261:
42:
474:
521:, tribune in 58 BC, enacted a law banishing anyone who had executed a citizen without trial. Cicero promptly fled the city for Greece. His exile was eventually lifted and he was recalled to Rome the next year at Pompey's behest. Views on Cicero's success in defending the republic are mixed: while Cicero argued that he had saved the commonwealth and many scholars have accepted his defence of necessary exigency, Harriet Flower, a classicist, writes he did so "by circumventing due process and the civil rights of citizens" while also revealing "the consul's complete lack of confidence in the court system on which the
490:
170:
593:, for example, alleges Cicero cynically transformed civil strife for his own political benefit. Many scholars also dismiss the conspiracy and its clean-up as being a minor affair that did not present a serious threat to the republic. For example, Louis E. Lord in the introduction to the 1937 Loeb Classical Library translation of Cicero's Catilinarian orations calls it "one of the best known and least significant episodes in Roman history".
321:(public violence) in early November. The conspirators met, probably on 6 November, and found two volunteers to make an attempt on Cicero's life. Cicero alleged that the conspirators plotted to engulf Rome in flames and destroy the city. Sallust reports this allegation allowed Cicero to turn the urban plebs against Catiline, but modern scholars do not believe that Catiline credibly wanted to destroy the city.
394:, who then was praetor-elect, was called, he proposed either life imprisonment or custody pending trial. Caesar's lenient position won many senators over to his side, although it too was illegal – life sentences not being permitted without trial – and impractical. Cicero purports he then interrupted proceedings to deliver a speech urging immediate action but the tide did not turn towards execution until
365:, a Gallic tribe, to support the Catilinarians but the Allobroges revealed Lentulus' plans. Cicero, using the Allobroges' envoys as double agents, sought their cooperation in identifying as many members of the conspiracy in the city as possible. With evidence provided by their help, on 2 or 3 December, five men were arrested: Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and
229:
connection between
Catiline and land reform. It is likely Dio is wrong, if Catiline had advocated for land reform, Cicero would have alluded to it. Three of the conspirators had been repulsed at the consular elections. Another three had been ejected from the senate. Others found themselves unable to attain the same offices as their ancestors.
205:, a winning consular candidate in the elections of 66 BC who had his victory annulled and senate seat stripped after conviction on bribery charges; and two other senators expelled for immorality and corruption. Other malcontents who had expected but had been denied advancement joined the conspiracy, such as
609:
The shape of the social structure remained basically unaffected... but the grievances had been brought to public attention... prominent leaders recognised the utility of responding to needs exposed in the
Catilinarian affair. The grain bill sponsored by Cato in 62 obviously belongs in this context...
386:
to take whatever steps he thought necessary to safeguard the state, but such decrees, while lending moral support for consular action, did not grant any kind of formal immunity. Cicero's goal in requesting senatorial advice was probably to transfer responsibility for any executions to the senate as a
324:
After the attempts on Cicero's life failed on 7 November 63 BC, he assembled the senate and delivered his first oration against
Catiline, publicly denouncing the conspiracy. Catiline attempted to speak in his defence – attacking Cicero's ancestry – but was shouted down and promptly left the city
692:
more than exile. Seager also rejects a joint plan between
Catiline and Lentulus, arguing Lentulus probably joined late in the conspiracy to capitalise on the disruption, and pictures Cicero as attempting to purge Italy from unreliable elements in advance of Pompey's return to prevent him from taking
629:
speeches into the mouths of
Catiline and others, the dyadic nature of the Roman constitution forced justification of anti-senatorial policies by appeal to popular sovereignty. Neither popular or senatorial advocates questioned the legitimacy of the other. Scholars also dispute whether Catiline had a
220:
describes these men as "mixed", adding, "single-minded purpose cannot readily be ascribed" to them. Some were frustrated candidates for municipal elections, some may have been motivated by debts, others sought profit in the chaos, others were members of declining aristocratic families like
Catiline.
509:
While Cicero was initially hailed for his role in saving the state, he did not accrue all the credit, to his dismay. Cato was also hailed as having roused the senate to act against the conspirators. There were some turns against Cicero's actions in the immediate aftermath of the summary executions.
228:
The ancient sources generally credit their involvement in the conspiracy with large debts that
Catiline's putsch were supposedly to erase. But scholars reject this as a sole cause and consider the shame of unmet political ambitions indispensable. None of the ancient sources, except Dio, mention any
108:
Modern views on the conspiracy vary. Uncovering the truth of the conspiracy is difficult. It is well accepted that the ancient sources were heavily biased against
Catiline and demonised him in the aftermath of his defeat. The extent of the exaggeration is unclear and still debated. Most classicists
243:
land reform bill early in 63 BC also must have stoked resentment: the bill would have confirmed Sullan settlers on their land, and allowed them to sell it to the state. It would have distributed new lands to poor dispossessed citizens. The failure of the relief bill at Rome contributed to the
633:
While scholars accept that
Catiline may have received some support from Crassus and Caesar, at least during his campaigns for the consulships of 63 and 62 BC, their support did not extend to the conspiracy. Some older scholarship conceived of Catiline as being a Crasso-Caesarian puppet; this
401:
Plutarch's summary indicates that Cato gave a passionate and forceful speech inveighing against Caesar personally and implying that Caesar was in league with the conspirators. Sallust's version has Cato rail against moral decline in the state and has him criticising the senators for failing to be
185:
Catiline had stood for the consulship three times by 63 BC and was rejected every time by the voters. Only after his defeat at the consular comitia in 63 – for consular terms starting in 62 BC – did
Catiline start planning a coup to seize by force the consulship which had been denied to
668:
unbelievable and that, if true, the conspirators would have been implausibly incompetent. He argues that Catiline was forced to depart Rome under a cloud of false allegations to Etruria, where he made common cause with a pre-existing group of rebels to fight against Cicero's political dominance.
605:
It is evident, in retrospect, that the event did not shake the foundations of the state. The government was in no real danger of toppling; the conspiracy, in fact, strengthened awareness of a common interest in order and stability. It is not, however, to be dismissed as a minor and meaningless
156:
He had been prosecuted in 65 and 64 BC, but he was acquitted after several former consuls spoke in his defence. His influence even during his prosecutions was considerable. For example, Cicero had considered a joint candidacy with him in 65 BC. While some of the ancient sources claim
372:
An informer on 4 December attempted to incriminate Crassus in the Catilinarian plot but the informer was not believed and imprisoned. The same day, an attempt was also made to free the prisoners; the senate responded by scheduling a debate on their fate – along with the fates of four other
576:
S. fails to allow for a gradual shift in Catiline's strategy and aims as his hopes of reaching the consulship faded, because S. prefers to present Catiline as a through-going villain, the product of the corrupt age, who was bent on the destruction of the state from the very beginning...
554:. Cicero's narrative casts Catiline in terms of immorality while eliding the economic hardships of the time. The narratives also extend beyond attacks on Catiline but also into exaggerating and justifying Cicero's role and actions during the conspiracy. The orations were published,
661:
In 1970, Kenneth Waters argued that the descriptions of the conspiracy were motivated mostly by Cicero's need to present himself as having achieved something during his consulship. After detailing Catiline's purported plan, Waters argues that the description given of it is
1076:, pp. 428–49, explaining: Cicero would have mentioned actual involvement of slaves rather than simply alleging that Catiline planned to recruit them; Cicero disclaimed any involvement of slaves after the rebellion was crushed; Catiline himself rejected use of slaves.
