513:. The Moravians sought to educate liberated slaves under the apprenticeship system. The refuge school had been established a year earlier in 1832 by English Moravian women missionaries. The school population had 24 orphan girls, who came from all over the island to attend the institution. Catherine Mulgrave and her cousin were sent to the boarding school. She spent five and a half years at the girlsâ school. In January 1834, the Governor and Lady Mulgrave left Jamaica. They had wished to take Catherine and her cousin with them, but Lady Mulgrave suffered from sporadic illness and upon medical advice, the Mulgraves decided to leave them in Jamaica. Furthermore, the Clerk of the Mulgraves advised them against taking Catherine to England due to climatic conditions. They nonetheless maintained correspondence with Catherine and regularly remitted funds for her upkeep in Jamaica. After separation from her Victorian aristocratic foster family, Catherine Mulgrave was taken in by the Moravian mission in Fairfield, Manchester Parish. Catherine Mulgrave then proceeded to the
920:, 15 miles (24 kilometres) inland from Accra where, with the assistance of another missionary, August Steinhauser, he set up a small Christian village community. At Abokobi, Catherine Mulgrave established a girlsâ boarding school before staying briefly at Akropong. In 1858, the Zimmermann-Mulgrave household returned to Christiansborg and Catherine became a missionary wife again and resumed leading the weekly women's prayer meetings, usually held on Tuesday evening. Catherine Mulgrave gained respect from other missionary wives like Amalie Steinhauser who was on friendly terms with her. Mrs. Steinhauser had within that period lost her husband, the Basel missionary, August Steinhauser. Catherine and Amalie jointly paid regular house visits to women congregants of the church in Christiansborg.
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10 July 1849, in the presence of a Danish colonial government official. In the legal documentation for separation, it was recorded that she first filed for divorce and as stipulated by the mission won full custody of the children and could remarry if she desired. In the event of her death, the mission would take care of her children. As a single mother with young children to feed, she found it difficult to live on her meagre teacher's salary as her ex-husband had been expelled from the mission and had left the Gold Coast. The Basel missionaries on the Gold Coast petitioned the Home
Committee on her behalf, detailing her financial difficulties and requesting for debt forgiveness for unpaid loans from the mission, relating to essential needs for her children.
444:. After a few weeks, land came into view. British colonial authorities patrolling the high seas inspected the ship but they did not discover the slaves who were hidden in a basement. Near the southern Jamaican coast, a tropical storm alarmed and distressed everyone aboard the Portuguese schooner - the vessel crushed against a rock and began leaking before it eventually sunk. Some swam to safety on the shore while others clung to the wooden mast as they waited to be rescued. Gewe and her cousin were among the few survivors rescued from the wreckage and taken to Old Harbour,
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Europe, a benefit of being an expatriate missionary. The original contract for all Basel missionaries, drafted by
Inspector Johann Christoph Blumhardt in 1837, stipulated that after seminary training in Basel for only unmarried men, the new missionary had to prove himself in the field for two years before asking permission from the Basel board to get married. Thus, Zimmermann became a local missionary on the Gold Coast for the next twenty-two years. In 1852, Johannes Zimmermann set up catechist-training seminary at Christiansborg.
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642:(SPG) largely served the mulatto population in both jurisdictions. The castle schools were approved by the European Governors to primarily educate the Euro-African children of European men and Gold Coast African women. The children often went on to become administrative assistants in the colonial civil service. Furthermore, a girlsâ school had been founded in Cape Coast in 1821 and later on, Wesleyan Methodist missionaries set another female-only school in 1836 which is now the
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610:, religious knowledge, nature study, hygiene, handwriting and music. There was also artisanal training, including pottery, carpentry, basket and mat weaving and practical lessons in agriculture in the school garden. The first batch had 41 pupils: 34 boys and 7 girls and the first classes were held in rented premises. The school later moved to the mission house originally owned by the Danish governor which stood at the centre of the
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819:, under close supervision by Basel missionaries, Widmann, Roes, Dieterle, Mohr and others. Meanwhile, Mulgrave stayed on the coast where she continued to run the school and raise their two children. The Inspector of the Basel Mission, Wilhelm Hoffmann wrote to Mulgrave in 1847 to inquire about Thompson's lapses, to which she elicited sympathy for her husband, in spite of his infidelity.
657:- an acknowledgement of her singular effort, initiative and ingenuity to establish a thriving girlsâ school in difficult circumstances. The school flourished academically and as school administrator, Mulgrave ran the school efficiently. It is apparent Mulgrave did not face prejudice in her leadership role which provided stability for the mission station at Christiansborg.
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799:, together with the recruited Caribbean missionaries and Mulgrave who had then married Thompson on 11 December 1842. Catherine Mulgrave had suffered a miscarriage on the voyage from the West Indies to Africa. Thompson and Mulgrave had their first child, a girl named Rosina in 1844. In 1846, she gave birth to her second child, a son baptised George.
