250:
31:
463:
510:, tribune in 58 BC, enacted a law banishing anyone who had executed a citizen without trial. Cicero promptly fled the city for Greece. His exile was eventually lifted and he was recalled to Rome the next year at Pompey's behest. Views on Cicero's success in defending the republic are mixed: while Cicero argued that he had saved the commonwealth and many scholars have accepted his defence of necessary exigency, Harriet Flower, a classicist, writes he did so "by circumventing due process and the civil rights of citizens" while also revealing "the consul's complete lack of confidence in the court system on which the
479:
159:
582:, for example, alleges Cicero cynically transformed civil strife for his own political benefit. Many scholars also dismiss the conspiracy and its clean-up as being a minor affair that did not present a serious threat to the republic. For example, Louis E. Lord in the introduction to the 1937 Loeb Classical Library translation of Cicero's Catilinarian orations calls it "one of the best known and least significant episodes in Roman history".
310:(public violence) in early November. The conspirators met, probably on 6 November, and found two volunteers to make an attempt on Cicero's life. Cicero alleged that the conspirators plotted to engulf Rome in flames and destroy the city. Sallust reports this allegation allowed Cicero to turn the urban plebs against Catiline, but modern scholars do not believe that Catiline credibly wanted to destroy the city.
383:, who then was praetor-elect, was called, he proposed either life imprisonment or custody pending trial. Caesar's lenient position won many senators over to his side, although it too was illegal – life sentences not being permitted without trial – and impractical. Cicero purports he then interrupted proceedings to deliver a speech urging immediate action but the tide did not turn towards execution until
354:, a Gallic tribe, to support the Catilinarians but the Allobroges revealed Lentulus' plans. Cicero, using the Allobroges' envoys as double agents, sought their cooperation in identifying as many members of the conspiracy in the city as possible. With evidence provided by their help, on 2 or 3 December, five men were arrested: Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and
218:
connection between
Catiline and land reform. It is likely Dio is wrong, if Catiline had advocated for land reform, Cicero would have alluded to it. Three of the conspirators had been repulsed at the consular elections. Another three had been ejected from the senate. Others found themselves unable to attain the same offices as their ancestors.
194:, a winning consular candidate in the elections of 66 BC who had his victory annulled and senate seat stripped after conviction on bribery charges; and two other senators expelled for immorality and corruption. Other malcontents who had expected but had been denied advancement joined the conspiracy, such as
598:
The shape of the social structure remained basically unaffected... but the grievances had been brought to public attention... prominent leaders recognised the utility of responding to needs exposed in the
Catilinarian affair. The grain bill sponsored by Cato in 62 obviously belongs in this context...
375:
to take whatever steps he thought necessary to safeguard the state, but such decrees, while lending moral support for consular action, did not grant any kind of formal immunity. Cicero's goal in requesting senatorial advice was probably to transfer responsibility for any executions to the senate as a
313:
After the attempts on Cicero's life failed on 7 November 63 BC, he assembled the senate and delivered his first oration against
Catiline, publicly denouncing the conspiracy. Catiline attempted to speak in his defence – attacking Cicero's ancestry – but was shouted down and promptly left the city
681:
more than exile. Seager also rejects a joint plan between
Catiline and Lentulus, arguing Lentulus probably joined late in the conspiracy to capitalise on the disruption, and pictures Cicero as attempting to purge Italy from unreliable elements in advance of Pompey's return to prevent him from taking
618:
speeches into the mouths of
Catiline and others, the dyadic nature of the Roman constitution forced justification of anti-senatorial policies by appeal to popular sovereignty. Neither popular or senatorial advocates questioned the legitimacy of the other. Scholars also dispute whether Catiline had a
209:
describes these men as "mixed", adding, "single-minded purpose cannot readily be ascribed" to them. Some were frustrated candidates for municipal elections, some may have been motivated by debts, others sought profit in the chaos, others were members of declining aristocratic families like
Catiline.
498:
While Cicero was initially hailed for his role in saving the state, he did not accrue all the credit, to his dismay. Cato was also hailed as having roused the senate to act against the conspirators. There were some turns against Cicero's actions in the immediate aftermath of the summary executions.
217:
The ancient sources generally credit their involvement in the conspiracy with large debts that
Catiline's putsch were supposedly to erase. But scholars reject this as a sole cause and consider the shame of unmet political ambitions indispensable. None of the ancient sources, except Dio, mention any
97:
Modern views on the conspiracy vary. Uncovering the truth of the conspiracy is difficult. It is well accepted that the ancient sources were heavily biased against
Catiline and demonised him in the aftermath of his defeat. The extent of the exaggeration is unclear and still debated. Most classicists
232:
land reform bill early in 63 BC also must have stoked resentment: the bill would have confirmed Sullan settlers on their land, and allowed them to sell it to the state. It would have distributed new lands to poor dispossessed citizens. The failure of the relief bill at Rome contributed to the
622:
While scholars accept that
Catiline may have received some support from Crassus and Caesar, at least during his campaigns for the consulships of 63 and 62 BC, their support did not extend to the conspiracy. Some older scholarship conceived of Catiline as being a Crasso-Caesarian puppet; this
390:
Plutarch's summary indicates that Cato gave a passionate and forceful speech inveighing against Caesar personally and implying that Caesar was in league with the conspirators. Sallust's version has Cato rail against moral decline in the state and has him criticising the senators for failing to be
174:
Catiline had stood for the consulship three times by 63 BC and was rejected every time by the voters. Only after his defeat at the consular comitia in 63 – for consular terms starting in 62 BC – did
Catiline start planning a coup to seize by force the consulship which had been denied to
657:
unbelievable and that, if true, the conspirators would have been implausibly incompetent. He argues that Catiline was forced to depart Rome under a cloud of false allegations to Etruria, where he made common cause with a pre-existing group of rebels to fight against Cicero's political dominance.
594:
It is evident, in retrospect, that the event did not shake the foundations of the state. The government was in no real danger of toppling; the conspiracy, in fact, strengthened awareness of a common interest in order and stability. It is not, however, to be dismissed as a minor and meaningless
145:
He had been prosecuted in 65 and 64 BC, but he was acquitted after several former consuls spoke in his defence. His influence even during his prosecutions was considerable. For example, Cicero had considered a joint candidacy with him in 65 BC. While some of the ancient sources claim
361:
An informer on 4 December attempted to incriminate Crassus in the Catilinarian plot but the informer was not believed and imprisoned. The same day, an attempt was also made to free the prisoners; the senate responded by scheduling a debate on their fate – along with the fates of four other
565:
S. fails to allow for a gradual shift in Catiline's strategy and aims as his hopes of reaching the consulship faded, because S. prefers to present Catiline as a through-going villain, the product of the corrupt age, who was bent on the destruction of the state from the very beginning...
