1368:, "Between 1941 and 1944, the Vatican sent four official letters and made numerous oral pleas and protests regarding the deportation of Jews from Slovakia." Rychlak quotes a letter from Pius himself, dated 7 April 1943: "The Holy See has always entertained the firm hope that the Slovak government, interpreting also the sentiments of its own people, Catholics almost entirely, would never proceed with the forcible removal of persons belonging to the Jewish race. It is therefore with great pain that the Holy See has learned of the continued transfers of such a nature from the territory of the Republic. This pain is aggravated further now that it appears from various reports that the Slovak government intends to proceed with the total removal of the Jewish residents of Slovakia, not even sparing women and children. The Holy See would fail in its Divine Mandate if it did not deplore these measures, which gravely damage man in his natural right, merely for the reason that these people belong to a certain race."
66:
1383:) "to thank the Holy See for the happy outcome of the steps taken on behalf of the Israelites in Slovakia ... n October 1942, a message went out from the Vatican to its representatives in Zagreb regarding the "painful situation that spills out against the Jews in Croatia" and instructing them to petition the government for "a more benevolent treatment of those unfortunates". The Cardinal Secretary of State's notes reflect that Vatican petitions were successful in getting a suspension of 'dispatches of Jews from Croatia' by January 1943, but Germany was applying pressure for 'an attitude more firm against the Jews'. Another instruction from the Holy See to its representatives in Zagreb directing them to work on behalf of the Jews went out on 6 March 1943.
1015:, also known as Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović, known as "Fra Sotona" ("Friar Satan"), "the devil of Jasenovac", for running the Jasenovac concentration camp, where most estimates put the number of people killed at approximately 100,000. According to Evans, Filipović led murder squads at Jasenovac. According to the Jasenovac Memorial Site, "Because of his participation in the mass murders in February 1942 the church authorities excommunicated him from the Franciscan order, which was confirmed by the Holy See in July 1942." He was also required to relinquish the right to his religious name, Tomislav. When he was hanged for war crimes, however, he wore his clerical garb.
1172:
traditions of Roman
Catholicism to initially legitimate its rule." By 14 July 1941 – "anticipating its selective conversion policy and eventual goal of genocide" – the Croatian Ministry of Justice instructed the Croatian episcopate that "priests or schoolmasters or, in a word, any of the intelligentsia, including rich Orthodox tradesmen and artisans", should not be admitted. Those precluded from the "coming program of enforced conversion" were deported and killed, although many who converted or tried to do so met the same fate, anyway. Croats appropriated many Serbian Orthodox churches as "vacated or requisitioned". The Catholic episcopate and
1545:, by the military court in August 1946. The case was reopened in 2007 by the Slovene Supreme Court and the 1946 verdict was annulled on procedural grounds. The British occupational authorities recommended he "be arrested and interned as a Ustaša collaborator". Phayer views his trial as a "warm-up for proceedings against Stepinac." After Rožman was convicted, Stepinac was arrested. Rožman emigrated to the U.S. sometime after the war and found a haven in the United States through the intercession of influential clerics. He died in the U.S., a legal alien but not a U.S. citizen.
1600:", Phayer also states that "the charge that he supported the Ustaša regime was, of course, true, as everyone knew," and that "if Stepinac had responded to the charges against him, his defense would have inevitably unraveled, exposing the Vatican's support of the genocidal Pavelić." Stepinac had allowed state papers from the Ustaše to be stored in his episcopal residence, papers crucial to the Ustaše in retaking control of the country and which contained volumes of incriminating information against Ustaše war criminals. Stepinac was transferred back home to the village of
19:
1361:
State
Maglione instructed nuncio Marcone that "if your eminence can find a suitable occasion, he should recommend in a discreet manner, that would not be interpreted as an official appeal, that moderation be employed with regard to Jews on Croatian territory. Your Eminence should see to it that ... the impression of loyal cooperation with the civil authorities be always preserved." According to Phayer, the Vatican "preferred to bring diplomatic pressure on the Ushtasha government instead of challenging the fascists publicly on the immorality of genocide."
1514:, future Dean of the College of Cardinals, "we have the list of all clergymen who participated in these atrocities and we shall punish them at the right time to cleanse our conscience of the stain with which they spotted us." Pius XII was well-informed of the involvement of Croatian Roman Catholic clergy with the Ustaša, but decided against condemning them or even taking action against the involved clergy, who had "joined in the slaughter", fearing it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state.
1357:, future Dean of the College of Cardinals, "we have the list of all clergymen who participated in these atrocities and we shall punish them at the right time to cleanse our conscience of the stain with which they spotted us." Pius XII was well-informed of the involvement of Croatian Roman Catholic clergy with the Ustaša, but decided against condemning them or even taking action against the involved clergy, who had "joined in the slaughter", fearing it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state.
912:. The minutes of a meeting, taken by Vatican Under Secretary of State Montini (later Pope Paul VI), noted that no recognition of the new state could come before a peace treaty and that "the Holy See must be impartial; it must think of all; there are Catholics on all sides to whom the must be respectful." Phayer wrote that just after becoming dictator of Croatia and "after receiving a papal blessing in 1941, Ante Pavelić and his Ustaša lieutenants unleashed an unspeakable genocide in their new country."
86:
1499:
high and his present position is so compromising to the
Vatican, that any extradition of the subject would be a staggering blow to the Roman Catholic Church." Phayer contends that the feared embarrassment of the Church was not due to Pavelić's use of the Vatican "ratline" (which Pavelić at this point, still hoping to return, had not yet committed to using), but rather due to the facts the Vatican believed would be revealed in an eventual trial of Pavelić, which never occurred.
51:
1338:) was responsible for "day-to-day matters concerning Croatia and Poland". He reported to Pius XII on a daily basis, and heard of the Ustaša atrocities in 1941. In March 1942, Montini asked the Ustaša representative to the Vatican, "Is it possible that these atrocities have taken place?", and responded that he would view such accusations with "considerable reserve" once the representative called them "lies and propaganda". Montini's fellow Undersecretary,
113:
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1025:. His diocesan newspaper wrote: "here is a limit to love. The movement of liberation of the world from the Jews is a movement for the renewal of human dignity. Omniscient and omnipotent God stands behind this movement." Šarić appropriated Jewish property for his own use, but was never legally charged. Some priests served in the personal bodyguard of Pavelić, including Ivan Guberina, a leader of the
1415:, a Roman Catholic convert, advised the British Foreign Office, and Pope Pius XII that Tito "threatens to destroy the Catholic faith in a region where there are now some 5,000,000 Catholics." According to Phayer, "even before the end of the war, Tito had begun to settle the score with the Ustaša, which meant with the Catholic Church as well, because of the close relations between the two."
39:
1507:, former President of the Nazi puppet state of Slovakia, was hanged as a war criminal. Rome had been advised that Communist Yugoslavia was threatening to destroy Catholicism throughout the country. In this climate, the Church faced the prospect that the risk of handing over the innocent could be "greater than the danger that some of the guilty should escape."
1650:. Specifically, the Vatican bank was charged with laundering and converting "the Ustaša treasury, making deposits in Europe and North and South American, distributing the funds to exiled Ustaša leaders including Pavelić". A principal piece of evidence against the Vatican is the "Bigelow dispatch", a 16 October 1946 dispatch from Emerson Bigelow in Rome to
1082:, were opposed to the movement because of "Vatican international policy". Along with Archbishop Stepinac, bishops Mišić and Rožman objected to the Ustaša violence. Hebblethwaite wrote that to oppose the violence of the new Ustaše state, the "Vatican's policy was to strengthen the hand of in his rejection of forcible conversions and brutalities."
1331:, that the Croats were "the outpost of Christianity", which implied that Orthodox Serbs were not true Christians. Pius XII foretold to Stepinac, "he hope of a better future seems to be smiling on you, a future in which the relations between Church and State in your country will be regulated in harmonious action to the advantage of both."