547:
Cicero's narrative is obviously one-sided and it is well established that he exaggerated the danger of Catiline's threat in his orations for political advantage. He also recounted his side of the story – also an act of self-promotion – in a memoir and a three-book poem
88:
The conspiracy was formed after Catiline's defeat in the consular elections for 62, held in early autumn 63. He assembled a coalition of malcontents – aristocrats who had been denied political advancement by the voters, dispossessed farmers, and indebted veterans of
679:
and that when he left Rome in November, he had not yet fully committed to any rebellion. He also argues that Manlius, who Cicero cast as Catiline's military attaché, acted independently of Catiline for separate reasons. Only in Etruria, on Catiline's way to
669:
Waters dismisses the Gallic evidence as setups by the consul meant to provide the senate with evidence of a plot and views the execution in Rome of the conspirators and Sallust's reports that no prisoners were taken at Pistoria as Cicero cutting loose ends.
325:
to join Manlius' men in Etruria. Writing a letter, likely preserved in Sallust, he committed his wife to the protection of a friend and left the city, justifying his actions in terms of honours unjustly denied to him and denying any alleged indebtedness.
544:, a monograph on the conspiracy, and Cicero's Catilinarian orations. As a whole, the sources – in ancient times – almost always took anti-Catilinarian perspectives. The negative view of Catiline in the sources found its way into Roman imperial culture.
280:, who handed over letters on 18 or 19 October which described plans to massacre prominent citizens. Crassus' letters were corroborated by reports of armed men gathering in support of the conspiracy. In response, the senate passed a decree declaring a
571:
Sallust's overarching focus on moral decline as a cause of the republic's collapse has him paint an ahistorical portrait of Catiline that elides details in favour of his larger narrative. J. T. Ramsey, in a commentary on the monograph, writes:
514:. One of the tribunes, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, sought to bring Cicero up on charges for executing citizens without trial. The senate prevented him from doing so, by threatening to declare anyone who brought a prosecution a public enemy.
109:
agree that the conspiracy occurred as broadly described – rather than being a manipulative invention of Cicero's – but concede that its actual threat to the republic was exaggerated for Cicero's benefit and to heighten later dramatic narratives.
314:
Catiline remained in the city. While named in the anonymous letters sent to Crassus, this was insufficient evidence for incrimination. But after messages from Etruria connected him directly to the uprising, he was indicted under the
311:, p. 32, however, rejects this. In response, Cicero dispatched two nearby proconsuls and two praetors to respond to the possibility of armed insurrection with permission to levy troops and orders to maintain night watches.
402:
strict and harsh like their ancestors. With the appeal that swift execution would cause defections among the Catilinarians and exaggerated claims that Catiline was to be upon them imminently, Cato's speech carried the day.
369:. After the Gallic envoys divulged all they knew with promises of immunity before the senate, the prisoners confessed their guilt; Lentulus was forced to resign his magistracy and the others were committed to house arrest.
141:. Catiline, before the conspiracy, had been complicit in the Sullan regime. While his family had not reached the consulship since the fifth century BC, he had strong connections to the aristocracy and was both a
596:
Scholars have also criticised over-estimation of the importance of Catiline's insurrection, but others also stress that the affair was not meaningless and that it jolted the republic into action. Erich Gruen, in
606:
episode. Motives of the leader may have been personal and less than admirable. But the movement itself called to notice a number of authentic social ills which had previously lacked effective expression...
2318:, p. 4 n. 3, noting also, "Kaplan 1968 (Catiline as a precursor of Caesar); Fini 1996 (Catiline as the opponent of senatorial corruption); Galassi 2014 (too full of errors to make an effective case)".
715:, then the consuls-elect, followed by the ex-consuls in an order set by the presiding consuls at the start of the year. Each grade of magistrates then followed: ex-praetors, praetors, and so descending.
1362:, pp. 72–73 discussing the possibility that the claim that Lentulus resigned was later inserted by Cicero to defend himself against charges of sacrilege in killing a sitting praetor. See generally
766:, p. 416, explaining, "the insurrections of Lepidus and Sertorious were... both outgrowths of and essentially continuous with . Spartacus' uprising was not an attack on Rome, but to Italy".
236:
had been suppressed in 71 BC – the evidence leans against their involvement. Catiline planned not a social revolution, but a coup to place himself and his allies in charge of the republic.
101:. In December, Cicero uncovered nine more conspirators organising for Catiline in the city and, on advice of the senate, had them executed without trial. In early January 62 BC, Antonius
564:
Sallust, who was active politically before and after the conspiracy, was not present in Rome in 63 BC, likely abroad on military service. His history lies somewhat parallel to Cicero's
5338:
5323:
642:
The most critical historians have alleged that the entire conspiracy was invented or incited by Cicero for his own advantage. Reevaluations and defences of Catiline started with
623:. This view is criticised as uncritically accepting confusing and empty ancient political slogans while ignoring Catiline's Sullan bona fides. While sources sometimes put
581:
And more problematically, Sallust's reliance on Cicero's one-sided narrative leads him to accept Cicero's invective uncritically, exacerbating the portrait's hostility.
568:, relying on extra-Ciceronean evidence, especially contemporary oral sources, but Cicero's orations and a now-lost memoir are core sources for Sallust's monograph.
221:
What allowed them to raise a meaningful threat to the state was their mobilisation of men displaced by Sulla's civil war. Joining those dispossessed in the Sullan
3085:
405:
With the senate ratifying Cicero's proposal to execute the conspirators without trial, Cicero had the sentences carried out, proclaiming at their conclusion,
5303:
5368:
630:
following among the urban plebs at all and question whether later Ciceronean speeches connecting Clodius with Catiline are merely political invective.
93:– and planned to seize the consulship from Cicero and Antonius by force. In November 63, Cicero exposed the conspiracy, causing Catiline to flee from
4929:
53:
notes that this idealised depiction is "a seductive fantasy of the occasion and the setting". There was no age gap: both men were in their forties.
232:
The conspiracy was for Roman citizens only. It was not one for slaves. Although Cicero and others stoked fears of another servile rebellion – the
444:
1379:
387:
whole. When later charged with killing citizens without trial, he justified his actions in terms of following the senate's non-binding advice.
5419:
2972:
333:
When Catiline arrived in Manlius' camp, he assumed consular regalia. The senate responded immediately by declaring both Catiline and Manlius
3514:
1720:
1030:
589:
Both ancient and modern accounts have focused on the ways that Cicero turned the affair to his political advantage. The Pseudo-Sallustian
303:
By 27 October, the senate had received reports that Gaius Manlius, a former centurion and leader of an army there, had taken up arms near
3556:
3544:
696:
Most scholars, however, reject Waters' and Seager's reconstructions and accept the broader historicity of Catiline's plot in 63 BC.
728:, p. 191 believes the speech as preserved to be fictitious: the speech is too long and contains anachronistic allusions to events.
3603:
5318:
5247:
3519:
210:
5343:
5298:
5373:
5328:
4891:
3529:
361:
At this time, Cicero then discovered a plot led by Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, one of the sitting praetors, to bring in the
244:
uprising's support among the poor. This was coupled with a general financial and economic crisis stretching back at least to the
206:
174:
17:
1810:, pp. 42–43, describing Catiline as a "byword for villainy" in Roman literature and "as a nickname for unpopular emperors".