795:. Upon the recommendation of the Moravian mission and the tacit approval of the Basel mission, Mulgrave though initially undecided accepted Thompson's proposal. It is on record that her patroness, Lady Mulgrave, who she was still in contact with, opposed to the union but before she could voice her concerns, the Basel team had already left for the
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continuing financial challenges. A month earlier in
November 1850, Josenhans wrote to the missionary Dieterle, stating his openness to Mulgrave marrying one of the unmarried European Basel missionaries, though he knew the Home Committee forbade such a union. In the letter, he also extolled Mulgrave's âgifted mindâ and âdecided piety.â
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440:" who was also a slave trader. The two girl prisoners were kept in the captain's cabin. Hundreds of captives, estimated to be about 303, were in the ship and the two girls witnessed the brutality visited upon prisoners who tried to break free. That night, the ship sailed from the Angolan coast, heading for
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In 1871, the wife of missionary
Klaiber died suddenly and Catherine Mulgrave was accused by the missionary of poisoning his wife. Another missionary, Weber also accused Zimmerman of financial irregularities, pertaining to disbursement of mission funds. Senior missionaries appointed by the Basel board
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In 1870s, Catherine's husband began to have bouts of exhaustion and illness. In the spring of 1872, he went to
Gerlingen with his whole family to recuperate for a year. On their return to the Gold Coast in 1873, they lived and worked at Abokobi until 1876, when they moved to Christiansborg. Shortly
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Mulgrave continued to manage the girlsâ at
Christiansborg she founded. She was later transferred to be a housemistress of a new girlsâ boarding school in the same town. Upon the suggestion of Basel missionaries in Christiansborg, Mulgrave started a prayer meeting for women in Christiansborg in 1854.
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According to the German church historian and
Lutheran pastor, Ulrike Sill, it is probable Mulgrave contemplated leaving the Basel Mission for the Wesleyan Methodist mission for higher pay. After her divorce, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary, possibly Henry Wharton, had expressed interest in Catherine
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n countries like Sierra Leone. In the view of the Basel Home
Committee, Afro-West Indians were better suited to acclimatise to the West African climate in comparison to their European counterparts who often succumbed to death from tropical diseases. Furthermore, the presence of West Indians from the
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as the system of slavery was already in the early phase of abolishment. The "apprenticeship act", granting immediate and full freedom to children six years of age and younger, and an intermediate status for those older, was also enacted 1833, kicking off the step-by-step abolishment of the system of
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list her exact date of birth as 19 November 1827. Her father was a prince, the son of an
African traditional chief who worked as an assistant to a merchant in their port town. Other sources state that her father was a respected African Christian merchant with European influences. Her mother, Sophina
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Mulgrave challenged the edict of two
European unmarried teachers who were co-heads at the girlsâ boarding school, Wilhelmine Maurer and Katharina Ruedi who wanted to abolish the social system where pupils helped their teachers in doing household chores. In 1860, Mulgrave and her husband were posted
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Johannes Zimmermann's dream of creating a Germano-African agricultural settlement in Abokobi never came to fruition although his descendants still live in Ghana. Additionally, his own children and brother, Christoph, also married African spouses. A few Mulgrave-Zimmermann's descendants are still in
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Zimmermann and Mulgrave made the Gold Coast their home. They had six children but only five, two daughters and three sons lived to adulthood. Their first child, Johanna was born in 1852. The second child, Johannes was born 1854. Their second daughter, Auguste Amalia, born in Christiansborg in 1858,
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He was essentially prepared to face any consequence for a decision he considered immutable. As punishment for willfully breaching his contract, the Home Committee, suspended Zimmermann from his official post as a European missionary, and restricted his privilege of going on his annual leave home in
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Thompson had another affair which was discovered in June 1849. After much probing, Thompson admitted to these affairs which violated his Basel Mission contract. He wrote his statement in the mission house, witnessed the Basel missionary Johannes Stanger. Thompson and Mulgrave officially divorced on
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in September 1876, where he died at the end of the same year, on 13 December 1876, at the age of fifty-one. Accompanied by her three younger children, Mulgrave then returned to the Gold Coast in the spring of 1877 as a missionary widow and lived at Christiansborg, her longtime adopted home, until
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On 5 June 1851, Johannes Zimmermann married Catherine Mulgrave. The marriage had the support of other Basel missionaries living on the Gold Coast. The Mission Society in Basel was shocked and displeased by this marriage because Zimmermann had not consulted with the Home Committee. Facing possible
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The European bachelor-missionaries living on the Gold Coast at the time included Akropong-based Johann Adam Mader as well as Wilhelm Locher and Johannes Zimmermann in Christiansborg. A resident on the Gold Coast since April 1850, Zimmermann was a linguist who was instrumental in the translation of
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and became a teacher at the Basel Mission Girlsâ Boarding School at Aburi. Between 1889 and 1892, she was a mission teacher at the Christiansborg Girlsâ School. Mulgrave's son Gottfried, born in Odumase in 1861, later became an employee of the Basel Mission. Their last child Christoph was born in
534:, Jamaica where she stayed a Moravian missionary couple for three years, until 1842. At the Bethlehem Moravian school she taught at, it is estimated that enrollment was between 50 and 100 pupils. It was fairly customary then to use pupil teachers between 14 and 18 years to teach younger children.
