
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769:Coffee Plant (
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682:(tree fuchsia)
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585:S.erythrocalyx
579:S. cormiflorum
563:
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521:(knobby fig),
518:F. sansibarica
512:Ficus racemosa
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246:U. vanderystii
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66:axillary nodes
58:inflorescences
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722:Image gallery
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553:(chempedak),
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547:(jackfruit),
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631:Chytranthus
625:Sapindaceae
608:Oxalidaceae
536:F. coronata
346:Cunoniaceae
304:Parmentiera
254:Piptostigma
223:ramiflorous
30:Flowers of
21:Cauliflower
1922:Cauliflory
1916:Categories
1718:. Tropilab
1583:Davidsonia
1417:(1): 39–43
1222:1085986861
998:References
949:Kohekohe (
673:Stilbaceae
658:(stamvrug)
649:Sapotaceae
556:A. altilis
550:A. integer
491:(Kohekohe)
352:Davidsonia
329:Caricaceae
315:Rhodocolea
308:Crescentia
300:Amphitecna
218:Uvariopsis
212:Annonaceae
166:Annonaceae
143:Atrocarpus
78:homologous
50:Cauliflory
44:Jackfruits
1609:0008-4026
1558:0363-6445
1411:Adansonia
1382:1095-8290
1320:0014-3820
1300:Evolution
1276:Turrialba
1261:175296194
1230:cite book
1150:1932-6203
1041:PhytoKeys
982:Ramiflory
617:(bilimbi)
591:S. moorei
567:Myrtaceae
482:Meliaceae
441:(cacao),
432:Malvaceae
368:Diospyros
362:Ebenaceae
194:Cactaceae
134:apomorphy
112:epicormic
108:sympodial
1830:28216948
1566:91020529
1519:83742105
1168:22679505
1120:PLOS ONE
1069:37396012
1060:10314296
976:See also
638:Pancovia
506:Moraceae
378:Fabaceae
338:(papaya)
170:Moraceae
89:dormancy
1887:May 17,
1861:May 17,
1835:May 17,
1821:5314823
1777:May 17,
1748:May 17,
1744:NZflora
1722:May 17,
1700:May 17,
1687:(2018)
1669:May 17,
1656:(2018)
1638:May 17,
1625:(2018)
1469:May 17,
1421:May 17,
1328:2405842
1159:3367955
1128:Bibcode
1017:May 17,
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524:F. sur
473:Durian
1562:S2CID
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1407:(PDF)
1324:JSTOR
757:(fig)
754:Ficus
740:fruit
422:Grias
319:Colea
149:Durio
128:Ficus
117:Ficus
99:. In
87:from
1889:2022
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1826:PMID
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1257:OCLC
1236:link
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1164:PMID
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1083:link
1065:PMID
1019:2022
987:Spur
196:).
168:and
146:and
136:and
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1816:PMC
1806:doi
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