980:
conservative and radical
Catholic priests was further reflected by region (urban vs rural), the geographical location of churches and bishoprics, and an individual priest's relative place within the Church hierarchy. More senior clerics generally disassociated themselves from the NDH. They were also divided by religious orders. The
1571:
of
Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac and twelve Catholic priests was rolling to a close. Charged by Marshal Tito with "crimes against the people", the 48-year-old head of the world's fifth largest Catholic diocese ... temporarily lost his equanimity. He shook an angry finger at the court, cried: "Not
1486:
invited him to
Argentina. Phayer wrote that, after arriving in Rome in 1946, Pavelić used the Vatican "ratline" to reach Argentina in 1948, along with other Ustaša, Russian, Yugoslav, Italian, and American spies and agents all tried to apprehend Pavelić in Rome but the Vatican refused all cooperation
1418:
Some of Tito's
Partisans retaliated against the Catholic clergy for their perceived or actual collaboration with the Ustaše. By February 1945, at least fourteen priests had been killed; by March 1945, as many as 160 priests; by the end of the year, 270 priests. According to Waugh (who visited Croatia
1171:
According to
Matthew Feldman, "he NDH, not the Catholic orders, oversaw forced conversions; it was Ustaša ideology behind the influx of racial – not religious – anti-Semitism in 1941". "his was a secular, not a religious, regime, one that appealed to (and ultimately perverted) centuries-long Croatian
1162:
Archbishop
Stepinac denounced atrocities against the Serbs. Phayer wrote that in July 1941, Stepinac wrote to Pavelić objecting to the condition of deportation of Jews and Serbs and then, realizing that conversion could save Serbs, he instructed clergy to baptise people upon demand without the normal
1271:
A bishops' conference that met in Zagreb in
November 1941 was not ... prepared to denounce the forced conversion of Serbs that had taken place in the summer of 1941, let alone condemn the persecution and murder of Serbs and Jews. It was not until the middle of 1943 that Stepinac, the Archbishop
979:
Mark Biondich notes that "he younger generation of radical Catholics, particularly those of the crusader organisation, supported the Ustaša with considerable enthusiasm, while the older generation of Croat Populists was more reserved and in some cases overtly hostile." This generational gap between
1360:
Phayer contrasts the Vatican's "limited and sketchy" knowledge of the genocide in Poland with "the Croatian case, in which both the nuncio and the head of the church, Bishop Alojzje Stepinac, were in continuous contact with the Holy See while the genocide was being committed." Cardinal Secretary of
1322:
Cornwell considers Catholic involvement important because of "the Vatican's knowledge of the atrocities, Pacelli's failure to use his good offices to intervene, and the complicity it represented in the Final Solution being planned in northern Europe." Pius XII was a long-standing supporter of Croat
1233:
of Zagreb was, at the time of his appointment in 1934 at the age of 39, the youngest Catholic bishop in the world. He initially received very little guidance from the Vatican and was given great leeway in how to deal with the rise of the Ustaše. His control over the lower bishops and clergy was not
1298:
was greatly angered because he was denied the diplomatic audience he had wanted", although he enjoyed at least two "devotional" audiences with the pontiff, under whom the Vatican granted Pavelić "de facto recognition" as a "bastion against communism". Phayer wrote that Stepinac came to be known as
1297:
reported that "by 1942 Stepinac had become a harsh critic" of the Nazi puppet regime, condemning its "genocidal policies, which killed tens of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and Croats." He thereby earned the enmity of the Croatian dictator, Ante Pavelić. ... Pavelić traveled to Rome, he
1289:
rights. ... For this reason, the Catholic Church had always condemned, and continues to condemn, all injustice and all violence committed in the name of theories of class, race, or nationality. It is not permissible to persecute Gypsies or Jews because they are thought to be an inferior race".
1258:
in all but name. Stepinac began attempting to publicly distance himself from the Ustaša in May 1941. As the Ustaše murders "increased exponentially" in the summer and fall of 1941, Stepinac fell under "heavy criticism" for the church's collaboration, but he was not yet prepared to break completely
987:
Mass murder occurred through the summer and autumn of 1941. The first Croatian concentration camp was opened at the end of April 1941, and in June a law was passed to establish a network across the country, in order to exterminate ethnic and religious minorities. According to writer Richard Evans,
1498:
in Rome. By the spring of 1947, the Vatican was putting intense diplomatic pressure on the US and the UK not to extradite Ustaša war criminals to Yugoslavia. Special Agent Gowen warned in 1947 that, due to Pavelić's record of opposing the Orthodox Church as well as Communism, his "contacts are so
1266:
of Croatian bishops in November 1941. The synod appealed to Pavelić to treat Jews "as humanely as possible, considering that there were German troops in the country." The Vatican replied with praise to Marcone for what the synod had done for "citizens of Jewish origin", although Israeli historian
1473:
after World War II, gave him "refuge in the Vatican properties in Rome", and assisted in his flight to South America; Pavelić and Pius XII shared the goal of a Catholic state in the Balkans and were unified in their opposition to the rising Communist state under Tito. By Hebblethwaite's account,
1309:
Stepinac declared publicly in mid-1942 that it was "forbidden to exterminate Gypsies and Jews because they are said to belong to an inferior race". When Himmler visited Zagreb a year later, indicating the impending roundup of remaining Jews, Stepinac wrote Pavelić that if this occurred, he would
1576:
Stepinac was indicted on charges of supporting the Ustaše government, encouraging forcible conversions of Orthodox Serbs, and encouraging Ustaše resistance in Yugoslavia. He repeatedly refused to defend himself against the charges and was sentenced to sixteen years in prison. Phayer argues that
1502:
Phayer wrote that Pius XII believed Pavelić and other war criminals could not get a fair trial in Yugoslavia. During this period, across Central and Eastern Europe, a number of prominent Catholics were being punished in reprisals, or silenced as potential sources of dissent by the new Communist
728:
For centuries, Croatia had been a part of the Habsburg Empire. A variety of ethnic groups have long existed in the region, and there has been a strong correlation between ethnic identity and religious affiliation, with Croats being mainly Catholic, and more Western-oriented, while the Serbs are
803:
of Zagreb welcomed Croat independence in 1941, but subsequently condemned Croat atrocities against both Serbs and Jews, and involved himself in personally saving Jews. The Pavelić government intended to rid Croatia of its Eastern Orthodox Serb minority in three ways: forcible conversion (1/3),
1460:
According to Phayer, "at the end of the war, the leaders of the Ustasha movement, including its clerical supporters such as Bishop Šarić, fled the country, taking gold looted from massacred Jews and Serbs with them to Rome." Intelligence reports differed over the location of Pavelić himself.
1465:
agent William Gowen (the son of Franklin Gowen, a US diplomat in the Vatican) was one of those tasked with finding Pavelić; although the CIC hoped the relationship would reveal Pavelić's location, eventually, Phayer wrote, the opposite occurred and the Vatican convinced the US to back off.
1288:
Stepinac, after having received direction from Rome, condemned the brutal actions of the government. A speech he gave on 24 October 1942 stated in part: "All men and all races are children of God; all without distinction. Those who are Gypsies, black, European, or Aryan all have the same
879:
Pavelić visited Rome on 18 May 1941 to sign a treaty with Mussolini granting Italy control over several Croatian cities and districts on the Dalmatian coast. While in Rome, Pius subsequently relented, allowing a half-hour private audience with Pavelić in May 1941. In the 1831 papal bull
1183:
Paris notes that more than 50% of the Catholic clergy were active supporters of the Ustaše regime. Ustaše crimes committed against the Serbian population were generally done so under the pretext of expanding Catholicism in the region. For example, the majority of Serbians interned in
1058:
that to kill children at least seven years of age was not a sin. Phayer argues that "establishing the fact of genocide in Croatia prior to the Holocaust carries great historical weight for our study because Catholics were the perpetrators and not, as in Poland, the victims."
1214:
1093:) by the Nazi-linked Ustaše authorities. He suspended a number of priest collaborators in his diocese. Thirty-one priests were arrested following Stepinac's July and October 1943 explicit condemnations of race murders being read from pulpits across Croatia. Historian
804:
deportation (1/3) and murder (1/3). From around 217,00 to 500,000 people (although the exact number is impossible to ascertain and is disputed by different sides) were killed by the Ustaša, both in massacres and at concentration camps, most infamously the one at
798:
Initially there was enthusiasm for Croatian independence, but the state was in fact under occupation by the German and Italian armies, while the Ustaša commenced a ruthless persecution of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and dissident Croats and Bosnian Muslims. Archbishop
1345:
Stepinac was summoned to Rome in April 1942, where he delivered a nine-page document detailing various misdeeds of Pavelić. This document described the atrocities as "anomalies" that were either unknown or unauthorized by Pavelić himself; it is omitted from the
786:
On 6 April 1941, Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. In their military campaign, the Axis forces exploited ethnic divisions in Yugoslavia, and presented themselves as liberators of the Croats. The then-victorious Axis powers set up a puppet state, the
1272:
of Zagreb, publicly came out against the murder of Croatian Jews (most of whom had been killed by that time), the Serbs, and other nationalities. In the early stage, the Croatian massacres were explained as "teething troubles of a new regime" in Rome by Msgr
1427:, as his envoy to Tito (as Hurley carried the title of "regent", this was a step below official diplomatic recognition). Tito requested to Hurley that Stepinac be recalled to Rome; the pope, however, deferred to Stepinac, who chose to remain.