5378:
5358:
5105:
4836:
3524:
3258:
2455:, p. 48, calling attention to Pistoria as indicative of a real plot but conceding possible exaggeration on Cicero's part;
494:
260:
194:
390:
Calling the senate in order of seniority, the consuls-elect and ex-consuls all spoke in favour of the death penalty. But when
248:, a quarter-century earlier. With renewed demand for capital in the aftermath of stability secured by Pompey's victory in the
4806:
3631:
3158:
2853:
2793:
2699:
2645:
2618:
2589:
2562:
2513:
2486:
1740:
1478:
1050:
5308:
4922:
4896:
4771:
3924:
443:
After the five prisoners were killed, support fell away from Catiline and his army. Some in Rome, such as the then-tribune
276:
heard rumours of a plot from a woman named Fulvia in the autumn in 63 BC. The first concrete evidence was provided by
268:, one of the consuls in 63 BC and one of the leaders of the response against Catiline, today in the Capitoline Museum.
447:, proposed transferring command from Antonius to Pompey, calling upon Pompey to save the state. Early the next year, near
3477:
3148:
2178:
1997:
1931:
5348:
4816:
3576:
3143:
3138:
3114:
2965:
2927:
2726:
2674:
2921:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
2914:
5429:
5409:
5115:
4831:
3504:
3153:
3080:
459:
was in actual command – and defeated, ending the crisis. Catiline was killed in the battle. Antonius was hailed as
177:
and distributed in support of Catiline's consular candidacy in 63 BC. The bowl on the left was distributed by
41:
4915:
3097:
3030:
2539:
619:
Some older historiography has viewed the conspiracy in terms of a party-political conflict between the so-called
522:
190:
650:, though this initial defence was poorly received and lacked evidence. The most often-cited modern defences are
5333:
3851:
3776:
3534:
5186:
4950:
4347:
158:
33:
5145:
2936:. Vol. 2. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. London: Henry G. Bohn – via Perseus Digital Library.
2459:, p. 9, "it is no solution to aver that the conspiracy was largely a figment of Cicero's imagination";
4187:
3791:
3243:
2958:
5363:
5282:
4886:
4811:
4570:
3626:
3509:
3055:
1783:... this was no more than a hollow political slogan that portended the end of constitutional government".
225:
were landed Sullan veterans who expected monetary rewards and had fallen into debt after poor harvests.
5277:
5166:
5150:
4846:
4510:
4402:
4172:
3944:
3766:
3674:
3539:
3482:
307:. Some modern scholars have argued that Manlius' revolt was initially independent of Catiline's plans.
473:
5313:
4866:
3959:
3914:
3841:
3761:
3709:
3699:
3651:
2998:
295:
252:, moneylenders would have called in debts and increased interest rates, driving men into bankruptcy.
883:
173:
Bowls containing food distributed in electoral canvasses. The bowl to the right was commissioned by
161:
to overthrow the consuls of that year, modern scholars believe this first conspiracy is fictitious.
5353:
5125:
4467:
4377:
3886:
3866:
3861:
3846:
3799:
3739:
3694:
3496:
687:
240:
202:
150:
5404:
5252:
4876:
4856:
4796:
4786:
4776:
4182:
3871:
3771:
3751:
3666:
3656:
3361:
3301:
3281:
2993:
620:
518:
283:
277:
50:
5191:
5181:
4881:
4871:
4821:
4801:
4615:
4590:
4555:
4437:
4162:
3809:
3571:
3102:
800:
478:
350:
82:
1732:
1042:
5424:
5237:
5090:
4851:
4781:
4605:
4357:
4157:
4152:
3949:
3856:
3781:
3744:
3729:
3704:
3684:
3586:
643:
511:
249:
245:
138:
122:
5095:
4972:
4861:
4826:
4515:
4382:
4282:
4207:
4072:
4035:
3411:
3075:
118:
4505:
675:
argued in 1973 that Catiline's involvement in a plot against the state postdates Cicero's
489:
8:
5262:
5217:
5171:
5120:
4967:
4791:
4640:
4442:
4312:
4262:
3581:
3178:
498:
5201:
5196:
5140:
5074:
5003:
4841:
4565:
4372:
4227:
4167:
4087:
4030:
3894:
3130:
3109:
2892:
2832:
2765:
2274:
2223:
2211:
2139:
2065:
1877:
1373:
857:
452:
102:
4480:
5399:
5267:
5130:
5069:
5008:
4475:
4327:
4082:
4042:
4020:
3228:
2884:
2859:
2849:
2824:
2799:
2789:
2757:
2732:
2722:
2705:
2695:
2670:
2651:
2641:
2624:
2614:
2595:
2585:
2568:
2558:
2527:
2519:
2509:
2492:
2482:
2215:
2174:
2131:
2057:
1937:
1927:
1869:
1736:
1474:
1056:
1046:
849:
377:
233:
2074:
The importance of Catiline's conspiracy is over-estimated by some modern historians.
169:
66:
5272:
5227:
5033:
4987:
4982:
4955:
4540:
4500:
4432:
4367:
4292:
4287:
4059:
3982:
3929:
3724:
3719:
3608:
3467:
3416:
3376:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3248:
3195:
3188:
3173:
3168:
3092:
3020:
2266:
2207:
1926:. By Cicero. Translated by Dyck, Andrew R. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
1728:
1038:
804:
712:
395:
366:
288:(a state of emergency) and, after receipt of the reports of armed men gathering in
178:
132:
505:, p. 54 argues that Paullus attempted to connect Catiline's defeat to peace.
353:, to lead troops against Catiline and put Cicero in charge of defending the city.
5176:
5135:
4635:
4447:
4427:
4387:
4322:
4272:
4267:
4142:
4092:
4000:
3834:
3814:
3734:
3183:
3008:
2931:
2664:
2608:
2552:
1364:
Barlow, Jonathan (1994). "Cicero's Sacrilege in 63 BC". In Deroux, C (ed.).
510:
At the close of the consular year, Cicero's valedictory speech was vetoed by two
456:
2945:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Lord, Louis E. Harvard University Press.
803:, who was twice consul in 437 and 429 BC. Three other Sergii had served as
5414:
5100:
5064:
5028:
4690:
4332:
4067:
4015:
3987:
3934:
3919:
3899:
3714:
3689:
3646:
3636:
3462:
3436:
3366:
3351:
3316:
3276:
3037:
343:'s history adds that Catiline was promptly convicted on the pending charges of
209:, who had been praetor in 66 and defeated in consular elections in 63 BC,
46:
2599:
2531:
5393:
5222:
4977:
4222:
4192:
4107:
3641:
3618:
3431:
3286:
3271:
3218:
3025:
2888:
2863:
2828:
2803:
2761:
2709:
2655:
2572:
2496:
2219:
2135:
2061:
1941:
1873:
1060:
853:
684:, did he join with Manlius after concluding that rebellion would protect his
561:, to defend Cicero from political backlash for his executions without trial.
482:
430:
391:
198:
2736:
2196:"Catiline, Clodius, and popular politics at Rome during the 60s and 50s BCE"
485:
on the obverse likely commemorates the repression of Catiline's conspiracy.
5242:
5232:
5110:
4700:
4560:
4005:
3954:
3909:
3904:
3756:
3566:
3452:
3396:
3391:
3163:
3047:
2981:
672:
222:
125:(49–45 BC) that followed it. The main sources on it are both hostile:
74:
1633:
1291:
300:
instructing the consuls to do whatever it took to respond to the crisis.
5257:
5018:
4907:
4495:
4117:
3939:
3829:
3223:
340:
217:
2227:
2195:
1660:
193:, a former consul ejected from the senate for immorality in 70 BC;
117:
Catiline's conspiracy was a major armed insurrection against Rome, like
4720:
4660:
4625:
4417:
4352:
4342:
4237:
4122:
4010:
3593:
3561:
3306:
3233:
3065:
3060:
2896:
2872:
2836:
2812:
2769:
2745:
2143:
2119:
2069:
2045:
1881:
1857:
861:
837:
610:
Two major bills in 59 and another in 55 went a long way toward relief.