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and Zimmermann's Euro-African linguist assistant as well as their children. As the household matriarch, she was lauded for her culinary skills, specialising in cuisine from the Gold Coast, Germany and Jamaica. They often invited their neighbours to their home to share her freshly baked pancakes.
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She wrote to the newly appointed Basel Inspector, Joseph Josenhans on 28 February 1850 asking him to intercede on her behalf, as the dissolution of her marriage had caused pain and distress in her heart. Ten months later in December 1850, she wrote a follow-up letter to the Inspector about her
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Many of her pupils went on to become Christian wives to new African Christians who formed the nucleus of the emerging clergy and catechist class of the Gold Coast. Her second marriage also reflected the successful symbiosis of cultures, in this case, African-Caribbean and European, as well as
582:. Riis and Thompson had regular misunderstandings and it was decided by the mission station to transfer George Thompson, together with his young bride, Catherine to Christiansborg to establish and English-language school on the coast. On 27 November 1843, a boysâ boarding middle school, the
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was a baptised mulatress who belonged to a Christian family of Catholic origin â most likely Euro-African of Portuguese and indigenous African descent. Since the 15th century, circa 1450, the Portuguese had a long-established presence on the Angolan coast through commerce and trade with the
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432:, now Luanda. The slave traders arrived in a small boat with some sailors and attempted to lure the three children with sweets. One child managed to run away before she could be captured into the boat. The sailors paddled their boat to an anchored slave ship nearby, the
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in 1883. Leuze joined the NMG in 1885 and was transferred to the Basel Mission in 1886 where he worked until his death in 1888. She then married the Basel missionary, Oskar Thal in 1892, becoming widowed for the second time in 1896. She returned to Germany and died in
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After the 1854 bombardment of Christiansborg by the H. M. S. Scourge, following the riots against the British poll tax ordinance, Zimmermann sought refuge at the Methodist mission house in Accra. Together with his family and students, he was evacuated to
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Under the auspices of the society, she played a pioneering role in the Christian women's ministry of the Protestant movement in colonial Ghana. Catherine Mulgrave was also one of the first African woman teachers in the missionary educationalist system in
811:. Thompson had also become haughty and an alcoholic. The scandal was a huge embarrassment to Catherine Mulgrave. Thompson was effectively put on probation as a missionary for approximately 18 months and was stripped of his position as a schoolmaster at
477:(1797â1863) and his wife, Maria Liddell, Lady Mulgrave Maria Liddell (1798â1882) who later became Lady Normanby and had just returned from Britain on a short trip. The Earl of Mulgrave was created Marquess of Normanby in 1835 and was styled as
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Mulgrave through the missionary Johannes Stanger. Stanger discouraged the potential union, citing its possibility to generate malicious gossip. Stanger also wrote to the Home Committee on 10 October 1850, suggesting remarriage for Mulgrave.
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In December 1846, it was disclosed through mutual surveillance by another Basel missionary that Mulgrave's husband, Thompson was having multiple extra-marital affairs, allegedly with the schoolgirls at Mulgrave's institution and also with
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as believers of the denomination there referred to one another as brethren, which encompassed the sisterhood. The Moravians in Jamaica also practised an organisation of choirs or units in which Christian-based education was promulgated.
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1866. In 1871, Mulgrave's two eldest sons Johannes and Gottfried were sent to the mission house in Basel. Auguste Zimmermann was twice married to mission merchants. She first married Josua Leuze, a merchant with the company called
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Around the same time, Mulgrave became the founder, the first principal and director of the Basel Mission-operated girlsâ school at the previously Danish-run Christiansborg Castle School in Osu, Accra. The Basel missionary,
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672:(1859) in spite of a scarcity of resources, with curricula that emphasised Christian training, arithmetic, reading, writing, needlework, gardening and household chores. Pupils were trained in practical skills such as
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slavery in Jamaica. The surviving captives aboard the Portuguese vessel were set free. Earlier in 1831/32, a bloody slave rebellion on the island had kicked off the struggle towards freedom. The official
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426:âA seaside town with a large church, a school, two forts, great European houses. (...) The city itself has a governor, a bishop, monks various cowls, vestments, choirboys, images of saints, holy water."