543:. Cicero's narrative casts Catiline in terms of immorality while eliding the economic hardships of the time. The narratives also extend beyond attacks on Catiline but also into exaggerating and justifying Cicero's role and actions during the conspiracy. The orations were published,
650:
In 1970, Kenneth Waters argued that the descriptions of the conspiracy were motivated mostly by Cicero's need to present himself as having achieved something during his consulship. After detailing Catiline's purported plan, Waters argues that the description given of it is
1065:, pp. 428–49, explaining: Cicero would have mentioned actual involvement of slaves rather than simply alleging that Catiline planned to recruit them; Cicero disclaimed any involvement of slaves after the rebellion was crushed; Catiline himself rejected use of slaves.
536:
Cicero's narrative is obviously one-sided and it is well established that he exaggerated the danger of Catiline's threat in his orations for political advantage. He also recounted his side of the story – also an act of self-promotion – in a memoir and a three-book poem
77:
The conspiracy was formed after Catiline's defeat in the consular elections for 62, held in early autumn 63. He assembled a coalition of malcontents – aristocrats who had been denied political advancement by the voters, dispossessed farmers, and indebted veterans of
668:
and that when he left Rome in November, he had not yet fully committed to any rebellion. He also argues that Manlius, who Cicero cast as Catiline's military attaché, acted independently of Catiline for separate reasons. Only in Etruria, on Catiline's way to
658:
Waters dismisses the Gallic evidence as setups by the consul meant to provide the senate with evidence of a plot and views the execution in Rome of the conspirators and Sallust's reports that no prisoners were taken at Pistoria as Cicero cutting loose ends.
314:
to join Manlius' men in Etruria. Writing a letter, likely preserved in Sallust, he committed his wife to the protection of a friend and left the city, justifying his actions in terms of honours unjustly denied to him and denying any alleged indebtedness.
533:, a monograph on the conspiracy, and Cicero's Catilinarian orations. As a whole, the sources – in ancient times – almost always took anti-Catilinarian perspectives. The negative view of Catiline in the sources found its way into Roman imperial culture.
269:, who handed over letters on 18 or 19 October which described plans to massacre prominent citizens. Crassus' letters were corroborated by reports of armed men gathering in support of the conspiracy. In response, the senate passed a decree declaring a
560:
Sallust's overarching focus on moral decline as a cause of the republic's collapse has him paint an ahistorical portrait of Catiline that elides details in favour of his larger narrative. J. T. Ramsey, in a commentary on the monograph, writes:
503:. One of the tribunes, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, sought to bring Cicero up on charges for executing citizens without trial. The senate prevented him from doing so, by threatening to declare anyone who brought a prosecution a public enemy.
98:
agree that the conspiracy occurred as broadly described – rather than being a manipulative invention of Cicero's – but concede that its actual threat to the republic was exaggerated for Cicero's benefit and to heighten later dramatic narratives.
303:
Catiline remained in the city. While named in the anonymous letters sent to Crassus, this was insufficient evidence for incrimination. But after messages from Etruria connected him directly to the uprising, he was indicted under the
300:, p. 32, however, rejects this. In response, Cicero dispatched two nearby proconsuls and two praetors to respond to the possibility of armed insurrection with permission to levy troops and orders to maintain night watches.
391:
strict and harsh like their ancestors. With the appeal that swift execution would cause defections among the Catilinarians and exaggerated claims that Catiline was to be upon them imminently, Cato's speech carried the day.
358:. After the Gallic envoys divulged all they knew with promises of immunity before the senate, the prisoners confessed their guilt; Lentulus was forced to resign his magistracy and the others were committed to house arrest.
130:. Catiline, before the conspiracy, had been complicit in the Sullan regime. While his family had not reached the consulship since the fifth century BC, he had strong connections to the aristocracy and was both a
585:
Scholars have also criticised over-estimation of the importance of Catiline's insurrection, but others also stress that the affair was not meaningless and that it jolted the republic into action. Erich Gruen, in
595:
episode. Motives of the leader may have been personal and less than admirable. But the movement itself called to notice a number of authentic social ills which had previously lacked effective expression...
2307:, p. 4 n. 3, noting also, "Kaplan 1968 (Catiline as a precursor of Caesar); Fini 1996 (Catiline as the opponent of senatorial corruption); Galassi 2014 (too full of errors to make an effective case)".
704:, then the consuls-elect, followed by the ex-consuls in an order set by the presiding consuls at the start of the year. Each grade of magistrates then followed: ex-praetors, praetors, and so descending.
1351:, pp. 72–73 discussing the possibility that the claim that Lentulus resigned was later inserted by Cicero to defend himself against charges of sacrilege in killing a sitting praetor. See generally
755:, p. 416, explaining, "the insurrections of Lepidus and Sertorious were... both outgrowths of and essentially continuous with . Spartacus' uprising was not an attack on Rome, but to Italy".
225:
had been suppressed in 71 BC – the evidence leans against their involvement. Catiline planned not a social revolution, but a coup to place himself and his allies in charge of the republic.
90:. In December, Cicero uncovered nine more conspirators organising for Catiline in the city and, on advice of the senate, had them executed without trial. In early January 62 BC, Antonius
553:
Sallust, who was active politically before and after the conspiracy, was not present in Rome in 63 BC, likely abroad on military service. His history lies somewhat parallel to Cicero's
5327:
5312:
631:
The most critical historians have alleged that the entire conspiracy was invented or incited by Cicero for his own advantage. Reevaluations and defences of Catiline started with
612:. This view is criticised as uncritically accepting confusing and empty ancient political slogans while ignoring Catiline's Sullan bona fides. While sources sometimes put
570:
And more problematically, Sallust's reliance on Cicero's one-sided narrative leads him to accept Cicero's invective uncritically, exacerbating the portrait's hostility.
557:, relying on extra-Ciceronean evidence, especially contemporary oral sources, but Cicero's orations and a now-lost memoir are core sources for Sallust's monograph.
210:
What allowed them to raise a meaningful threat to the state was their mobilisation of men displaced by Sulla's civil war. Joining those dispossessed in the Sullan
3074:
394:
With the senate ratifying Cicero's proposal to execute the conspirators without trial, Cicero had the sentences carried out, proclaiming at their conclusion,
5292:
5357:
619:
following among the urban plebs at all and question whether later Ciceronean speeches connecting Clodius with Catiline are merely political invective.