362:
2950:
2278:
795:
497:
in 62 BC commemorating Catiline's defeat. It depicts the goddess
5057:
5023:
5013:
4750:
4745:
4705:
4630:
4600:
4580:
4457:
4397:
4307:
4257:
4252:
4177:
4137:
4025:
3995:
3804:
3679:
3472:
3356:
3331:
3210:
1333:
681:
2685:
451:, Catiline's remaining men, numbering at least three thousand, were
5052:
4710:
4695:
4685:
4670:
4585:
4575:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4422:
4337:
4217:
4202:
4132:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4077:
3876:
3457:
3421:
3311:
3238:
3070:
2270:
304:
70:
2628:
2523:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4610:
4595:
4412:
4407:
4392:
4362:
4317:
4297:
4277:
4232:
3964:
3819:
3598:
3406:
3401:
3291:
2785:
2582:
Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
448:
380:. Cicero, as consul, had been empowered by the previously passed
289:
144:
126:
98:
1574:
1503:
1398:
1244:
1163:
4740:
4620:
4550:
4490:
4485:
4452:
4212:
4197:
4147:
4127:
3549:
3426:
3321:
866:
It is now widely held that the conspiracy is wholly fictitious.
273:
265:
189:
He enlisted into his circle a number of disreputable senators:
78:
4525:
4247:
3974:
3266:
349:(public violence). The senate dispatched Cicero's co-consul,
90:
455:
by Antonius's forces. The now-proconsul claimed illness and
4735:
4302:
4242:
3824:
3200:
2546:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
1010:
94:
85:– and forcibly assume control of the state in their stead.
2381:
2345:
1965:
1963:
3296:
216:
Non-senatorial men also filled the ranks. The classicist
1648:
1595:
1593:
1562:
1524:
1522:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
538:
The main sources for us on the conspiracy are Sallust's
376:
The debate on the fate of the prisoners occurred in the
2234:
1975:
1960:
1893:
1891:
1000:
998:
971:
947:
911:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2369:
2357:
1813:
1791:
1789:
1688:
1450:
774:
772:
373:
conspirators who had escaped – for the following day.
2333:
2321:
2150:
2006:
1948:
1700:
1676:
1605:
1590:
1519:
1426:
1318:
1203:
1179:
1151:
871:
745:
724:
The interrupting speech was the Fourth Catilinarian.
2257:
Salmon, ET (1935). "Catiline, Crassus, and Caesar".
1903:
1888:
1837:
1626:, p. 430, also dismissing Appian's claim (App.
1534:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
995:
959:
935:
923:
2943:
In Catilinam 1-4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco
2285:
1825:
1786:
1756:
1516:, p. 98 ("both impractical and illegal").
1438:
1414:
1386:
1279:
1232:
1220:
1139:
1127:
983:
899:
769:
517:In the coming years, Cicero's enemies reorganised.
2297:
799:reports a single Sergius reaching the consulship,
2788:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
711:In Cicero's day, speaking order started with the
32:For the fictitious conspiracy in 65 BC, see
5391:
2481:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing.
427:). He was then hailed by his fellow senators as
356:
181:in a coeval campaign for the plebeian tribunate.
2846:Cicero: politics and persuasion in ancient Rome
49:, of Cicero denouncing Catiline in the senate.
2694:. Mnemosyne Supplements. Vol. 45. Brill.
2200:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
1777:, p. 147, adding, "when Cicero declared
1630:2.7) of twenty thousand as "grossly inflated".
201:sympathiser with few prospects for promotion;
4923:
2966:
1366:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History
1028:
29:Attempted coup in the Roman republic in 63 BC
2669:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1033:. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).
2638:Crisis management during the Roman Republic
2173:. Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
1778:
1512:, p. 49 ("utterly impractical");
796:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
685:
663:
624:
549:
539:
533:
460:
428:
412:
406:
381:
344:
334:
316:
293:
281:
142:
130:
4937:
4930:
4916:
2973:
2959:
2255:, p. 429 n. 107, unfavourably citing
1378:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2877:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2817:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2750:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2666:The last generation of the Roman republic
2538:
2168:
2124:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2050:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1862:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1654:
1500:, pp. 68–69 (custody pending trial).
1368:. Vol. 7. Brussels. pp. 180–89.
1037:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
842:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2743:
2683:
2550:
2460:
2456:
2193:
2104:, pp. 431–432, positively cited by
2088:, pp. 431–432, positively cited by
1981:
1954:
1666:
637:
488:
472:
259:
168:
40:
5369:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
5339:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)
2980:
2843:
2579:
1733:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6597
1718:
1682:
1580:
1568:
1552:
1528:
1513:
1497:
1473:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 78.
1468:
1456:
1432:
1343:
1043:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6030
164:
105:in battle, putting an end to the plot.
14:
5392:
2940:
2912:
2870:
2810:
2776:
2716:
2635:
2606:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2256:
2240:
2156:
2120:"The Failure of Catiline's Conspiracy"
2117:
2105:
2089:
2046:"The failure of Catiline's conspiracy"
2043:
2030:
2024:
2012:
1969:
1897:
1795:
1774:
1706:
1639:
1611:
1599:
1471:The constitution of the Roman Republic
1408:
1363:
1339:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1270:
1254:
1214:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1157:
835:
820:
655:
651:
634:position "has long been discredited".
4911:
2954:
2662:
2584:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2544:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2503:
2476:
2452:
2448:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2252:
2101:
2085:
1993:
1922:Dyck, Andrew R (2008). Introduction.
1909:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1762:
1694:
1670:
1623:
1584:
1540:
1509:
1493:
1444:
1420:
1404:
1392:
1359:
1355:
1285:
1266:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1169:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1016:
1004:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
889:
877:
816:
790:
778:
763:
751:
725:
599:Last generation of the Roman republic
502:
308:
121:that preceded it (83–81 BC) and
5420:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
2028:
1921:
1855:
1719:Tempest, Kathryn (28 January 2022).
1029:Salmon, ET; Lintott, Andrew (2012).
614:
838:"The First Catilinarian Conspiracy"
24:
2905:
2212:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2008.tb00277.x
1496:, p. 35 (life imprisonment);
25:
5441:
2933:Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
2777:Ramsey, JT (2007). "Commentary".
2469:
2259:The American Journal of Philology
528:
2540:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2441:
2029:Lord, Louis E. Introduction. In
481:in 62 BC. The portrayal of
2479:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome
2309:
2246:
2187:
2162:
2111:
2095:
2079:
2037:
2018:
1987:
1915:
1849:
1801:
1768:
1712:
1617:
1546:
1487:
1462:
1358:, pp. 44–46. However, see
1349:
1260:
1067:
1035:The Oxford classical dictionary
1022:
892:, pp. 2, 5–6 (citing Cic.
718:
705:
648:Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius
584:
438:
191:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
2873:"Cicero, Sallust and Catiline"
2640:. Cambridge University Press.
2613:. Princeton University Press.
2557:. Cambridge University Press.
2171:Politics in the Roman republic
1780:salus rei publicae suprema lex
1721:"Tullius Cicero, Marcus, life"
829:
810:
784:
757:
435:("father of the fatherland").