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which created a âgolden bridgeâ for intercultural relations, in spite of a rigid or absolute system that separated the living arrangements of the two groups in nineteenth century colonial Ghana.
420:) as a child. It is said that her European maternal grandfather had his entire family, including his eleven daughters, one son and grandchildren, both Portuguese and African, vaccinated against
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When she was about five years old in April 1833, Gewe and her two cousins, while playing and fishing on the beach one early evening, were abducted by Portuguese slave traders on the coast of
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exonerated them. From 1860s onwards, the Home Committee softened its stance and attempted to recall him for furlough in order to be re-socialised into European culture but like Jon Miller's
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743:. The 1848 gathering was to learn more about Christianity, the sharing or exchange of spirituality and sisterhood of the faith. This women's fellowship was a model borrowed from the
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opened at Christiansborg, the oldest existing school founded by the Basel Mission. The founding schoolteachers were George Thompson, Catherine Mulgrave and young Jamaican teacher,
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for educated civil servants in the colonial administration. The Danes sold their forts to the British in 1850. The Christiansborg Castle School, as well as the British-owned
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She then permanently settled in Christiansborg where she continued to be active in women's evangelism and the women's class, visiting its members in their homes to share the
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coastal village and contained ground floor rooms for the school and management. On the upper floor, there were missionary apartments, girlsâ school and teachersâ quarters.
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691:. As the matriarch of the mission station at Christiansborg, she also mentored numerous young single women in her school entreprise. Catherine Mulgrave mastered the
481:. The Mulgraves gave the two girls their surname and Gewe was given her adoptive mother's name. In the first few months at the Governor's official residence in
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who was part of the same group of 24 Moravian Caribbean emigrants who had earlier arrived in April 1843. Salem's school curriculum was rigorous: It included
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heritage. The Basel mission group that came to Jamaica also included missionary, Johann Georg Widmann, Americo-Liberian and first African Basel missionary,
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as well as Riisâ wife, Anna Wolters Riis. The recruitment of Afro-descendants had been successfully carried out by other European missionary societies in
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History of the Gold Coast and Asante, Based on Traditions and Historical Facts: Comprising a Period of More Than Three Centuries from about 1500 to 1860
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concept, he rebuffed these calls. The Basel board felt he had become âtoo Africanisedâ due to his marriage to Mulgrave and long stay on the Gold Coast.
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Pitfalls of Trained Incapacity: The Unintended Effects of Integral Missionary Training in the Basel Mission on Its Early Work in Ghana (1828-1840)
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to the urban women population at Christiansborg. In 1848, she assembled girls and young women at Osu to form the first recorded group of the
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2357:"The Basel Mission bi-centenary celebration (1815 - 2015):âŠOrigin, Heritage, Birth of Presbyterian Church Of Ghana - The Ghanaian Times"
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posited that Mulgrave may have been born earlier in around 1825 or in 1826. Other records list 1820 and 1822. However, records at the
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2388:"Bischoff.no â Bischoff.no is the personal blog of Eirik Anfinsen â co-founder of Cymra, anthropologist, and general tech-enthusiast"
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Jamaica. The captain of the ship with his crew of kidnappers were arrested by the British authorities in Jamaica and jailed in
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fell in love with the then 16-year old Catherine Mulgrave. Born in 1819, Thompson was orphaned as a child, he was taken to
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in Kingston, Jamaica for teacher-training. Persistent illness forced her to leave the normal school after just nine months.
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2473:""Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf"
2448:""Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf"
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Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917
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was named after August and Amalie Steinhauser, a German missionary couple. Auguste Amalia was educated in
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1916:"Catherine Mulgrave's unusual transatlantic odyssey | Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
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Caribbean islands, would prove to native Africans that there were indeed black Christians in the world.
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Ghana-Caribbean Relations â From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association
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to aid the missionary entreprise on the Gold Coast. There were theological similarities between the
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Between 1843 and 1891, Mulgrave also established various specialist boarding schools for girls at
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Catherine Mulgrave was an inspiration to and mentored several pioneering women educators such as
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Kwakye, Abraham Nana Opare (2018). "Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast".
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Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana
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by the Basel missionary, the Rev. J. F. Sessing. He was raised in a Beuggen mission house in
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expulsion from the Basel Mission for marrying a divorced African woman, Zimmermann bragged,
485:, they were home-schooled by the Governor's wife who was a devout Christian, most likely of
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1662:"Dimensionen der Erziehung und Bildung; Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Margret Kraul"
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in a largely patriarchal environment, the Gold Coast historian and Basel Mission pastor,
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She also ran the missionary household which included her mentee, a Euro-African teacher,
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Dimensionen der Erziehung und Bildung: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Margret Kraul
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The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One
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faith. In 1833, the Earl and Lady Mulgrave were on an official visit to inspect the
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She was recruited as a teacher by a mission school in Bethlehem a Moravian colony in
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Lewis, Maureen Warner (2008). "Catherine Mulgrave's unusual transatlantic odyssey".