82:– and planned to seize the consulship from Cicero and Antonius by force. In November 63, Cicero exposed the conspiracy, causing Catiline to flee from
4918:
42:
notes that this idealised depiction is "a seductive fantasy of the occasion and the setting". There was no age gap: both men were in their forties.
221:
The conspiracy was for Roman citizens only. It was not one for slaves. Although Cicero and others stoked fears of another servile rebellion – the
433:
1368:
376:
whole. When later charged with killing citizens without trial, he justified his actions in terms of following the senate's non-binding advice.
5408:
2961:
322:
When Catiline arrived in Manlius' camp, he assumed consular regalia. The senate responded immediately by declaring both Catiline and Manlius
3503:
1709:
1019:
578:
Both ancient and modern accounts have focused on the ways that Cicero turned the affair to his political advantage. The Pseudo-Sallustian
292:
By 27 October, the senate had received reports that Gaius Manlius, a former centurion and leader of an army there, had taken up arms near
3545:
3533:
685:
Most scholars, however, reject Waters' and Seager's reconstructions and accept the broader historicity of Catiline's plot in 63 BC.
717:, p. 191 believes the speech as preserved to be fictitious: the speech is too long and contains anachronistic allusions to events.
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199:
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At this time, Cicero then discovered a plot led by Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, one of the sitting praetors, to bring in the
233:
uprising's support among the poor. This was coupled with a general financial and economic crisis stretching back at least to the
195:
163:
1799:, pp. 42–43, describing Catiline as a "byword for villainy" in Roman literature and "as a nickname for unpopular emperors".
5367:
5347:
5094:
4825:
3513:
3247:
2444:, p. 48, calling attention to Pistoria as indicative of a real plot but conceding possible exaggeration on Cicero's part;
483:
249:
183:
379:
Calling the senate in order of seniority, the consuls-elect and ex-consuls all spoke in favour of the death penalty. But when
237:, a quarter-century earlier. With renewed demand for capital in the aftermath of stability secured by Pompey's victory in the
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432:
After the five prisoners were killed, support fell away from Catiline and his army. Some in Rome, such as the then-tribune
265:
heard rumours of a plot from a woman named Fulvia in the autumn in 63 BC. The first concrete evidence was provided by
257:, one of the consuls in 63 BC and one of the leaders of the response against Catiline, today in the Capitoline Museum.
436:, proposed transferring command from Antonius to Pompey, calling upon Pompey to save the state. Early the next year, near
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1986:
1920:
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2910:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
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was in actual command – and defeated, ending the crisis. Catiline was killed in the battle. Antonius was hailed as
166:
and distributed in support of Catiline's consular candidacy in 63 BC. The bowl on the left was distributed by
30:
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3086:
3019:
2528:
608:
Some older historiography has viewed the conspiracy in terms of a party-political conflict between the so-called
511:
179:
639:, though this initial defence was poorly received and lacked evidence. The most often-cited modern defences are
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3765:
3523:
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4939:
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22:
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2925:. Vol. 2. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. London: Henry G. Bohn – via Perseus Digital Library.
2448:, p. 9, "it is no solution to aver that the conspiracy was largely a figment of Cicero's imagination";
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1772:... this was no more than a hollow political slogan that portended the end of constitutional government".
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were landed Sullan veterans who expected monetary rewards and had fallen into debt after poor harvests.
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296:. Some modern scholars have argued that Manlius' revolt was initially independent of Catiline's plans.
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241:, moneylenders would have called in debts and increased interest rates, driving men into bankruptcy.
872:
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Bowls containing food distributed in electoral canvasses. The bowl to the right was commissioned by
150:
to overthrow the consuls of that year, modern scholars believe this first conspiracy is fictitious.
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argued in 1973 that Catiline's involvement in a plot against the state postdates Cicero's
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The importance of Catiline's conspiracy is over-estimated by some modern historians.
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1915:. By Cicero. Translated by Dyck, Andrew R. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
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793:
701:
384:
355:
277:(a state of emergency) and, after receipt of the reports of armed men gathering in
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494:, p. 54 argues that Paullus attempted to connect Catiline's defeat to peace.
342:, to lead troops against Catiline and put Cicero in charge of defending the city.
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1353:
Barlow, Jonathan (1994). "Cicero's Sacrilege in 63 BC". In Deroux, C (ed.).
499:
At the close of the consular year, Cicero's valedictory speech was vetoed by two
445:
2934:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Lord, Louis E. Harvard University Press.
792:, who was twice consul in 437 and 429 BC. Three other Sergii had served as
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332:'s history adds that Catiline was promptly convicted on the pending charges of
198:, who had been praetor in 66 and defeated in consular elections in 63 BC,
35:
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673:, did he join with Manlius after concluding that rebellion would protect his
550:, to defend Cicero from political backlash for his executions without trial.
471:
419:
380:
187:
2725:
2185:"Catiline, Clodius, and popular politics at Rome during the 60s and 50s BCE"
474:
on the obverse likely commemorates the repression of Catiline's conspiracy.
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114:(49–45 BC) that followed it. The main sources on it are both hostile:
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instructing the consuls to do whatever it took to respond to the crisis.
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182:, a former consul ejected from the senate for immorality in 70 BC;
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Catiline's conspiracy was a major armed insurrection against Rome, like
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Two major bills in 59 and another in 55 went a long way toward relief.
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in 62 BC commemorating Catiline's defeat. It depicts the goddess
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440:, Catiline's remaining men, numbering at least three thousand, were
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Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
437:
369:. Cicero, as consul, had been empowered by the previously passed
278:
133:
115:
87:
1563:
1492:
1387:
1233:
1152:
4729:
4609:
4539:
4479:
4474:
4441:
4201:
4186:
4136:
4116:
3538:
3415:
3310:
855:
It is now widely held that the conspiracy is wholly fictitious.
262:
254:
178:
He enlisted into his circle a number of disreputable senators:
67:
4514:
4236:
3963:
3255:
338:(public violence). The senate dispatched Cicero's co-consul,
79:
444:
by Antonius's forces. The now-proconsul claimed illness and
4724:
4291:
4231:
3813:
3189:
2535:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
999:
83:
74:– and forcibly assume control of the state in their stead.
2370:
2334:
1954:
1952:
3285:
205:
Non-senatorial men also filled the ranks. The classicist
1637:
1584:
1582:
1551:
1513:
1511:
1312:
1310:
1295:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
527:
The main sources for us on the conspiracy are Sallust's
365:
The debate on the fate of the prisoners occurred in the
2223:
1964:
1949:
1882:
1880:
989:
987:
960:
936:
900:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2358:
2346:
1802:
1780:
1778:
1677:
1439:
763:
761:
362:
conspirators who had escaped – for the following day.