264:A 1st century AD depiction of
97:and eventually to his army in
63:Second Catilinarian conspiracy
13:
1:
1858:"The Early Career of Sallust"
734:
555:
468:
357:Execution of the conspirators
328:
159:First Catilinarian conspiracy
45:A 19th century depiction, by
34:First Catilinarian conspiracy
3545:Frontiers and fortifications
739:
255:
73:(Catiline) to overthrow the
7:
3604:Decorations and punishments
2508:. Oxford University Press.
1996:, pp. 48, 540, citing
1727:. Oxford University Press.
1725:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1555:, p. 71, citing Plut.
693:over the state like Sulla.
525:was supposed to be based".
157:Catiline was involved in a
10:
5446:
4511:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3086:historiography of the fall
2684:McGushin, Patrick (1977).
2636:Golden, Gregory K (2013).
2551:Crawford, Michael (1974).
1269:, pp. 38–40, citing,
112:
31:
5291:
5210:
5159:
5083:
5042:
4996:
4943:
4892:External wars and battles
4759:
4653:
4466:
4058:
4051:
3973:
3885:
3790:
3665:
3617:
3495:
3445:
3384:
3375:
3257:
3209:
3129:
3046:
3016:
3007:
2989:
2844:Tempest, Kathryn (2011).
383:senatus consultum ultimum
296:senatus consultum ultimum
4973:Holy Roman Empire (1062)
2717:Mellor, Ronald (2002) .
2607:Flower, Harriet (2010).
2580:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
2554:Roman Republican Coinage
1469:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
699:
591:Invective against Cicero
534:Bias in ancient accounts
211:Lucius Calpurnius Bestia
203:Publius Autronius Paetus
195:Gaius Cornelius Cethegus
5430:Marcus Licinius Crassus
5410:1st century BC in Italy
5126:Portuguese India (1787)
4978:Mamluk Sultanate (1386)
4944:Before the 16th century
4887:Roman–Iranian relations
3362:Optimates and populares
2746:"Catiline's Conspiracy"
2687:C. Sallustius Crispus,
621:optimates and populares
519:Publius Clodius Pulcher
495:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
278:Marcus Licinius Crassus
207:Lucius Cassius Longinus
175:Lucius Cassius Longinus
71:Lucius Sergius Catilina
59:Catilinarian conspiracy
18:Catilinarian Conspiracy
4963:Roman Republic (63 BC)
4938:Plots and conspiracies
4897:Civil wars and revolts
4163:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3810:Conflict of the Orders
3169:Legislative assemblies
2811:Seager, Robin (1973).
2506:Cicero's Catilinarians
2194:Harrison, Ian (2008).
2027:, p. 126, citing
1779:
836:Seager, Robin (1964).
801:Lucius Sergius Fidenas
686:
664:
625:
612:
579:
550:
540:
506:
486:
479:Lucius Scribonius Libo
461:
429:
407:
382:
351:Gaius Antonius Hybrida
345:
335:
317:
294:
282:
269:
234:last servile rebellion
182:
143:
131:
83:Gaius Antonius Hybrida
54:
5248:United Kingdom (1968)
5182:United Kingdom (1820)
4606:Simplicius of Cilicia
4358:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3587:Siege in Ancient Rome
3196:Executive magistrates
2744:Phillips, EJ (1976).
2721:. London: Routledge.
2663:Gruen, Erich (1995).
2169:Mouritsen, H (2017).
1019:, p. 429 n. 110.
644:Edward Spencer Beesly
638:Critical perspectives
603:
574:
523:New Republic of Sulla
512:tribunes of the plebs
493:A denarius minted by
492:
477:A denarius minted by
476:
263:
250:Third Mithridatic War
246:First Mithridatic War
172:
139:Catilinarian orations
79:Marcus Tullius Cicero
44:
5324:United States (2020)
5223:United States (1933)
5177:United States (1807)
5121:United States (1783)
5101:Great Britain (1721)
4616:Stephanus Byzantinus
4521:Eusebius of Caesaria
4383:Sidonius Apollinaris
4073:Ammianus Marcellinus
3412:Tribune of the plebs
2719:The Roman historians
2477:Beard, Mary (2015).
2354:, pp. 208, 213.
819:, p. 9, citing
165:Causes and formation
5364:Sierra Leone (2023)
4792:Distinguished women
4443:Velleius Paterculus
4283:Nicolaus Damascenus
4263:Marcellus Empiricus
3652:Republican currency
2871:Waters, KH (1970).
2848:. Continuum Books.
2390:, pp. 247–248.
1669:, pp. 441–42;
793:, p. 417. The
179:Marcus Porcius Cato
65:, was an attempted
5314:Ivory Coast (2012)
5197:Philippines (1828)
5034:Philippines (1587)
4566:Phlegon of Tralles
4373:Seneca the Younger
3847:Naming conventions
3577:Personal equipment
3110:Later Roman Empire
2928:"Against Catiline"
2915:"Bellum Catilinae"
2504:Berry, DH (2020).
2451:, p. 3 n. 4;
2118:Yavetz, Z (1963).
2044:Yavetz, Z (1963).
1315:, pp. 129–30.
1200:, pp. 241–42.
980:, pp. 424–25.
956:, pp. 422–23.
920:, pp. 417–18.
677:First Catilinarian
507:
487:
339:(public enemies).
270:
239:The defeat of the
213:, and two Sullae.
183:
123:Caesar's civil war
55:
5387:
5386:
5319:Montenegro (2016)
4968:Roman Empire (65)
4905:
4904:
4867:Pontifices maximi
4649:
4648:
4506:Diogenes Laërtius
4328:Pliny the Younger
4083:Asconius Pedianus
4043:Romance languages
3915:Civil engineering
3657:Imperial currency
3530:Political control
3491:
3490:
3125:
3124:
2913:Sallust (1921) .
2855:978-1-84725-246-3
2813:"Iusta Catilinae"
2795:978-1-4356-3337-7
2701:978-90-04-32762-7
2647:978-1-107-05590-2
2620:978-0-691-14043-8
2591:978-0-19-086902-1
2564:978-0-521-07492-6
2515:978-0-19-751081-0
2488:978-0-87140-423-7
2243:, pp. 36–37.
1972:, pp. 16–17.
1856:Earl, DC (1966).
1822:, pp. 47–48.
1742:978-0-19-938113-5
1697:, pp. 35–36.
1673:, pp. 52–53.
1571:, pp. 72–73.
1480:978-0-1981-5068-8
1346:, pp. 96–97.
1052:978-0-19-954556-8
880:, pp. 21–25.
805:consular tribunes
615:Underlying causes
559: 60 BC
453:engaged in battle
378:Temple of Concord
318:lex Plautia de vi
119:Sulla's civil war
103:defeated Catiline
16:(Redirected from
5437:
5146:Venezuela (1797)
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4857:Magistri equitum
4772:Cities and towns
4765:
4691:Constantinopolis
4501:Diodorus Siculus
4433:Valerius Maximus
4368:Seneca the Elder
4288:Nonius Marcellus
4056:
4055:
3609:Hippika gymnasia
3572:Infantry tactics
3478:Consular tribune
3468:Magister equitum
3417:Military tribune
3382:
3381:
3342:Pontifex maximus
3337:Princeps senatus
3327:Magister militum
3093:Byzantine Empire
3014:
3013:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2922:
2900:
2867:
2840:
2807:
2781:Bellum Catilinae
2773:
2740:
2713:
2689:Bellum Catilinae
2680:
2659:
2632:
2603:
2576:
2547:
2535:
2500:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
887:
881:
875:
869:
868:
833:
827:
814:
808:
788:
782:
776:
767:
761:
755:
754:, p. 31–33.