1491:, where he was eventually shot by a Montenegrin-Yugoslav agent; he later died of his injuries. According to Phayer, "the Vatican's motivation for harboring Pavelić grew in lockstep with its apprehension about Tito's treatment of the church."
1342:, told the Ustaša representative that the Vatican was willing to indulge the Ustaša because: "Croatia is a young state. ... Youngsters often err because of their age. It is therefore not surprising that Croatia also erred."
1314:. According to Phayer, the Vatican ordered Stepinac to save as many Jews as possible during the upcoming roundup. Although Stepinac reportedly personally saved many potential victims, his protests had little effect on Pavelić.
1163:
waiting time for instruction. As Pavelić's government cracked down on Serbs, along with Jews, gypsies, Communists and anti-fascists, the Catholic clergy took steps to encourage Orthodox Serbs to convert to Roman Catholicism.
943:
The Vatican used Marcone, together with Archbishop Stepinac of Zagreb, to pressure the Pavelić government to cease its facilitation of race murders. When deportation of Croatian Jews began, Stepinac and Marcone protested to
1241:
Stepinac shared the hope for a Catholic Croatia and viewed the Yugoslav state as "the jail of the Croatian nation". The Vatican was not as enthusiastic as Stepinac and did not formally recognize the Ustaša, instead sending
1154:
for rescuing Jews from the Holocaust, as of 2019 117 from Croatia, 47 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 15 from Slovenia. Those include Catholic nuns, Jožica Jurin (Sister Cecilija), Marija Pirović (Sister Karitas), and
1310:
protest for "the Catholic Church is not afraid of any secular power, whatever it may be, when it has to protect basic human values". When the deportations began, Stepinac and papal envoy Giuseppe Marcone protested to
1557:, was brought to trial by the Yugoslav government on 26 September 1946. Hebblethwaite called it a "showtrial for dramatic effect with the verdict decided in advance, it had nothing to do with justice or evidence."
1144:, saved a number of Croatian Jews by assisting their migration to Palestine. Roncalli succeeded Pius XII as Pope, and always said that he had been acting on the orders of Pius XII in his actions to rescue Jews.
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Misija Vatikana u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj: "Politika Stepinac" razbijanja jugoslovenske države i pokatoličavanja pravoslavnih Srba po cijenu genocida : stvaranje Civitas Dei--Antemurale Christianitatis
1577:
Stepinac could have defended himself from the charge of supporting forced conversions, but not the other two charges. Hebblethwaite wrote that Stepinac's support for Croatian independence had been based on the
791:(Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which included Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the parts of Dalmatia not annexed to Italy. Deputy prime minister Maček refused to collaborate in a puppet government, and Pavelić's
1419:
after the war), "the task of the partisans was made easier in that the clergy as a whole had undoubtedly compromised the church by tolerating the pro-Axis Ustashis, if not actively collaborating with them."
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1347:
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Marcone reported to Rome on the deteriorating conditions for Croatian Jews, made representations on behalf of the Jews to Croatian officials, and transported Jewish children to safety in neutral Turkey.
1495:
1691:(1915–1946; born Miroslav Filipović), Franciscan friar and Jasenovac camp commander infamous for his sadism and cruelty, known as "brother Satan". Captured by Partisans, tried and executed in 1946.
1238:
wrote that, "Stepinac, who in 1941 had welcomed Croat independence, subsequently condemned Croat atrocities against both Serbs and Jews, and himself saved a group of Jews in an old age home."
1052:, an Ustaše Commissioner of this province. One priest, Mate Mugos, wrote that clergy should put down the prayer book and take up the revolver. Another cleric, Dionysius Juričev, wrote in the
1379:
to take steps in support of Jewish residents who were facing deportation. Shortly thereafter, the secretary of the Jewish Agency for Palestine met with Archbishop Angelo Roncalli (later
1350:. However, by 1942, the Vatican "preferred to have Stepinac try to rein the fascists in rather than risk the effect that a papal denunciation would have on the unstable Croatian state."
867:) advised Pavelić that the Holy See could not recognize frontiers changed by force. The Yugoslav royal legation remained at the Vatican. When the King of Italy averred that the Duke of
844:
wrote that for the Ustaša, "relations with the Vatican were as important as relations with Germany" as Vatican recognition was the key to widespread Croat support. The creation of the
756:
in 1929. Internal borders were redrawn dividing historical Croatia into several provinces. Political repression bred extremism, and the "Ustaša" ("Insurgence") was formed in 1929 by
1411:, a Communist state which lasted until 1991. Yugoslavia was the only post-war Eastern European Communist state which had not been conquered by the Red Army. After the war, writer
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4430:
1267:
Menachem Shelah wrote that the synod concerned itself only with converted Jews. Pius XII personally praised the synod for "courage and decisiveness". Shelach has written that:
984:, who had resisted for over fifty years Vatican efforts to turn over parishes to secular clergy, were far more prominently associated with the Ustaša than were the Salesians.
852:
and by many Catholic priests. Archbishop Stepinac supported Croatia's independence from the Serb-dominated Yugoslav state and arranged an audience with Pius XII for Pavelić.
1097:
wrote that Stepinac, "who in 1941 had welcomed Croat independence, subsequently condemned Croat atrocities against both Serbs and Jews, and himself saved a group of Jews."
678:
551:
952:
wrote: "In the Croatian capital of Zagreb, as a result of intervention by on behalf of Jewish partners in mixed marriages, a thousand Croat Jews survived the war."
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The Vatican refused formal recognition but neither did it cut diplomatic relations with the NDH, preferring to work diplomatically to end Ustaša terror. In 1941,
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Sister Gaudencija Šplajt (born Fanika Šplajt) was a Catholic nun sentenced by the Partisan military court in Zagreb on 29 June 1945 to execution by shooting for
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that Italian forces were not willing to hand over Jews and had "apparently been influenced" by Vatican opposition to German anti-Semitism. The intervention of
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memo on the subject described Pius XII as "the greatest moral coward of our age." For their part, wrote Phayer, the Vatican hoped the Ustaša would defeat
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wrote that Pavelić was anxious to get diplomatic relations and a Vatican blessing for the new "Catholic state" but that "Neither was forthcoming".
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was to be "King of Croatia", Montini advised that the Pope could not hold a private audience with the Duke once any such coronation occurred.
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Biondich, Mark (2005). "Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia: Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941-1942".
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1423:, in particular, were singled out for Partisan attacks and fifteen Franciscan monasteries were destroyed. Pius XII sent an American bishop,
220:
1021:, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vrhbosna in Sarajevo, supported the Ustaša, in particular the forcible conversion of Orthodox Serbs to
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496:
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Following the end of the war, clandestine networks smuggled fugitive Axis officials out of Europe. The USA codenamed the activity the "
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1250:. According to Phayer, Stepinac, who arranged the meeting between Pius XII and Pavelić, was satisfied with this step, viewing it as
936:, as representative to the Croatian Catholic Church, rather than the government. Phayer wrote that this suited Pavelić well enough.
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Presuda Vojnog suda Komande grada Zagreba Miroslavu Filipoviću-Majstoroviću i družini; Sud. broj 290/45; 1945., lipanj 29., Zagreb.
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with the Ustaše. Phayer wrote that Stepinac gave the Ustaše the "benefit of the doubt ... decided on a limited response."
1140:, Pius XII's Apostolic Visitor to Zagreb, saved a thousand Croatian Jews married to non-Jews. The Apostolic delegate to Turkey,
1964:"The papers of Apostolic Visitor, Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone reveal the Holy See's commitment to helping Jews persecuted by Nazis"
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convent until 1948, then brought to Rome by Draganović, who "was a law unto himself and ran his own show and lodged him in the
65:
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The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia
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1633:. Although this gold would be worth hundreds of thousands of 2008 US dollars, it constituted only a small percentage of the
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brought a large amount of looted gold with them; this was later moved to other Vatican extraterritorial property and/or the
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1327:, and largely "confirmed the Ustashe perception of history". In a meeting with Stepinac, Pius XII reiterated the words of
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and vigorously defended its extraterritorial status. Pavelić was never captured or tried for his crimes, escaping to
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The Pope met with Pavelić again in 1943. Pius was criticized for his reception of Pavelić: an unattributed British
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1637:, mostly by the Nazis. According to Phayer, "top Vatican personnel would have known the whereabouts of the gold."