2322:
2310:
2139:
1995:
1937:
1689:
1665:
1594:
1579:
1508:
1415:
1307:
1192:
1168:
1140:
860:
734:
713:
The interrupting speech was the Fourth Catilinarian.
2246:
Salmon, ET (1935). "Catiline, Crassus, and Caesar".
1892:
1877:
1826:
1615:, p. 430, also dismissing Appian's claim (App.
1523:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
984:
948:
924:
912:
2932:
In Catilinam 1-4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco
2274:
1814:
1775:
1745:
1505:, p. 98 ("both impractical and illegal").
1427:
1403:
1375:
1268:
1221:
1209:
1128:
1116:
972:
888:
758:
506:In the coming years, Cicero's enemies reorganised.
2286:
788:reports a single Sergius reaching the consulship,
2777:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
700:In Cicero's day, speaking order started with the
21:For the fictitious conspiracy in 65 BC, see
5380:
2470:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing.
416:). He was then hailed by his fellow senators as
345:
170:in a coeval campaign for the plebeian tribunate.
2835:Cicero: politics and persuasion in ancient Rome
38:, of Cicero denouncing Catiline in the senate.
2683:. Mnemosyne Supplements. Vol. 45. Brill.
2189:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
1766:, p. 147, adding, "when Cicero declared
1619:2.7) of twenty thousand as "grossly inflated".
190:sympathiser with few prospects for promotion;
4912:
2955:
1355:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History
1017:
18:Attempted coup in the Roman republic in 63 BC
2658:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1022:. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).
2627:Crisis management during the Roman Republic
2162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
1767:
1501:, p. 49 ("utterly impractical");
785:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
674:
652:
613:
538:
528:
522:
449:
417:
401:
395:
370:
333:
323:
305:
282:
270:
131:
119:
4926:
4919:
4905:
2962:
2948:
2244:, p. 429 n. 107, unfavourably citing
1367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2866:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2806:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2739:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2655:The last generation of the Roman republic
2527:
2157:
2113:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2039:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1851:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1643:
1489:, pp. 68–69 (custody pending trial).
1357:. Vol. 7. Brussels. pp. 180–89.
1026:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
831:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2732:
2672:
2539:
2449:
2445:
2182:
2093:, pp. 431–432, positively cited by
2077:, pp. 431–432, positively cited by
1970:
1943:
1655:
626:
477:
461:
248:
157:
29:
5358:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
5328:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)
2969:
2832:
2568:
1722:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6597
1707:
1671:
1569:
1557:
1541:
1517:
1502:
1486:
1462:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 78.
1457:
1445:
1421:
1332:
1032:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6030
153:
94:in battle, putting an end to the plot.
5381:
2929:
2901:
2859:
2799:
2765:
2705:
2624:
2595:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2245:
2229:
2145:
2109:"The Failure of Catiline's Conspiracy"
2106:
2094:
2078:
2035:"The failure of Catiline's conspiracy"
2032:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1958:
1886:
1784:
1763:
1695:
1628:
1600:
1588:
1460:The constitution of the Roman Republic
1397:
1352:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1286:
1259:
1243:
1203:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1146:
824:
809:
644:
640:
623:position "has long been discredited".
4900:
2943:
2651:
2573:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2533:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2492:
2465:
2441:
2437:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2241:
2090:
2074:
1982:
1911:Dyck, Andrew R (2008). Introduction.
1898:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1751:
1683:
1659:
1612:
1573:
1529:
1498:
1482:
1433:
1409:
1393:
1381:
1348:
1344:
1274:
1255:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1158:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1005:
993:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
878:
866:
805:
779:
767:
752:
740:
714:
588:Last generation of the Roman republic
491:
297:
110:that preceded it (83–81 BC) and
5409:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
2017:
1910:
1844:
1708:Tempest, Kathryn (28 January 2022).
1018:Salmon, ET; Lintott, Andrew (2012).
603:
827:"The First Catilinarian Conspiracy"
13:
2894:
2201:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2008.tb00277.x
1485:, p. 35 (life imprisonment);
14:
5430:
2922:Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
2766:Ramsey, JT (2007). "Commentary".
2458:
2248:The American Journal of Philology
517:
2529:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2430:
2018:Lord, Louis E. Introduction. In
470:in 62 BC. The portrayal of
2468:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome
2298:
2235:
2176:
2151:
2100:
2084:
2068:
2026:
2007:
1976:
1904:
1838:
1790:
1757:
1701:
1606:
1535:
1476:
1451:
1347:, pp. 44–46. However, see
1338:
1249:
1056:
1024:The Oxford classical dictionary
1011:
881:, pp. 2, 5–6 (citing Cic.
707:
694:
637:Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius
573:
427:
180:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
2862:"Cicero, Sallust and Catiline"
2629:. Cambridge University Press.
2602:. Princeton University Press.
2546:. Cambridge University Press.
2160:Politics in the Roman republic
1769:salus rei publicae suprema lex
1710:"Tullius Cicero, Marcus, life"
818:
799:
773:
746:
424:("father of the fatherland").
253:A 1st century AD depiction of
86:and eventually to his army in
52:Second Catilinarian conspiracy
1:
1847:"The Early Career of Sallust"
723:
544:
457:
346:Execution of the conspirators
317:
148:First Catilinarian conspiracy
34:A 19th century depiction, by
23:First Catilinarian conspiracy
3534:Frontiers and fortifications
728:
244:
62:(Catiline) to overthrow the
7:
3593:Decorations and punishments
2497:. Oxford University Press.
1985:, pp. 48, 540, citing
1716:. Oxford University Press.
1714:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1544:, p. 71, citing Plut.
682:over the state like Sulla.
514:was supposed to be based".
146:Catiline was involved in a
10:
5435:
4500:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3075:historiography of the fall
2673:McGushin, Patrick (1977).
2625:Golden, Gregory K (2013).
2540:Crawford, Michael (1974).
1258:, pp. 38–40, citing,
101:
20:
5280:
5199:
5148:
5072:
5031:
4985:
4932:
4881:External wars and battles
4748:
4642:
4455:
4047:
4040:
3962:
3874:
3779:
3654:
3606:
3484:
3434:
3373:
3364:
3246:
3198:
3118:
3035:
3005:
2996:
2978:
2833:Tempest, Kathryn (2011).
372:senatus consultum ultimum
285:senatus consultum ultimum
4962:Holy Roman Empire (1062)
2706:Mellor, Ronald (2002) .
2596:Flower, Harriet (2010).