749:
729:
722:
716:
713:princeps senatus
709:
691:
667:
628:
560:
557:
553:
551:De consulatu suo
543:
541:Bellum Catilinae
464:
434:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
396:Cato the Younger
385:
348:
338:
320:
299:
287:
148:
136:
133:Bellum Catilinae
77:of 63 BC –
21:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5309:Zimbabwe (2007)
5299:Cambodia (2000)
5287:
5283:Pakistan (1995)
5273:Zimbabwe (1980)
5243:Cambodia (1959)
5238:Pakistan (1951)
5206:
5192:Colombia (1828)
5155:
5079:
5049:England (1603)
5038:
4992:
4988:Florence (1478)
4939:
4936:
4906:
4901:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4645:
4481:Aëtius of Amida
4462:
4448:Verrius Flaccus
4428:Valerius Antias
4388:Silius Italicus
4323:Pliny the Elder
4268:Marcus Aurelius
4143:Cornelius Nepos
4093:Aurelius Victor
4047:
3969:
3881:
3815:Secessio plebis
3786:
3661:
3613:
3487:
3441:
3371:
3253:
3205:
3121:
3042:
3003:
2985:
2979:
2949:
2941:Cicero (1937).
2926:Cicero (1856).
2925:
2908:
2906:Ancient sources
2903:
2856:
2796:
2729:
2702:
2677:
2648:
2621:
2610:Roman republics
2592:
2565:
2516:
2489:
2472:
2467:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2042:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1984:, pp. 8–9.
1980:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1371:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1342:, p. 131;
1338:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
888:
884:
876:
872:
834:
830:
815:
811:
789:
785:
777:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
742:
737:
732:
723:
719:
710:
706:
702:
640:
617:
587:
558:
536:
531:
501:, on the left.
471:
457:Marcus Petreius
441:
424:
422:they have lived
421:
418:
415:
359:
331:
258:
167:
115:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Roman Republic
5402:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5379:Armenia (2024)
5376:
5374:Ukraine (2024)
5371:
5366:
5361:
5359:Moldova (2023)
5356:
5351:
5349:Germany (2022)
5346:
5344:Ukraine (2022)
5341:
5336:
5334:Armenia (2021)
5331:
5329:Ukraine (2021)
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5263:Morocco (1973)
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Germany (1944)
5230:
5228:Germany (1938)
5225:
5220:
5218:Ukraine (1919)
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5202:Georgia (1832)
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5075:Hungary (1670)
5072:
5070:England (1641)
5067:
5065:England (1605)
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5029:England (1586)
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:England (1415)
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Pomponius Mela
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:Aelius Donatus
4064:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:Ecclesiastical
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:Toys and games
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Vigintisexviri
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Cursus honorum
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:Western Empire
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2923:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2883:(2): 195–215.
2868:
2854:
2841:
2823:(2): 240–248.
2808:
2794:
2774:
2756:(4): 441–448.
2741:
2727:
2714:
2700:
2691:: a commentary
2681:
2675:
2660:
2646:
2633:
2619:
2604:
2590:
2577:
2563:
2548:
2536:
2514:
2501:
2487:
2473:
2471:
2470:Modern sources
2468:
2466:
2465:
2440:
2438:, p. 246.
2428:
2426:, p. 245.
2416:
2414:, p. 248.
2404:
2402:, p. 241.
2392:
2380:
2378:, p. 215.
2368:
2366:, p. 214.
2356:
2344:
2342:, p. 202.
2332:
2330:, p. 196.
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2271:10.2307/289968
2265:(4): 302–316.
2245:
2233:
2186:
2180:978-1107651333
2179:
2161:
2159:, p. 207.
2149:
2130:(4): 485–499.
2110:
2108:, p. 126.
2094:
2092:, p. 126.
2078:
2056:(4): 485–499.
2036:
2017:
2015:, p. 126.
2005:
1986:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1933:978-0521832861
1932:
1914:
1912:, p. 198.
1902:
1887:
1868:(3): 307–309.
1848:
1846:, p. xxi.
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1785:
1767:
1755:
1741:
1711:
1709:, p. 132.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1659:
1657:, p. 175.
1655:Broughton 1952
1647:
1632:
1616:
1614:, p. 146.
1604:
1602:, p. 131.
1589:
1583:, p. 70;
1573:
1561:
1545:
1543:, p. 192.
1533:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1479:
1461:
1459:, p. 103.
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 131.
1407:, p. 48;
1397:
1385:
1348:
1332:
1330:, p. 130.
1317:
1305:
1290:
1278:
1259:
1257:, p. 129.
1253:, p. 30;
1243:
1231:
1219:
1217:, p. 129.
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 128.
1178:
1176:, p. 128.
1172:, p. 32;
1162:
1160:, p. 127.
1150:
1138:
1126:
1124:, p. 427.
1114:
1112:, p. 426.
1102:
1100:, p. 425.
1090:
1088:, p. 429.
1078:
1066:
1051:
1021:
1009:
1007:, p. 420.
994:
982:
970:
968:, p. 424.
958:
946:
944:, p. 422.
934:
932:, p. 419.
922:
910:
908:, p. 418.
898:
882:
870:
848:(3): 338–347.
828:
809:
783:
781:, p. 417.
768:
756:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:
717:
703:
701:
698:
639:
636:
616:
613:
586:
583:
535:
532:
530:
529:Historiography
527:
470:
467:
445:Metellus Nepos
440:
437:
358:
355:
330:
327:
292:, carried the
257:
254:
166:
163:
114:
111:
47:Cesare Maccari
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5442:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Brazil (2022)
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:France (1820)
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:France (1804)
5170:
5168:
5167:France (1800)
5165:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:Mexico (1799)
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Sweden (1793)
5139:
5137:
5136:Sweden (1789)
5134:
5132:
5131:Sweden (1788)
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Sweden (1756)
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:France (1718)
5094:
5092:
5091:Naples (1701)
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Sweden (1576)
5022:
5020:
5019:Sweden (1574)
5017:
5015:
5014:Sweden (1569)
5012:
5010:
5009:France (1567)
5007:
5005:
5004:France (1560)
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:Ancient Egypt
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Julius Paulus
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Fabius Pictor
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Amphitheatres
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Deforestation
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Siege engines
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Establishment
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:Extraordinary
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Promagistrate
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Twelve Tables
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:0-203-29442-4
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2676:0-520-02238-6
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:Phillips 1976
2458:
2457:McGushin 1977
2454:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2294:, p. 48.
2293:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2031:Cicero (1937)
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1982:McGushin 1977
1978:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:McGushin 1977
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:Catilinarians
1918:
1911:
1906:
1900:, p. 37.
1899:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1834:, p. 45.
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 36.
1764:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 84.
1684:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1667:Crawford 1974
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1587:, p. 35.
1586:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1531:, p. 70.
1530:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1447:, p. 50.
1446:
1441:
1435:, p. 68.
1434:
1429:
1423:, p. 35.
1422:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1395:, p. 47.
1394:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1288:, p. 42.
1287:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 34.
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 33.
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1148:, p. 30.
1147:
1142:
1136:, p. 31.
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
992:, p. 27.