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1697:(1917–?), Franciscan friar who won a contest on 29 August 1942 after cutting the throats of 1,360 inmates at the
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The Croatian Franciscans were heavily involved in the Ustaše regime. A particularly notorious example was the
808:. Most of the victims were Serbs, but Jews, Roma and dissident Croats and Bosnian Muslims were also targeted.
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Jasenovac: Proceedings of the First International Conference and Exhibit on the Jasenovac Concentration Camps
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The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945
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governments, but that was not an endorsement of either their legitimacy or policies. Soon afterwards, Abbot
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nationalism; he hosted a national pilgrimage to Rome in November 1939 for the cause of the canonization of
1222:
1018:
989:
845:
805:
788:
699:
77:, who was stripped of his status by the church but was hanged for his war crimes wearing his clerical garb.
70:
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L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945
2762:
4706:
3898:
3878:
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1940:
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only does the church in Yugoslavia have no freedom, but in a short while the church will be annihilated."
1151:
561:
4203:
4400:
4295:
3993:
3908:
3718:"A Beleaguered Church: The Serbian Orthodox Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945"
1462:
1173:
1026:
723:
695:
473:
256:
102:
1156:
4405:
4387:
3862:
3327:
Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941–1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres
2961:
Jasenovac: The Jewish-Serbian Holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945)
2228:
776:
753:
3655:
Biondich, Mark (2006). "Controversies Surrounding the Catholic Church in Wartime Croatia, 1941–45".
1306:) to the Nazis and the Ustaše regime. He suspended a number of priest collaborators in his diocese.
4584:
4377:
4372:
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4007:
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1063:
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participated directly or indirectly in Ustaša campaigns of violence, as is attested in the work of
993:
2346:
783:'s more moderate Croatian Peasant's Party at 1938 elections to grant further autonomy to Croatia.
361:
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1646:
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2763:"Sodba proti Rožmanu razveljavljena: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija"
1075:
1045:
3067:
The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican: The Croatian Massacre of the Serbs During World War II
1403:
Following the defeat of Axis forces in Croatia in 1945, the Communist Partisan leader Marshal
1180:, a lay organization, were involved in the coordination and administration of these policies.
112:
4168:
1424:
1122:
1066:
a German bandit, the notorious Ustaša Tolj, and other Ustaše after the liberation of Zagreb.
3745:
1688:
1012:
74:
4105:
3979:
3893:
3572:
Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945
1593:
744:
for independence was not realised, and the region found itself first in the Serb-dominated
741:
188:
3717:
1375:
The following day, a message went out from the Holy See instructing its representative in
1311:
945:
607:
477:
18:
8:
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1567:
In a Zagreb sports auditorium, brilliantly lit for photographers and 500 spectators, the
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1098:
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711:
505:
322:
307:
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and fled from Croatia into his diocese to remain there, with assistance from the Jesuit
992:
were "egged on by some Franciscan friars". Phayer wrote that it is well known that many
703:
469:
4631:
3944:
3704:
3672:
3643:
3635:
3222:"A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia"
3202:
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe
837:
652:
371:
4701:
3125:
1802:
Moll, Nicolas (2012). "Kampf gegen den Terror" . Damals (in German). No. 6. pp. 72–77.
1528:
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3340:
3307:
3283:
3259:
3229:
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3112:Прекрштавање Срба у Независној Држави Хрватској: Прилози за историју верског геноцида
3092:
3071:
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3026:
2986:
2965:
2944:
2462:
2315:
2240:
2232:
2153:
2062:
1947:
1910:
1640:
Surviving victims of the Ustaše and their next of kin living in California brought a
1605:
1554:
1541:
1365:
1281:
1247:
1230:
1218:
1022:
800:
630:
602:
444:
23:
2416:"The Holocaust in The Independent State of Croatia www.HolocaustResearchProject.org"
1324:
1049:
430:
401:
386:
327:
4598:
4560:
4555:
4492:
4196:
4175:
4147:
4035:
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1718:
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761:
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521:
485:
465:
435:
396:
356:
351:
317:
312:
3000:
1188:
concentration camps were interned due to the fact that they refused to convert to
764:. In 1934, King Alexander was assassinated by a Bulgarian gunman, a member of the
391:
381:
4497:
4343:
4224:
4182:
4161:
4028:
3958:
3776:
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3545:
3535:
3514:
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3412:
3388:
3325:
3301:
3277:
3253:
3221:
3200:
3163:
3110:
3086:
3065:
3041:
3004:
2980:
2959:
2938:
2803:
2385:
2354:
2160:
1995:
1559:
1404:
1380:
1177:
1141:
1030:
963:
in Croatia and that many of the 200,000 who had left the Catholic Church for the
849:
556:
517:
481:
346:
164:
3019:
2124:
1596:
in 1952. Although Phayer agrees that Stepinac's conviction was the result of a "
1470:
1078:
that while the lower clergy supported the Ustaše, the bishops, and particularly
821:
780:
757:
341:
31:
4482:
4154:
4119:
4077:
4070:
4063:
3408:
3361:
3335:
3043:
Genocide Over the Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia: Be Catholic Or Die
1662:
1651:
1235:
1094:
956:
949:
841:
634:
376:
172:
59:
3700:
3668:
2367:
Churches and the Holocaust—Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans and Reconciliation
1276:
of the Vatican state secretariat.— Excerpt from Encyclopedia of the Holocaust.
43:
4665:
4545:
3827:
3684:
3226:
Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe
3196:
3146:
1712:
1608:
1536:
3759:
3740:
3245:
Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: Analyses and Survivor Testimonies
1483:
4525:
4487:
4021:
3836:
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
3321:
3297:
3273:
2752:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; pp. 566–68
1778:
1694:
1641:
1630:
1589:
1412:
1335:
1038:
1033:. Another priest, Božidar Bralo, served as chief of the security police in
1001:
997:
864:
296:
3631:
85:
4535:
4189:
4000:
3730:
3551:
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
2891:"Sud odbio tužbu preživjelih iz holokausta u NDH protiv Vatikanske banke"
2225:
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
1670:
1601:
1504:
1446:
1420:
1225:
granted by Nazi Germany, but subsequently voiced criticism of the regime.
1197:
1189:
981:
968:
929:
833:
737:
707:
538:
406:
3228:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 145–163.
50:
4577:
4056:
3858:
3846:
3639:
1597:
1568:
1328:
1147:
1008:
749:
566:
1673:
to the Pontifical College. All the charges were eventually dismissed.
1654:, the director of monetary research for the U.S. Treasury Department.
4648:
1634:
1532:
1488:
1054:
960:
586:
3493:"God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism
825:
792:
772:
55:
27:
1475:
1376:
1114:
1034:
921:
647:
3687:(2007b). "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945".
3922:
3519:(Revised and expanded ed.). South Bend: Our Sunday Visitor.
3390:
The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005
2827:
1644:
lawsuit against the Vatican bank and others in US federal court,
1494:
Dozens of Croatians, including war criminals, were housed in the
1004:(British), both Roman Catholics themselves; Waugh by conversion.
868:
736:
Following the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire at the close of
576:
3796:
3488:"Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo
3162:
Feldman, Matthew; Turda, Marius; Georgescu, Tudor, eds. (2008).
1196:, warning posters declared that any Serb who did not convert to
1255:
1133:
909:
769:
38:
1604:
in 1953 and died in his residence seven years later. In 1998,
1125:
in obtaining the permission of the Italian civil authorities.
1263:
1044:
To consolidate Ustaša party power, much of the party work in
42:
Catholic prelates led by Aloysius Stepinac at the funeral of
2817:
2815:
2813:
3840:
3468:
Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945
2038:
2036:
2034:
1213:
829:
73:, which was briefly run by a Franciscan military chaplain,
3463:
Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945
3372:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
3346:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1581:
and the principle that all nations have a right to exist.
928:, or diplomatic representative, but an apostolic visitor,
795:
was installed in power. In Pavelić, Hitler found an ally.