2569:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
2543:Roman Republican Coinage
1458:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
688:
580:Invective against Cicero
523:Bias in ancient accounts
200:Lucius Calpurnius Bestia
192:Publius Autronius Paetus
184:Gaius Cornelius Cethegus
5419:Marcus Licinius Crassus
5399:1st century BC in Italy
5115:Portuguese India (1787)
4967:Mamluk Sultanate (1386)
4933:Before the 16th century
4876:Roman–Iranian relations
3351:Optimates and populares
2735:"Catiline's Conspiracy"
2676:C. Sallustius Crispus,
610:optimates and populares
508:Publius Clodius Pulcher
484:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
267:Marcus Licinius Crassus
196:Lucius Cassius Longinus
164:Lucius Cassius Longinus
60:Lucius Sergius Catilina
48:Catilinarian conspiracy
4952:Roman Republic (63 BC)
4927:Plots and conspiracies
4886:Civil wars and revolts
4152:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3799:Conflict of the Orders
3158:Legislative assemblies
2800:Seager, Robin (1973).
2495:Cicero's Catilinarians
2183:Harrison, Ian (2008).
2016:, p. 126, citing
1768:
825:Seager, Robin (1964).
790:Lucius Sergius Fidenas
675:
653:
614:
601:
568:
539:
529:
495:
475:
468:Lucius Scribonius Libo
450:
418:
396:
371:
340:Gaius Antonius Hybrida
334:
324:
306:
283:
271:
258:
223:last servile rebellion
171:
132:
120:
72:Gaius Antonius Hybrida
43:
5237:United Kingdom (1968)
5171:United Kingdom (1820)
4595:Simplicius of Cilicia
4347:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3576:Siege in Ancient Rome
3185:Executive magistrates
2733:Phillips, EJ (1976).
2710:. London: Routledge.
2652:Gruen, Erich (1995).
2158:Mouritsen, H (2017).
1008:, p. 429 n. 110.
633:Edward Spencer Beesly
627:Critical perspectives
592:
563:
512:New Republic of Sulla
501:tribunes of the plebs
482:A denarius minted by
481:
466:A denarius minted by
465:
252:
239:Third Mithridatic War
235:First Mithridatic War
161:
128:Catilinarian orations
68:Marcus Tullius Cicero
33:
5313:United States (2020)
5212:United States (1933)
5166:United States (1807)
5110:United States (1783)
5090:Great Britain (1721)
4605:Stephanus Byzantinus
4510:Eusebius of Caesaria
4372:Sidonius Apollinaris
4062:Ammianus Marcellinus
3401:Tribune of the plebs
2708:The Roman historians
2466:Beard, Mary (2015).
2343:, pp. 208, 213.
808:, p. 9, citing
154:Causes and formation
5353:Sierra Leone (2023)
4781:Distinguished women
4432:Velleius Paterculus
4272:Nicolaus Damascenus
4252:Marcellus Empiricus
3641:Republican currency
2860:Waters, KH (1970).
2837:. Continuum Books.
2379:, pp. 247–248.
1658:, pp. 441–42;
782:, p. 417. The
168:Marcus Porcius Cato
54:, was an attempted
5303:Ivory Coast (2012)
5186:Philippines (1828)
5023:Philippines (1587)
4555:Phlegon of Tralles
4362:Seneca the Younger
3836:Naming conventions
3566:Personal equipment
3099:Later Roman Empire
2917:"Against Catiline"
2904:"Bellum Catilinae"
2493:Berry, DH (2020).
2440:, p. 3 n. 4;
2107:Yavetz, Z (1963).
2033:Yavetz, Z (1963).
1304:, pp. 129–30.
1189:, pp. 241–42.
969:, pp. 424–25.
945:, pp. 422–23.
909:, pp. 417–18.
666:First Catilinarian
496:
476:
328:(public enemies).
259:
228:The defeat of the
202:, and two Sullae.
172:
112:Caesar's civil war
44:
5376:
5375:
5308:Montenegro (2016)
4957:Roman Empire (65)
4894:
4893:
4856:Pontifices maximi
4638:
4637:
4495:Diogenes Laërtius
4317:Pliny the Younger
4072:Asconius Pedianus
4032:Romance languages
3904:Civil engineering
3646:Imperial currency
3519:Political control
3480:
3479:
3114:
3113:
2902:Sallust (1921) .
2844:978-1-84725-246-3
2802:"Iusta Catilinae"
2784:978-1-4356-3337-7
2690:978-90-04-32762-7
2636:978-1-107-05590-2
2609:978-0-691-14043-8
2580:978-0-19-086902-1
2553:978-0-521-07492-6
2504:978-0-19-751081-0
2477:978-0-87140-423-7
2232:, pp. 36–37.
1961:, pp. 16–17.
1845:Earl, DC (1966).
1811:, pp. 47–48.
1731:978-0-19-938113-5
1686:, pp. 35–36.
1662:, pp. 52–53.
1560:, pp. 72–73.
1469:978-0-1981-5068-8
1335:, pp. 96–97.
1041:978-0-19-954556-8
869:, pp. 21–25.
794:consular tribunes
604:Underlying causes
548: 60 BC
442:engaged in battle
367:Temple of Concord
307:lex Plautia de vi
108:Sulla's civil war
92:defeated Catiline
5426:
5135:Venezuela (1797)
4921:
4914:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4846:Magistri equitum
4761:Cities and towns
4754:
4680:Constantinopolis
4490:Diodorus Siculus
4422:Valerius Maximus
4357:Seneca the Elder
4277:Nonius Marcellus
4045:
4044:
3598:Hippika gymnasia
3561:Infantry tactics
3467:Consular tribune
3457:Magister equitum
3406:Military tribune
3371:
3370:
3331:Pontifex maximus
3326:Princeps senatus
3316:Magister militum
3082:Byzantine Empire
3003:
3002:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2911:
2889:
2856:
2829:
2796:
2770:Bellum Catilinae
2762:
2729:
2702:
2678:Bellum Catilinae
2669:
2648:
2621:
2592:
2565:
2536:
2524:
2489:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1496:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
876:
870:
864:
858:
857:
822:
816:
803:
797:
777:
771:
765:
756:
750:
744:
743:, p. 31–33.