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2080:"'Catherine Mulgrave â An African Odyssey' A New Play by the University Players"
1962:"The Provenance of Catherine Mulgrave Zimmermann: Methodological Considerations"
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Hoffmann-Ocon, Andreas; Koch, Katja; Schmidtke, Adrian; Kraul, Margret (2005).
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2110:"OUT OF AFRICA: Solid performances, intriguing narrative anchor UWI Players'
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which had no previous contact with Mulgrave, contacted her first husband,
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In 1842, she joined 24 missionaries from Antigua and Jamaica recruited by
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On arrival in the Gold Coast colony, the Caribbean recruits relocated to
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Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History
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to Odumase, where once again she started a girlsâ boarding school. At
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Survivors on the Gold Coast: The Basel Missionaries in Colonial Ghana
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Gendered Missions: Women and Men in Missionary Discourse and Practice
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2020:"Slave voyages, through a digital lens | Provost | Emory University"
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in Christiansborg on 14 January 1891 and her body was buried at the
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where the two girls were greeted by a friendly captain, "Sabin from
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Huber, Mary Taylor; Lutkehaus, Nancy; Lutkehaus, Nancy C. (1999).
839:. He had been critically ill shortly after his arrival from acute
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originated. Thompson had been educated as a mission assistant in
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2144:"University Players bring Catherine Mulgrave's Story To The Fore"
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As a missionary in her own right, Catherine Mulgrave became a
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initially opposed the handover of the castle school to the
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Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
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In 1842, when the Basel Mission recruitment team visited
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thereafter, Zimmermann fell ill again, and returned to
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before receiving treatment from a traditional healer.
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in Osu, Accra. Commenting on her pioneering role in
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school, established in the eighteenth century by the
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2220:"THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF GHANA"
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Mustard Seed: The Growth of the Church in Kroboland
1825:"Slave marries White Missionary on LiveAuctioneers"
479:Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby
288:Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby
2419:Missionary Practices on the Gold Coast, 1832-1895
503:Moravian Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands
16:Angolan-Jamaican Moravian educator and missionary
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626:as he claimed the school's alumnae would become
1371:Knispel, Martin and Kwakye, Nana Opare (2006).
874:Germany as some of their children remained in
357:and the education programme for girls in both
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2596:Ofosu-Appiah, editor-in-chief, L. H. (1997).
2250:"Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History"
2175:The Juvenile Missionary Magazine (and Annual)
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3017:Moravian College & Theological Seminary
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1385:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
424:. The port town of Luanda was described as,
309:(19 November 1827 â 14 January 1891) was an
293:Maria Liddell, Lady Mulgrave (foster mother)
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1796:(in German). UniversitÀtsverlag Göttingen.
649:In around March 1847, the Committee of the
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959:her death, fourteen years later, in 1891.
353:in 1843. Mulgrave was a leading figure in
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2190:"NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History"
1471:. National Commission on Culture, Ghana:
1449:(1). Edinburgh University Press: 25â45.
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395:, circa 1827. Some scholars such as the
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1990:"Catherine Zimmermann-Mulgrave, c.1873"
1959:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
469:The two girls were adopted by the then
183:Pioneer woman in mission education and
3310:Jamaican people of the Moravian Church
3252:
2653:Odjidja, E. M. L., (compiler) (1973).
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2230:from the original on 12 September 2017
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1536:from the original on 21 November 2017.
1526:"A Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans"
1504:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
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1234:
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1132:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
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1112:
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1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
954:, Germany with Catherine Mulgrave via
525:
369:âs first female teacher active on the
2792:
2642:. Accra: Waterville Publishing House.
2526:from the original on 24 November 2017
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2124:from the original on 4 September 2018
2074:
2072:
2048:
1819:
1817:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
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1769:
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1713:
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1705:
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1701:
1699:
1655:
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1645:
1643:
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1637:
1635:
1633:
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1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
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1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1523:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
343:Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg
2746:Herppich, Birgit (15 January 2016).
2385:
2200:from the original on 7 February 2005
1960:Lovejoy, Paul E. (12 October 2010).
1852:
1850:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1264:
505:increased its general operations in
457:came into full force throughout the
2975:Star Mountain Rehabilitation Centre
2818:
2538:
2379:
2309:
2212:
2154:from the original on 5 October 2016
1938:
1888:Schweizer, Peter Alexander (2000).
1835:from the original on 27 August 2018
986:
509:and educational initiatives in the
255:
13:
3295:Gold Coast (British colony) people
2766:from the original on 14 June 2018.
2735:from the original on 14 June 2018.
2640:A History of Christianity in Ghana
2589:
2493:
2489:from the original on 14 June 2018.