2810:
2722:
2657:
2616:
2558:
2556:
2135:
2058:
Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States
1943:
Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy
1193:
1185:
1159:, and a priest, Father Dragutin Jesih, who was murdered.
948:. In his study of rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust,
748:, and then in the equally Serb-dominated dictatorship of
2964:. Belgrade: Fund for Genocide Research, Stručna knjiga.
2861:
2859:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2782:
2780:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2587:
Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Josip Broz Tito profile
2163:, Jasenovac Memorial website; accessed 14 February 2016.
2031:
768:, a radical group seeking independence, allied with the
3593:
The Utopia of Terror: Life and Death in Wartime Croatia
3303:
Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia
3279:
Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia
3009:. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.
2568:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2330:
2328:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2254:
2252:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2091:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1924:
1922:
1453:
offered refuge to many fleeing Croatia, guided by Msgr
1150:
has recognised many people from the area of the NDH as
54:
Serb civilians forced to convert to Catholicism by the
3252:
Nelis, Jan; Morelli, Anne; Praet, Danny, eds. (2015).
2909:
2553:
2111:"The religious order that defined Bosnian Catholicism"
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1729:
Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust
3161:
2871:
2856:
2839:
2777:
2734:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2669:
2640:
2604:
2592:
2541:
2174:
Katolička crkva i Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 1941–1945
974:
46:, one of the senior Ustaše leaders, in September 1944
2628:
2492:
2475:
2325:
2292:
2273:
2249:
2198:
2179:
2001:
1919:
1894:; Harper Collins Religious; 1993; pp. 153–57, 210-11
1724:
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II
1085:
Phayer wrote that Stepinac came to be considered as
1069:
4605:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
1989:
Papers of Apostolic Visitor Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
1831:
1745:
3365:
3339:
3150:
3124:
3018:
2312:The Righteous - The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust
1503:governments being formed. The priest-collaborator
3414:The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 1922-1945
3330:. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
3251:
3157:. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, and Company.
1779:"Croatia | Facts, Geography, Maps, & History"
1685:(1903–1983), Catholic priest, organized Ratlines.
4663:
3342:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
2264:
1886:
1884:
1392:
1166:
3774:
3537:Прекрштавање Срба за време Другог светског рата
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1430:
1334:Undersecretary of State Montini (later elected
811:
3775:Schindley, Wanda; Makara, Petar, eds. (2005).
3689:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
3657:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
3575:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
896:, saying that the church would negotiate with
766:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
3812:
2940:Churches and Religion in the Second World War
2529:24 October 1942 speech by Archbishop Stepinac
1469:By Phayer's account, Pope Pius XII protected
672:
3470:] (in French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme.
1906:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes
1861:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1048:was put in the hands of Catholic priests by
3255:Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918-1945
1200:would be deported to a concentration camp.
816:
692:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
4722:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
3819:
3805:
3715:
3544:
3182:
2936:
2410:
2408:
2141:
2088:, Penguin Press; New York 2009, pp. 158-59
915:
679:
665:
4625:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
3758:
3741:"Uloga Vatikana u razbijanju Jugoslavije"
3729:
3683:
3368:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War
3247:. New York: Jasenovac Research Institute.
2379:Croatian Righteous Among the Nations info
2042:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1762:
1627:Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome
1592:. Pope Pius XII elevated Stepinac to the
1445:". In Rome, the pro-Nazi Austrian bishop
133:History of the Catholic Church in Croatia
3654:
3617:
3417:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3013:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2349:, yadvashem.org; accessed 17 June 2014.
2080:
2078:
1669:transported ten truckloads of gold from
1496:Pontifical Croatian College of St Jerome
1409:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1399:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1212:
1128:In Italian-occupied Croatia, Nazi envoy
64:
49:
37:
17:
3738:
3589:
3568:
3554:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3509:
3484:
3456:
3431:
3242:
3195:
3145:
3084:
3060:
2999:
2978:
2957:
2915:
2459:Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941-1945
2438:
2436:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2388:, dalje.com; accessed 26 February 2014.
1563:magazine reported in October 1946 that:
4664:
3407:
3393:. New York: Indiana University Press.
3360:
3334:
3296:
3272:
3039:
3021:Hitler's Pope: The Silence of Pius XII
2893:. Slobodnadalmacija.hr. Archived from
2877:
2865:
2850:
2833:
2821:
2786:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2663:
2651:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2574:
2562:
2547:
2503:
2486:
2334:
2298:
2286:
2258:
2211:
2192:
2097:
2054:
2012:
1928:
1846:
1805:
1756:
1657:Former OSS agent William Gowen gave a
1584:Archbishop Stepinac served 5 years in
1317:
1208:
888:had drawn a clear distinction between
552:Province of Saints Cyril and Methodius
4712:Anti-Eastern Orthodoxy in Catholicism
3800:
3620:The Slavonic and East European Review
3533:
3386:
3320:
3119:
3105:
3046:. Institute of Contemporary History.
2456:
2445:
2075:
1998:, news.va; accessed 27 February 2014.
1908:, Yale University Press, 2014, p. 285
1203:
848:was welcomed by the hierarchy of the
746:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
137:History of Croatia–Holy See relations
3219:
2799:"Yugoslavia: Aid for the Archbishop"
2532:
2433:
2391:
2347:Croatian Righteous among the Nations
1588:before the sentence was commuted to
1234:uniform. Historian of the Holocaust
1192:. In many municipalities around the
3165:Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe
2125:"Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia"
1852:
1482:disguised as 'Father Gomez'" until
1074:Pavelić told Nazi Foreign Minister
874:
572:Province of Saint Joseph the Father
13:
4717:Catholicism and far-right politics
3921:
3495:] (in Italian). Milano: Kaos.
3442:] (in Italian). Milano: Kaos.
3183:Fournemont, Jean-Francois (1996).
2314:, Doubleday (2002), pp. 203, 466;
1517:
975:Clergy involved in Ustaše violence
779:, was convinced by the success of
777:Regent Prince, Paul Karadjordjević
544:Province of the Most Holy Redeemer
14:
4738:
4447:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
3826:
3306:. Vol. 2. Jagodina: Gambit.
3282:. Vol. 1. Jagodina: Gambit.
2937:Bank, Jan; Gevers, Lieve (2016).
1826:The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy
1676:
1449:was linked to the chain, and the
1437:Ratlines (World War II aftermath)
1221:of Zagreb initially welcomed the
1070:Clergy opposed to Ustaše violence
4682:History of Catholicism in Europe
2420:www.holocaustresearchproject.org
2154:"Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović"
1828:; Collins: London (1986), p. 147
1535:was the first bishop tried for "
646:
582:Province of the Society of Jesus
111:
84:
4697:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
3716:Stojanović, Aleksandar (2017).
3485:Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002).
3432:Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999).
3243:Lituchy, Barry M., ed. (2006).
2883:
2792:
2755:
2746:
2580:
2523:
2509:
2372:
2359:
2340:
2304:
2217:
2166:
2147:
2117:
2103:
2048:
2018:
1982:
1956:
1934:
1701:. His post-war fate is unknown.
1635:gold looted during World War II
273:Military Ordinariate of Croatia
205:Episcopal Conference of Croatia
4692:Pope Pius XII and World War II
3185:Le Vatican et l'ex-Yougoslavie
3088:Vatikan i Jasenovac: dokumenti
2369:; Ktav Publishing House; 2006.
1897:
1892:Paul VI, the First Modern Pope
1796:
1689:Tomislav Filipović-Majstorović
1614:
775:group led by Pavelić. The new
249:Catholic University of Croatia
177:Historical sacral architecture
69:Execution of prisoners at the
1:
3987:Communium interpretes dolorum
3739:Vuković, Slobodan V. (2004).
3516:Hitler, the War, and the Pope
3189:The Vatican and ex-Yugoslavia
3070:. Amherst: Prometheus Books.
2589:; retrieved 7 September 2013.
2517:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2024:Mark Aarons and John Loftus,
1739:
1734:Holy See–Yugoslavia relations
1480:Collegio Pio Latino Americano
1393:Relations with SFR Yugoslavia
1254:recognition and Marcone as a
1167:Church and forced conversions
1064:aiding, harboring, and hiding
717:
241:Archdiocesan Gymnasium Zagreb
221:Archdiocese of Split-Makarska
4677:Independent State of Croatia
4672:Nazi Germany and Catholicism
4301:Pontifical Relief Commission
4050:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
1699:Jasenovac concentration camp
1387:
1223:Independent State of Croatia
1117:, allowed some Jews who had
1105:, was a prominent resister.