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
891:
886:
879:
874:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
825:
824:
818:
813:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
787:
780:
775:
773:
765:
760:
753:
748:
744:
727:
721:
714:
708:
704:
697:
694:
690:
689:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:'s 1878 book
645:
635:
631:
627:
622:
611:
607:
602:
600:
594:
592:
582:
578:
573:
569:
567:
566:Catilinarians
562:
552:
545:
542:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
504:
500:
496:
491:
484:
483:Bonus Eventus
480:
475:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
433:
432:
431:pater patriae
409:
403:
399:
397:
393:
392:Julius Caesar
388:
384:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
354:
352:
347:
342:
337:
326:
322:
319:
312:
310:
306:
301:
298:
297:
291:
286:
285:
279:
275:
267:
262:
253:
251:
247:
242:
237:
235:
230:
226:
224:
223:proscriptions
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
180:
176:
171:
162:
160:
154:
152:
147:
146:
140:
137:and Cicero's
135:
134:
129:'s monograph
128:
124:
120:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:Roman consuls
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
27:
19:
5425:Conspiracies
5292:21st century
5268:Spain (1978)
5258:China (1971)
5253:Libya (1970)
5211:20th century
5160:19th century
5116:Chile (1781)
5106:Malta (1749)
5084:18th century
5043:17th century
4997:16th century
4962:
4837:Institutions
4701:Leptis Magna
4654:Major cities
4561:Philostratus
4348:Quadrigarius
4168:Rufus Festus
4031:Contemporary
3752:Romanization
3675:Architecture
3282:Collegiality
3131:Constitution
2982:Ancient Rome
2942:
2932:
2918:
2880:
2876:
2845:
2820:
2816:
2782:
2778:
2753:
2749:
2718:
2690:
2686:
2665:
2637:
2609:
2581:
2553:
2543:
2505:
2478:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2306:, p. 3.
2299:
2287:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2236:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2152:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2097:
2081:
2073:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2020:
2008:
1999:
1989:
1977:
1957:, p. 8.
1950:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1798:, p. 8.
1770:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1683:Drogula 2019
1678:
1662:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1607:
1581:Drogula 2019
1576:
1569:Drogula 2019
1564:
1556:
1553:Drogula 2019
1548:
1536:
1529:Drogula 2019
1514:Tempest 2011
1505:
1498:Drogula 2019
1489:
1470:
1464:
1457:Tempest 2011
1452:
1440:
1433:Drogula 2019
1428:
1416:
1400:
1388:
1365:
1351:
1344:Tempest 2011
1335:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1193:
1181:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1034:
1024:
1012:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
893:
885:
873:
865:
845:
841:
831:
822:
812:
794:
786:
759:
747:
720:
707:
695:
676:
673:Robin Seager
671:
660:
647:
641:
632:
618:
608:
604:
598:
595:
590:
588:
585:Overemphasis
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:
546:
537:
516:
508:
442:
439:Final defeat
404:
400:
389:
375:
371:
360:
332:
323:
313:
302:
271:
238:
231:
227:
215:
188:
184:
155:
116:
107:
87:
62:
61:, sometimes
58:
56:
38:
26:
5304:Laos (2007)
5278:Peru (1992)
4832:Geographers
4516:Dioscorides
4496:Cassius Dio
4118:Cassiodorus
4021:Renaissance
3627:Agriculture
3599:Auxiliaries
3540:Engineering
3377:Magistrates
3229:Citizenship
3224:Mos maiorum
3159:Late Empire
2436:Seager 1973
2424:Seager 1973
2412:Seager 1973
2400:Seager 1973
2388:Seager 1973
2376:Waters 1970
2364:Waters 1970
2352:Waters 1970
2340:Waters 1970
2328:Waters 1970
2241:Mellor 2002
2157:Waters 1970
2106:Golden 2013
2090:Golden 2013
2025:Golden 2013
2013:Golden 2013
1970:Ramsey 2007
1898:Mellor 2002
1796:Ramsey 2007
1775:Flower 2010
1707:Golden 2013
1612:Flower 2010
1600:Golden 2013
1409:Golden 2013
1340:Golden 2013
1328:Golden 2013
1313:Golden 2013
1255:Golden 2013
1215:Golden 2013
1198:Seager 1973
1186:Golden 2013
1174:Golden 2013
1158:Golden 2013
1031:"Spartacus"
665:prima facie
656:Seager 1973
652:Waters 1970
341:Cassius Dio
272:The consul
218:Erich Gruen
67:coup d'état
5394:Categories
4721:Mediolanum
4661:Alexandria
4626:Themistius
4591:Porphyrius
4418:Tertullian
4353:Quintilian
4343:Propertius
4238:Lactantius
4188:Fulgentius
4123:Censorinus
3945:Sanitation
3930:Metallurgy
3887:Technology
3852:Demography
3800:Patricians
3767:Spectacles
3725:Literature
3720:Hairstyles
3557:Technology
3307:Praefectus
3259:Government
3249:Litigation
3234:Auctoritas
3179:Centuriate
3066:Principate
3061:Pax Romana
3021:Foundation
2779:Sallust's
2629:2009004551
2600:1090168108
2532:1126348418
2524:2019048911
2453:Beard 2015
2449:Berry 2020
2316:Berry 2020
2304:Berry 2020
2292:Beard 2015
2253:Gruen 1995
2206:: 95–118.
2102:Gruen 1995
2086:Gruen 1995
1998:Ps.-Sall.
1994:Beard 2015
1910:Berry 2020
1844:Berry 2020
1832:Beard 2015
1820:Beard 2015
1808:Beard 2015
1763:Beard 2015
1695:Beard 2015
1671:Berry 2020
1624:Gruen 1995
1585:Beard 2015
1541:Berry 2020
1510:Berry 2020
1494:Beard 2015
1445:Berry 2020
1421:Beard 2015
1405:Berry 2020
1393:Berry 2020
1360:Berry 2020
1356:Berry 2020
1286:Berry 2020
1267:Berry 2020
1251:Beard 2015
1239:Berry 2020
1227:Berry 2020
1170:Berry 2020
1146:Beard 2015
1134:Berry 2020
1122:Gruen 1995
1110:Gruen 1995
1098:Gruen 1995
1086:Gruen 1995
1074:Gruen 1995
1017:Gruen 1995
1005:Gruen 1995
990:Berry 2020
978:Gruen 1995
966:Gruen 1995
954:Gruen 1995
942:Gruen 1995
930:Gruen 1995
918:Gruen 1995
906:Gruen 1995
890:Berry 2020
878:Berry 2020
817:Berry 2020
791:Gruen 1995
779:Gruen 1995
764:Gruen 1995
752:Beard 2015
735:References
726:Berry 2020
601:, writes:
503:Berry 2020
469:Conclusion
363:Allobroges
329:Manoeuvres
309:Berry 2020
51:Mary Beard
5058:Main Plot
4877:Quaestors
4807:Empresses
4797:Dynasties
4787:Dictators
4762:and other
4751:Volubilis
4746:Vindobona
4706:Londinium
4631:Theodoret
4601:Procopius
4581:Polyaenus
4556:Pausanias
4458:Vitruvius
4403:Symmachus
4398:Suetonius
4308:Petronius
4293:Obsequens
4258:Macrobius
4253:Lucretius
4178:Frontinus
4153:Eutropius
4138:Columella
4088:Augustine
4078:Appuleius
4026:Neo-Latin
4001:Classical
3992:Versions
3900:Aqueducts
3842:Patronage
3762:Sexuality
3735:Mythology
3710:Education
3700:Cosmetics
3525:Campaigns
3520:Structure
3473:Decemviri
3332:Imperator
3031:overthrow
2889:0018-2311
2864:712128599
2829:0018-2311
2804:560589383
2762:0018-2311
2710:707605311
2656:842919750
2573:450398085
2497:902661394
2220:0076-0730
2136:0018-2311
2062:0018-2311
1942:123079329
1874:0018-2311
1557:Cat. Min.