2436:from the original on 13 June 2018.
2410:
2398:from the original on 30 March 2017
2345:from the original on 13 June 2018.
2272:
2260:from the original on 25 April 2017
2182:
2069:
2030:from the original on 14 April 2018
1877:from the original on 14 June 2018.
1814:
1810:from the original on 10 June 2018.
1672:from the original on 10 June 2018.
1393:
1375:. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
1289:
1033:
890:
14:
3351:
3340:Alumni of Mico University College
2715:Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895).
2571:johannes-rebmann-stiftung Germany
2090:from the original on 14 June 2018
2000:from the original on 14 June 2018
1926:from the original on 14 June 2018
1847:
1676:
1540:
1512:
944:
699:and the southern German dialect,
3325:Protestant missionaries in Ghana
3305:Jamaican Protestant missionaries
3275:Christian missionaries in Africa
2775:
1863:. University of Michigan Press.
931:
791:training school and seminary in
751:
707:, spoken in her second husband,
464:
228:
2739:
2708:
2679:
2646:
2631:
2465:
2440:
2349:
2242:
2166:
2136:
2102:
2042:
2012:
1982:
1908:
1881:
882:after the death of Zimmermann.
741:Presbyterian Women's Fellowship
680:, starch and flour production.
430:São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda
391:Catherine Mulgrave was born in
251:
224:
3280:Deaths from pneumonia in Ghana
3198:Quakers and Moravians Act 1838
3171:History of the Moravian Church
2254:Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth
962:
885:
329:who accompanied a group of 24
1:
3285:Female Christian missionaries
2950:Eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar
2752:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1443:Studies in World Christianity
1027:
501:. Between 1831 and 1837, the
3335:Teachers at Osu Salem School
3320:Moravian Church missionaries
737:Presbyterian Church of Ghana
303:Catherine Elisabeth Mulgrave
25:Catherine Elisabeth Mulgrave
7:
3270:African diaspora in Jamaica
2325:Miller, Jon (22 May 2014).
991:Catherine Mulgrave died of
899:Mulgrave's second husband,
37:Catherine Mulgrave, c. 1873
10:
3356:
3053:Moravian Church Foundation
783:, Germany, from where the
760:Mulgrave's first husband,
745:Moravian Church in Jamaica
719:Womenâs Christian ministry
521:Contributions to education
3290:Heads of schools in Ghana
3211:
3163:
3112:
3061:
3040:
2999:
2983:
2942:
2826:
2638:Debrunner, H. W. (1967).
1467:Anquandah, James (2006).
651:Basel Womenâs Association
644:Wesley Girlsâ High School
280:
272:
203:
176:
150:
124:
93:
71:
42:
30:
23:
3330:Jamaican women educators
3000:Educational institutions
2924:Tanzania (South Western)
387:Childhood and kidnapping
382:Early life and education
2686:Odonkor, S. S. (1971).
2084:Alumni Online Community
1920:Smithsonian Institution
1790:Kraul, Margret (2005).
1013:âour spiritual mother.â
1009:Carl Christian Reindorf
473:between 1832 and 1834,
195:women on the Gold Coast
163:Education administrator
2688:The Rise of the Krobos
2480:International Bulletin
1969:Harriet Tubman Seminar
1016:religious traditions,
1003:through education and
997:Basel Mission Cemetery
903:
764:
588:Alexander Worthy Clerk
568:Anglophone West Africa
538:Work on the Gold Coast
405:Basel Mission Archives
333:mission recruits from
131:Female Refuge School,
2452:internationalbulletin
1455:10.3366/swc.2018.0203
1265:Sill, Ulrike (2010).
898:
773:George Peter Thompson
762:George Peter Thompson
759:
655:George Peter Thompson
564:George Peter Thompson
401:Hans Werner Debrunner
213:George Peter Thompson
3300:Jamaican Protestants
3145:Moravian Advent star
2874:European Continental
2516:"Johannes Zimmerman"
1524:Dawes, Mark (2003).
858:Wurttemberg, Germany
771:, Americo-Liberian,
733:âWomenâs Fellowshipâ
725:Christian evangelist
558:due to their shared
491:Female Refuge School
341:and arrived in the
258:; died
227: 1842;
3155:Spice Cookies (USA)
2919:Tanzania (Southern)
2869:Eastern West Indies
2783:Christianity portal
2577:on 24 November 2017
1001:women's empowerment
939:âstrategic deviantâ
901:Johannes Zimmermann
835:the Bible into the
815:and transferred to
709:Johannes Zimmermann
628:âfuture concubinesâ
526:Teaching in Jamaica
471:Governor of Jamaica
455:Act of Emancipation
240:Johannes Zimmermann
3315:Jamaican educators
3041:Other institutions
2929:Tanzania (Western)
2616:has generic name (
2112:Catherine Mulgrave
956:Basel, Switzerland
904:
793:Basel, Switzerland
765:
461:on 1 August 1834.