738:
718:
711:
705:
702:princeps senatus
698:
680:
656:
617:
549:
546:
542:
540:De consulatu suo
532:
530:Bellum Catilinae
453:
423:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
385:Cato the Younger
374:
337:
327:
309:
288:
276:
137:
125:
122:Bellum Catilinae
66:of 63 BC –
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5298:Zimbabwe (2007)
5288:Cambodia (2000)
5276:
5272:Pakistan (1995)
5262:Zimbabwe (1980)
5232:Cambodia (1959)
5227:Pakistan (1951)
5195:
5181:Colombia (1828)
5144:
5068:
5038:England (1603)
5027:
4981:
4977:Florence (1478)
4928:
4925:
4895:
4890:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4634:
4470:Aëtius of Amida
4451:
4437:Verrius Flaccus
4417:Valerius Antias
4377:Silius Italicus
4312:Pliny the Elder
4257:Marcus Aurelius
4132:Cornelius Nepos
4082:Aurelius Victor
4036:
3958:
3870:
3804:Secessio plebis
3775:
3650:
3602:
3476:
3430:
3360:
3242:
3194:
3110:
3031:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2938:
2930:Cicero (1937).
2915:Cicero (1856).
2914:
2897:
2895:Ancient sources
2892:
2845:
2785:
2718:
2691:
2666:
2637:
2610:
2599:Roman republics
2581:
2554:
2505:
2478:
2461:
2456:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2031:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1973:, pp. 8–9.
1969:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1923:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1331:, p. 131;
1327:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1042:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
877:
873:
865:
861:
823:
819:
804:
800:
778:
774:
766:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
731:
726:
721:
712:
708:
699:
695:
691:
629:
606:
576:
547:
525:
520:
490:, on the left.
460:
446:Marcus Petreius
430:
413:
411:they have lived
410:
407:
404:
348:
320:
247:
156:
104:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5432:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Roman Republic
5391:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5368:Armenia (2024)
5365:
5363:Ukraine (2024)
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Moldova (2023)
5345:
5340:
5338:Germany (2022)
5335:
5333:Ukraine (2022)
5330:
5325:
5323:Armenia (2021)
5320:
5318:Ukraine (2021)
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5252:Morocco (1973)
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5222:Germany (1944)
5219:
5217:Germany (1938)
5214:
5209:
5207:Ukraine (1919)
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5191:Georgia (1832)
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5064:Hungary (1670)
5061:
5059:England (1641)
5056:
5054:England (1605)
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5018:England (1586)
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4972:England (1415)
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Pomponius Mela
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Aelius Donatus
4053:
4051:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:Ecclesiastical
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:Toys and games
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Vigintisexviri
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Cursus honorum
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3065:Western Empire
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2912:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2872:(2): 195–215.
2857:
2843:
2830:
2812:(2): 240–248.
2797:
2783:
2763:
2745:(4): 441–448.
2730:
2716:
2703:
2689:
2680:: a commentary
2670:
2664:
2649:
2635:
2622:
2608:
2593:
2579:
2566:
2552:
2537:
2525:
2503:
2490:
2476:
2462:
2460:
2459:Modern sources
2457:
2455:
2454:
2429:
2427:, p. 246.
2417:
2415:, p. 245.
2405:
2403:, p. 248.
2393:
2391:, p. 241.
2381:
2369:
2367:, p. 215.
2357:
2355:, p. 214.
2345:
2333:
2331:, p. 202.
2321:
2319:, p. 196.
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2260:10.2307/289968
2254:(4): 302–316.
2234:
2222:
2175:
2169:978-1107651333
2168:
2150:
2148:, p. 207.
2138:
2119:(4): 485–499.
2099:
2097:, p. 126.
2083:
2081:, p. 126.
2067:
2045:(4): 485–499.
2025:
2006:
2004:, p. 126.
1994:
1975:
1963:
1948:
1936:
1922:978-0521832861
1921:
1903:
1901:, p. 198.
1891:
1876:
1857:(3): 307–309.
1837:
1835:, p. xxi.
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1774:
1756:
1744:
1730:
1700:
1698:, p. 132.
1688:
1676:
1664:
1648:
1646:, p. 175.
1644:Broughton 1952
1636:
1621:
1605:
1603:, p. 146.
1593:
1591:, p. 131.
1578:
1572:, p. 70;
1562:
1550:
1534:
1532:, p. 192.
1522:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1448:, p. 103.
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 131.
1396:, p. 48;
1386:
1374:
1337:
1321:
1319:, p. 130.
1306:
1294:
1279:
1267:
1248:
1246:, p. 129.
1242:, p. 30;
1232:
1220:
1208:
1206:, p. 129.
1191:
1179:
1177:, p. 128.
1167:
1165:, p. 128.
1161:, p. 32;
1151:
1149:, p. 127.
1139:
1127:
1115:
1113:, p. 427.
1103:
1101:, p. 426.
1091:
1089:, p. 425.
1079:
1077:, p. 429.
1067:
1055:
1040:
1010:
998:
996:, p. 420.
983:
971:
959:
957:, p. 424.
947:
935:
933:, p. 422.
923:
921:, p. 419.
911:
899:
897:, p. 418.
887:
871:
859:
837:(3): 338–347.
817:
798:
772:
770:, p. 417.
757:
745:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:
706:
692:
690:
687:
628:
625:
605:
602:
575:
572:
524:
521:
519:
518:Historiography
516:
459:
456:
434:Metellus Nepos
429:
426:
347:
344:
319:
316:
281:, carried the
246:
243:
155:
152:
103:
100:
36:Cesare Maccari
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5343:Brazil (2022)
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:France (1820)
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:France (1804)
5159:
5157:
5156:France (1800)
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5140:Mexico (1799)
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Sweden (1793)
5128:
5126:
5125:Sweden (1789)
5123:
5121:
5120:Sweden (1788)
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Sweden (1756)
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:France (1718)
5083:
5081:
5080:Naples (1701)
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Sweden (1576)
5011:
5009:
5008:Sweden (1574)
5006:
5004:
5003:Sweden (1569)
5001:
4999:
4998:France (1567)
4996:
4994:
4993:France (1560)
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:Ancient Egypt
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Julius Paulus
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Fabius Pictor
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Amphitheatres
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Deforestation
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Siege engines
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Establishment
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:Extraordinary
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Promagistrate
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Twelve Tables
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2717:0-203-29442-4
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2665:0-520-02238-6
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:Phillips 1976
2447:
2446:McGushin 1977
2443:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2283:, p. 48.
2282:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2020:Cicero (1937)
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1971:McGushin 1977
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:McGushin 1977
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:Catilinarians
1907:
1900:
1895:
1889:, p. 37.
1888:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1823:, p. 45.
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 36.
1753:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1674:, p. 84.
1673:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:Crawford 1974
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1576:, p. 35.
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1520:, p. 70.
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1436:, p. 50.
1435:
1430:
1424:, p. 68.
1423:
1418:
1412:, p. 35.
1411:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1384:, p. 47.