990:Jasenovac concentration camp
988:atrocities at the notorious
846:Independent State of Croatia
812:Independent State of Croatia
789:Independent State of Croatia
706:created on the territory of
700:Independent State of Croatia
233:Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek
71:Jasenovac concentration camp
7:
4687:The Holocaust in Yugoslavia
3853:Cardinal Secretary of State
3540:. Титоград: Графички завод.
3205:. Oxford University Press.
3131:. New York: Penguin Press.
3040:Dakina, Gojo Riste (1994).
2442:Cornwell, 1999, pp. 250-51.
2061:. Oxford University Press.
1705:
1152:Righteous among the Nations
592:Province of Saint Don Bosco
562:Croatian Dominican Province
510:Church of Saint Chrysogonus
245:Pontifical Croatian College
26:of Zagreb meeting with the
10:
4743:
4727:Catholic Church in Croatia
4296:Jewish orphans controversy
3994:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
3919:
3387:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006).
3191:]. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3085:Dedijer, Vladimir (1987).
2924:
2836:, p. 10-15, 147, 150.
2055:Perica, Vjekoslav (2002).
1618:
1553:The Archbishop of Zagreb,
1463:Counter Intelligence Corps
1434:
1396:
1027:Croatian Catholic movement
971:would return to the fold.
724:Catholic Church in Croatia
721:
474:Cathedral of Saint Domnius
257:Croatian Catholic movement
4641:
4618:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
4569:
4516:
4470:
4439:
4386:
4329:
4234:
3932:
3872:
3834:
3701:10.1080/14690760701321346
3669:10.1080/14690760600963222
2943:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2229:Stanford University Press
1966:. News.va. Archived from
1293:Rychlak writes that the "
1176:, the Croatian branch of
4585:Three Popes and the Jews
4218:Ad Apostolorum principis
4204:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
4092:Sempiternus Rex Christus
4008:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
3966:Mystici Corporis Christi
3596:. Boydell & Brewer.
3220:Korb, Alexander (2010).
1945:, CUA Press, 2002, p. 20
1474:Pavelić was hidden in a
1119:converted to Catholicism
817:Creation and recognition
696:Croatian Catholic Church
225:Diocese of Hvar-Brač-Vis
4311:Alleged kidnapping plot
3973:Divino afflante Spiritu
3760:10.5937/socpreg0403423V
3153:The Silence of Pius XII
2979:Bulajić, Milan (1992).
2958:Bulajić, Milan (2002).
2538:Cornwell, 1999, pg. 249
2461:. King's. p. 268.
2402:Cornwell, 1999, pg. 250
2384:19 October 2013 at the
2353:19 October 2013 at the
2176:, Zagreb (1998), p. 223
1994:21 October 2015 at the
1858:Cornwell, 1999, p. 252.
1783:Encyclopedia Britannica
1647:Alperin v. Vatican Bank
1621:Alperin v. Vatican Bank
1244:Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
1157:Sister Amadeja Pavlović
965:Serbian Orthodox Church
934:Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
916:Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
902:Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
882:Sollicitudo Ecclesiarum
836:as an integral part of
694:covers the role of the
265:Croatian Catholic Radio
4611:Under His Very Windows
4306:1942 Christmas address
4043:In multiplicibus curis
3926:
3863:Saint Peter's Basilica
3590:Yeomans, Rory (2015).
3569:Yeomans, Rory (2013).
3458:Rivelli, Marco Aurelio
3127:The Third Reich at War
2457:Paris, Edmond (1961).
2142:Bank & Gevers 2016
2086:The Third Reich at War
1890:Hebblethwaite, Peter.
1574:
1385:
1364:However, according to
1291:
1278:
1226:
1046:Bosnia and Herzegovina
760:, with the support of
653:Catholicism portal
548:Province of St. Jerome
497:Churches & shrines
78:
62:
47:
35:
4261:Persecution of Church
4169:Luctuosissimi eventus
3925:
3781:. Dallas Publishing.
3632:10.1353/see.2005.0063
3258:. Georg Olms Verlag.
2159:19 April 2012 at the
1665:that in 1946 Colonel
1625:The Ustaše hiding in
1619:Further information:
1565:
1435:Further information:
1425:Joseph Patrick Hurley
1397:Further information:
1373:
1286:
1280:According to scholar
1269:
1216:
1123:Pietro Tacchi Venturi
1037:, who initiated many
742:Croatian nationalists
229:Archdiocese of Rijeka
217:Archdiocese of Zagreb
118:Baptistry of Višeslav
68:
53:
41:
21:
4106:Orientales Ecclesias
3980:Orientalis Ecclesiae
3731:10.2298/BALC1748269S
3534:Simić, Sima (1958).
2113:. 28 September 2017.
1683:Krunoslav Draganović
1594:College of Cardinals
1455:Krunoslav Draganović
627:Krunoslav Draganović
502:St. Michael's Church
277:Apostolic Nunciature
189:Church of St Donatus
157:Archdiocese of Split
153:Archdiocese of Zadar
145:Diocese of Dubrovnik
4276:Catholic Resistance
4099:Ingruentium malorum
4085:Evangelii praecones
2666:, pp. 222–223.
2625:, pp. 148–150.
2365:Paldiel, Mordecai.
2084:Evans, Richard J.,
1318:Role of the Vatican
1209:Archbishop Stepinac
1111:bishop of Ljubljana
1080:Archbishop Stepinac
857:Peter Hebblethwaite
712:occupied Yugoslavia
506:Euphrasian Basilica
141:Historical dioceses
4707:Christian fascists
4592:Actes et documents
4457:Apostolic writings
4431:Fátima and Balazar
4291:Ustaše involvement
4254:conversion of Jews
3945:Summi Pontificatus
3927:
3746:Sociološki pregled
3511:Rychlak, Ronald J.
3025:. London: Viking.
2824:, p. 151-152.
2807:; 14 October 1946.
2731:, p. 228-229.
2223:Tomasevich, Jozo.
1970:on 21 October 2015
1941:Sánchez, José M.,
1431:Vatican "ratlines"
1262:Stepinac called a
1227:
1204:Catholic hierarchy
1013:Tomislav Filipović
824:, the head of the
161:Diocese of Šibenik
79:
75:Miroslav Filipović
63:
48:
36:
4657:
4656:
4570:Works on Pius XII
4416:Eastern canon law
4351:Post–World War II
4331:Foreign relations
4286:Occupied dioceses
4266:German Resistance
4141:Ad Sinarum gentem
4113:Doctor Mellifluus
3904:Illness and death
3769:Conference papers
3603:978-1-58046-545-8
3400:978-0-253-34656-8
3197:Kertzer, David I.
3121:Evans, Richard J.
3062:Dedijer, Vladimir
2310:Gilbert, Martin.
2245:978-0-8047-3615-2
1824:Gilbert, Martin.
1606:Pope John Paul II
1555:Aloysius Stepinac
1539:" in Yugoslavia,
1366:Professor Rychlak
1312:Andrija Artuković
1282:Ronald J. Rychlak
1248:apostolic visitor
1231:Aloysius Stepinac
1219:Aloysius Stepinac
1023:Roman Catholicism
946:Andrija Artuković
801:Aloysius Stepinac
704:Nazi puppet state
689:
688:
631:Aloysius Stepinac
608:Ilača apparitions
603:Marian apparition
478:Šibenik Cathedral
445:Aloysius Stepinac
169:Historical people
24:Aloysius Stepinac
4734:
4396:Social teachings
4197:Invicti athletae
4176:Laetamur admodum
4148:Ad Caeli Reginam
4134:Ecclesiae fastos
4127:Sacra virginitas
4036:Auspicia quaedam
4015:Fulgens radiatur
3952:Sertum laetitiae
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3764:
3762:
3735:
3733:
3712:
3680:
3651:
3607:
3586:
3565:
3546:Tomasevich, Jozo
3541:
3530:
3506:
3481:
3453:
3428:
3404:
3383:
3371:
3357:
3345:
3331:
3317:
3293:
3269:
3248:
3239:
3216:
3192:
3179:
3158:
3156:
3142:
3130:
3116:
3115:. Београд: Алфа.
3107:Đurić, Veljko Đ.