399:church historian,
185:Christian ministry
3247:
3246:
3125:Christmas village
2960:Northern Tanzania
2600:. Ethiopia-Ghana.
2422:. Cambria Press.
2386:Anfinsen, Eirik.
1894:. Smartline Pub.
1285:on 30 March 2017.
1022:Jamaican Moravian
1011:described her as
781:Baden-Wurttemberg
636:Church of England
632:Cape Coast Castle
573:Danish-controlled
571:then British and
499:Manchester Parish
315:Jamaican Moravian
300:
299:
187:on the Gold Coast
137:Manchester Parish
3347:
3186:Moravian Indians
3130:Daily Watchwords
3012:Moravian Academy
2914:Tanzania (Rukwa)
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2563:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2363:. Archived from
2353:
2347:
2346:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:on 29 March 2017
2293:. Archived from
2283:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2226:. 30 June 2015.
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:TallawahMagazine
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:Emory University
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1978:on 14 June 2018.
1977:
1971:. Archived from
1966:
1957:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1787:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1538:
1537:
1530:Jamaican Gleaner
1521:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1479:. Archived from
1478:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1287:
1286:
1281:. Archived from
1262:
987:Death and legacy
785:Pietist movement
532:Malvern, Jamaica
515:Mico Institution
475:Earl of Mulgrave
263:
261:
257:
253:
232:
230:
226:
142:Mico Institution
78:
57:19 November 1827
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3207:
3203:Moravian slaves
3159:
3108:
3057:
3036:
3022:Ockbrook School
2995:
2979:
2938:
2844:America (South)
2839:America (North)
2822:
2820:Moravian Church
2817:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2494:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2367:on 15 June 2018
2355:
2354:
2350:
2339:
2323:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:. 17 May 2016.
2148:jamaica-gleaner
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2086:. 13 May 2016.
2078:
2077:
2070:
2051:Jamaica Journal
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1829:LiveAuctioneers
1823:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1788:
1677:
1658:
1541:
1522:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1486:on 30 July 2016
1483:
1476:
1474:"Archived copy"
1472:
1466:
1462:
1439:
1394:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1290:
1279:
1263:
1034:
1030:
989:
965:
947:
934:
893:
891:Missionary-wife
888:
754:
729:âWomenâs Classâ
721:
689:Rose Ann Miller
556:Moravian Church
540:
528:
523:
467:
446:Saint Catherine
389:
384:
296:
290:(foster father)
268:
265:
249:
245:
242:
234:
231: 1849)
222:
218:
215:
199:
172:
146:
120:
101:British subject
89:
80:
76:
75:14 January 1891
67:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:Unitas Fratrum
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Fulneck School
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Czech Republic
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2738:
2727:
2721:. The author.
2707:
2678:
2645:
2630:
2588:
2537:
2492:
2464:
2439:
2428:
2409:
2378:
2361:Ghanaian times
2348:
2337:
2308:
2271:
2241:
2211:
2181:
2165:
2135:
2101:
2068:
2041:
2011:
1981:
1937:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1869:
1846:
1813:
1802:
1675:
1539:
1511:
1460:
1392:
1288:
1278:978-9004188884
1277:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1005:evangelisation
988:
985:
964:
961:
946:
945:Life in Europe
943:
933:
930:
892:
889:
887:
884:
809:Christiansborg
753:
750:
720:
717:
701:Swabian German
539:
536:
527:
524:
522:
519:
466:
463:
410:BaKongo Empire
393:Luanda, Angola
388:
385:
383:
380:
365:. She was the
298:
297:
295:
294:
291:
284:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
267:
266:
247:
243:
238:
237:
235:
220:
216:
211:
210:
207:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
188:
180:
178:
177:Known for
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
154:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
128:
126:
122:
121:
119:
118:
113:
103:
97:
95:
91:
90:
81:
79:(aged 63)
73:
69:
68:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3352:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Mission ships
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
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2759:9781498229524
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789:Basel Mission
786:
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752:Personal life
749:
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710:
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621:
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465:Teenage years
462:
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364:
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66:
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3224:Missionaries
3191:Moraviantown
2904:South Africa
2748:
2741:
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2710:
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2654:
2648:
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2575:the original
2570:
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2519:
2479:
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2451:
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2391:
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2365:the original
2360:
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2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2290:
2262:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2234:12 September
2232:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2194:NUPS-G KNUST
2193:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
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2117:
2111:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2083:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1994:SlaveVoyages
1993:
1984:
1973:the original
1968:
1928:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1890:
1883:
1859:
1837:. Retrieved
1828:
1792:
1665:
1529:
1488:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1468:
1463:
1446:
1442:
1372:
1283:the original
1267:
1012:
990:
981:Andreas Riis
975:of a former
966:
948:
938:
935:
922:
914:
909:Regina Hesse
905:
872:
862:
854:
848:
845:
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829:
825:
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766:
740:
732:
728:
722:
685:Regina Hesse
682:
659:
650:
648:
627:
620:Andreas Riis
616:
596:Ga languages
584:Salem School
577:
544:Andreas Riis
541:
529:
490:
483:Spanish Town
468:
442:Havana, Cuba
433:
425:
417:
416:(pronounced
413:
404:
397:Swiss German
390:
306:
302:
301:
77:(1891-01-14)
18:
3265:1891 deaths
3260:1827 births
3176:by Province
3120:Christingle
3062:Settlements
2991:by Province
2614:|last=
2581:24 November
2530:24 November
2392:Bischoff.no
2287:"Osu Salem"
2128:4 September
963:Final years
886:Later years
837:Ga language
739:called the
693:Ga language
678:soap making
668:(1855) and
511:West Indies
459:West Indies
371:Gold Coast.