1383:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1277:, p. 42.
1276:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1230:, p. 34.
1229:
1224:
1218:, p. 33.
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1137:, p. 30.
1136:
1131:
1125:, p. 31.
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
981:, p. 27.
980:
975:
968:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
880:
875:
868:
863:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
814:
813:
807:
802:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
776:
769:
764:
762:
754:
749:
742:
737:
733:
716:
710:
703:
697:
693:
686:
683:
679:
678:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
642:
638:
635:'s 1878 book
634:
624:
620:
616:
611:
600:
596:
591:
589:
583:
581:
571:
567:
562:
558:
556:
555:Catilinarians
551:
541:
534:
531:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
493:
489:
485:
480:
473:
472:Bonus Eventus
469:
464:
455:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
422:
421:
420:pater patriae
398:
392:
388:
386:
382:
381:Julius Caesar
377:
373:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
343:
341:
336:
331:
326:
315:
311:
308:
301:
299:
295:
290:
287:
286:
280:
275:
274:
268:
264:
256:
251:
242:
240:
236:
231:
226:
224:
219:
215:
213:
212:proscriptions
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
169:
165:
160:
151:
149:
143:
141:
136:
135:
129:
126:and Cicero's
124:
123:
118:'s monograph
117:
113:
109:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:Roman consuls
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
28:
24:
16:
5414:Conspiracies
5281:21st century
5257:Spain (1978)
5247:China (1971)
5242:Libya (1970)
5200:20th century
5149:19th century
5105:Chile (1781)
5095:Malta (1749)
5073:18th century
5032:17th century
4986:16th century
4951:
4826:Institutions
4690:Leptis Magna
4643:Major cities
4550:Philostratus
4337:Quadrigarius
4157:Rufus Festus
4020:Contemporary
3741:Romanization
3664:Architecture
3271:Collegiality
3120:Constitution
2971:Ancient Rome
2931:
2921:
2907:
2869:
2865:
2834:
2809:
2805:
2771:
2767:
2742:
2738:
2707:
2679:
2675:
2654:
2626:
2598:
2570:
2542:
2532:
2494:
2467:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2295:, p. 3.
2288:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2225:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2141:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2062:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2009:
1997:
1988:
1978:
1966:
1946:, p. 8.
1939:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1787:, p. 8.
1759:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1713:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1672:Drogula 2019
1667:
1651:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1570:Drogula 2019
1565:
1558:Drogula 2019
1553:
1545:
1542:Drogula 2019
1537:
1525:
1518:Drogula 2019
1503:Tempest 2011
1494:
1487:Drogula 2019
1478:
1459:
1453:
1446:Tempest 2011
1441:
1429:
1422:Drogula 2019
1417:
1405:
1389:
1377:
1354:
1340:
1333:Tempest 2011
1324:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1182:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1023:
1013:
1001:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
882:
874:
862:
854:
834:
830:
820:
811:
801:
783:
775:
748:
736:
709:
696:
684:
665:
662:Robin Seager
660:
649:
636:
630:
621:
607:
597:
593:
587:
584:
579:
577:
574:Overemphasis
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:
535:
526:
505:
497:
431:
428:Final defeat
393:
389:
378:
364:
360:
349:
321:
312:
302:
291:
260:
227:
220:
216:
204:
177:
173:
144:
105:
96:
76:
51:
50:, sometimes
47:
45:
27:
15:
5293:Laos (2007)
5267:Peru (1992)
4821:Geographers
4505:Dioscorides
4485:Cassius Dio
4107:Cassiodorus
4010:Renaissance
3616:Agriculture
3588:Auxiliaries
3529:Engineering
3366:Magistrates
3218:Citizenship
3213:Mos maiorum
3148:Late Empire
2425:Seager 1973
2413:Seager 1973
2401:Seager 1973
2389:Seager 1973
2377:Seager 1973
2365:Waters 1970
2353:Waters 1970
2341:Waters 1970
2329:Waters 1970
2317:Waters 1970
2230:Mellor 2002
2146:Waters 1970
2095:Golden 2013
2079:Golden 2013
2014:Golden 2013
2002:Golden 2013
1959:Ramsey 2007
1887:Mellor 2002
1785:Ramsey 2007
1764:Flower 2010
1696:Golden 2013
1601:Flower 2010
1589:Golden 2013
1398:Golden 2013
1329:Golden 2013
1317:Golden 2013
1302:Golden 2013
1244:Golden 2013
1204:Golden 2013
1187:Seager 1973
1175:Golden 2013
1163:Golden 2013
1147:Golden 2013
1020:"Spartacus"
654:prima facie
645:Seager 1973
641:Waters 1970
330:Cassius Dio
261:The consul
207:Erich Gruen
56:coup d'état
5383:Categories
4710:Mediolanum
4650:Alexandria
4615:Themistius
4580:Porphyrius
4407:Tertullian
4342:Quintilian
4332:Propertius
4227:Lactantius
4177:Fulgentius
4112:Censorinus
3934:Sanitation
3919:Metallurgy
3876:Technology
3841:Demography
3789:Patricians
3756:Spectacles
3714:Literature
3709:Hairstyles
3546:Technology
3296:Praefectus
3248:Government
3238:Litigation
3223:Auctoritas
3168:Centuriate
3055:Principate
3050:Pax Romana
3010:Foundation
2768:Sallust's
2618:2009004551
2589:1090168108
2521:1126348418
2513:2019048911
2442:Beard 2015
2438:Berry 2020
2305:Berry 2020
2293:Berry 2020
2281:Beard 2015
2242:Gruen 1995
2195:: 95–118.
2091:Gruen 1995
2075:Gruen 1995
1987:Ps.-Sall.