3102:
3081:
3057:
3036:
3024:
3010:
2996:
2975:
2954:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2897:on 28 March 2013
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2577:, p. 36-37.
2572:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:, vol 1, p. 328.
2513:
2507:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2454:
2443:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2403:
2400:
2389:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2190:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2131:. 25 April 2005.
2121:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2100:, p. 34-35.
2095:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2010:
1999:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1719:Clerical fascism
1586:Lepoglava prison
1579:Atlantic Charter
1512:Eugene Tisserant
1451:Croatian College
1407:established the
1355:Eugene Tisserant
1340:Domenico Tardini
1300:jeudenfreundlich
1295:Associated Press
1274:Domenico Tardini
1138:Giuseppe Marcone
1130:Siegfried Kasche
1103:Bishop of Mostar
1087:jeudenfreundlich
994:Catholic clerics
906:apostolic legate
892:recognition and
886:Pope Gregory XVI
875:Pavelić audience
861:Giovanni Montini
740:, the desire of
731:Eastern Orthodox
681:
674:
667:
651:
650:
522:Our Lady of Sinj
486:Trogir Cathedral
470:Đakovo Cathedral
466:Zagreb Cathedral
436:Nicholas Tavelic
421:Canonized people
397:Rrok Gjonlleshaj
362:Antun Škvorčević
357:Vjekoslav Huzjak
213:List of dioceses
185:Church in Cetina
115:
88:
81:
80:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4637:
4632:The Pope's Jews
4565:
4512:
4466:
4435:
4382:
4344:Reichskonkordat
4325:
4321:Bombing of Rome
4271:Nazi euthanasia
4230:
4225:Meminisse iuvat
4211:Miranda prorsus
4183:Datis nuperrime
4162:Haurietis aquas
4029:Optatissima pax
3959:Saeculo exeunte
3936:
3934:
3928:
3917:
3868:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3795:
3789:
3724:(48): 269–287.
3604:
3583:
3562:
3527:
3503:
3478:
3450:
3425:
3409:Rhodes, Anthony
3401:
3380:
3362:Phayer, Michael
3354:
3336:Phayer, Michael
3314:
3290:
3266:
3236:
3213:
3176:
3139:
3099:
3078:
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3033:
2993:
2972:
2951:
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2785:
2778:
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2756:
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2735:
2727:
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2703:
2699:
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2679:
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2633:
2629:
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2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:, p. 9-16.
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2455:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2392:
2386:Wayback Machine
2377:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2355:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2297:
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2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2199:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2161:Wayback Machine
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2123:
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2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2002:
1996:Wayback Machine
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1939:
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1787:
1785:
1777:
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1763:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1708:
1679:
1623:
1617:
1529:Gregorij Rožman
1520:
1518:Post-war trials
1439:
1433:
1405:Josip Broz Tito
1401:
1395:
1390:
1381:Pope John XXIII
1320:
1211:
1206:
1178:Catholic Action
1169:
1142:Angelo Roncalli
1107:Gregorij Rožman
1072:
1031:Catholic Action
977:
924:did not send a
918:
877:
850:Catholic Church
819:
814:
752:established by
726:
720:
685:
645:
638:
637:
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629:
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518:Marija Bistrica
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
489:
488:
484:
482:Zadar Cathedral
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
453:
452:
450:Marija Petković
447:
442:
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428:
423:
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367:Đuro Gašparović
337:
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149:Diocese of Ston
147:
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103:Catholic Church
12:
11:
5:
4740:
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4426:Beatifications
4423:
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4179:
4172:
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4158:
4155:Musicae sacrae
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4120:Fulgens corona
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4078:Mirabile illud
4074:
4071:Humani generis
4067:
4064:Summi maeroris
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3933:Encyclicals in
3930:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:
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3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3753:(3): 423–443.
3736:
3713:
3695:(2): 383–399.
3685:Biondich, Mark
3681:
3663:(4): 429–457.
3652:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3507:
3501:
3482:
3476:
3454:
3448:
3429:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3358:
3353:978-0253214713
3352:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3294:
3288:
3270:
3264:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3217:
3211:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3159:
3147:Falconi, Carlo
3143:
3137:
3117:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3058:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3015:Cornwell, John
3011:
3001:Bulajić, Milan
2997:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2918:, p. 117.
2908:
2882:
2880:, p. 210.
2870:
2868:, p. 209.
2855:
2853:, p. 208.
2838:
2826:
2809:
2791:
2789:, p. 150.
2776:
2754:
2745:
2743:, p. 226.
2733:
2721:
2719:, p. 228.
2709:
2707:, p. 227.
2697:
2695:, p. 221.
2685:
2683:, p. 220.
2668:
2656:
2654:, p. 222.
2639:
2627:
2615:
2613:, p. 148.
2603:
2601:, p. 135.
2591:
2579:
2567:
2552:
2550:, p. 225.
2540:
2531:
2522:
2508:
2491:
2474:
2468:978-1258163464
2467:
2444:
2432:
2404:
2390:
2371:
2358:
2339:
2324:
2303:
2291:
2272:
2263:
2248:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2172:Krišto, Jure.
2165:
2146:
2144:, p. 210.
2134:
2116:
2102:
2090:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2045:, p. 393.
2043:Biondich 2007b
2030:
2026:Unholy Trinity
2017:
2000:
1981:
1955:
1933:
1931:, p. 219.
1918:
1904:Duffy, Eamon.
1896:
1860:
1851:
1830:
1804:
1795:
1761:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1677:Notable people
1675:
1663:expert witness
1652:Harold Glasser
1616:
1613:
1551:
1550:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1432:
1429:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1325:Nikola Tavelić
1319:
1316:
1236:Martin Gilbert
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1168:
1165:
1099:Aloysius Mišić
1095:Martin Gilbert
1076:von Ribbentrop
1071:
1068:
1050:Jure Francetić
1000:(Italian) and
976:
973:
957:Foreign Office
950:Martin Gilbert
917:
914:
904:was appointed
876:
873:
842:Michael Phayer
818:
815:
813:
810:
754:King Alexander
722:Main article:
719:
716:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
640:
639:
635:Ivo Protulipac
621:
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596:
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531:
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495:
494:
491:
490:
464:
459:
458:
455:
454:
431:Leopold Mandić
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
404:
402:Tomislav Rogić
399:
394:
389:
387:Roko Glasnović
384:
379:
377:Ivica Petanjak
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
331:
330:
328:Milan Zgrablić
325:
323:Želimir Puljić
320:
315:
310:
308:Dražen Kutleša
304:
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
173:Gregory of Nin
165:Diocese of Nin
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
89:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4739:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4599:Hitler's Pope
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Galeazzi-Lisi
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Canonizations
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:The Holocaust
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:chronological
3931:
3924:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3828:Pope Pius XII
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3790:
3788:9780912011646
3784:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:(1): 71–116.
3625:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3582:9780822977933
3578:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3561:9780804779241
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3526:9781612781969
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:9788879531047
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3477:9782825111529
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3449:9788879530798
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3424:9780030077364
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3379:9780253349309
3375:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3322:Paris, Edmond
3319:
3315:
3313:9788676240494
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:Novak, Viktor
3295:
3291:
3289:9788676240494
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3274:Novak, Viktor
3271:
3267:
3265:9783487421278
3261:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3235:9781443824491
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3212:9780198716167
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3175:9781317968993
3171:
3168:. Routledge.
3167:
3166:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3138:9781594202063
3134:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:9788609000751
3094:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3077:9780879757526
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3053:9788674030585
3049:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3032:9780670876204
3028:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:9788676070411
2988:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2971:9788641902211
2967:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2950:9781472504807
2946:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2637:, p. 40.
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2506:, p. 37.
2505:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2489:, p. 36.
2488:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2337:, p. 39.
2336:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2301:, p. 47.
2300:
2295:
2289:, p. 86.
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2261:, p. 30.
2260:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:0-8047-3615-4
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2214:, p. 34.
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2195:, p. 35.
2194:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2068:9780195174298
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2015:, p. 85.
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1952:9780813210803
1949:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1915:9780300206128
1912:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1849:, p. 32.
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1759:, p. 38.