361:and on the
191:Empowerment
151:Occupations
94:Nationality
3254:Categories
3135:God's Acre
3113:Traditions
3094:Königsfeld
2970:South Asia
2943:Other work
2859:Costa Rica
1870:0472109871
1028:References
797:Gold Coast
705:SchwÀbisch
600:arithmetic
507:evangelism
438:St. Thomas
363:Gold Coast
347:Osu, Accra
327:missionary
168:Missionary
87:Gold Coast
53:1827-11-19
3140:Lovefeast
3104:Old Salem
3084:Herrnhaag
3074:Fairfield
3069:Bethabara
2899:Nicaragua
2827:Provinces
2696:cite book
2663:cite book
2606:cite book
2063:649820442
1839:27 August
1381:cite book
1271:. BRILL.
993:pneumonia
952:Gerlingen
876:Gerlingen
870:in 1923.
841:dysentery
807:women at
805:Ga-Dangme
713:Gerlingen
604:geography
495:Fairfield
331:Caribbean
133:Fairfield
125:Education
3099:Ockbrook
3089:Herrnhut
2909:Suriname
2894:Labrador
2884:Honduras
2764:Archived
2733:Archived
2657:. Accra.
2524:Archived
2484:Archived
2434:Archived
2402:29 March
2396:Archived
2343:Archived
2301:29 March
2291:osusalem
2258:Archived
2228:Archived
2224:yldaniel
2204:29 March
2198:Archived
2152:Archived
2122:Archived
2088:Archived
2028:Archived
1998:Archived
1924:Archived
1875:Archived
1833:Archived
1808:Archived
1670:Archived
1534:Archived
1500:cite web
977:houseboy
817:Akropong
676:making,
664:(1843),
580:Akropong
560:Lutheran
554:and the
487:Anglican
450:Kingston
422:smallpox
355:pedagogy
319:educator
317:pioneer
273:Children
116:Jamaican
3234:Artists
3229:Writers
3219:Bishops
3164:History
3079:Fulneck
2889:Jamaica
2849:British
2690:. Tema.
2457:14 June
2371:15 June
2264:14 June
2178:. 1844.
2158:14 June
2094:14 June
2057:: 1â2.
2034:14 June
2004:14 June
1930:14 June
1490:3 April
1018:Pietist
973:baptism
926:Odumase
918:Abokobi
880:Korntal
868:Korntal
769:Jamaica
674:vinegar
670:Odumase
666:Abokobi
608:history
592:English
546:of the
434:Heroina
359:Jamaica
339:Antigua
335:Jamaica
311:Angolan
281:Parents
264:
248:
244:
233:
221:
217:
204:Spouses
106:Angolan
3212:People
2955:Malawi
2934:Zambia
2879:Guyana
2834:Alaska
2756:
2725:
2426:
2335:
2061:
1898:
1867:
1800:
1666:Goedoc
1275:
969:Gospel
863:Victor
777:Europe
697:German
418:"Geve"
414:âGeweâ
376:Africa
345:, now
313:-born
254:
65:Angola
61:Luanda
3239:Other
3150:Music
2854:Congo
2487:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
813:Salem
351:Ghana
305:also
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250:(
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223:(
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83:Accra
2965:Peru
2754:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2702:link
2673:link
2669:link
2625:link
2618:help
2583:2017
2532:2017
2520:Dacb
2459:2018
2424:ISBN
2404:2017
2373:2018
2333:ISBN
2303:2017
2266:2018
2236:2017
2206:2017
2160:2018
2130:2018
2096:2018
2059:OCLC
2036:2018
2006:2018
1932:2018
1896:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1841:2018
1798:ISBN
1506:link
1492:2017
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1273:ISBN
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878:and
687:and
594:and
337:and
325:and
307:Gewe
260:1876
256:1851
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43:Born
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