1983:Beard 2015
1899:Berry 2020
1833:Berry 2020
1821:Beard 2015
1809:Beard 2015
1797:Beard 2015
1752:Beard 2015
1684:Beard 2015
1660:Berry 2020
1613:Gruen 1995
1574:Beard 2015
1530:Berry 2020
1499:Berry 2020
1483:Beard 2015
1434:Berry 2020
1410:Beard 2015
1394:Berry 2020
1382:Berry 2020
1349:Berry 2020
1345:Berry 2020
1275:Berry 2020
1256:Berry 2020
1240:Beard 2015
1228:Berry 2020
1216:Berry 2020
1159:Berry 2020
1135:Beard 2015
1123:Berry 2020
1111:Gruen 1995
1099:Gruen 1995
1087:Gruen 1995
1075:Gruen 1995
1063:Gruen 1995
1006:Gruen 1995
994:Gruen 1995
979:Berry 2020
967:Gruen 1995
955:Gruen 1995
943:Gruen 1995
931:Gruen 1995
919:Gruen 1995
907:Gruen 1995
895:Gruen 1995
879:Berry 2020
867:Berry 2020
806:Berry 2020
780:Gruen 1995
768:Gruen 1995
753:Gruen 1995
741:Beard 2015
724:References
715:Berry 2020
590:, writes:
492:Berry 2020
458:Conclusion
352:Allobroges
318:Manoeuvres
298:Berry 2020
40:Mary Beard
5047:Main Plot
4866:Quaestors
4796:Empresses
4786:Dynasties
4776:Dictators
4751:and other
4740:Volubilis
4735:Vindobona
4695:Londinium
4620:Theodoret
4590:Procopius
4570:Polyaenus
4545:Pausanias
4447:Vitruvius
4392:Symmachus
4387:Suetonius
4297:Petronius
4282:Obsequens
4247:Macrobius
4242:Lucretius
4167:Frontinus
4142:Eutropius
4127:Columella
4077:Augustine
4067:Appuleius
4015:Neo-Latin
3990:Classical
3981:Versions
3889:Aqueducts
3831:Patronage
3751:Sexuality
3724:Mythology
3699:Education
3689:Cosmetics
3514:Campaigns
3509:Structure
3462:Decemviri
3321:Imperator
3020:overthrow
2878:0018-2311
2853:712128599
2818:0018-2311
2793:560589383
2751:0018-2311
2699:707605311
2645:842919750
2562:450398085
2486:902661394
2209:0076-0730
2125:0018-2311
2051:0018-2311
1931:123079329
1863:0018-2311
1546:Cat. Min.
1363:cite book
1050:959667246
843:0018-2311
729:Citations
615:popularis
488:Concordia
451:imperator
356:Caeparius
245:Discovery
188:Sertorian
140:patrician
5389:Catiline
5042:Bye Plot
4871:Tribunes
4861:Praetors
4811:Generals
4791:Emperors
4700:Lugdunum
4685:Eboracum
4675:Carthage
4660:Aquileia
4575:Polybius
4565:Plutarch
4535:Libanius
4525:Josephus
4520:Herodian
4412:Tibullus
4327:Priscian
4302:Phaedrus
4262:Manilius
4207:Jordanes
4192:Hydatius
4122:Claudian
4102:Catullus
4092:Boëthius
4087:Ausonius
4005:Medieval
3977:Alphabet
3949:Theatres
3924:Numerals
3909:Concrete
3899:Circuses
3866:Bagaudae
3856:Adoption
3851:Marriage
3824:Assembly
3729:Religion
3704:Folklore
3684:Clothing
3679:Calendar
3636:Currency
3626:Commerce
3524:Strategy
3486:Military
3472:Triumvir
3452:Dictator
3447:Interrex
3426:Governor
3411:Quaestor
3374:Ordinary
3356:Province
3346:Tetrarch
3336:Augustus
3301:Vicarius
3291:Officium
3228:Imperium
3178:Plebeian
3138:Republic
3060:Dominate
3027:Republic
2988:Timeline
2726:50553430
2531:(1952).
2217:43646709
677:dignitas
671:Massilia
438:Pistoria
397:vixerunt
387:spoke.
294:Faesulae
273:tumultus
4945:1155 BC
4841:Legions
4801:Fiction
4771:Consuls
4766:Climate
4720:Ravenna
4715:Pompeii
4705:Lutetia
4670:Bononia
4665:Berytus
4655:Antioch
4630:Zosimus
4625:Zonaras
4600:Sozomen
4585:Priscus
4560:Photius
4402:Terence
4397:Tacitus
4382:Statius
4367:Servius
4352:Sallust
4307:Plautus
4287:Orosius
4267:Martial
4222:Juvenal
4197:Hyginus
4182:Gellius
4041:Writers
3972:History
3954:Thermae
3944:Temples
3894:Bridges
3861:Slavery
3809:Equites
3781:Society
3761:Theatre
3734:Deities
3694:Cuisine
3674:Bathing
3656:Culture
3631:Finance
3608:Economy
3499:Borders
3494:History
3396:Tribune
3391:Praetor
3281:Legatus
3276:Emperor
3163:Curiate
3133:Kingdom
3128:History
3104:History
3087:decline
3045:History
3015:Kingdom
2998:History
2983:Outline
2908:Sallust
2886:4435130
2826:4435332
2775:Sallust
2759:4435521
2133:4434810
2059:4434810
1871:4434936
1634:, 59.4.
1292:, 36.1.
885:12–14).
851:4434844
405:
279:Etruria
134:nobilis
116:Sallust
102:History
88:Etruria
4851:Nomina
4836:Legacy
4816:Gentes
4753:topics
4749:Lists
4730:Smyrna
4610:Strabo
4540:Lucian
4530:Julian
4480:Arrian
4475:Appian
4465:Aelian
4442:Vergil
4217:Justin
4202:Jerome
4187:Horace
4172:Fronto
4162:Florus
4137:Ennius
4117:Cicero
4097:Caesar
3995:Vulgar
3819:Tribes
3746:Romans
3556:Legion
3539:castra
3416:Aedile
3386:Censor
3381:Consul
3341:Caesar
3311:Lictor
3233:Status
3173:Tribal
3153:Senate
3143:Empire
3037:Empire
2973:topics
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810:Sall.
325:hostes
263:Cicero
255:Cicero
230:Rullan
138:and a
5404:63 BC
4515:Galen
4457:Greek
4427:Varro
4237:Lucan
4049:Latin
3964:Latin
3939:Ships
3929:Roads
3914:Domes
3846:Women
3794:Plebs
3719:Music
3261:Forum
3256:Curia
2882:JSTOR
2822:JSTOR
2773:. By
2755:JSTOR
2264:JSTOR
2213:JSTOR
2129:JSTOR
2055:JSTOR
1867:JSTOR
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1548:23.3.
1265:, 35.
883:Cael.
847:JSTOR
689:Notes
175:him.
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4831:Laws
4806:Film
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4292:Ovid
4232:Livy
4000:Late
3814:Gens
3771:Wine
3583:Navy
3551:Army
3190:SPQR
3092:fall
3070:fall
2874:ISSN
2849:OCLC
2839:ISBN
2814:ISSN
2789:OCLC
2779:ISBN
2747:ISSN
2722:OCLC
2712:ISBN
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2660:ISBN
2641:OCLC
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2482:OCLC
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2164:ISBN
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2047:ISSN
1989:Cic.
1927:OCLC
1917:ISBN
1859:ISSN
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1726:ISBN
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1369:link
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1262:Cat.
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