1758:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:Magnum Crimen
1710:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:collaboration
1534:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1510:According to
1508:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1371:Rychlak adds:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:According to
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
985:
983:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Croat culture
835:
831:
827:
823:
809:
807:
802:
796:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
762:Fascist Italy
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
725:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Clergy in NDH
619:Controversies
616:
615:
609:
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
534:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
416:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Ranko Vidović
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Ivan Štironja
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Zdenko Križić
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
298:
294:
289:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
181:Church in Nin
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
124:
123:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
67:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
4659:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4471:Appointments
4363:Persecutions
4342:
4339:Nazi Germany
4290:
4281:Roman razzia
4236:World War II
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4022:Mediator Dei
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3914:Canonization
3777:
3750:
3744:
3721:
3692:
3688:
3660:
3656:
3623:
3619:
3592:
3571:
3550:
3536:
3515:
3492:
3487:
3467:
3462:
3439:
3434:
3413:
3389:
3367:
3341:
3326:
3302:
3278:
3254:
3244:
3225:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3164:
3152:
3126:
3111:
3087:
3066:
3042:
3020:
3005:
2985:. Politika.
2981:
2960:
2939:
2916:Lituchy 2006
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2885:
2873:
2829:
2802:
2794:
2767:. Retrieved
2757:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2659:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2511:
2458:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2342:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2266:
2224:
2219:
2173:
2168:
2149:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2093:
2085:
2057:
2050:
2025:
2020:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1958:
1942:
1936:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1854:
1825:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:
1711:
1695:Petar Brzica
1656:
1645:
1642:class action
1639:
1631:Vatican Bank
1624:
1590:house arrest
1583:
1575:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1540:
1526:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1471:Ante Pavelić
1468:
1459:
1440:
1417:
1413:Evelyn Waugh
1402:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1336:Pope Paul VI
1333:
1321:
1308:
1304:Jew friendly
1303:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1240:
1228:
1182:
1170:
1161:
1146:
1127:
1091:Jew friendly
1090:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1061:
1053:
1043:
1039:anti-Semitic
1029:, a form of
1017:
1006:
1002:Evelyn Waugh
998:Corrado Zoli
986:
978:
954:
942:
938:
925:
919:
897:
893:
889:
881:
878:
865:Pope Paul VI
863:(the future
854:
840:. Historian
822:Ante Pavelić
820:
797:
785:
781:Vladko Maček
758:Ante Pavelić
735:
727:
691:
690:
622:
585:
575:
565:
555:
537:
513:
439:
425:
342:Milan Stipić
334:
300:
292:
268:
260:
252:
236:
208:
200:Organisation
176:
168:
140:
32:Ante Pavelić
15:
4462:Magisterium
4452:Encyclicals
4190:Fidei donum
4001:Quemadmodum
3899:Later years
3865:(1930–1939)
3855:(1930–1939)
3849:(1935–1939)
3843:(1939–1958)
2878:Phayer 2008
2866:Phayer 2008
2851:Phayer 2008
2834:Phayer 2008
2822:Phayer 2008
2787:Phayer 2008
2765:. Rtvslo.si
2741:Phayer 2008
2729:Phayer 2008
2717:Phayer 2008
2705:Phayer 2008
2693:Phayer 2008
2681:Phayer 2008
2664:Phayer 2008
2652:Phayer 2008
2635:Phayer 2000
2623:Phayer 2008
2611:Phayer 2008
2599:Phayer 2008
2575:Phayer 2000
2563:Phayer 2008
2548:Phayer 2008
2504:Phayer 2000
2487:Phayer 2000
2335:Phayer 2000
2320:0385 60100X
2299:Phayer 2000
2287:Phayer 2000
2259:Phayer 2000
2212:Phayer 2000
2193:Phayer 2000
2098:Phayer 2000
2028:, pp. 71–72
2013:Phayer 2000
1929:Phayer 2008
1847:Phayer 2000
1757:Phayer 2000
1671:Switzerland
1615:Ustaše gold
1542:in absentia
1505:Joseph Tiso
1447:Alois Hudal
1421:Franciscans
1229:Archbishop
1217:Archbishop
1198:Catholicism
1190:Catholicism
982:Franciscans
969:World War I
930:Benedictine
834:Catholicism
832:and viewed
828:, was anti-
738:World War I
539:Franciscans
407:Jure Bogdan
352:Vlado Košić
318:Ivan Devčić
313:Đuro Hranić
301:Archbishops
44:Marko Došen
22:Archbishop
4666:Categories
4578:The Deputy
4316:Yad Vashem
4249:statements
4057:Anni sacri
3884:Nunciature
3879:Early life
3859:Archpriest
3847:Camerlengo
2227:, p. 490,
1974:15 January
1740:References
1667:Ivan Babić
1659:deposition
1598:show trial
1569:show trial
1329:Pope Leo X
1148:Yad Vashem
1019:Ivan Šarić
1009:Franciscan
932:abbot Dom
750:Yugoslavia
718:Background
567:Carmelites
557:Dominicans
461:Cathedrals
347:Bože Radoš
288:Ordinaries
105:in Croatia
4649:Pius Wars
4508:Cardinals
4478:Tisserant
4401:Mariology
3909:Testament
3873:Biography
3722:Balcanica
3709:145148083
3677:143351253
3648:151704526
3300:(2011b).
3276:(2011a).
1609:beatified
1533:Ljubljana
1489:Argentina
1388:Aftermath
1055:Novi list
1041:actions.
961:communism
806:Jasenovac
714:in 1941.
702:(NDH), a
587:Salesians
440:Beatified
253:Political
4556:Spellman
4518:Advisers
4498:Orsenigo
4483:Maglione
4440:Writings
4388:Theology
4357:Ratlines
3894:Election
3889:US visit
3612:Journals
3548:(2001).
3513:(2010).
3460:(1998).
3411:(1973).
3364:(2008).
3338:(2000).
3324:(1961).
3199:(2014).
3149:(1970).
3123:(2008).
3109:(1991).
3064:(1992).
3017:(1999).
3003:(1994).
2425:30 March
2382:Archived
2351:Archived
2231:(2001);
2157:Archived
2129:BBC News
1992:Archived
1788:30 March
1706:See also
1549:Stepinac
1476:Salzburg
1377:Bulgaria
1252:de facto
1132:advised
1115:Slovenia
1035:Sarajevo
922:Pius XII
898:de facto
890:de facto
770:Croatian
209:Dioceses
95:a series
93:Part of
4642:Related
4561:Spiazzi
4541:Lehnert
4493:Tardini
4488:Montini
4411:Liturgy
4406:Judaism
3640:4214049
3091:. Rad.
2925:Sources
1527:Bishop
1443:ratline
894:de jure
869:Spoleto
855:Author
698:in the
577:Jesuits
514:Shrines
335:Bishops
297:Francis
237:Schools
128:History
34:in 1941
30:leader
4702:Ustaše
4551:Nogara
4546:Leiber
4503:Muench
4378:Russia
4373:Poland
3785:
3707:
3675:
3646:
3638:
3600:
3579:
3558:
3523:
3499:
3474:
3446:
3421:
3397:
3376:
3350:
3310:
3286:
3262:
3232:
3209:
3172:
3135:
3095:
3074:
3050:
3029:
2989:
2968:
2947:
2901:15 May
2769:15 May
2465:
2318:
2243:
2235:
2065:
1950:
1913:
1661:as an
1602:Krašić
1523:Rožman
1256:nuncio
1246:as an
1134:Berlin
1109:, the
1011:friar
967:since
926:nuncio
910:Zagreb
826:Ustaša
793:Ustaše
773:Ustaše
533:Orders
426:Saints
97:on the
56:Ustaše
28:Ustaše
4368:China
3937:order
3705:S2CID
3673:S2CID
3644:S2CID
3636:JSTOR
3491:[
3466:[
3438:[
3187:[
2931:Books
1611:him.
1484:Perón
1264:synod
269:Other
261:Media
60:Glina
4536:Kaas
3841:Pope
3783:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3472:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2903:2013
2804:Time
2771:2013
2463:ISBN
2427:2019
2316:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2063:ISBN
1976:2016
1948:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1790:2019
1560:Time
1348:ADSS
830:Serb
708:Axis
448:bl.
443:bl.
434:St.
429:St.
293:Pope
4526:Bea
3861:of
3755:doi
3726:doi
3697:doi
3665:doi
3628:doi
1531:of
1194:NDH
1186:NDH
1174:HKP
1113:in
908:to
58:in
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3751:38
3749:.
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3642:.
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2812:^
2801:;
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2418:.
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2327:^
2275:^
2251:^
2239:,
2200:^
2181:^
2127:.
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2033:^
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1921:^
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1807:^
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1764:^
1747:^
1457:.
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