1374:cite book
1061:959667246
854:0018-2311
740:Citations
626:popularis
499:Concordia
462:imperator
367:Caeparius
256:Discovery
199:Sertorian
151:patrician
5400:Catiline
5053:Bye Plot
4882:Tribunes
4872:Praetors
4822:Generals
4802:Emperors
4711:Lugdunum
4696:Eboracum
4686:Carthage
4671:Aquileia
4586:Polybius
4576:Plutarch
4546:Libanius
4536:Josephus
4531:Herodian
4423:Tibullus
4338:Priscian
4313:Phaedrus
4273:Manilius
4218:Jordanes
4203:Hydatius
4133:Claudian
4113:Catullus
4103:Boëthius
4098:Ausonius
4016:Medieval
3988:Alphabet
3960:Theatres
3935:Numerals
3920:Concrete
3910:Circuses
3877:Bagaudae
3867:Adoption
3862:Marriage
3835:Assembly
3740:Religion
3715:Folklore
3695:Clothing
3690:Calendar
3647:Currency
3637:Commerce
3535:Strategy
3497:Military
3483:Triumvir
3463:Dictator
3458:Interrex
3437:Governor
3422:Quaestor
3385:Ordinary
3367:Province
3357:Tetrarch
3347:Augustus
3312:Vicarius
3302:Officium
3239:Imperium
3189:Plebeian
3149:Republic
3071:Dominate
3038:Republic
2999:Timeline
2737:50553430
2542:(1952).
2228:43646709
688:dignitas
682:Massilia
449:Pistoria
408:vixerunt
398:spoke.
305:Faesulae
284:tumultus
4956:1155 BC
4852:Legions
4812:Fiction
4782:Consuls
4777:Climate
4731:Ravenna
4726:Pompeii
4716:Lutetia
4681:Bononia
4676:Berytus
4666:Antioch
4641:Zosimus
4636:Zonaras
4611:Sozomen
4596:Priscus
4571:Photius
4413:Terence
4408:Tacitus
4393:Statius
4378:Servius
4363:Sallust
4318:Plautus
4298:Orosius
4278:Martial
4233:Juvenal
4208:Hyginus
4193:Gellius
4052:Writers
3983:History
3965:Thermae
3955:Temples
3905:Bridges
3872:Slavery
3820:Equites
3792:Society
3772:Theatre
3745:Deities
3705:Cuisine
3685:Bathing
3667:Culture
3642:Finance
3619:Economy
3510:Borders
3505:History
3407:Tribune
3402:Praetor
3292:Legatus
3287:Emperor
3174:Curiate
3144:Kingdom
3139:History
3115:History
3098:decline
3056:History
3026:Kingdom
3009:History
2994:Outline
2919:Sallust
2897:4435130
2837:4435332
2786:Sallust
2770:4435521
2144:4434810
2070:4434810
1882:4434936
1645:, 59.4.
1303:, 36.1.
896:12–14).
862:4434844
416:
290:Etruria
145:nobilis
127:Sallust
113:History
99:Etruria
4862:Nomina
4847:Legacy
4827:Gentes
4764:topics
4760:Lists
4741:Smyrna
4621:Strabo
4551:Lucian
4541:Julian
4491:Arrian
4486:Appian
4476:Aelian
4453:Vergil
4228:Justin
4213:Jerome
4198:Horace
4183:Fronto
4173:Florus
4148:Ennius
4128:Cicero
4108:Caesar
4006:Vulgar
3830:Tribes
3757:Romans
3567:Legion
3550:castra
3427:Aedile
3397:Censor
3392:Consul
3352:Caesar
3322:Lictor
3244:Status
3184:Tribal
3164:Senate
3154:Empire
3048:Empire
2984:topics
2895:
2887:
2862:
2852:
2835:
2827:
2802:
2792:
2768:
2760:
2735:
2725:
2708:
2698:
2673:
2654:
2644:
2627:
2617:
2598:
2588:
2571:
2561:
2530:
2522:
2512:
2495:
2485:
2279:289968
2277:
2226:
2218:
2177:
2142:
2134:
2068:
2060:
1940:
1930:
1880:
1872:
1748:27 May
1739:
1640:Sall.
1477:
1298:Sall.
1271:Sall.
1059:
1049:
860:
852:
826:, 5.1.
821:Sall.
336:hostes
274:Cicero
266:Cicero
241:Rullan
149:and a
5415:63 BC
4526:Galen
4468:Greek
4438:Varro
4248:Lucan
4060:Latin
3975:Latin
3950:Ships
3940:Roads
3925:Domes
3857:Women
3805:Plebs
3730:Music
3272:Forum
3267:Curia
2893:JSTOR
2833:JSTOR
2784:. By
2766:JSTOR
2275:JSTOR
2224:JSTOR
2140:JSTOR
2066:JSTOR
1878:JSTOR
1628:BCiv.
1559:23.3.
1276:, 35.
894:Cael.
858:JSTOR
700:Notes
186:him.
91:Sulla
4842:Laws
4817:Film
4736:Roma
4303:Ovid
4243:Livy
4011:Late
3825:Gens
3782:Wine
3594:Navy
3562:Army
3201:SPQR
3103:fall
3081:fall
2885:ISSN
2860:OCLC
2850:ISBN
2825:ISSN
2800:OCLC
2790:ISBN
2758:ISSN
2733:OCLC
2723:ISBN
2706:OCLC
2696:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2652:OCLC
2642:ISBN
2625:LCCN
2615:ISBN
2596:OCLC
2586:ISBN
2569:OCLC
2559:ISBN
2528:OCLC
2520:LCCN
2510:ISBN
2493:OCLC
2483:ISBN
2216:ISSN
2175:ISBN
2132:ISSN
2058:ISSN
2000:Cic.
1938:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1870:ISSN
1750:2022
1737:ISBN
1642:Cat.
1475:ISBN
1380:link
1300:Cat.
1273:Cat.
1057:OCLC
1047:ISBN
850:ISSN
823:Cat.
654:and
413:lit.
197:, a
95:Rome
81:and
57:The
3996:Old
3680:Art
3453:Rex
3297:Dux
3211:Law
2447:Cf
2267:doi
2208:doi
1729:doi
1039:doi
346:vis
69:by
5396::
2930:.
2917:.
2891:.
2881:19
2879:.
2875:.
2858:.
2831:.
2821:22
2819:.
2815:.
2798:.
2764:.
2754:25
2752:.
2748:.
2731:.
2704:.
2650:.
2623:.
2594:.
2567:.
2526:.
2518:.
2491:.
2273:.
2263:56
2261:.
2222:.
2214:.
2204:51
2202:.
2198:.
2138:.
2128:12
2126:.
2122:.
2072:.
2064:.
2054:12
2052:.
2048:.
2003:2.
1962:^
1936:.
1890:^
1876:.
1866:15
1864:.
1860:.
1788:^
1735:.
1723:.
1592:^
1521:^
1376:}}
1372:{{
1320:^
1205:^
1055:.
1045:.
997:^
864:.
856:.
846:13
844:.
840:.
771:^
658:.
556:c.
465:.
153:.
4931:e
4924:t
4917:v
2974:e
2967:t
2960:v
2899:.
2866:.
2839:.
2806:.
2772:.
2739:.
2712:.
2679:.
2658:.
2631:.
2602:.
2575:.
2534:.
2499:.
2463:.
2281:.
2269::
2230:.
2210::
2183:.
2146:.
2033:.
1944:.
1884:.
1752:.
1731::
1483:.
1382:)
1063:.
1041::
807:.
425:'
419:'
411:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
